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<ul id="toc-Types_and_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>External receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Smell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Auditory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auditory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanoreceptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanoreceptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Mechanoreceptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanoreceptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Internal receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nociceptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nociceptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Nociceptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nociceptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_with_the_central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_with_the_central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Connection with the central nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_with_the_central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adequate_stimulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adequate_stimulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adequate stimulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adequate_stimulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rate_of_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rate_of_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rate of adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rate_of_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroplasticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroplasticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Neuroplasticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroplasticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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neuron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="عصبون حسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصبون حسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzorni_neuron" title="Senzorni neuron – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Senzorni neuron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyslov%C3%BD_neuron" title="Smyslový neuron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smyslový neuron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurona_sensorial" title="Neurona sensorial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neurona sensorial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورون حسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورون حسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_(cellule)" title="Récepteur (cellule) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur (cellule)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EA%B0%81_%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="감각 신경세포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감각 신경세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="संवेदक न्यूरॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवेदक न्यूरॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron_sensorik" title="Neuron sensorik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neuron sensorik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorische_zenuwcel" title="Sensorische zenuwcel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sensorische zenuwcel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%9A%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="感覚ニューロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="感覚ニューロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanseceller_(sensoriske_nerveceller)" title="Sanseceller (sensoriske nerveceller) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sanseceller (sensoriske nerveceller)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorisk_nervecelle" title="Sensorisk nervecelle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sensorisk nervecelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron_senzitiv" title="Neuron senzitiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neuron senzitiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="உணர்வு நரம்பணு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உணர்வு நரம்பணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="เซลล์ประสาทรับความรู้สึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซลล์ประสาทรับความรู้สึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resept%C3%B6r_(biyoloji)" title="Reseptör (biyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reseptör (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%A1ron_c%E1%BA%A3m_gi%C3%A1c" title="Nơron cảm giác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nơron cảm giác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="感覺神經細胞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="感覺神經細胞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83" title="感覺神經元 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="感覺神經元" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3142126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sensory_neuron" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_receptor&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">Sensory receptor</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nerve cell that converts environmental stimuli into corresponding internal stimuli</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sensory_neuron" title="Special:EditPage/Sensory neuron">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sensory+neuron%22">"Sensory neuron"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sensory+neuron%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sensory+neuron%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sensory+neuron%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sensory+neuron%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sensory+neuron%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_sensory_system_(4_models)_E.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Structure_of_sensory_system_%284_models%29_E.PNG/300px-Structure_of_sensory_system_%284_models%29_E.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Structure_of_sensory_system_%284_models%29_E.PNG/450px-Structure_of_sensory_system_%284_models%29_E.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Structure_of_sensory_system_%284_models%29_E.PNG/600px-Structure_of_sensory_system_%284_models%29_E.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Four types of sensory neuron</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sensory neurons</b>, also known as <b>afferent neurons</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, that convert a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimulus</a>, via their <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">receptors</a>, into <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graded_potential" title="Graded potential">graded</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_potential" title="Receptor potential">receptor potentials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is called <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">sensory transduction</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">cell bodies</a> of the sensory neurons are located in the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">dorsal root ganglia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sensory information travels on the <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent nerve fibers</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">sensory nerve</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. Spinal nerves transmit external sensations via sensory nerves to the brain through the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stimulus can come from <a href="/wiki/Exteroreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroreceptors">exteroreceptors</a> outside the body, for example those that detect light and sound, or from <a href="/wiki/Interoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Interoreceptors">interoreceptors</a> inside the body, for example those that are responsive to <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">sense of body position</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_function">Types and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sensory neurons in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pseudounipolar_neuron" title="Pseudounipolar neuron">pseudounipolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">bipolar</a>, and different types of sensory neurons have different <b>sensory receptors</b> that respond to different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>. There are at least six external and two internal sensory receptors: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_receptors">External receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perception#Types_of_perception" title="Perception">Perception § Types of perception</a></div> <p>External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called <b>exteroreceptors</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exteroreceptors include <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">olfactory receptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">smell</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoreceptors">thermoreceptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">temperature</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">nociceptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">hair cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_balance" title="Sense of balance">balance</a>), and a number of other different <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> (stretch, distortion and stress). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smell">Smell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Smell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sensory neurons involved in <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">olfactory sensory neurons</a>. These neurons contain <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">olfactory receptors</a>, that are activated by <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> molecules in the air. The molecules in the air are detected by enlarged <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sensory neurons produce action potentials. Their axons form the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">olfactory nerve</a>, and they synapse directly onto neurons in the cerebral cortex (<a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>). They do not use the same route as other sensory systems, bypassing the brain stem and the thalamus. The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory system and many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>. 9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taste">Taste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taste sensation is facilitated by specialized sensory neurons located in the taste buds of the tongue and other parts of the mouth and throat. These sensory neurons are responsible for detecting different taste qualities, such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory. When you eat or drink something, chemicals in the food or liquid interact with receptors on these sensory neurons, triggering signals that are sent to the brain. The brain then processes these signals and interprets them as specific taste sensations, allowing you to perceive and enjoy the flavors of the foods you consume. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taste receptor cells are stimulated by the binding of these chemical compounds (tastants), it can lead to changes in the flow of ions, such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+), across the cell membrane. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to tastant binding, ion channels on the taste receptor cell membrane can open or close. This can lead to depolarization of the cell membrane, creating an electrical signal. </p><p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">olfactory receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptors</a> (gustatory receptors) in <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a> interact with chemicals in food to produce an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision">Vision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> are capable of <a href="/wiki/Phototransduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototransduction">phototransduction</a>, a process which converts light (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>) into electrical signals. These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina. The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar cells">bipolar cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">ganglion cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal cells">horizontal cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Amacrine cells">amacrine cells</a>. The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor (either a <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a>), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell. The first action potential occurs in the retinal ganglion cell. This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual information to the brain. There are three primary types of photoreceptors: <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cones</a> are photoreceptors that respond significantly to <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>. In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength (blue), medium wavelength (green), and long wavelength (yellow/red).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rods</a> are photoreceptors that are very sensitive to the intensity of light, allowing for vision in dim lighting. The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>. In humans, rods outnumber cones by approximately 20:1, while in nocturnal animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tawny_owl" title="Tawny owl">tawny owl</a>, the ratio is closer to 1000:1.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retinal ganglion cells</a> are involved in the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic response">sympathetic response</a>. Of the ~1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina, 1-2% are believed to be photosensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Issues and decay of sensory neurons associated with vision lead to disorders such as: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">Macular degeneration</a> – degeneration of the central visual field due to either cellular debris or blood vessels accumulating between the retina and the choroid, thereby disturbing and/or destroying the complex interplay of neurons that are present there.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a> – loss of retinal ganglion cells which causes some loss of vision to blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">Diabetic retinopathy</a> – poor blood sugar control due to diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auditory">Auditory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Auditory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a> is responsible for converting pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules or <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> into signals that can be interpreted by the brain. </p><p>This mechanoelectrical transduction is mediated with <a href="/wiki/Hair_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair cells">hair cells</a> within the ear. Depending on the movement, the hair cell can either hyperpolarize or depolarize. When the movement is towards the tallest <a href="/wiki/Stereocilia" title="Stereocilia">stereocilia</a>, the Na<sup>+</sup> cation channels open allowing Na<sup>+</sup> to flow into cell and the resulting depolarization causes the Ca<sup>++</sup> channels to open, thus releasing its neurotransmitter into the afferent auditory nerve. There are two types of hair cells: inner and outer. The inner hair cells are the sensory receptors .<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems with sensory neurons associated with the auditory system leads to disorders such as: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory processing disorder</a> – Auditory information in the brain is processed in an abnormal way. Patients with auditory processing disorder can usually gain the information normally, but their brain cannot process it properly, leading to hearing disability.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a> – Comprehension of speech is lost but hearing, speaking, reading, and writing ability is retained. This is caused by damage to the posterior superior <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal lobes">temporal lobes</a>, again not allowing the brain to process auditory input correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptors</a> are sensory receptors, which respond to varying <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a>. While the mechanisms through which these receptors operate is unclear, recent discoveries have shown that <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have at least two distinct types of thermoreceptors.