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1919–1939 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period,_1919–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commander_of_the_National_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander_of_the_National_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Commander of the National Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander_of_the_National_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Regent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Károlyi's_attempts_to_remove_Horthy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Károlyi's_attempts_to_remove_Horthy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Károlyi's attempts to remove Horthy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Károlyi's_attempts_to_remove_Horthy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seeking_redress_for_the_Treaty_of_Trianon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seeking_redress_for_the_Treaty_of_Trianon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Seeking redress for the Treaty of Trianon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seeking_redress_for_the_Treaty_of_Trianon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II and the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II and the Holocaust subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uneasy_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uneasy_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Uneasy alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uneasy_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deposition_and_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deposition_and_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Deposition and arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deposition_and_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_the_Horthy_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Horthy_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>During the Horthy era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Horthy_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Communist_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Communist_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>During the Communist era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Communist_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reburial_and_contemporary_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reburial_and_contemporary_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reburial and contemporary politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reburial_and_contemporary_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Film and television portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>National honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Linguistic notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="ميكلوش هورتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكلوش هورتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklo%C5%9F_Horti" title="Mikloş Horti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikloş Horti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96" title="Міклаш Хорці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міклаш Хорці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96" title="Міклаш Хорці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міклаш Хорці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Миклош Хорти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миклош Хорти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85" title="Μίκλος Χόρτυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μίκλος Χόρτυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="میکلوش هورتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میکلوش هورتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0_%EB%AF%B8%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%9C" title="호르티 미클로시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호르티 미클로시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B7_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Միկլոշ Հորթի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միկլոշ Հորթի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99" title="מיקלוש הורטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקלוש הורטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მიკლოშ ჰორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიკლოშ ჰორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Миклош Хорти – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миклош Хорти" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Horthy" title="Nicolaus Horthy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Horthy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklo%C5%A1s_Horti" title="Miklošs Horti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miklošs Horti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_(korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3)" title="Horthy Miklós (kormányzó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Horthy Miklós (kormányzó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ميكلوش هورتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميكلوش هورتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="ホルティ・ミクローシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルティ・ミクローシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Хорти, Миклош – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хорти, Миклош" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Миклош Хорти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миклош Хорти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Миклош Һорти – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миклош Һорти" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="มิกโลช โฮร์ตี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิกโลช โฮร์ตี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Міклош Горті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міклош Горті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Miklós Horthy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BB%80" title="霍尔蒂·米克洛什 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霍尔蒂·米克洛什" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99" title="מיקלאש הארטי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיקלאש הארטי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BB%80" title="霍爾蒂·米克洛什 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霍爾蒂·米克洛什" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BB%80" title="霍爾蒂·米克洛什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍爾蒂·米克洛什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regent of Hungary from 1920 to 1944</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the regent of Hungary. For for his son, see <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Jr." title="Miklós Horthy Jr.">Miklós Horthy Jr.</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Horthy" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Horthy_(surname)" title="Horthy (surname)">Horthy (surname)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>Nagybányai Horthy Miklós</i>. This article uses <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Serene_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Serene Highness">His Serene Highness</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%A9z" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitéz">Vitéz</a></i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Miklós Horthy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Vit%C3%A9z_nagyb%C3%A1nyai_Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="703" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1941</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent of Hungary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 March 1920 – 16 October 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Károly Huszár</a><br /><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Simonyi-Semadam" title="Sándor Simonyi-Semadam">S. Simonyi-Semadam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">István Bethlen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gyula_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Gyula Károlyi">Gyula Károlyi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Dar%C3%A1nyi" title="Kálmán Darányi">Kálmán Darányi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Béla Imrédy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Keresztes-Fischer" title="Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer">F. Keresztes-Fischer</a> (acting)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy" title="László Bárdossy">László Bárdossy</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Keresztes-Fischer" title="Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer">F. Keresztes-Fischer</a> (acting)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_K%C3%A1llay" title="Miklós Kállay">Miklós Kállay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6me_Szt%C3%B3jay" title="Döme Sztójay">Döme Sztójay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Lakatos" title="Géza Lakatos">Géza Lakatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Horthy" title="István Horthy">István Horthy</a> (1942)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Károly Huszár</a><br /><small>(as acting head of state)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a><br /><small>(as Leader of the Nation)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1868-06-18</span>)</span>18 June 1868<br /><a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 February 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-02-09)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Estoril" title="Estoril">Estoril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_District" title="Lisbon District">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Magdolna_Purgly" title="Magdolna Purgly">Magdolna Purgly</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="22 July 1901">1901</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Horthy" title="István Horthy">István</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Jr." title="Miklós Horthy Jr.">Miklós</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">István Horthy<br />Paula Halassy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miklós Horthy's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg/128px-Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg/192px-Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg/256px-Miklos_Horthy_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/23px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/35px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/46px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1896–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Flottenkommandant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1917)" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)">Otranto Strait</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (18 June 1868 – 9 February 1957) was a Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> and statesman who was the <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">regent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">during the interwar period</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, from 1 March 1920 to 15 October 1944. </p><p>Horthy began his career as a <a href="/wiki/Junior_lieutenant" title="Junior lieutenant">sub-lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a> in 1896 and attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a> by 1918. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1917)" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto</a> and ascended to the position of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the Navy in the final year of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Following mutinies, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor-King Charles</a> appointed him as <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">vice admiral</a> and commander of the Fleet, dismissing the previous admiral. During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, Horthy returned to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">National Army</a>. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">parliament</a> invited him to become the regent of the kingdom. </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, Horthy led an administration characterized by <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his leadership, Hungary banned the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, and pursued an <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> foreign policy in response to the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Hungary%27s_attempts_to_retake_the_throne" title="Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne">attempted to return</a> to Hungary twice before the Hungarian government yielded to <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> threats of renewed hostilities in 1921. Subsequently, Charles was escorted out of Hungary and into exile, while the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> and Hungarian monarchy was formally dethroned. </p><p>Ideologically a <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservative</a>, Horthy has sometimes been labelled as a <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, Horthy's foreign policy led him into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. With the support of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, Hungary succeeded in reoccupying certain areas ceded to neighbouring countries by the Treaty of Trianon. Under Horthy's leadership, Hungary provided support to <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> refugees when <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany attacked their country</a> in 1939 and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941. Some historians view Horthy as unenthusiastic about contributing to the German war effort and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">the Holocaust in Hungary</a> (out of fear that it may sabotage peace deals with Allied forces), in addition to several attempts to strike a secret deal with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> after it had become obvious that the Axis would lose the war, therefore eventually leading the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Hungary_(1944)" title="German invasion of Hungary (1944)">Germans to invade and take control of the country</a> in March 1944 (Operation Margarethe). However, prior to the Nazi occupation of Hungary, 63,000 Jews were killed. In late 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>, where the majority were gassed on arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian historian Zvonimir Golubović has claimed that not only was Horthy aware of these genocidal massacres, but had approved of them, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_raid" title="Novi Sad raid">Novi Sad raid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1944, Horthy announced that Hungary had declared an armistice with the Soviets and had withdrawn from the Axis. He was forced to resign, placed under arrest and taken to <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, while the Arrow Cross Party and Germany ruled Hungary. At the end of the war, he came under the custody of American troops.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After providing evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a> of war crimes in 1948, Horthy settled and lived out his remaining years in exile in <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a>. His memoir, <a href="/wiki/A_Life_for_Hungary" title="A Life for Hungary"><i>Ein Leben für Ungarn</i></a> (<i>A Life for Hungary</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was first published in 1953. He has a reputation as a controversial historical figure in contemporary Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contentious_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contentious-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_naval_career">Early life and naval career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miklós Horthy de <a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Nagybánya</a> was born at <a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a> to an untitled lower nobility, descended from István Horti, ennobled by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand II of Hungary">King Ferdinand II</a> in 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, István Horthy de Nagybánya <i>(not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Horthy" title="István Horthy">István Horthy</a>, Horthy's eldest son)</i>, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">House of Magnates</a>, the upper chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a>, and lord of a 610-hectare (1,500-acre) estate.<sup id="cite_ref-Családfa_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Családfa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Hungarian noblewoman Paula Halassy de Dévaványa in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-Családfa_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Családfa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monarchicus_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monarchicus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miklós was the fourth of their eight children raised as Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horthy entered the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal" title="Imperial and Royal">Imperial and Royal</a> Naval Academy (<a href="/wiki/K.u.K." class="mw-redirect" title="K.u.K.">k.u.k.</a> Marine-Akademie) at Fiume (now <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) at age 14.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the official language of the naval academy was <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, Horthy spoke Hungarian with a slight, but noticeable, Austro-German accent for the rest of his life. He also spoke <a href="/wiki/Italian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian (language)">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian (language)">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="French (language)">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monarchicus_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monarchicus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young man, Horthy traveled around the world and was a diplomat for <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and other countries. Horthy married <a href="/wiki/Magdolna_Purgly" title="Magdolna Purgly">Magdolna Purgly de Jószáshely</a> in Arad in 1901. They had four children: Magdolna (1902), Paula (1903), <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Horthy" title="István Horthy">István</a> (1904), and <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Jr." title="Miklós Horthy Jr.">Miklós</a> (1907). From 1911 until 1914, he was a naval <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>, for whom he had a great respect.<sup id="cite_ref-TuckerWood1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuckerWood1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of World War I, Horthy was commander of the pre-dreadnought battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Habsburg" title="SMS Habsburg">SMS <i>Habsburg</i></a>. In 1915, he earned a reputation for boldness while commanding the new light cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Novara_(1913)" title="SMS Novara (1913)">SMS <i>Novara</i></a>. He planned the 1917 attack on the <a href="/wiki/Otranto_Barrage" title="Otranto Barrage">Otranto Barrage</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1917)" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto</a>, the largest naval engagement of the war in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. A consolidated British, French, and Italian fleet met the Austro-Hungarian force. Despite the numerical superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> fleet, the Austrian force emerged victorious from the battle. The Austrian fleet remained relatively unscathed; however, Horthy was wounded. After the <a href="/wiki/Cattaro_mutiny" title="Cattaro mutiny">Cattaro mutiny</a> of February 1918, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I of Austria</a> selected Horthy over many more senior commanders as the new Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Fleet in March 1918. In June, Horthy planned another attack on Otranto, and in a departure from the cautious strategy of his predecessors, he committed the empire's battleships to the mission. While sailing through the night, the dreadnought <a href="/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">SMS <i>Szent István</i></a> met Italian <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">MAS torpedo boats</a> and was sunk, causing Horthy to abort the mission. He managed to preserve the rest of the empire's fleet until he was ordered by Emperor Charles to surrender it to the new <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> (the predecessor of Yugoslavia) on 31 October.<sup id="cite_ref-TuckerWood1996_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuckerWood1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the war saw Hungary turn into a landlocked nation, and with that, the new government had little need for Horthy's naval expertise. He retired with his family to his private estate at <a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horthypapamama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miklós Horthy's parents: Paula Halassy and István Horthy"><img alt="Miklós Horthy's parents: Paula Halassy and István Horthy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Horthypapamama.jpg/120px-Horthypapamama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Horthypapamama.jpg/180px-Horthypapamama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Horthypapamama.jpg/240px-Horthypapamama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miklós Horthy's parents: Paula Halassy and István Horthy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Magdolna Purgly, Horthy's wife, and Horthy as an ensign in the Navy"><img alt="Magdolna Purgly, Horthy's wife, and Horthy as an ensign in the Navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png/120px-Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png/180px-Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png/240px-Purgly-magdolna-c3a9s-horthy-miklc3b3s.