<sup id="cite_ref-krantz_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krantz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bulboid_corpuscle" title="Bulboid corpuscle">bulboid corpuscle</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor" title="Cutaneous receptor">cutaneous receptor</a> a <i>cold-sensitive</i> receptor, that detects cold temperatures. The other type is a warmth-sensitive receptor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanoreceptors">Mechanoreceptors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanoreceptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mechanosensation" title="Mechanosensation">Mechanosensation</a></div> <p>Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors which respond to mechanical forces, such as <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specialized sensory receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune the afferent fibers to the different types of somatic stimulation. Mechanoreceptors also help lower thresholds for action potential generation in afferent fibers and thus make them more likely to fire in the presence of sensory stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some types of mechanoreceptors fire action potentials when their membranes are physically stretched. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proprioceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptors">Proprioceptors</a> are another type of mechanoreceptors which literally means "receptors for self". These receptors provide spatial information about limbs and other body parts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nociceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nociceptors">Nociceptors</a> are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes. The burning pain and irritation experienced after eating a chili pepper (due to its main ingredient, capsaicin), the cold sensation experienced after ingesting a chemical such as menthol or icillin, as well as the common sensation of pain are all a result of neurons with these receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems with mechanoreceptors lead to disorders such as: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">Neuropathic pain</a> - a severe pain condition resulting from a damaged sensory nerve <sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a> - an increased sensitivity to pain caused by sensory ion channel, <a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">TRPM8</a>, which is typically responds to temperatures between 23 and 26 degrees, and provides the cooling sensation associated with menthol and icillin <sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom limb syndrome">Phantom limb syndrome</a> - a sensory system disorder where pain or movement is experienced in a limb that does not exist <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_receptors">Internal receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal receptors that respond to changes inside the body are known as <b>interoceptors</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood">Blood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aortic_body" title="Aortic body">aortic bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">carotid bodies</a> contain clusters of <a href="/wiki/Glomus_cell" title="Glomus cell">glomus cells</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">peripheral chemoreceptors</a> that detect changes in chemical properties in the blood such as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These receptors are <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_modality#polymodality" title="Stimulus modality">polymodal</a> responding to a number of different stimuli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nociceptors">Nociceptors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nociceptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nociceptors respond to potentially <a href="/wiki/Noxious_stimulus" title="Noxious stimulus">damaging stimuli</a> by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a>, usually causes the perception of <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body to "detect and protect".<sup id="cite_ref-smith_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nociceptors detect different kinds of noxious stimuli indicating potential for damage, then initiate neural responses to withdraw from the stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Thermal</i> nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mechanical</i> nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation, such as a <a href="/wiki/Pinch_(action)" title="Pinch (action)">pinch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Chemical</i> nociceptors respond to a wide variety of chemicals, some of which signal a response. They are involved in the detection of some spices in food, such as the pungent ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a> plants, which target the sensory neural receptor to produce acute pain and subsequent pain hypersensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_with_the_central_nervous_system">Connection with the central nervous system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Connection with the central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information coming from the sensory neurons in the head enters the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) through <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a>. Information from the sensory neurons below the head enters the spinal cord and passes towards the brain through the 31 <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">spinal nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensory information traveling through the spinal cord follows well-defined pathways. The nervous system codes the differences among the sensations in terms of which cells are active. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adequate_stimulus">Adequate stimulus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adequate stimulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sensory receptor's <a href="/wiki/Adequate_stimulus" title="Adequate stimulus">adequate stimulus</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_modality" title="Stimulus modality">stimulus modality</a> for which it possesses the adequate <a href="/wiki/Sensory_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory transduction">sensory transduction</a> apparatus. Adequate stimulus can be used to classify sensory receptors: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptors</a> respond to pressure in blood vessels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptors</a> respond to chemical stimuli</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_radiation_receptors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electromagnetic radiation receptors (page does not exist)">Electromagnetic radiation receptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared receptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Infrared_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared radiation">infrared radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_receptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultraviolet receptor (page does not exist)">Ultraviolet receptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreceptor">Electroreceptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a> respond to electric fields, salinity, and to temperature, but function primarily as electroreceptors</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroreceptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydroreceptor (page does not exist)">Hydroreceptors</a> respond to changes in humidity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoception" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoception">Magnetoreceptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptors</a> respond to <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical stress">mechanical stress</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_strain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanical strain (page does not exist)">mechanical strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptors</a> respond to damage, or threat of damage, to body tissues, leading (often but not always) to pain perception</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptors</a> respond to the <a href="/wiki/Osmolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolarity">osmolarity</a> of fluids (such as in the hypothalamus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprioceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptor">Proprioceptors</a> provide the sense of position</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptors</a> respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sensory receptors can be classified by location: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor" title="Cutaneous receptor">Cutaneous receptors</a> are sensory receptors found in the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindles</a> contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_endings" class="mw-redirect" title="Free nerve endings">Free nerve endings</a> characterize the <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">nociceptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a> and are called thus because the terminal branches of the neuron are unmyelinated and spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encapsulated_receptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encapsulated receptor (page does not exist)">Encapsulated receptors</a> consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors. Encapsulation exists for specialized functioning.