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Magdolna_Purgly" title="Magdolna Purgly">Magdolna Purgly</a>, Horthy's wife, and Horthy as an ensign in the Navy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdolna_Purgly_(1881_-_1959).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magdolna Purgly, wife of Admiral Miklós Horthy"><img alt="Magdolna Purgly, wife of Admiral Miklós Horthy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magdolna_Purgly_%281881_-_1959%29.jpg/86px-Magdolna_Purgly_%281881_-_1959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magdolna_Purgly_%281881_-_1959%29.jpg/129px-Magdolna_Purgly_%281881_-_1959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magdolna_Purgly_%281881_-_1959%29.jpg/172px-Magdolna_Purgly_%281881_-_1959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magdolna Purgly, wife of Admiral Miklós Horthy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Horthy,_WW1_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Admiral Miklós Horthy during World War I"><img alt="Admiral Miklós Horthy during World War I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Admiral_Horthy%2C_WW1_postcard.jpg/79px-Admiral_Horthy%2C_WW1_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Admiral_Horthy%2C_WW1_postcard.jpg/119px-Admiral_Horthy%2C_WW1_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Admiral_Horthy%2C_WW1_postcard.jpg/158px-Admiral_Horthy%2C_WW1_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Admiral Miklós Horthy during World War I</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_rank_and_assignments">Dates of rank and assignments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dates of rank and assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novaral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Novaral.jpg/220px-Novaral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Novaral.jpg/330px-Novaral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Novaral.jpg/440px-Novaral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The damaged <a href="/wiki/SMS_Novara_(1913)" title="SMS Novara (1913)">SMS <i>Novara</i></a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1917)" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)">Battle of Otranto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hswoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hswoon.png/220px-Hswoon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hswoon.png/330px-Hswoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hswoon.png/440px-Hswoon.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Horthy, seriously wounded, commanded the fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1917)" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto</a> until falling unconscious</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Fregattenleutnant" title="Fregattenleutnant">Fregattenleutnant</a></i> (Frigate Lieutenant) (<i>fregatthadnagy</i> – Sub-Lieutenant)</li> <li>1900 <i>Linienschiffleutnant</i> (Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant) (<i>sorhajóhadnagy</i> – Lieutenant)</li> <li>January 1901 SMS <i>Sperber</i> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>1902 SMS <i>Kranich</i> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>June 1908 SMS <i>Taurus</i> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>August 1908 <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_Karl_VI" title="SMS Kaiser Karl VI">SMS <i>Kaiser Karl VI</i></a> (GDO-Gesamtdetailoffizier-First Officer, temporary)</li> <li>1 January 1909, <i><a href="/wiki/Korvettenkapit%C3%A4n" title="Korvettenkapitän">Korvettenkapitän</a></i> (Corvette Captain) (<i>korvettkapitány</i> – <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Commander">Lieutenant-Commander</a>)</li> <li>1 November 1909 aide-de-camp to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Emperor Franz Josef</a></li> <li>1 November 1911: <i><a href="/wiki/Fregattenkapit%C3%A4n" title="Fregattenkapitän">Fregattenkapitän</a></i> (Frigate Captain) (<i>fregattkapitány</i> – <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a>)</li> <li>December 1912 March 1913 <a href="/wiki/SMS_Budapest" title="SMS Budapest">SMS <i>Budapest</i></a> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>20 January 1914: <i><a href="/wiki/Linienschiffskapit%C3%A4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Linienschiffskapitän">Linienschiffskapitän</a></i> (Ship-of-the-Line Captain) (<i>sorhajókapitány</i> – <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">Captain</a>)</li> <li>August 1914 <a href="/wiki/SMS_Habsburg" title="SMS Habsburg">SMS <i>Habsburg</i></a> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>December 1914 <a href="/wiki/SMS_Novara_(1913)" title="SMS Novara (1913)">SMS <i>Novara</i></a> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>1 February 1918 <a href="/wiki/SMS_Prinz_Eugen_(1912)" title="SMS Prinz Eugen (1912)">SMS <i>Prinz Eugen</i> (1912)</a> (commander of the vessel)</li> <li>27 February 1918, <i><a href="/wiki/Konteradmiral" title="Konteradmiral">Konteradmiral</a></i> (<i>ellentengernagy</i> – <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a>)</li> <li>27 February 1918 appointed (last) Commander in Chief of the fleet (over 11 admirals and 24 senior <i>Linienschiffskapitän</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor Karl I</a></li> <li>30 October 1918, <i><a href="/wiki/Vizeadmiral" title="Vizeadmiral">Vizeadmiral</a></i> (<i>altengernagy</i> – <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_period,_1919–1939"><span id="Interwar_period.2C_1919.E2.80.931939"></span>Interwar period, 1919–1939</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interwar period, 1919–1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians agree on the conservatism of interwar Hungary. Historian <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_De%C3%A1k" title="István Deák">István Deák</a> states: </p> <dl><dd>Between 1919 and 1944, Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution; and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against Bolshevism and Bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation by the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander_of_the_National_Army">Commander of the National Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commander of the National Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/260px--Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="1235" data-mwtitle="Filmhíradók_-_100_éve_ezen_a_héten_38._(2019._november_11-17.).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._(2019._november_11-17.).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm/Filmh%C3%ADrad%C3%B3k_-_100_%C3%A9ve_ezen_a_h%C3%A9ten_38._%282019._november_11-17.%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Horthy enters Budapest, 16 November 1919 (1080p film footage)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two national traumas that followed the First World War profoundly shaped the spirit and future of the Hungarian nation. The first was the loss, as dictated by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>, of large portions of Hungarian territory that had bordered other countries. These were lands that had belonged to Hungary (then part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>) but were now ceded mainly to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. The excisions, eventually ratified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> of 1920, cost Hungary two-thirds of its territory and one-third of its native Hungarian speakers; this dealt the population a terrible psychological blow. The second trauma began in March 1919, when Communist leader <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> seized power in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, after the first proto-democratic government in Hungary faltered.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarorszag_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/220px-Magyarorszag_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/330px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/440px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, the Kingdom of Hungary lost 72% of its territory (including <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia</a>) and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kun and his loyalists proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> and promised the restoration of Hungary's former grandeur. Instead, his efforts at reconquest failed, and Hungarians were treated to Soviet-style repression in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Boys" title="Lenin Boys">armed gangs</a> who intimidated or murdered enemies of the regime. This period of violence came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Red Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within weeks of his coup, Kun's popularity plummeted. On May 30, 1919, anti-communist politicians formed a counter-revolutionary government in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, which was occupied by French forces at the time. There, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Gyula Károlyi">Gyula Károlyi</a>, the prime minister of the counter-revolutionary government, asked former Admiral Horthy, still considered a war hero, to be the Minister of War in the new government and take command of a counter-revolutionary force that would be named the National Army (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Nemzeti Hadsereg</i>). Horthy consented, and he arrived in Szeged on June 6 June. Soon afterward, because of orders from the Allied powers, a cabinet was reformed, and Horthy was not given a seat in it. Undaunted, Horthy managed to retain control of the National Army by detaching the army command from the War Ministry. </p><p>After the Communist government collapsed and its leaders fled, French-supported Romanian forces entered Budapest on August 6, 1919. In retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Red Terror</a>, reactionary crews have now exacted revenge in a two-year wave of violent repression known today as the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">White Terror</a>. These reprisals were organized and carried out by officers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horthy%27s_National_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horthy's National Army (page does not exist)">Horthy's National Army</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Pr%C3%B3nay" title="Pál Prónay">Pál Prónay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Patai_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patai-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek and <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_H%C3%A9jjas" title="Iván Héjjas">Iván Héjjas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their victims were primarily <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a>. Most Hungarian Jews were not supporters of the Bolsheviks, but much of the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> had been young Jewish intellectuals, and anger about the Communist revolution easily translated into anti-Semitic hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-Patai_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patai-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Budapest, Prónay installed his unit in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Britannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotel Britannia (page does not exist)">Hotel Britannia</a>, where the group swelled to <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> size. Their program of vicious attacks continued; they planned a citywide <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against the Jews until Horthy found out and put a stop to it. In his diary, Prónay reported that Horthy:</p><blockquote><p>reproached me for the many Jewish corpses found in the various parts of the country, especially in the Transdanubia. This, he emphasized, gave the foreign press extra ammunition against us. He told me that we should stop harassing small Jews; instead, we should kill some big (Kun government) Jews such as Somogyi or Vázsonyi – these people deserve punishment much more... in vain, I tried to convince him that the liberal papers would be against us anyway, and it did not matter that we killed only one Jew or we killed them all<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The degree of Horthy's responsibility for the excesses of Prónay is disputed. On several occasions, Horthy reached out to stop Prónay from a particularly excessive burst of anti-Jewish cruelty, and the Jews of Pest went on record absolving Horthy of the White Terror as early as the autumn of 1919 when they released a statement disavowing the Kun revolution and blaming the terror on a few units within the National Army. Horthy has never been found to have personally engaged in White Terror atrocities. But his American biographer, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Sakmyster" title="Thomas L. Sakmyster">Thomas L. Sakmyster</a> concluded that he "tacitly supported the right-wing officer detachments" who carried out the terror;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horthy called them "my best men."<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The admiral also had practical reasons for overlooking the terror his officers wrought, since he needed the dedicated officers to help stabilize the country. Nevertheless, it was at least another year before the terror died down. In the summer of 1920, Horthy's government took measures to rein in and eventually disperse the reactionary battalions. Prónay managed to undermine these measures, but only for a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodo_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prónay was put on trial for extorting a wealthy Jewish politician and for "insulting the President of the Parliament" by trying to cover up the extortion. Found guilty on both charges, Prónay was now a liability and an embarrassment. His command was revoked, and he was denounced as a common criminal on the floor of the Hungarian parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodo_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After serving short jail sentences, Prónay tried to convince Horthy to restore his battalion command. The Prónay Battalion lingered for a few months more under the command of a junior officer, but the government officially dissolved the unit in January 1922, and expelled its members from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodo_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prónay entered politics as a member of the government's right-wing opposition. In the 1930s, he sought and failed to emulate the Nazis by generating a Hungarian fascist mass movement. In 1932, he was charged with incitement, sentenced to six months in prison, and stripped of his rank of lieutenant colonel. Prónay would support the pro-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross" title="Arrow Cross">Arrow Cross</a> and lead attacks on Jews before being captured by Soviet troops sometime during or after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Budapest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Budapest">Battle of Budapest</a> of 1944–45, dying in captivity in 1947/48.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodo_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precisely how much Horthy knew about the excesses of the White Terror is not known. Horthy himself declined to apologize for the savagery of his officer detachments, writing later, "I have no reason to gloss over deeds of injustice and atrocities committed when an iron broom alone could sweep the country clean."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He endorsed Edgar von Schmidt-Pauli's poetic justification of the White reprisals ("Hell let loose on earth cannot be subdued by the beating of angels' wings"), remarking, "the Communists in Hungary, willing disciples of the Russian Bolshevists, had indeed let hell loose."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) in an internal report by delegate <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Burnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Burnier (page does not exist)">George Burnier</a>, stated the following in April 1920:</p><blockquote><p>There are two distinct military organizations in Hungary: the national army and a kind of civil guard which was formed when the communist régime fell. It is the latter that has been responsible for all the reprehensible acts committed. The Government managed to regain control of these organizations only a few weeks ago. They are now well-disciplined and collaborate with the municipal police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>This deep hostility toward Communism would be the more lasting legacy of Kun's abortive revolution. It was a conviction shared by Horthy and his country's ruling class that would help drive Hungary into a fateful alliance with Adolf Hitler.</p><blockquote><p>The nation of the Hungarians loved and admired Budapest, which became its polluter in the last years. Here, on the banks of the Danube, I arraign her. This city has disowned her thousand years of tradition, she has dragged the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">national colors</a> in the dust, she has clothed herself in red rags. The finest of the nation she threw into dungeons or drove into exile. She laid in ruin our property and wasted our wealth. Yet the nearer we approached to this city, the more rapidly did the ice in our hearts melt. We are now ready to forgive her.<sup id="cite_ref-1919speech_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1919speech-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg/220px-HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg/330px-HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg/440px-HorthyGell%C3%A9rt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Miklós Horthy enters Budapest at the head of the National Army, 16 November 1919. He is greeted by city officials in front of the Gellért Hotel. The Romanian army retreated from Budapest on 14 November, leaving Horthy to enter the city, where in a fiery speech he accused the capital's citizens of betraying Hungary by supporting Bolshevism</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the pressure of the Allied powers, Romanian troops finally evacuated Hungary on February 25 February 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regent">Regent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/300px--A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="195" data-mwtitle="A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm/A_Message_to_America_by_Nicholas_Horthy_in_1929.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Message to America by Nicholas Horthy in 1929 (early sound film with English speech)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png/250px-5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png/375px-5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png/500px-5_Peng%C5%91_-_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regency_1930.png 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 5 Pengő - Miklós Horthy</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 1, 1920, the National Assembly of Hungary re-established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. It was apparent that the Allies of World War I would not accept any return of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a> (the former Austro-Hungarian emperor) from exile. Instead, with National Army officers controlling the parliament building, the assembly voted to install Horthy as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>; he defeated Count <a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a> by a vote of 131 to 7. </p><p>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ottok%C3%A1r_Proh%C3%A1szka" title="Ottokár Prohászka">Ottokár Prohászka</a> then led a small delegation to meet Horthy, announcing, "Hungary's Parliament has elected you Regent! Would it please you to accept the office of <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent of Hungary</a>?" To their astonishment, Horthy declined, unless the powers of the office were expanded. As Horthy stalled, the politicians gave in to his demands and granted him "the general prerogatives of the king, with the exception of the right to name titles of nobility and of the patronage of the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prerogatives he was given included the power to appoint and dismiss prime ministers, to convene and dissolve parliament, and to command the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">armed forces</a>. With those sweeping powers guaranteed, Horthy took the oath of office.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was styled <i>His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Ő Főméltósága a Magyar Királyság Kormányzója</i>). In any case, the previous monarch, Charles I (Charles IV in Hungary) <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Hungary%27s_attempts_to_retake_the_throne" title="Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne">did try to regain his throne twice</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_(1939-1945,_on_land).