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rate_of_adaptation">Rate of adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rate of adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>A <b>tonic receptor</b> is is a sensory receptor that <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(physiology)" title="Tonic (physiology)">adapts slowly</a> to a stimulus<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to produce <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> over the duration of the stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-mentor_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mentor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level. Examples of such tonic receptors are <a href="/wiki/Pain_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain receptors">pain receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_capsule" title="Joint capsule">joint capsule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frank_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>phasic receptor</b> is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus;<sup id="cite_ref-mentor_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mentor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead some of them convey information on rapid changes in stimulus intensity and rate.<sup id="cite_ref-frank_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a phasic receptor is the <a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle" title="Pacinian corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drugs">Drugs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many drugs currently on the market that are used to manipulate or treat sensory system disorders. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> is a drug that is used to treat neuropathic pain by interacting with one of the voltage-dependent calcium channels present on non-receptive neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some drugs may be used to combat other health problems, but can have unintended side effects on the sensory system. Dysfunction in the hair cell mechanotransduction complex, along with the potential loss of specialized ribbon synapses, can lead to hair cell death, often caused by ototoxic drugs like aminoglycoside antibiotics poisoning the cochlea.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the use of these toxins, the K+ pumping hair cells cease their function. Thus, the energy generated by the <a href="/wiki/Endocochlear_potential" title="Endocochlear potential">endocochlear potential</a> which drives the auditory signal transduction process is lost, leading to hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neuroplasticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since scientists observed <a href="/wiki/Cortical_remapping" title="Cortical remapping">cortical remapping</a> in the brain of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Taub" title="Edward Taub">Taub's</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a>, there has been a large amount of research into <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">sensory system plasticity</a>. Huge strides have been made in treating disorders of the sensory system. Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Constraint-induced_movement_therapy" title="Constraint-induced movement therapy">constraint-induced movement therapy</a> developed by Taub have helped patients with paralyzed limbs regain use of their limbs by forcing the sensory system to grow new <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural pathways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom limb syndrome">Phantom limb syndrome</a> is a sensory system disorder in which amputees perceive that their amputated limb still exists and they may still be experiencing pain in it. The <a href="/wiki/Mirror_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror box">mirror box</a> developed by V.S. Ramachandran, has enabled patients with <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom limb syndrome">phantom limb syndrome</a> to relieve the perception of paralyzed or painful phantom limbs. It is a simple device which uses a mirror in a box to create an illusion in which the sensory system perceives that it is seeing two hands instead of one, therefore allowing the sensory system to control the "phantom limb". By doing this, the sensory system can gradually get acclimated to the amputated limb, and thus alleviate this syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a> is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of tactile receptors in the skin"><img alt="Illustration of tactile receptors in the skin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png/120px-Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png/180px-Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png/240px-Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of tactile receptors in the skin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of lamellated corpuscle"><img alt="Illustration of lamellated corpuscle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png/120px-Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png/180px-Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png/240px-Blausen_0804_Skin_LamellatedCorpuscle.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of lamellated corpuscle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of Ruffini corpuscle"><img alt="Illustration of Ruffini corpuscle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png/120px-Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png/180px-Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png/240px-Blausen_0807_Skin_RuffiniCorpuscle.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of Ruffini corpuscle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of skin Merkel cell"><img alt="Illustration of skin Merkel cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png/120px-Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png/180px-Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png/240px-Blausen_0805_Skin_MerkelCell.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of skin Merkel cell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of tactile corpuscle"><img alt="Illustration of tactile corpuscle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png/120px-Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png/180px-Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png/240px-Blausen_0808_Skin_TactileCorpuscle.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of tactile corpuscle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of root hair plexus"><img alt="Illustration of root hair plexus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png/120px-Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png/180px-Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png/240px-Blausen_0806_Skin_RootHairPlexus.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of root hair plexus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of free nerve endings"><img alt="Illustration of free nerve endings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png/120px-Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png/180px-Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png/240px-Blausen_0803_Skin_FreeNerveEndings.