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_%281939-1945%2C_on_land%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_%281939-1945%2C_on_land%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_%281939-1945%2C_on_land%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_%281939-1945%2C_on_land%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_%281939-1945%2C_on_land%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Warlord_of_the_Royal_Hungarian_Defence_Forces_%281939-1945%2C_on_land%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Standard of Miklós Horthy as Regent of Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hungarian state was legally a kingdom, but it had no king, as the Allied powers would not have tolerated any reinstatement of the Habsburg dynasty. The country retained its <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> following the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, with a prime minister appointed as head of government. As head of state, Horthy retained significant influence through his constitutional powers and the loyalty of his ministers to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his involvement in drafting legislation was minuscule, he nevertheless had the ability to ensure that laws passed by the Hungarian parliament conformed to his political preferences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Károlyi's_attempts_to_remove_Horthy"><span id="K.C3.A1rolyi.27s_attempts_to_remove_Horthy"></span>Károlyi's attempts to remove Horthy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Károlyi's attempts to remove Horthy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy#Károlyi's_accusation" title="Talk:Miklós Horthy">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ex-president of the <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> began vigorous propaganda activities against the emerging Horthy regime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Károlyi mainly tried to negotiate with the creators of the hostile <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>, Masaryk and Beneš, as well as with the Austrian Social Democratic Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a>. They wanted to achieve the disarmament of the Hungarian National Army and the removal of Horthy, even with the help of foreign troops and intervention. However, the effect has remained small: Renner and Beneš sent a memorandum to the Western Allied Powers, but the leadership of Entente Powers had already decided that Horthy should remain in power.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seeking_redress_for_the_Treaty_of_Trianon">Seeking redress for the Treaty of Trianon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seeking redress for the Treaty of Trianon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190,_Budapest,_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190%2C_Budapest%2C_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190%2C_Budapest%2C_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190%2C_Budapest%2C_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190%2C_Budapest%2C_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190%2C_Budapest%2C_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12190%2C_Budapest%2C_Prozession_zum_Nationalfeiertag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Horthy in Budapest, August 1931</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg/220px-Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg/330px-Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg/440px-Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Horthy in 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>Hungarian historian Ádám Magda wrote in her study <i>Versailles System and Central Europe</i> (2006): "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>, military alliance of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrongly perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first decade of Horthy's reign was primarily consumed by stabilizing the Hungarian economy and political system. Horthy's chief partner in these efforts was his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">István Bethlen</a>. It was commonly known that Horthy was an <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and British political and economic support played a significant role in the stabilization and consolidation of the early Horthy era in the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg/220px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg/330px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg/440px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_de_Nagyb%C3%A1nya-Pd-italy-334.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Miklós Horthy with King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> in Rome on 25 November 1936, during a military parade in Via dell'Impero</figcaption></figure> <p>Bethlen sought to stabilize the economy while building alliances with weaker nations that could advance Hungary's cause. That cause was, primarily, reversing the losses of the Treaty of Trianon. The humiliations of the Trianon treaty continued to occupy a central place in Hungarian foreign policy and the popular imagination. The indignant anti-Trianon slogan "Nem, nem soha!" ("No, no never!") became a ubiquitous motto of Hungarian outrage. When in 1927 the British newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Rothermere" title="Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere">Lord Rothermere</a> denounced the partitions ratified at Trianon in the pages of his <i>Daily Mail</i>, an official letter of gratitude was eagerly signed by 1.2 million Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Hungary's stability was precarious, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> derailed much of Bethlen's economic balance. Horthy replaced him with an old reactionary confederate from his Szeged days: <a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a>. Gömbös was an outspoken anti-Semite and a budding fascist. Although he agreed to Horthy's demands that he temper his anti-Jewish rhetoric and work amicably with Hungary's large Jewish professional class, Gömbös's tenure began swinging Hungary's political mood powerfully rightward. <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a> stated that Horthy, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>though reactionary as far as social or economic ideas are concerned, is in effect the guardian of constitutionalism and what vestigial democracy remains in the country, because it is largely his influence that prevents any prime minister from abolishing parliament and setting up a dictatorial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1940_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1940-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gömbös rescued the failing economy by securing trade guarantees from Germany – a strategy that positioned Germany as Hungary's primary trading partner and tied Hungary's future even more tightly to Hitler's. He also assured Hitler that Hungary would quickly become a one-party state modeled on the Nazi party control of Germany. Gömbös died in 1936 before he realized his most extreme goals, but he left his nation headed into a firm partnership with the German dictator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust">World War II and the Holocaust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II and the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary in World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uneasy_alliance">Uneasy alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uneasy alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526,_Berlin,_Reichskanzlei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-526%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German and Hungarian flags in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Hungary now entered into intricate political maneuvers with the regime of Adolf Hitler, and Horthy began to play a greater and more public role in navigating Hungary along this dangerous path. </p><p>For Horthy, Hitler served as a bulwark against Soviet encroachment or invasion. Horthy was obsessed with the Communist threat. One American diplomat remarked that Horthy's anti-communist tirades were so common and ferocious that diplomats "discounted it as a phobia".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horthy clearly saw his country as trapped between two stronger powers, both of them dangerous; evidently, he considered Hitler to be the more manageable of the two, at least at first. Hitler was able to wield greater influence over Hungary than the Soviet Union could—not only as the country's major trading partner but also because he could assist with two of Horthy's key ambitions: maintaining Hungarian sovereignty and satisfying the nationwide yearning to recover former Hungarian lands. Horthy's strategy was one of cautious, sometimes even grudging, alliances. The means by which the regent granted or resisted Hitler's demands, especially with regard to Hungarian military action and the treatment of Hungary's Jews, remain the central criteria by which his career has been judged. Horthy's relationship with Hitler was, by his own account, a tense one – largely due, he said, to his unwillingness to bend his nation's policies to the German leader's desires.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horthy's attitude to Hitler was ambivalent. On one hand, Hungary was an <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> state that refused to accept the frontiers imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>. Furthermore, the three states with which Hungary had territorial disputes, namely Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania, were all allies of France, so a German-Hungarian alliance seemed logical. On the other hand, Admiral Horthy was a good navalist who believed that sea power was the most important factor in war. He felt that Britain, as the world's greatest sea power, would inevitably defeat Germany should another war begin.<sup id="cite_ref-Eby_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eby-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a meeting with Hitler in 1935, Horthy was well pleased that Hitler informed him that he wanted Germany and Hungary to partition Czechoslovakia, but Horthy went on to tell Hitler that he must be careful not to do anything that might cause an Anglo-German war because British sea power would sooner or later cause the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Horthy was always torn between his belief that an alliance with Germany was the only way to revise Trianon and his belief that war against the international order could only end in defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Eby_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eby-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1938, when Horthy, his wife, and some Hungarian politicians took a special train from Budapest to Germany, <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</a> formations ceremonially welcomed the delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> train station. The train then continued to <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching" title="Ceremonial ship launching">christening</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Prinz_Eugen" title="German cruiser Prinz Eugen">German cruiser <i>Prinz Eugen</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his ensuing state visit, Hitler asked Horthy for troops and matériel to participate in Germany's planned invasion of Czechoslovakia. In exchange, Horthy later reported, "He gave me to understand that as a reward we should be allowed to keep the territory we had invaded."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horthy said he declined, insisting to Hitler that Hungary's claims on the disputed lands should be settled by peaceful means.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png/220px-Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png/330px-Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png/440px-Miklos_Horthy_in_Kosice.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Horthy at the annexation of south-east Czechoslovakia, Kassa (present-day Košice), 11 November 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Three months later, after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> put control of Czechoslovakia's <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in Hitler's hands, by the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> Hungary annexed some of the south-eastern parts of Czechoslovakia. Horthy enthusiastically rode into the re-acquired territories at the head of his troops, greeted by emotional ethnic Hungarians: "As I passed along the roads, people embraced one another, fell upon their knees, and wept with joy because liberation had come to them at last, without war, without bloodshed."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as "peaceful" as this annexation was, and as just as it may have seemed to many Hungarians, it was a dividend of Hitler's brinksmanship and threats of war, in which Hungary was now inextricably complicit. Hungary was now committed to the Axis agenda: on February 24, 1939, it joined the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, and on April 11, it withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. American journalists began to refer to Hungary as "the jackal of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This combination of menace and reward drifted Hungary closer to the status of a Nazi client state.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1939, when Hitler took what remained of Czechoslovakia by force, Hungary was allowed to annex the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>. After a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939-1945)">First Slovak Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a> of 1939, Hungary gained further territories. In August 1940, Hitler intervened on Hungary's behalf once again. After the failed Hungarian-Romanian negotiations, Hungary annexed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> from Romania by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_%281%29.jpg/220px-Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_%281%29.jpg/330px-Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_%281%29.jpg/440px-Kom%C3%A1rno_november_1938_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4472" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Horthy during the Hungarians' entry into Komárom (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rno" title="Komárno">Komárno</a>), following the First Vienna Award, November 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>But despite their cooperation with the Nazi regime, Horthy and his government would be better described as "<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">conservative authoritarian</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than "fascist". Certainly, Horthy was as hostile to the home-grown fascist and ultra-nationalist movements that emerged in Hungary between the wars (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>) as he was to Communism. The Arrow Cross leader, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, was repeatedly imprisoned at Horthy's command. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Flournoy_Montgomery" title="John Flournoy Montgomery">John F. Montgomery</a>, who served in Budapest as U.S. ambassador from 1933 to 1941, openly admired this side of Horthy's character and reported the following incident in his memoir: in March 1939, Arrow Cross supporters disrupted a performance at the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Opera_House" title="Hungarian State Opera House">Budapest opera house</a> by chanting "Justice for Szálasi!" loud enough for the regent to hear. A fight broke out, and when Montgomery went to take a closer look, he discovered that:</p><blockquote><p>two or three men were on the floor and he [Horthy] had another by the throat, slapping his face and shouting what I learned afterward was: "So you would betray your country, would you?" The Regent was alone, but he had the situation in hand.... The whole incident was typical not only of the Regent's deep hatred of alien doctrine, but of the kind of man he is. Although he was around seventy-two years of age, it did not occur to him to ask for help; he went right ahead like a skipper with a mutiny on his hands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png/220px-Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png/330px-Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png/440px-Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption>Hungary in 1941, after recovering territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure> <p>And yet, by the time of this episode, Horthy had allowed his government to give in to Nazi demands that the Hungarians enact laws restricting the lives of the country's Jews. The first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_anti-Jewish_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian anti-Jewish Law (page does not exist)">Hungarian anti-Jewish Law</a>, in 1938, limited the number of Jews in the professions, government, and commerce to twenty percent, and the second reduced it to five percent the following year; 250,000 Hungarian Jews lost their jobs as a result. A "Third Jewish Law" of August 1941 prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jews and defined anyone having two Jewish grandparents as "racially Jewish". A Jewish man who had non-marital sex with a "decent non-Jewish woman resident in Hungary" could be sentenced to three years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Horthy's personal views on Jews and their role in Hungarian society are the subject of some debate. In an October 1940 letter to Prime Minister Count <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a>, Horthy echoed a widespread national sentiment: that Jews enjoyed too much success in commerce, the professions, and industry—success that needed to be curtailed:</p><blockquote><p>As regards the Jewish problem, I have been an anti-Semite throughout my life. I have never had contact with Jews. I have considered it intolerable that here in Hungary everything, every factory, bank, large fortune, business, theatre, press, commerce, etc. should be in Jewish hands, and that the Jew should be the image reflected of Hungary, especially abroad. Since, however, one of the most important tasks of the government is to raise the standard of living, i.e., we have to acquire wealth, it is impossible, in a year or two, to replace the Jews, who have everything in their hands, and to replace them with incompetent, unworthy, mostly big-mouthed elements, for we should become bankrupt. This requires a generation at least.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War">War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png/220px-Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png/330px-Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png/440px-Miklos_Horthy_and_Adolf_Hitler.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Horthy with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920-1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1944)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> was gradually drawn into the war itself. In 1939 and 1940, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Volunteers_in_the_Winter_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War">Hungarian volunteers</a> were sent to Finland's <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, but did not have time to partake in the fighting before the end of the war. In April 1941, Hungary became, in effect, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>. Hungary permitted Hitler to send troops across Hungarian territory for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and ultimately sent its own troops to claim its share of the dismembered <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a>, horrified that he had failed to prevent this collusion with the Nazis, despite the fact that he had signed a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia in December 1940, committed suicide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 1941, the Hungarian government finally yielded to Hitler's demands that the nation contribute to the Axis war effort. On June 27, Hungary became part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Hungarians sent in troops and material only four days after Hitler began his invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22 June 1941. </p><p>Eighteen months later, less well-equipped and less motivated than their German allies, 200,000 troops of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Second Army">Hungarian Second Army</a> ended up holding the front on the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Hungary also declared war on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; the following is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>'s diaries. </p><blockquote><p>The ambassador delivers the war declaration to the Department of State, but the guy there is not very prepared: "Our kingdom..." "So you have a king." "No, we have an admiral." "Ah, you are on the sea!" "No, we are landlocked." "But you have disagreements with the U. S." "No, we have disagreements with <a href="/wiki/Rumania" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumania">Rumania</a>."</p></blockquote> <p>The first massacre of Jewish people from Hungarian territory took place in August 1941, when government officials ordered the deportation of Jews without Hungarian citizenship (principally refugees from other Nazi-occupied countries) to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Roughly 18,000–20,000 of these deportees were slaughtered by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a> and his <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> troops; only 2,000–3,000 survived. These killings are known as the <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi Massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi Massacre</a>. This event, in which the slaughter of Jews for the first time numbered in the tens of thousands, is considered to be among the first large-scale massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. Because of the objections of Hungary's leadership, the deportations were halted.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1942, Horthy was already seeking to put some distance between himself and Hitler's regime. That March, he dismissed the pro-German prime minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy" title="László Bárdossy">László Bárdossy</a> and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_K%C3%A1llay" title="Miklós Kállay">Miklós Kállay</a>, a moderate whom Horthy expected to loosen Hungary's ties to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kállay successfully sabotaged economic cooperation with Nazi Germany, protected refugees and prisoners, resisted Nazi pressure regarding Jews, established contact with the Allies, and negotiated conditions under which Hungary would switch sides against Germany. However, the Allies were not close enough. When the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944, Kállay went into hiding. He was finally captured by the Nazis, but was liberated when the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944 Horthy secretly instructed Lakatos Géza (prime minister of Hungary) to remove far-right officials from government. </p><p>In September 1942, personal tragedy struck the Hungarian Regent. 37-year-old <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Horthy" title="István Horthy">István Horthy</a>, Horthy's eldest son, was killed. István Horthy was the Deputy Regent of Hungary and a Flight Lieutenant in the reserves, 1/1 Fighter Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungarian Air Force">Royal Hungarian Air Force</a>. He was killed when his Hawk (<i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%81VAG_H%C3%A9ja" title="MÁVAG Héja">Héja</a></i>) fighter crashed at an air field near <a href="/wiki/Ilovskoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilovskoye">Ilovskoye</a>. </p><p>In January 1943, Hungary's enthusiasm for the war effort, never especially high, suffered a tremendous blow. The Soviet army, in the full momentum of its triumphant turnaround after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, punched through Romanian troops at a bend in the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> and virtually obliterated the Second Hungarian Army in a few days' fighting. In this single action, Hungarian combat fatalities jumped by 80,000. Jew and non-Jew suffered together in this defeat, as the Hungarian troops had been accompanied by some 40,000 Jews and political prisoners in forced-labor units whose job had been to clear minefields.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German officials blamed Hungary's Jews for the nation's "defeatist attitude." In the wake of the Don bend disaster, Hitler demanded at an April 1943 meeting that Horthy punish the 800,000 Jews still living in Hungary, who according to Hitler were responsible for this defeat. In response, Horthy and his government-supplied 10,000 Jewish deportees for labor battalions. With the growing awareness the Allies might well win the war, it became more expedient not to comply with further German requests. Cautiously, the Hungarian government began to explore contacts with the Allies in hopes of negotiating a surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> occupation within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, Hungarian Jews suffered close to 560,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Horthy himself gained knowledge of the situation of the Jews in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> in 1944 when one of the family's friends, Pető Ernő, one of the leaders of the Central Jewish Council revealed the truth about the deportations. A personal friend of Horthy, Count Bethlen István also urged the Replacement of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6me_Szt%C3%B3jay" title="Döme Sztójay">Sztójay</a>-administration and the abolition of deportation. He called the deportation "inhuman, stupid and unworthy of the Hungarian character with which the present government has sullied the Hungarian name in the eyes of the world." The law against deportations was passed on June 26th.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation">Occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">Operation Margarethe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A,_Budapest,_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A%2C_Budapest%2C_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A%2C_Budapest%2C_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A%2C_Budapest%2C_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A%2C_Budapest%2C_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A%2C_Budapest%2C_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8283A-12A%2C_Budapest%2C_marschierende_Pfeilkreuzler_und_Panzer_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>A German <a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a> with a column of <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross</a> soldiers in Budapest</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1944, the Axis was losing the war, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was at Hungary's borders. Fearing that the Soviets would overrun the country, Kállay, with Horthy's approval, put out numerous feelers to the Allies. He even promised to surrender unconditionally to them once they reached Hungarian territory. An enraged Hitler summoned Horthy to a conference in <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Klessheim" title="Schloss Klessheim">Klessheim Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>. He pressured Horthy to make greater contributions to the war effort and again commanded him to assist in the killing of more of Hungary's Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Horthy now permitted the deportation of a large number of Jews (the generally accepted figure is 100,000), but would not go further.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference was a ruse. As Horthy was returning home on 19 March, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> invaded and occupied Hungary. Horthy was told he could only stay in office if he dismissed Kállay and appointed a new government that would fully cooperate with Hitler and his plenipotentiary in Budapest, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Veesenmayer" title="Edmund Veesenmayer">Edmund Veesenmayer</a>. Knowing the likely alternative was a <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">gauleiter</a> who would treat Hungary in the same manner as the other countries under Nazi occupation, Horthy acquiesced and appointed his ambassador to Germany, General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6me_Szt%C3%B3jay" title="Döme Sztójay">Döme Sztójay</a>, as prime minister. The Germans originally wanted Horthy to reappoint <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Béla Imrédy</a> (who had been prime minister from 1938 to 1939), but Horthy had enough influence to get Veesenmayer to accept Sztójay instead. Contrary to Horthy's hopes, Sztójay's government eagerly proceeded to participate in the Holocaust.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The chief agents of this collaboration were <a href="/wiki/Andor_Jaross" title="Andor Jaross">Andor Jaross</a>, the Minister of the Interior, and his two rabidly anti-Semitic state secretaries, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Endre" title="László Endre">László Endre</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Baky" title="László Baky">László Baky</a> (later to be known as the "Deportation Trio"). On 9 April, Prime Minister Sztójay and the Germans obligated Hungary to place 300,000 Jewish people at the "disposal" of the Reich, in effect, sentencing most of Hungary's remaining Jews to death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Five days later, on 14 April, Endre, Baky, and SS Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> commenced the deportation of the remaining Hungarian Jews. The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghettoization</a> laws and deportation were accomplished in less than 8 weeks with the help of the new Hungarian government and authorities. The deportation of Hungarian Jews to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> began on 14 May 1944 and continued at a rate of 12–14,000 a day until 24 July.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Upon learning about the deportations, Horthy wrote the following letter to the prime minister:</p><blockquote><p>Dear Sztójay: I was aware that the Government in the given forced situation has to take many steps that I do not consider correct, and for which I can not take responsibility. Among these matters is the handling of the Jewish question in a manner that does not correspond to the Hungarian mentality, Hungarian conditions, and, for the matter, Hungarian interests. It is clear to everyone that what among these were done by Germans or by the insistence of the Germans was not in my power to prevent, so in these matters, I was forced into passivity. As such, I was not informed in advance, or I am not fully informed now, however, I have heard recently that in many cases in inhumaneness and brutality we exceeded the Germans. I demand that the handling of the Jewish affairs in the Ministry of Interior be taken out of the hands of Deputy Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Endre" title="László Endre">László Endre</a>. Furthermore, László Baky's assignment to the management of the police forces should be terminated as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Just before the deportations began, two Slovak Jewish prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a>, escaped from Auschwitz and passed details of what was happening inside the camps to officials in Slovakia. This document, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vrba-Wetzler_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrba-Wetzler Report">Vrba-Wetzler Report</a>, was quickly translated into German and passed among Jewish groups and then to Allied officials. Details from the report were broadcast by the BBC on 15 June and printed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> on 20 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (25 June), President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> on 26 June, and King <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf V of Sweden">Gustaf V of Sweden</a> on 30 June,<sup id="cite_ref-HolokausztMo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HolokausztMo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently pleaded with Horthy to use his influence to stop the deportations. Roosevelt specifically threatened military retaliation if the transports were not ceased. On 2 July 1944 Horthy put down a coup attempt by <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarists</a> by using loyal forces. Thereby he temporarily neutralized the men who planned to deport Jews. This enabled Horthy to issue the order halting deportations on 7 July. The transports halted.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, 437,000 Jews had been sent to Auschwitz on 147 trains, most of them to their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horthy was informed about the number of the deported Jews some days later: "approximately 400,000".<sup id="cite_ref-Ilona_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilona-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudolf Hoss, the commander of Auschwitz, begged the Hungarian authorities not to send more than one transport every other day, as the camp crematoria did not have the capacity to sheer capacity to cope with the amount of bodies arriving from the gas chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By many estimates, one of every three people murdered at Auschwitz during its operation was a Hungarian Jew killed between May and July 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There remains some uncertainty over how much Horthy knew about the number of Hungarian Jews being deported, their destination, and their intended fate – and when he knew it as well as what he could have done about it. According to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9ter_Sipos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Péter Sipos (page does not exist)">Péter Sipos</a>, the Hungarian government had already known about the Jewish genocide since 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have argued that Horthy believed that the Jews were being sent to the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">camps</a> to work and that they would be returned to Hungary after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilona_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilona-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horthy himself wrote in his memoirs: "Not before August," he wrote, "did secret information reach me of the horrible truth about the extermination camps."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vrba-Wetzler_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrba-Wetzler Report">Vrba-Wetzler statement</a> is believed to have been passed to Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kastner" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Kastner">Rudolf Kastner</a> no later than 28 April 1944, Kastner did not make it public.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> to remain silent in order to save the Jews who escaped on the <a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a>. The "Kastner train", a convoy that enabled Hungarian Jews to escape to Switzerland, left Budapest on 30 June 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deposition_and_arrest">Deposition and arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deposition and arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity (Hungary)</a></div> <p>In August 1944, <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania withdrew from the Axis</a> and turned against Germany and its allies. This development, a sign of the failing German war effort, led Horthy in Budapest to reconsolidate his political position. He ousted Sztójay and the other Nazi-friendly ministers installed the preceding spring, replacing them with a new government under <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Lakatos" title="Géza Lakatos">Géza Lakatos</a>. He stopped the mass deportations of Jews and ordered the police to use deadly force if the Germans attempted to resume them. While some smaller groups continued to be deported by train, the Germans did not press Horthy to ramp the pace back up to pre-August levels. Indeed, when Horthy turned down Eichmann's request to restart the deportations, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> ordered Eichmann to return to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Realizing that Hungary's position was untenable, Horthy also renewed peace feelers to the Allies and began considering strategies for surrendering to the Allied force he distrusted the most: the Red Army. Although Horthy was still bitterly anticommunist, his dealings with the Nazis led him to conclude that the Soviets were the lesser evil. Working through his trustworthy General <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Béla Miklós</a>, who was in contact with Soviet forces in eastern Hungary, Horthy sought to surrender to the Soviets while preserving the Hungarian government's autonomy. The Soviets willingly promised this, and on 11 October Horthy and the Soviets finally agreed to surrender terms. On 15 October 1944, Horthy told his government ministers that Hungary had signed an armistice with the Soviet Union. He said, </p><blockquote><p>"It is clear today that Germany has lost the war... Hungary has accordingly concluded a preliminary armistice with Russia, and will cease all hostilities against her."<sup id="cite_ref-williamson_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Horthy informed a representative of the German Reich that "we were about to conclude a military armistice with our former enemies and to cease all hostilities against them."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis had anticipated Horthy's move. On 15 October, after Horthy announced the armistice in a nationwide radio address, Hitler initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a>, sending commando <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a> to Budapest with instructions to remove Horthy from power. Horthy's son <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Jr." title="Miklós Horthy Jr.">Miklós Horthy Jr.</a>, was meeting with Soviet representatives to finalize the surrender when Skorzeny and his troops forced their way into the meeting and kidnapped the younger Horthy at gunpoint. Trussed up in a carpet, Miklós Jr. was immediately driven to the airport and flown to Germany to serve as a hostage. Skorzeny then brazenly led a convoy of German troops and four <a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a> tanks to the Vienna Gates of <a href="/wiki/Buda_Castle" title="Buda Castle">Castle Hill</a>, where the Hungarians had been ordered not to resist. Though one unit had not received the order, the Germans quickly captured Castle Hill with minimal bloodshed; seven soldiers were killed and twenty-six wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-williamson_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Horthy was captured by Veesenmayer and his staff later on the 15th and taken to the Waffen SS office, where he was held overnight. Veesenmayer told Horthy that unless he recanted the armistice and abdicated, his son would be killed the next morning. The fascist <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a> swiftly took over Budapest. With his son's life in the balance, Horthy consented to sign a document officially abdicating his office and naming <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross" title="Arrow Cross">Arrow Cross</a>, as both head of state and prime minister. Horthy understood that the Germans merely wanted the stamp of his prestige on a Nazi-sponsored Arrow Cross coup, but he signed anyway. As he later explained his capitulation: </p><blockquote><p>"I neither resigned nor appointed Szálasi Premier. I merely exchanged my signature for my son's life. A signature wrung from a man at machine-gun point can have little legality."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Horthy met Skorzeny three days later at Pfeffer-Wildenbruch's apartment and was told he would be transported to Germany in his own special train. Skorzeny told Horthy that he would be a "guest of honour" in a secure Bavarian castle. On 17 October, Horthy was personally escorted by Skorzeny into captivity<sup id="cite_ref-williamson_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schloss_Hirschberg_am_Haarsee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Hirschberg am Haarsee (page does not exist)">Schloss Hirschberg am Haarsee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Hirschberg_am_Haarsee" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss Hirschberg am Haarsee">de</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, where he was guarded closely, but allowed to live in comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of the SS, the Arrow Cross leadership moved swiftly to take command of the Hungarian armed forces, and to prevent the surrender that Horthy had arranged, even though Soviet troops were now deep inside the country. Szálasi resumed persecution of Jews and other "undesirables". In the three months between November 1944 and January 1945, Arrow Cross death squads shot 10,000 to 15,000 Jews on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. The Arrow Cross also welcomed <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> back to Budapest, where he began the deportation of the city's surviving Jews. Eichmann never successfully completed this phase of his plans, thwarted in large measure by the efforts of Swedish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a>. Out of a pre-war Hungarian Jewish population estimated at 825,000, only 260,000 survived. </p><p>By December 1944, Budapest was under siege by Soviet forces. The Arrow Cross leadership retreated across the Danube into the hills of Buda in late January, and by February the city surrendered to the Soviet forces. </p><p>Horthy remained under house arrest in Bavaria until the war in Europe ended. On 29 April, his SS guardians fled in the face of the Allied advance. On 1 May, Horthy was first liberated, and then arrested, by elements of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">U.S. 7th Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his arrest, Horthy was moved through a variety of detention locations before finally arriving at the prison facility at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in late September 1945. There he was asked to provide evidence to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">International Military Tribunal</a> in preparation for the trial of the Nazi leadership. Although he was interviewed repeatedly about his contacts with some of the defendants, he did not testify in person. In Nuremberg, he was reunited with his son, Miklós Jr. </p><p>Horthy gradually came to believe that his arrest had been arranged and choreographed by the United States in order to protect him from the Russians. Indeed, the former regent reported being told that <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, the new ruler of Yugoslavia, asked that Horthy be charged with complicity with the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_raid" title="Novi Sad raid">Novi Sad raid</a> by Hungarian troops in the <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvonimir_Golubovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvonimir Golubović (page does not exist)">Zvonimir Golubović</a> has claimed that not only was Horthy aware of these genocidal massacres but had approved of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American trial officials did not indict Horthy for war crimes. The former ambassador <a href="/wiki/John_Flournoy_Montgomery" title="John Flournoy Montgomery">John Montgomery</a>, who had some influence in Washington, also contributed to Horthy's release in Nuremberg.