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of free nerve endings</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudounipolar_neuron" title="Pseudounipolar neuron">Pseudounipolar neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_coding" title="Neural coding">Neural coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column">Posterior column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptive_field" title="Receptive field">Receptive field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">Sensory nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">Motor nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">Afferent nerve fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">Efferent nerve fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">Motor neuron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParsons2018" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Richard (2018). <i>CGP: A-Level Biology Complete Revision & Practice</i>. Newcastle Upon Thynde: Coordination Group Publishing Ltd. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789080261" title="Special:BookSources/9781789080261"><bdi>9781789080261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CGP%3A+A-Level+Biology+Complete+Revision+%26+Practice&rft.place=Newcastle+Upon+Thynde&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Coordination+Group+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781789080261&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvesAugustineFitzpatrickHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceissu00purv"><i>Neuroscience</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceissu00purv/page/n232">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878936977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878936977"><bdi>978-0878936977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.pages=207&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0878936977&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Augustine%2C+George&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+David&rft.au=Hall%2C+William&rft.au=LaMantia%2C+Anthony-Samuel&rft.au=McNamara%2C+James&rft.au=White%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneuroscienceissu00purv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoopTadi2022" class="citation book cs1">Koop LK, Tadi P (July 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969668/"><i>Neuroanatomy, Sensory Nerves</i></a>. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island FL: StatPearls. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969668">30969668</a>. NBK539846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroanatomy%2C+Sensory+Nerves&rft.place=Treasure+Island+FL&rft.series=StatPearls+%5BInternet%5D&rft.pub=StatPearls&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30969668&rft.aulast=Koop&rft.aufirst=LK&rft.au=Tadi%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30969668%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1996" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Neil (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biology4ewithint00neil"><i>Biology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). 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Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biology4ewithint00neil/page/1028">1028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805319409" title="Special:BookSources/0805319409"><bdi>0805319409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=1028&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0805319409&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiology4ewithint00neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breed, Michael D., and Moore, Janice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5lnDwAAQBAJ&q=%22sensory+neuron%22">Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior</a> . 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-29678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-29678-2"><bdi>978-3-540-29678-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Neuroscience&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-29678-2&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Marc+D.&rft.au=Hirokawa%2C+Nobutaka&rft.au=Windhorst%2C+Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mentor-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mentor_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mentor_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">mentor.lscf.ucsb.edu/course/fall/eemb157/lecture/Lectures%2016,%2017%2018.ppt <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frank_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803215836/http://frank.mtsu.edu/~jshardo/bly2010/nervous/receptor.html">"Sensory Receptor Function"</a>. <i>frank.mtsu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frank.mtsu.edu/~jshardo/bly2010/nervous/receptor.html">the original</a> on August 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frank.mtsu.edu&rft.atitle=Sensory+Receptor+Function&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrank.mtsu.edu%2F~jshardo%2Fbly2010%2Fnervous%2Freceptor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwoodKlandorfYancey2012" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Lauralee; Klandorf, Hillar; Yancey, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6X8G8YPdv4C&q=A+phasic+receptor+is+a+sensory+receptor+that+adapts+rapidly+to+a+stimulus.+The+response+of+the+cell+diminishes+very+quickly+and+then+stops.&pg=PA213"><i>Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms</i></a>. 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(1997). "Mechanism and prevention of aminoglycoside ototoxicity: Outer hair cells as targets and tools". <i>Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 164–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014556139707600310">10.1177/014556139707600310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9086645">9086645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8216716">8216716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ear%2C+Nose%2C+%26+Throat+Journal&rft.atitle=Mechanism+and+prevention+of+aminoglycoside+ototoxicity%3A+Outer+hair+cells+as+targets+and+tools&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=164-171&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8216716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9086645&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014556139707600310&rft.aulast=Priuska&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft.au=Schacht%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz and Begley 2002, p. 160; "Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy", excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," Stroke Connection Magazine, September/October 2004. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakesleeRamachandran1998" class="citation book cs1">Blakeslee, Sandra; Ramachandran, V. S. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phantomsinbrain00vsra"><i>Phantoms in the brain : probing the mysteries of the human mind</i></a></span>. William Morrow & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15247-5"><bdi>978-0-688-15247-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43344396">43344396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phantoms+in+the+brain+%3A+probing+the+mysteries+of+the+human+mind&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43344396&rft.isbn=978-0-688-15247-5&rft.aulast=Blakeslee&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C+V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphantomsinbrain00vsra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Sensory_neuron" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Sensory neuron">Sensory neuron</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvesAugustineFitzpatrick2001" class="citation book cs1">Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11162/table/A611/?report=objectonly">"Table 9.1 The major classes of somatic sensory receptors"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10799/"><i>Neuroscience</i></a> (2nd ed.). Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-742-0"><bdi>0-87893-742-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+9.1+The+major+classes+of+somatic+sensory+receptors&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.place=Sunderland+MA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87893-742-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK11162%2Ftable%2FA611%2F%3Freport%3Dobjectonly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensory+neuron" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Tissue Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Projection_fiber" title="Projection fiber">Projection fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_fiber" title="Association fiber">Association fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissural_fiber" title="Commissural fiber">Commissural fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemniscus_(anatomy)" title="Lemniscus (anatomy)">Lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">Nerve tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decussation" title="Decussation">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropil" title="Neuropil">Neuropil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_cell" title="Pyramidal cell">Pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">Granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron" title="Von Economo neuron">Von Economo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">Medium spiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">Glial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">Astrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ependyma" title="Ependyma">Ependymal cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanycyte" title="Tanycyte">Tanycyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell" title="Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell">Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">Oligodendrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">PNS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Dorsal</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal root of spinal nerve">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">Ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve">Ramus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Ventral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral root of spinal nerve">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral ramus of spinal nerve">Ramus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramus_communicans" title="Ramus communicans">Ramus communicans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_ramus_communicans" title="Gray ramus communicans">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ramus_communicans" title="White ramus communicans">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_ganglion" title="Autonomic ganglion">Autonomic ganglion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Preganglionic nerve fibers">Preganglionic nerve fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Postganglionic nerve fibers">Postganglionic nerve fibers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">Nerve fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funiculus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Funiculus (neuroanatomy)">Funiculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epineurium" title="Epineurium">Epineurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineurium" title="Perineurium">Perineurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoneurium" title="Endoneurium">Endoneurium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">Neuroglia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">Myelination</a>: <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurilemma" title="Neurilemma">Neurilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_incisure" title="Myelin incisure">Myelin incisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_of_Ranvier" title="Node of Ranvier">Node of Ranvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internodal_segment" title="Internodal segment">Internodal segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_glial_cell" title="Satellite glial cell">Satellite glial cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neurons</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber">nerve fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">Soma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axon_hillock" title="Axon hillock">Axon hillock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">Axon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telodendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Telodendron">Telodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axon_terminal" title="Axon terminal">Axon terminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axoplasm" title="Axoplasm">Axoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axolemma" title="Axolemma">Axolemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">Neurofibril/neurofilament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">Dendrite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nissl_body" title="Nissl body">Nissl body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_spine" title="Dendritic spine">Dendritic spine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dendrite" title="Apical dendrite">Apical dendrite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basal_dendrite" title="Basal dendrite">Basal dendrite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">Bipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_neuron" title="Unipolar neuron">Unipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudounipolar_neuron" title="Pseudounipolar neuron">Pseudounipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipolar_neuron" title="Multipolar neuron">Multipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renshaw_cell" title="Renshaw cell">Renshaw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">Afferent nerve fiber</a>/<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensory neuron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral afferent fibers">GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special somatic afferent">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">SVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axon#types" title="Axon">fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_sensory_fiber" title="Type Ia sensory fiber">Ia or Aα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Ib or Golgi or Aα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_sensory_fiber" title="Type II sensory fiber">II or Aβ and Aγ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_nerve_fiber" title="Group A nerve fiber">III or Aδ or fast pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">IV or C or slow pain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">Efferent nerve fiber</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">Motor neuron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">Upper motor neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">Lower motor neuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron" title="Alpha motor neuron">α motorneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_motor_neuron" title="Beta motor neuron">β motorneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron" title="Gamma motor neuron">γ motorneuron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">Synapse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_synapse" title="Electrical synapse">Electrical synapse</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">Chemical synapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">Synaptic vesicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_zone" title="Active zone">Active zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsynaptic_density" title="Postsynaptic density">Postsynaptic density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapse" title="Autapse">Autapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_synapse" title="Ribbon synapse">Ribbon synapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">Sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Meissner's corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle" title="Pacinian corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Ruffini ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">Olfactory receptor neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sensory_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somatosensory_system" title="Template:Somatosensory system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somatosensory_system" title="Template talk:Somatosensory system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somatosensory_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somatosensory system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sensory_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensory receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Touch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></li> <li>Vibration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Light touch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pressure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stretch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiber" title="Intrafusal muscle fiber">Intrafusal muscle fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_fiber" title="Nuclear chain fiber">Nuclear chain fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bag_fiber" title="Nuclear bag fiber">Nuclear bag fiber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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