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">Ferenc Nagy</a>, who served for a year as prime minister in post-war Hungary, the Hungarian Communist leadership was also interested in extraditing Horthy for trial. Nagy said that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was more forgiving: that Stalin told Nagy during a diplomatic meeting in April 1945 not to judge Horthy, because he was old and had offered an armistice in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December 1945, Horthy was released from Nuremberg Prison and allowed to rejoin his family in the German town of <a href="/wiki/Weilheim_in_Oberbayern" title="Weilheim in Oberbayern">Weilheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. The Horthys lived there for four years, supported financially by ambassador John Montgomery, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pell" title="Herbert Pell">Herbert Pell</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, whom he knew personally. </p><p>In March 1948, Horthy returned to testify at the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a>, the last of the twelve U.S.-run <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>; he testified against <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Veesenmayer" title="Edmund Veesenmayer">Edmund Veesenmayer</a>, the Nazi administrator who had controlled Hungary during the deportations to Auschwitz in the spring of 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veesenmayer was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment but was released in 1951. </p><p>For Horthy, returning to Hungary was impossible; it was now firmly in the hands of a Soviet-sponsored Communist government. In an extraordinary twist of fate, the chief of Hungary's post-war Communist apparatus was <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>'s colleagues from the ill-fated Communist coup of 1919. Kun had been executed during Stalin's purges of the late 1930s, but Rákosi had survived in a Hungarian prison cell. In 1940, Horthy had permitted Rákosi to emigrate to the Soviet Union in exchange for a series of highly symbolic Hungarian battle-flags from the 19th century that were in Russian hands. </p><p>In 1950, the Horthy family managed to find a home in Portugal, thanks to Miklós Jr.'s contacts with Portuguese diplomats in Switzerland. Horthy and members of his family were relocated to the seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Estoril" title="Estoril">Estoril</a>. His American supporter, John Montgomery, recruited a small group of wealthy Hungarians to raise funds for their upkeep in exile. According to Horthy's daughter-in-law, Countess <a href="/wiki/Ilona_Edelsheim-Gyulai" title="Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai">Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai</a>, Hungarian Jews also supported Horthy's family in exile,<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including industrialist Ferenc Chorin and lawyer László Pathy.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In exile, Horthy wrote his memoirs, <i>Ein Leben für Ungarn</i> (English: <i>A Life for Hungary</i>), published under the name of Nikolaus von Horthy, in which he narrated many personal experiences from his youth until the end of World War II. He claimed that he had mistrusted Hitler for much of the time he knew him and tried to perform the best actions and appoint the best officials in his country. He also highlighted Hungary's mistreatment by many other countries since the end of World War I. Horthy was one of the few Axis heads of state to survive the war, and thus to write post-war memoirs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg/220px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg/330px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg/440px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_s%C3%ADrja_az_Angol_Katonai_Temet%C5%91ben._Fortepan_62276.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5595" data-file-height="8576" /></a><figcaption>Horthy's original grave in <a href="/wiki/British_Cemetery,_Lisbon" title="British Cemetery, Lisbon">British Cemetery, Lisbon</a>, where Horthy was buried from 1957 to 1993.</figcaption></figure> <p>Horthy never lost his deep contempt for communism, and in his memoirs he blamed Hungary's alliance with the Axis on the threat posed by the "Asiatic barbarians" of the Soviet Union. He railed against the influence that the Allies' victory had given to Stalin's totalitarian state. "I feel no urge to say 'I told you so,'" Horthy wrote, "nor to express bitterness at the experiences that have been forced upon me. Rather, I feel wonder and amazement at the vagaries of humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-horthy_32-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horthy married <a href="/wiki/Magdolna_Purgly" title="Magdolna Purgly">Magdolna Purgly de Jószáshely</a> in 1901; they were married for just over 56 years, until his death. He had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Jr." title="Miklós Horthy Jr.">Miklós Horthy Jr.</a> (often rendered in English as "Nicholas" or "Nikolaus") and <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Horthy" title="István Horthy">István Horthy</a>, who served as his political assistants; and two daughters, Magda and Paula. Of his four children, only Miklós outlived him. </p><p>He died in 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Estoril" title="Estoril">Estoril</a> and was initially buried in the <a href="/wiki/British_Cemetery,_Lisbon" title="British Cemetery, Lisbon">British Cemetery, Lisbon</a>. According to footnotes in his memoirs, Horthy was very distraught about the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>. In his will, Horthy asked that his body not be returned to Hungary "until the last Russian soldier has left." His heirs honored the request. In 1993, two years after the Soviet troops left Hungary, Horthy's body was returned to Hungary and he was buried in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a>. The reburial in Hungary was the subject of some controversy on the part of the left.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg/220px-Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg/330px-Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg/440px-Kenderes_Horthy_csal%C3%A1di_s%C3%ADrbolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Horthy family crypt in <a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a>, where Horthy himself was reburied in 1993</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy,_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy%2C_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg/170px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy%2C_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy%2C_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg/255px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy%2C_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy%2C_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg/340px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy%2C_Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>In 2013, the unveiling of Horthy's bust in a Calvinist Church in Budapest was followed by national and international criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-contentious_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contentious-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The interwar period dominated by Horthy's government is known in Hungarian as the <i>Horthy-kor</i> ("Horthy age") or <i>Horthy-rendszer</i> ("Horthy system"). Its legacy, and that of Horthy himself, remain among the most controversial political topics in Hungary today, tied inseparably to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. According to one school of thought, Horthy was a strong, conservative, but not <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> leader who only entered into an alliance with Hitler's Germany in order to restore lands Hungary lost after the First World War and was reluctant, or even defiant, in the face of Germany's demands to deport the Hungarian Jewry.<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others see Horthy's alliance with Germany as foolhardy,<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or think that a positive view of Horthy serves a revisionist historical agenda,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointing to Horthy's passage of various anti-Jewish laws – the earliest in Europe, in 1920 – as a sign of his anti-Semitism and the prelude for Hungary's collaboration in the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-contentious_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contentious-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source doesn't mention any laws passed by Horthy in 1920 nor any actions before World War II. (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Horthy_era">During the Horthy era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: During the Horthy era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his own reign, Horthy's reception was fairly positive, though by no means monolithic. Opponents of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> saw him as a "national saviour", in contrast to the Communist "losers of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-Rubicon6_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubicon6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Horthy distanced himself from everyday politics, he was able to cultivate the image of the nationally governing admiral. The peaceful re-acquisition of Hungarian-majority lands lost after Trianon greatly bolstered this image.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubicon10_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubicon10-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime's efforts at economic development and modernization also improved contemporaries' opinions, and although the Great Depression initially hurt his image, Horthy's wide-ranging social programs saved face for the most part.<sup id="cite_ref-XXszázadban_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XXszázadban-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Horthy's right-wing tendencies were not without their critics even in his time. Bourgeois liberals, among them <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_M%C3%A1rai" title="Sándor Márai">Sándor Márai</a>, criticized Horthy's authoritarian style as much as they disdained the violent tendencies of the far-left.<sup id="cite_ref-Márai_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Márai-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also criticized by monarchists and elements of the aristocracy and clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubicon_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubicon-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the harshest opposition to Horthy initially came from the Communist parties he had overthrown and outlawed, the later 1930s saw him come under increasing criticism from the far-right. After the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a> took control of the country in 1944, Horthy was denounced as a "traitor" and "Jew-lover". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png/220px-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png/330px-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png/440px-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_hat%C3%A1rai_1920-1944.png 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Hungary's borders (in increasing color) in 1920, 1938, 1940 and 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Horthy's reception in the West was positive until the outbreak of the Second World War, and while Hitler initially backed Horthy, relations between the two leaders were soured by Horthy's denial of involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a>. Horthy likewise viewed the Nazis as "brigands and clowns."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a> criticized Horthy, mainly for his irredentist policy goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Kisantant_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisantant-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Communist_era">During the Communist era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: During the Communist era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>'s hardline <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> government systematically disseminated, through propaganda and state education, the idea that the Horthy era constituted the "lowest point in Hungarian history."<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These views were supported by socialist or communist activists persecuted under the Horthy administration. Especially critical in this campaign was the 1950 publication of the textbook <i>The Story of the Hungarian People</i>, which denounced Horthy's military as a "genocidal band" consisting of "sociopathic officers, <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>, and the dregs of society."<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further characterized Horthy himself as a "slave of the Habsburgs", a "red-handed dictator" who "spoke broken Hungarian" and was known for his "hatred of workers and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Story of the Hungarian People</i> was required reading in middle schools throughout the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Kádár era">Kádár era</a>'s relative liberalization, coupled with the concomitant professionalization of Hungarian history and historiography, allowed for more objective historical assessments of Horthy's career. Popular volumes still painted him negatively, openly leveling <i>ad hominem</i> attacks: Horthy was accused of bastardy, lechery, sadism, greed, nepotism, bloodthirst, warmongering, and cowardice, among other vices.<sup id="cite_ref-képeink_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic evaluations became more nuanced, however. Péter Gosztony's 1973 biography, for example, portrayed Horthy as a conscientious, traditional conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gostony argued that Horthy did not seek a dictatorship until the 1930s and, although he was unable to prevent the German invasion of Yugoslavia, sought to maintain a moderately liberal government, citing his replacement of hardliner <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy" title="László Bárdossy">László Bárdossy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_K%C3%A1llay" title="Miklós Kállay">Miklós Kállay</a> as prime minister as evidence of this. Thomas Sakmyster was also sympathetic while acknowledging Horthy's "narrow-mindededness."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Hungarian-American historian <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_De%C3%A1k" title="István Deák">István Deák</a> regards Horthy as typical of other strongmen of the era, especially dictators <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> of Spain and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> of Vichy France. Deák writes that during the war, Horthy </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>alternatively promoted and opposed German influence in his country, depending on how he judged the probable outcome of the war... Similarly, Horthy both persecuted and protected his Jewish subjects, depending on the turn of military events and the social status and degree of assimilation of the Jews under his reign. In the end, he was neither tried nor imprisoned but at the urging of Stalin was allowed to go into exile in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Many of Horthy's descendants who worked and were associated with the communist government generally referred to him in a negative light with the most prominent of them being the Anđelković family a Yugoslav-Hungarian branch of Horthy's family that fought against the Hungarian occupation of Vojvodina.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reburial_and_contemporary_politics">Reburial and contemporary politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reburial and contemporary politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #41704c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Category:Conservatism in Hungary">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#41704c; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:blue; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Hungary</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1896-1915;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary"><img alt="Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Interwar_period,_1919–1939">Horthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism#Hungary" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism#Hungary" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n#Views,_public_image,_international_influence" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbánism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Political Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Hungary" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Hungary" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">Anti-LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement#Hungary" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Hungarian anti-LGBT law">Anti-LGBT laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism#Hungary" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Hungarian withdrawal from the European Union">Huxit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungarian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungarian irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_syndrome" title="Trianon syndrome">Trianon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration#Hungary" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian border barrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Calvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism#Hungary" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereignty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antall_Government" title="Antall Government">Antall Government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Apponyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Habsburg-Lothringen" title="Eduard Habsburg-Lothringen">Habsburg-Lothringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Kolnai" title="Aurel Kolnai">Kolnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Lezs%C3%A1k" title="Sándor Lezsák">Lezsák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">Mindszenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladden_Pappin" title="Gladden Pappin">Pappin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wass" title="Albert Wass">Wass</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy_the_Younger" title="Gyula Andrássy the Younger">Andrássy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">Antall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Apponyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Csurka" title="István Csurka">Csurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Ist%C3%B3czy" title="Győző Istóczy">Istóczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Lezs%C3%A1k" title="Sándor Lezsák">Lezsák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_M%C3%A1rki-Zay" title="Péter Márki-Zay">Márki-Zay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margit_Slachta" title="Margit Slachta">Slachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Teleki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Toroczkai" title="László Toroczkai">Toroczkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Volner" title="János Volner">Volner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Vona" title="Gábor Vona">Vona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Zichy" title="János Zichy">Zichy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Response" title="Civic Response">Civic Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Hungary_People%27s_Party" title="Everybody's Hungary People's Party">Everybody's Hungary People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Self-Government_of_Germans_in_Hungary" title="National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary">National Self-Government of Germans<br />in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Start_(Hungary)" title="New Start (Hungary)">New Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)#Hungarian_Party" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Union_Party" title="Christian National Union Party">Christian National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Hungary)" title="Conservative Party (Hungary)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Freedom_Party" title="Hungarian Freedom Party">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Independence_Party" title="Hungarian Independence Party">Hungarian Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Justice_and_Life_Party" title="Hungarian Justice and Life Party">Hungarian Justice and Life Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Independent Smallholders Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Hungary)" title="Unity Party (Hungary)">Unity Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Institute" title="Danube Institute">Danube Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelitas_(Hungary)" title="Fidelitas (Hungary)">Fidelitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz%E2%80%93KDNP" title="Fidesz–KDNP">Fidesz–KDNP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Press_and_Media_Foundation" title="Central European Press and Media Foundation">Central European Press and Media Foundation</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bors_(bulv%C3%A1rlap)" class="extiw" title="hu:Bors (bulvárlap)">Bors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figyel%C5%91" title="Figyelő">Figyelő</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADr_TV" title="Hír TV">Hír TV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Nemzet" title="Magyar Nemzet">Magyar Nemzet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandiner" title="Mandiner">Mandiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemzeti_Sport" title="Nemzeti Sport">Nemzeti Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Origo_(website)" title="Origo (website)">Origo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Szabad_F%C3%B6ld" title="Szabad Föld">Szabad Föld</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A1ggazdas%C3%A1g" title="Világgazdaság">Világgazdaság</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echo_TV" title="Echo TV">Echo TV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hetek_(magazine)" title="Hetek (magazine)">Hetek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heti_V%C3%A1lasz" title="Heti Válasz">Heti Válasz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Demokrata" title="Magyar Demokrata">Magyar Demokrata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_H%C3%ADrlap" title="Magyar Hírlap">Magyar Hírlap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Conservative" title="The European Conservative">The European Conservative</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Against_the_West" title="The War Against the West">The War Against the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Template:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes,_1993.09.04_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes%2C_1993.09.04_%284%29.jpg/220px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes%2C_1993.09.04_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes%2C_1993.09.04_%284%29.jpg/330px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes%2C_1993.09.04_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes%2C_1993.09.04_%284%29.jpg/440px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_%C3%BAjratemet%C3%A9se_-_Kenderes%2C_1993.09.04_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4561" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Horthy's 4 September 1993 reburial in <a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a>. The government's open support of the ceremony incited protests and international attention</figcaption></figure> <p>The transition to a <a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of communism in Hungary (1989)">Western-style democracy</a> allowed the privatization of media, which led to a shift in how Horthy was viewed in Hungary. In 1993, only a few years after the first democratic elections, Horthy's body was returned from Portugal to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Kenderes" title="Kenderes">Kenderes</a>. Tens of thousands of people, as well as almost the entirety of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">József Antall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">MDF</a> cabinet, attended the ceremony. Antall had prefaced the burial with a series of interviews praising Horthy as a "patriot."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reburial was broadcast on state television and was accompanied by large-scale protests in Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of Horthy is associated with the far-right <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a> party and its allies. The national-conservative <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> has also voiced some positive opinions of Horthy's legacy. Since 2012, Horthy statues, squares have been renamed after, and memorials have been erected to him in numerous villages and cities including <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%B3kak%C5%91" title="Csókakő">Csókakő</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kereki" title="Kereki">Kereki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6mr%C5%91" title="Gyömrő">Gyömrő</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2013, the unveiling of a Horthy statue at a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Calvinist church</a> in Budapest drew international attention and criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-contentious_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contentious-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> has written about the resurgence of what its writers call "the Horthy cult", claiming that Horthy's popularity indicates returning <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalistic">ultranationalistic</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have more specifically connected Horthy's popularity to the <i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_G%C3%A1rda" title="Magyar Gárda">Magyar Gárda</a></i>, a paramilitary group that uses <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> imagery and to recent incidents of <a href="/wiki/Antiziganist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiziganist">antiziganist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> vandalism in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Fidesz has, according to reporters, "hedged its bets" on the Horthy controversy, refusing to outright condemn Horthy statues and other commemorations for fear of losing right-wing voters to Jobbik. Some Fidesz politicians have labeled Horthy memorials "provocative," however.<sup id="cite_ref-contentious_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contentious-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tension has led some to label Fidesz as "implicitly anti-semitic" and to accuse Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> of a "revisionist" agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Left-wing groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">Hungarian Socialist Party</a> have condemned positive historiography of Horthy. In 2012, for instance, then-party leader <a href="/wiki/Attila_Mesterh%C3%A1zy" title="Attila Mesterházy">Attila Mesterházy</a> condemned the Orbán government's position as "inexcusable", claiming that Fidesz was "openly associating itself with the ideology of the regime that collaborated with the fascists."<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words have led to actions in some instances, as when leftist activist Péter Dániel vandalized a <a href="/wiki/Kereki" title="Kereki">rural</a> bust of Horthy by dousing it in red paint and hanging a sign that read "Mass Murderer – War Criminal" around its neck. Ultranationalist vandals reacted by desecrating a Jewish cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> and vandalizing several Holocaust memorials in Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADL2012_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADL2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Orbán affirmed his positive view of Horthy, commenting in a speech that he considers Horthy an "exceptional statesman" and giving him credit for the survival of the Hungarian state in the First World War's aftermath. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Holocaust_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Holocaust Museum">U.S. Holocaust Museum</a> responded in a statement denouncing Orbán and the Hungarian government for trying to "rehabilitate the reputation of Hungary's wartime leader, Miklós Horthy, who was a vocal anti-Semite and complicit in the murder of the country's Jewish population during the Holocaust."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television_portrayals">Film and television portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Film and television portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1985 NBC TV film <i><a href="/wiki/Wallenberg:_A_Hero%27s_Story" title="Wallenberg: A Hero's Story">Wallenberg: A Hero's Story</a></i>, the role of Horthy was taken by Hungarian-born actor <a href="/wiki/Guy_Deghy" title="Guy Deghy">Guy Deghy</a>, who appeared bearded although Horthy (as photographs bore out) appeared consistently clean-shaven throughout his life. </p><p>In the 2011 Spanish TV film series, <i><a href="/wiki/El_%C3%A1ngel_de_Budapest" title="El ángel de Budapest">El ángel de Budapest</a></i> (The angel of Budapest), also set during Wallenberg's time in Hungary in 1944, he is portrayed by actor <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ag%C3%A1rdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Agárdi (page does not exist)">László Agárdi</a>. In the 2014 American action drama film <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_with_the_Enemy" title="Walking with the Enemy">Walking with the Enemy</a></i>, Horthy is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a>. The movie depicts a story of a young man during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Arrow Cross Party takeover</a> in Hungary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_honours">National honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa Grand Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa Knight's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen Grand Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary">Cross of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary Grand Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary Grand Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary imposed with the Holy Crown of Hungary Grand Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Red_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Red Cross (page does not exist)">Hungarian Red Cross Decoration Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Cross 2nd Class with war decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)" title="Order of Leopold (Austria)">Order of Leopold Knight's Cross with war decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown_(Austria)" title="Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)">Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class with war decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Cross 1st Class with war decoration and swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis" with war ribbon and swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis" on red civil ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown_(Austria)" title="Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)">Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class with war decoration and swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Hungarian Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Hungarian Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis" on war ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Joseph_Commemorative_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Joseph Commemorative Badge (page does not exist)">Franz Joseph Commemorative Badge 1st Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Troop_Cross" title="Karl Troop Cross">Karl Troop Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Wound Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Wound Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_War_Memorial_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian War Memorial Medal (page does not exist)">Hungarian War Memorial Medal with Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Service_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Service Cross (page does not exist)">Military Service Cross 1st Class for 50 years of continuous service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Service_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Service Cross (page does not exist)">Military Service Cross 2nd Class for 30 years of continuous service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Service_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Service Cross (Austria-Hungary) (page does not exist)">Military Service Cross 3rd Class for 25 years of continuous service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Jubilee_Medal" title="1898 Jubilee Medal">1898 Jubilee Medal (Signum Memoriae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Jubilee_Cross" title="1908 Jubilee Cross">1908 Jubilee Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization_Cross_1912/13" title="Mobilization Cross 1912/13">Mobilization Cross 1912/13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vit%C3%A9z" title="Order of Vitéz">Order of Vitéz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_(Order_of_Charles_III).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_%28Order_of_Charles_III%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Miklós Horthy as Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> (Spain)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Fidelity_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Fidelity (Albania)">Order of Besa</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Commemorative_Medal_(Austria)" title="War Commemorative Medal (Austria)">War Commemorative Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit (Austria)">Order of Merit</a>, Grand Cross</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>, Grand Cordon</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Bulgaria#Medals" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Bulgaria">Memorial medal "For Participation In The European War 1915–1918"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, Grand Cross</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_King_Dmitar_Zvonimir" title="Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir">Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Muhammad_Ali" title="Order of Muhammad Ali">Order of Muhammad Ali</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_the_Eagle" title="Order of the Cross of the Eagle">Order of the Cross of the Eagle</a>, 1st Class</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Liberty_(Estonia)" title="Cross of Liberty (Estonia)">Cross of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Estonian_Red_Cross" title="Order of the Estonian Red Cross">Order of the Estonian Red Cross</a>, 1st Class</li> <li>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Star" title="Order of the White Star">Order of the White Star</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose of Finland</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorial_Medal_of_the_Winter_War_(1939-1940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorial Medal of the Winter War (1939-1940) (page does not exist)">Memorial Medal of the Winter War (1939-1940)</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">1st Class (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">2nd Class (1914)</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael_(Bavaria)" title="Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)">Order of Saint Michael</a>, 2nd Class</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)" title="Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)">Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a>, 2nd Class with Swords</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)" title="Order of the Crown (Prussia)">Order of the Crown</a>, 3rd Class</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> <ul><li>Clasp to the Iron Cross 1st Class</li> <li>Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd Class</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" title="The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_German_Eagle" title="Order of the German Eagle">Order of the German Eagle</a>, Grand Cross</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a>, Grand Officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars" title="Order of the Three Stars">Order of the Three Stars</a> Commander, Grand Cross with Chain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">SMOM</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>, 1st Class</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubilee_Medal_1908_(Montenegro)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubilee Medal 1908 (Montenegro) (page does not exist)">Jubilee Medal 1908 (Montenegro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a>, 2nd Class</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtiyaz Medal">Imtiyaz Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, 2nd Class</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Star" title="Gallipoli Star">Iron Crescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a>, Grand Cross</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, Collar and Grand Cross of Collar</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a>, Grand Cross</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Spur" title="Order of the Golden Spur">Order of the Golden Spur</a>, Cross</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, Grand Cross</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e%27s_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Karađorđe's Star">Order of Karađorđe's Star</a>, Grand Cross</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Horthy was honoured by issuance of many postage stamps by Hungary. Some of them issued: on 1 March 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 1 January 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 1 March 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 18 June 1941<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 18 June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_%C3%A1ngel_de_Budapest" title="El ángel de Budapest">El ángel de Budapest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships" title="European interwar dictatorships">European interwar dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_naval_engagements_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean naval engagements during World War I">Mediterranean naval engagements during World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_notes">Linguistic notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Linguistic notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%A9z" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitéz">Vitéz</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagybányai Horthy Miklós</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hungarian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈviteːz<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnɒɟbaːɲɒi<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhorti<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmikloːʃ]</a></span>; English: <b>Nicholas Horthy</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nikolaus Horthy von Nagybánya</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Vitéz" refers to a Hungarian knightly order founded by Miklós Horthy ("<a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%A9zi_Rend" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitézi Rend">Vitézi Rend</a>"); literally, "vitéz" means "knight" or "valiant".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagy's 1948 memoirs, <i>The Struggle Behind the Iron Curtain</i>, are quoted in Andrew Simon's annotations to Horthy's <i>Memoirs</i>, in this case for Chapter 22</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen Rutter, Averil Mackenzie-Grieve, Lily Doblhoff (baroness.): Regent of Hungary: the authorized life of Admiral Nicholas Horthy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726131005/https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%201149.pdf">"הורטי, מיקלוש (1957-1868)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></i> (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%201149.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%2C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9+%281957-1868%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25201149.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Laughland: <i>A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein</i>, Peter Lang Ltd, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarianfreepress.com/2017/07/06/orbans-explicit-praise-of-horthy-is-a-denial-of-hungarys-fascist-past/">"Orbán's explicit praise of Horthy is a denial of Hungary's fascist past"</a>. 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orb%C3%A1n%27s+explicit+praise+of+Horthy+is+a+denial+of+Hungary%27s+fascist+past&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarianfreepress.com%2F2017%2F07%2F06%2Forbans-explicit-praise-of-horthy-is-a-denial-of-hungarys-fascist-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/museum-condemns-attempts-to-rehabilitate-hungarian-fascist-leader">"Museum Condemns Attempts to Rehabilitate Hungarian Fascist Leader — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+Condemns+Attempts+to+Rehabilitate+Hungarian+Fascist+Leader+%E2%80%94+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Finformation%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fmuseum-condemns-attempts-to-rehabilitate-hungarian-fascist-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.activenews.ro/stiri/La-Cluj-e-comemorat-dictatorul-fascist-Horthy-Miklos-pe-bani-publici-123902">"La Cluj e comemorat dictatorul fascist Horthy Miklos pe bani publici"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Cluj+e+comemorat+dictatorul+fascist+Horthy+Miklos+pe+bani+publici&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.activenews.ro%2Fstiri%2FLa-Cluj-e-comemorat-dictatorul-fascist-Horthy-Miklos-pe-bani-publici-123902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Publication_OP_2001-01.pdf"><i>Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past</i> (2001) (Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Museum); Tim Cole; <i>Hungary, the Holocaust, and Hungarians: Remembering Whose History?</i> p. 3-5</a>; </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zvonimir_Golubović_1942._page_194_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991. (page 194)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Papen, Franz, <i>Memoirs</i>, London, 1952, pps:541-23, 546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiklos_Horthy2011" class="citation book cs1">Miklos Horthy (2011). <i>A life for Hungary: memoirs</i>. Ishi Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-87187-913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-87187-913-2"><bdi>978-4-87187-913-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781086313">781086313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+life+for+Hungary%3A+memoirs&rft.pub=Ishi+Press+International&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781086313&rft.isbn=978-4-87187-913-2&rft.au=Miklos+Horthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-képeink-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-képeink_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomsics" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romsics, Ignác. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719171430/https://mozgovilag.com/?p=2479">"Horthy-képeink"</a>. <i>Mozgó Világ Online</i> (in Hungarian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mozgovilag.com/?p=2479">the original</a> on 19 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozg%C3%B3+Vil%C3%A1g+Online&rft.atitle=Horthy-k%C3%A9peink&rft.aulast=Romsics&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmozgovilag.com%2F%3Fp%3D2479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2012" class="citation news cs1">Simon, Zoltán (13 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-13/hungary-lauds-hitler-ally-horthy-as-orban-fails-to-stop-hatred.html">"Hungary Lauds Hitler Ally Horthy as Orban Fails to Stop Hatred"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hungary+Lauds+Hitler+Ally+Horthy+as+Orban+Fails+to+Stop+Hatred&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-06-13%2Fhungary-lauds-hitler-ally-horthy-as-orban-fails-to-stop-hatred.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerseck2012" class="citation news cs1">Verseck, Keno (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/right-wing-extremists-cultivate-horthy-cult-in-hungary-a-836526.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Creeping Cult': Hungary Rehabilitates Far-Right Figures"</a>. Spiegel Online International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Creeping+Cult%27%3A+Hungary+Rehabilitates+Far-Right+Figures&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Verseck&rft.aufirst=Keno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fright-wing-extremists-cultivate-horthy-cult-in-hungary-a-836526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contentious-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-contentious_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contentious_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contentious_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contentious_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contentious_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21589479-wartime-leader-still-divides-hungarians-his-contentious-legacy">"His contentious legacy"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. No. 9 November 2013. 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=His+contentious+legacy&rft.issue=9+November+2013&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F21589479-wartime-leader-still-divides-hungarians-his-contentious-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBencsik2004" class="citation book cs1">Bencsik, Gábor (2004). <i>Horthy Miklós</i> (4. javított ed.). Budapest: Magyar Mercurius. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9638552859" title="Special:BookSources/9638552859"><bdi>9638552859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horthy+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=4.+jav%C3%ADtott&rft.pub=Magyar+Mercurius&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9638552859&rft.aulast=Bencsik&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Családfa-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Családfa_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Családfa_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenealogy_Euweb" class="citation web cs1">Genealogy Euweb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/hung/horthy.html">"Horthy de Nagybánya family"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horthy+de+Nagyb%C3%A1nya+family&rft.au=Genealogy+Euweb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogy.euweb.cz%2Fhung%2Fhorthy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monarchicus-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monarchicus_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monarchicus_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBencsik" class="citation book cs1">Bencsik, Gábor. <i>Homo Monarchicus – Az első 25 év</i>. Budapest: Rubicon Történelmi Magazin, 2007/10. szám. pp. 54–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Monarchicus+%E2%80%93+Az+els%C5%91+25+%C3%A9v&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=Rubicon+T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi+Magazin%2C+2007%2F10.+sz%C3%A1m&rft.aulast=Bencsik&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M61nAAAAMAAJ&q=miklos+horthy+protestant+family"><i>Myth and Remembrance: The Dissolution of the Habsburg Empire in the Memoir Literature of the Austro-Hungarian Political Elite</i></a>. Social Science Monographs. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880335669" title="Special:BookSources/9780880335669"><bdi>9780880335669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Remembrance%3A+The+Dissolution+of+the+Habsburg+Empire+in+the+Memoir+Literature+of+the+Austro-Hungarian+Political+Elite&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780880335669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM61nAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmiklos%2Bhorthy%2Bprotestant%2Bfamily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorthy2000" class="citation book cs1">Horthy, Nicholas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306134317/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf"><i>Memoirs (Annotated by Andrew L. Simon)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Simon Publications. pp. 11 (3. jegyzet). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0966573439" title="Special:BookSources/0966573439"><bdi>0966573439</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+%28Annotated+by+Andrew+L.+Simon%29&rft.pages=11+%283.+jegyzet%29&rft.pub=Simon+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0966573439&rft.aulast=Horthy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fhorthy%2Fhorthy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272477/Miklos-Nagybanyai-Horthy">"Miklos Horthy (Hungarian statesman)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 9 February 1957<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miklos+Horthy+%28Hungarian+statesman%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1957-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F272477%2FMiklos-Nagybanyai-Horthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerWood1996-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TuckerWood1996_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TuckerWood1996_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_TuckerLaura_Matysek_Wood1996" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA348"><i>The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis US. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0399-2"><bdi>978-0-8153-0399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0399-2&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker&rft.au=Laura+Matysek+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHI3PCjDtsUC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deák, István, "Hungary" in Hans Rogger and Egon Weber (eds.), <i>The European right: A historical profile</i> (1963) p. 364-407 quoting p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lázár, István, <i>Hungary: A Brief History</i>, Budapest: Corvina, 1993 (English edition) Translated by Albert Tezla; Chapter 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deák, István, "A Hungarian Admiral on Horseback", from <i>Essays on Hitler's Europe</i>, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pp. 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patai-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patai_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patai_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patai, Raphael, <i>The Jews of Hungary</i>, Wayne State University Press, pp. 468–469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodo-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodo_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodo_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodo_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodo_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodo_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodó, Béla: <i>Paramilitary Violence in Hungary After the First World War</i>, East European Quarterly, No. 2, Vol. 38, 22 June 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szabo and Pamlenyi: <i>A hatarban a halal kaszal</i>, pp.160 and 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakmyster1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Sakmyster" title="Thomas L. Sakmyster">Sakmyster, Thomas L.</a> (1993). <i>Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklós Horthy, 1918–1944</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Admiral+on+Horseback%3A+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%2C+1918%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sakmyster&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1940-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1940_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther,_John1940" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, John (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n443/mode/2up"><i>Inside Europe</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. pp. 422–423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Europe&rft.pages=422-423&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Gunther%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.149663%2F2015.149663.Inside-Europe%23page%2Fn443%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horthy-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horthy_32-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorthy2000" class="citation book cs1">Horthy, Admiral Nicholas (2000). <i>Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs</i>. Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt (illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9665734-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9665734-3-9"><bdi>0-9665734-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+Nicholas+Horthy+Memoirs&rft.pages=348&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Simon+Publications+LLC&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9665734-3-9&rft.aulast=Horthy&rft.aufirst=Admiral+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurand1984" class="citation book cs1">Durand, André (1984). <i>History of the International Committee of the Red Cross, from Sarajevo to Hiroshima</i>. Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782880440091" title="Special:BookSources/9782880440091"><bdi>9782880440091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross%2C+from+Sarajevo+to+Hiroshima.&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Henry+Dunant+Institute&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9782880440091&rft.aulast=Durand&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1919speech-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1919speech_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070701004854/http://www.horthy.hu/images/kormanyzoirasai/beszedbudapest/beszedbudapest_nagy.jpg">"1919 speech of Horthy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horthy.hu/images/kormanyzoirasai/beszedbudapest/beszedbudapest_nagy.jpg">the original</a> on 1 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1919+speech+of+Horthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horthy.hu%2Fimages%2Fkormanyzoirasai%2Fbeszedbudapest%2Fbeszedbudapest_nagy.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakmyster">Sakmyster</a>, p. 56<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSakmyster (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deák, István, "A Fatal Compromise? The Debate Over Collaboration and Resistance in Hungary," in <i>The Politics of Retribution: World War II and Its Aftermath</i>, edited by Deák, Gross, and Judt, Princeton University Press, pp. 39–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHana_Barvíková2005" class="citation book cs1">Hana Barvíková (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMiAQAAIAAJ&q=benes+%22Renner%22+k%C3%A1rolyi+memorandum"><i>Exil v Praze a Československu 1918-1938</i></a>. Pražská edice. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788086239118" title="Special:BookSources/9788086239118"><bdi>9788086239118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exil+v+Praze+a+%C4%8Ceskoslovensku+1918-1938&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A1+edice&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788086239118&rft.au=Hana+Barv%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzMiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbenes%2B%2522Renner%2522%2Bk%25C3%25A1rolyi%2Bmemorandum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_Soós1971" class="citation book cs1">Katalin Soós (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqdnAAAAMAAJ&q=benes+%22Renner%22+k%C3%A1rolyi+memorandum"><i>Burgenland az európai politikában, 1918-1921</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Akad%C3%A9miai_Kiad%C3%B3" title="Akadémiai Kiadó">Akadémiai Kiadó</a>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burgenland+az+eur%C3%B3pai+politik%C3%A1ban%2C+1918-1921&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Katalin+So%C3%B3s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqdnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbenes%2B%2522Renner%2522%2Bk%25C3%25A1rolyi%2Bmemorandum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/CXXI/490/338/458682">István Deák (2006) The English Historical Review, Volume CXXI, Issue 490, page: 338: The Versailles System and Central Europe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakmyster1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Sakmyster" title="Thomas L. 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Speller. p. 159. <q>I have already stated that my aim was to achieve the revision of the Treaty of Trianon by peaceful means</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=R.+Speller&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianhistory.com%2Flib%2Fhorthy%2Fhorthy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohlforth1998" class="citation book cs1">Wohlforth, William (1998). <i>Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Imbalances%3A+Tripolarity+and+Hitler%27s+Strategy+of+World+Conquest&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wohlforth&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John Flournoy. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Publication_OP_2010-01.pdf">"Hungarian, German, and Jewish calculations and miscalculations in the last chapter of the Holocaust"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungarian%2C+German%2C+and+Jewish+calculations+and+miscalculations+in+the+last+chapter+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Center+for+Advanced+Holocaust+Studies%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Braham&rft.aufirst=Randolph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fm%2Fpdfs%2FPublication_OP_2010-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraham1997" class="citation web cs1">Braham, Randolph L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/11500/11506/html/haromoldal/Braham832.htm">"A népirtás politikája : a holocaust Magyarországon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+n%C3%A9pirt%C3%A1s+politik%C3%A1ja+%3A+a+holocaust+Magyarorsz%C3%A1gon&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Braham&rft.aufirst=Randolph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F11500%2F11506%2Fhtml%2Fharomoldal%2FBraham832.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraham" class="citation book cs1">Braham, Randolph. <i>The Politics of Genocide</i>. Wayne State University Press. pp. 59–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Genocide&rft.pages=59-62&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.aulast=Braham&rft.aufirst=Randolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J Evans, The Third Reich at War, pg 617–618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Rees, Laurence</a>, <i>Auschwitz: A New History</i>, Public Affairs, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-357-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-357-9">1-58648-357-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HolokausztMo-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HolokausztMo_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holokausztmagyarorszagon.hu/index.php?section=1&type=content&chapter=4_3_2">A holokauszt Magyarországon: A deportálások leállítása</a> (in Hungarian. Retrieved 11 September 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsvi Erez, "Hungary—Six Days in July 1944." <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i> 3.1 (1988): 37–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szabolcs Szita, <i>Trading in Lives?</i> (Central European University Press, Budapest, 2005), pp. 50–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilona-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ilona_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ilona_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai, Becsület és kötelesség, part I, page 264. Európa press, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-07-6544-6" title="Special:BookSources/963-07-6544-6">963-07-6544-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen1990" class="citation book cs1">Sebestyen, Victor (1990). <i>Budapest: Between East And West</i> (1st ed.). VictorSebestyen. pp. 284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474609999" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474609999"><bdi>978-1474609999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budapest%3A+Between+East+And+West&rft.pages=284-285&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=VictorSebestyen&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1474609999&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Alec, Picturing Auschwitz, New Yorker Magazine, 17 March 2008. pp. 49–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Péter Sipos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/historia/94-04/ch11.html">Horthy Miklós és Magyarország német megszállása</a>, História (volume 04), 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, <i>Auschwitz and the Allies: A Devastating Account of How the Allies Responded to the News of Hitler's Mass Murder</i> (1981) pp=201–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Hanyok2004" class="citation web cs1">Robert J. Hanyok (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/nsarep.pdf">"Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY, UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY. <q>In late July there was a lull in the deportations. After the failed attempt on Hitler's life, the Germans backed off from pressing Horthy's regime to continue further, large-scale deportations. Smaller groups continued to be deported by train. At least one German police message decoded by GC&CS revealed that one trainload of 1,296 Jews from the town of Sarvar in western Hungary Hungarian Jews being rounded up in Budapest (Courtesy: USHMM) had departed for Auschwitz on August 4.112 In late August Horthy refused Eichmann's request to restart the deportations. Himmler ordered Eichmann to leave Budapest</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eavesdropping+on+Hell%3A+Historical+Guide+to+Western+Communications+Intelligence+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=NATIONAL+SECURITY+AGENCY%2C+UNITED+STATES+CRYPTOLOGIC+HISTORY&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Robert+J.+Hanyok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fnsarep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamson-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson" class="citation web cs1">Williamson, Mitch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072245/http://warandgame.blogspot.com/2008/07/operation-panzerfaust.html">"War and Game: Operation Panzerfaust"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warandgame.blogspot.com/2008/07/operation-panzerfaust.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+and+Game%3A+Operation+Panzerfaust&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarandgame.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F07%2Foperation-panzerfaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibor_Frank2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Frank" title="Tibor Frank">Tibor Frank</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjykRtYJHkcC&pg=PP4"><i>Discussing Hitler: Advisers of U.S. Diplomacy in Central Europe, 1934–41</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-56-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-56-5"><bdi>978-963-9241-56-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discussing+Hitler%3A+Advisers+of+U.S.+Diplomacy+in+Central+Europe%2C+1934%E2%80%9341&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-56-5&rft.au=Tibor+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjykRtYJHkcC%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=9&post=1"><i>Annotated Memoirs of Admiral Miklós Horthy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814231438/http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=9&post=1">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 2009 September 5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez1993" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (5 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/05/world/reburial-is-both-a-ceremony-and-a-test-for-today-s-hungary.html">"Reburial Is Both a Ceremony and a Test for Today's Hungary"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reburial+Is+Both+a+Ceremony+and+a+Test+for+Today%27s+Hungary&rft.date=1993-09-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F09%2F05%2Fworld%2Freburial-is-both-a-ceremony-and-a-test-for-today-s-hungary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaCouter" class="citation web cs1">LaCouter, Travis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715151716/http://www.paprikapolitik.com/2012/07/miklos-horthy-addressing-a-troubled-past-2/">"Miklós Horthy, Addressing A Troubled Past"</a>. <i>Paprika Politik</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paprikapolitik.com/2012/07/miklos-horthy-addressing-a-troubled-past-2/">the original</a> on 15 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paprika+Politik&rft.atitle=Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%2C+Addressing+A+Troubled+Past&rft.aulast=LaCouter&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paprikapolitik.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fmiklos-horthy-addressing-a-troubled-past-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubicon6-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubicon6_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubicon Történelmi Magazin/A Horthy-kép változásai/Országmentő 6. oldal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubicon10-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubicon10_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubicon Történelmi Magazin/A Horthy-kép változásai/Hongyarapító 10. oldal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XXszázadban-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XXszázadban_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02185/html/27.html">Magyarország a XX. században. A világháború árnyékában.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Márai-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Márai_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Márai Sándor: Napló (1943–1944) 292. oldal; „S a végső felelősség mégis Horthyé és embereié, akik engedték nőni, tenyészni a szellemet, amelyből mindez kérlelhetetlen végzettel következett."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubicon-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubicon_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubicon Történelmi Magazin: A Horthy-kép változásai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023610/http://zsofika.com/ormos-maria-a-a-gyilkossagrol-es-a-hazugsagrol/">"Ormos Mária: Ormos Mária: A gyilkosságról és a hazugságról (csurgói beszéd) (gondolatok a nemzetiszocializmusról)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zsofika.com/ormos-maria-a-a-gyilkossagrol-es-a-hazugsagrol/">the original</a> on 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ormos+M%C3%A1ria%3A+Ormos+M%C3%A1ria%3A+A+gyilkoss%C3%A1gr%C3%B3l+%C3%A9s+a+hazugs%C3%A1gr%C3%B3l+%28csurg%C3%B3i+besz%C3%A9d%29+%28gondolatok+a+nemzetiszocializmusr%C3%B3l%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzsofika.com%2Formos-maria-a-a-gyilkossagrol-es-a-hazugsagrol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisantant-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kisantant_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mult-kor.hu/cikk.php?article=13842">"85 éve alakult meg a Kisantant. A múlt-kor cikke Németh István: Európa-tervek 1300–1945. című tanulmánya alapján"</a>. Mult-kor.hu. 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=85+%C3%A9ve+alakult+meg+a+Kisantant.+A+m%C3%BAlt-kor+cikke+N%C3%A9meth+Istv%C3%A1n%3A+Eur%C3%B3pa-tervek+1300%E2%80%931945.+c%C3%ADm%C5%B1+tanulm%C3%A1nya+alapj%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Mult-kor.hu&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mult-kor.hu%2Fcikk.php%3Farticle%3D13842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosztony1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gosztony, Péter (1973). <i>Miklós von Horthy: Admiral u. Reichsverweser</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikl%C3%B3s+von+Horthy%3A+Admiral+u.+Reichsverweser&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Gosztony&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakmyster1994" class="citation book cs1">Sakmyster, Thomas (1994). <i>Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklos Horthy, 1918–1944</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Admiral+on+Horseback%3A+Miklos+Horthy%2C+1918%E2%80%931944&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sakmyster&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeák2015" class="citation book cs1">Deák, István (2015). <i>Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution During World War II</i>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+on+Trial%3A+The+Story+of+Collaboration%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Retribution+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=De%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez1993" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (5 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/05/world/reburial-is-both-a-ceremony-and-a-test-for-today-s-hungary.html">"Reburial Is Both a Ceremony and a Test for Today's Hungary"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reburial+Is+Both+a+Ceremony+and+a+Test+for+Today%27s+Hungary&rft.date=1993-09-05&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F09%2F05%2Fworld%2Freburial-is-both-a-ceremony-and-a-test-for-today-s-hungary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL2012-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADL2012_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/news/article/global-anti-semitism-selected-incidents-around-the-world-in-2012">"Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World: Hungary"</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. 31 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Anti-Semitism%3A+Selected+Incidents+Around+the+World%3A+Hungary&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fglobal-anti-semitism-selected-incidents-around-the-world-in-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupkin" class="citation news cs1">Krupkin, Taly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-1.798471">"U.S. Holocaust museum denounces Hungarian PM for erasing wartime crimes – U.S. News"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=U.S.+Holocaust+museum+denounces+Hungarian+PM+for+erasing+wartime+crimes+%E2%80%93+U.S.+News&rft.aulast=Krupkin&rft.aufirst=Taly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fus-news%2F.premium-1.798471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitezirend.co.hu/Tradition/horthy_kituntetesei.htm">"Untitled Document"</a>. <i>www.vitezirend.co.hu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vitezirend.co.hu&rft.atitle=Untitled+Document&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitezirend.co.hu%2FTradition%2Fhorthy_kituntetesei.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180096-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-10th_Governing_Anniversary_of_Regent_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horhty-Hungary">"Stamp: Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (Hungary) (10th Governing Anniversary of Regent Miklós Horhty) Mi:HU 458,Sn:HU 445,Yt:HU 423,Sg:HU 513"</a>. <i>Colnect</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colnect&rft.atitle=Stamp%3A+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%2C+Regent+of+Hungary+%28Hungary%29+%2810th+Governing+Anniversary+of+Regent+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horhty%29+Mi%3AHU+458%2CSn%3AHU+445%2CYt%3AHU+423%2CSg%3AHU+513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fstamps%2Fstamp%2F180096-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-10th_Governing_Anniversary_of_Regent_Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horhty-Hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180040-Admiral_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_1868-1957_regent-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy-Hungary">"Stamp: Admiral Miklós Horthy (1868–1957) regent (Hungary) (Miklós Horthy) Mi:HU 566,Sn:HU 526,Yt:HU 507,Sg:HU 616,AFA:HU 540"</a>. <i>Colnect</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colnect&rft.atitle=Stamp%3A+Admiral+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy+%281868%E2%80%931957%29+regent+%28Hungary%29+%28Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%29+Mi%3AHU+566%2CSn%3AHU+526%2CYt%3AHU+507%2CSg%3AHU+616%2CAFA%3AHU+540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fstamps%2Fstamp%2F180040-Admiral_Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy_1868-1957_regent-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy-Hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180026-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_at_Szeged-20th_Governing_Anniversary_of_Regent_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horhty-Hungary">"Stamp: Miklós Horthy at Szeged (Hungary) (20th Governing Anniversary of Regent Miklós Horhty) Mi:HU 626,Sn:HU 555,Yt:HU 547,Sg:HU 661,AFA:HU 587"</a>. <i>Colnect</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colnect&rft.atitle=Stamp%3A+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy+at+Szeged+%28Hungary%29+%2820th+Governing+Anniversary+of+Regent+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horhty%29+Mi%3AHU+626%2CSn%3AHU+555%2CYt%3AHU+547%2CSg%3AHU+661%2CAFA%3AHU+587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fstamps%2Fstamp%2F180026-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy_at_Szeged-20th_Governing_Anniversary_of_Regent_Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horhty-Hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180020-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy-Hungary">"Stamp: Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (Hungary) (Miklós Horthy) Mi:HU 657,Sn:HU 570,Yt:HU 570,Sg:HU 686A,AFA:HU 614A"</a>. <i>Colnect</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colnect&rft.atitle=Stamp%3A+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%2C+Regent+of+Hungary+%28Hungary%29+%28Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%29+Mi%3AHU+657%2CSn%3AHU+570%2CYt%3AHU+570%2CSg%3AHU+686A%2CAFA%3AHU+614A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fstamps%2Fstamp%2F180020-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy-Hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180022-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy-Hungary">"Stamp: Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (Hungary) (Miklós Horthy) Mi:HU 659,Sn:HU 572,Yt:HU 572,Sg:HU 688A,AFA:HU 617"</a>. <i>Colnect</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colnect&rft.atitle=Stamp%3A+Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%2C+Regent+of+Hungary+%28Hungary%29+%28Mikl%C3%B3s+Horthy%29+Mi%3AHU+659%2CSn%3AHU+572%2CYt%3AHU+572%2CSg%3AHU+688A%2CAFA%3AHU+617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fstamps%2Fstamp%2F180022-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy-Hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikl%C3%B3s+Horthy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bodó, Béla, <i>Paramilitary Violence in Hungary After the First World War</i>. East European Quarterly, No. 2, Vol. 38, 22 June 2004</li> <li>Deák, István, <i>Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution During World War II</i> (2015), 9, 88—102.</li> <li>Deák, István. "Admiral and Regent Miklós Horthy: Some Thoughts on a Controversial Statesman" <i>Hungarian Quarterly</i> (Fall 1996) 37#143 pp 78–89.</li> <li>Dreisziger, N. F. "Introduction. Miklos Horthy and the Second World War: Some Historiographical Perspectives." <i>Hungarian Studies Review</i> 23.1 (1996): 5–16.</li> <li>Dreisziger, Nandor F. "Bridges to the West: The Horthy Regime's ‘Reinsurance Policies’ in 1941." <i>War & Society</i> 7.1 (1989): 1–23.</li> <li>Fenyo, Mario D. <i>Hitler, Horthy, and Hungary: German-Hungarian Relations, 1941–1944</i> (Yale UP, 1972).</li> <li>Kállay, Nicholas. <i>Hungarian Premier: A Personal Account of a Nation's Struggle in the Second World War</i> (1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145653">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Rutter" title="Owen Rutter">Rutter, Owen</a>, <i>Regent of Hungary: The Authorized Life of Admiral Nicholas Horthy</i> London, <a href="/wiki/Rich_and_Cowan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich and Cowan">Rich and Cowan</a>, 1938</li> <li>Sakmyster, Thomas. <i>Hungary's Admiral on Horseback</i>. (East European Monographs, Boulder, CO 1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-293-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-293-X">0-88033-293-X</a></li> <li>Sakmyster, Thomas. "From Habsburg Admiral to Hungarian Regent: The Political Metamorphosis of Miklós Horthy, 1918–1921." <i>East European Quarterly</i> 17.2 (1983): 129–148.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/hungary/30.htm"><i>Trianon Hungary</i>. U.S. Library of Congress Country Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306134317/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf">Horthy, Miklós: The Annotated Memoirs (pdf)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222603/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&cid=8">John Flournoy Montgomery, The Unwilling Satellite</a> e-book version on historicaltextarchive.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horthy.hu/">Miklós Horthy Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306175544/http://www.horthy.hu/">Archived</a> 6 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/horthy.html">Biography of Admiral Miklós Horthy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060419214716/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/montgo/index.htm">Montgomery,John,Flournoy: Hungary-The unwilling satellite</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Szab%C3%B3_(Minister_of_Defence)" title="Zoltán Szabó (Minister of Defence)">Zoltán Szabó</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of War of Hungary">Minister of War of the Counter-Government</a> </b><br />1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Belitska" title="Sándor Belitska">Sándor Belitska</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Károly Huszár</a></div><i><b>as acting Head of State </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent of Hungary</a> </b><br />1920–1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a></div><i><b>as Leader of the Nation </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Maximilian Njegovan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Naval Fleet</a> </b><br />1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Janko Vuković">Janko Vuković</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%A9z" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitéz">Captain General of the Order of Vitéz</a> </b><br />1920–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Archduke Joseph August</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front</a></li> <li><a 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Bajcsy-Zsilinszky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Baky" title="László Baky">László Baky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Balogh_(politician)" title="István Balogh (politician)">István Balogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy" title="László Bárdossy">László Bárdossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Beregfy" title="Károly Beregfy">Károly Beregfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Zoltán Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Budinszky" title="László Budinszky">László Budinszky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Csat%C3%A1ry" title="László Csatáry">László Csatáry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Endre" title="László Endre">László Endre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81kos_Farkas" title="Ákos Farkas">Ákos Farkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Festetics" title="Sándor Festetics">Sándor Festetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta" title="Imre Finta">Imre Finta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Gera" title="József Gera">József Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_H%C3%A9jjas" title="Iván Héjjas">Iván Héjjas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Henney" title="Árpád Henney">Árpád Henney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miklós Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Imr%C3%A9dy" title="Béla Imrédy">Béla Imrédy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Ist%C3%B3czy" title="Győző Istóczy">Győző Istóczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andor_Jaross" title="Andor Jaross">Andor Jaross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Jurcsek" title="Béla Jurcsek">Béla Jurcsek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Kem%C3%A9ny_(Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gábor Kemény (Minister of Foreign Affairs)">Gábor Kemény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Kun" title="András Kun">András Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_M%C3%A9hel%C3%BF" title="Lajos Méhelÿ">Lajos Méhelÿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Mesk%C3%B3" title="Zoltán Meskó">Zoltán Meskó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Ny%C3%ADr%C5%91" title="József Nyírő">József Nyírő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fid%C3%A9l_P%C3%A1lffy" title="Fidél Pálffy">Fidél Pálffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottok%C3%A1r_Proh%C3%A1szka" title="Ottokár Prohászka">Ottokár Prohászka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Pr%C3%B3nay" title="Pál Prónay">Pál Prónay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Rajniss" title="Ferenc Rajniss">Ferenc Rajniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_R%C3%A1tz" title="Jenő Rátz">Jenő Rátz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Rem%C3%A9nyi-Schneller" title="Lajos Reményi-Schneller">Lajos Reményi-Schneller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Szab%C3%B3_(writer)" title="Dezső Szabó (writer)">Dezső Szabó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Szem%C3%A1k" title="Jenő Szemák">Jenő Szemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6me_Szt%C3%B3jay" title="Döme Sztójay">Döme Sztójay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Tasn%C3%A1di_Nagy" title="András Tasnádi Nagy">András Tasnádi Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Vajna" title="Gábor Vajna">Gábor Vajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Zentai" title="Charles Zentai">Charles Zentai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross" title="Arrow Cross">Arrow Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hungary_(political_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Hungary (political concept)">Greater Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyorshadtest" title="Gyorshadtest">Gyorshadtest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolozsv%C3%A1r_Ghetto" title="Kolozsvár Ghetto">Kolozsvár ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_service_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour service (Hungary)">Labour service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Template:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">Heads of state of Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgei" title="Artúr Görgei">Görgei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom (1867–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Károlyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Garbai" title="Sándor Garbai">Garbai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Peidl" title="Gyula Peidl">Peidl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Republic (1919–20)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom (1920–46)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Miklós</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_National_Council" title="High National Council">High National Council</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Szakasits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Szakasits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_R%C3%B3nai" title="Sándor Rónai">Rónai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">Dobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Losonczi" title="Pál Losonczi">Losonczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_N%C3%A9meth_(politician)" title="Károly Németh (politician)">Németh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%B3_Ferenc_Straub" title="Brunó Ferenc Straub">Straub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Sz%C5%B1r%C3%B6s" title="Mátyás Szűrös">Szűrös</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_G%C3%B6ncz" title="Árpád Göncz">Göncz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%A1dl" title="Ferenc Mádl">Mádl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_S%C3%B3lyom" title="László Sólyom">Sólyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Schmitt" title="Pál Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">Kövér</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_%C3%81der" title="János Áder">Áder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Nov%C3%A1k" title="Katalin Novák">Novák</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">Kövér</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Sulyok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates acting officeholders.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_Defence_of_Hungary_since_1848" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HungarianDefenceMinisters" title="Template:HungarianDefenceMinisters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HungarianDefenceMinisters" title="Template talk:HungarianDefenceMinisters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HungarianDefenceMinisters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HungarianDefenceMinisters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_Defence_of_Hungary_since_1848" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence of Hungary">Ministers of Defence of Hungary</a> since 1848</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Batthyány</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros" title="Lázár Mészáros">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgei" title="Artúr Görgei">Görgei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Aulich" title="Lajos Aulich">Aulich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Andrássy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyh%C3%A9rt_L%C3%B3nyay" title="Menyhért Lónyay">Lónyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Szl%C3%A1vy" title="József Szlávy">Szlávy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Szende" title="Béla Szende">Szende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeon_R%C3%A1day_(Minister_of_Defence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedeon Ráday (Minister of Defence)">Ráday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Orczy" title="Béla Orczy">Orczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry" title="Géza Fejérváry">Fejérváry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Kolossv%C3%A1ry" title="Dezső Kolossváry">Kolossváry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Nyiri" title="Sándor Nyiri">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Bihar" title="Ferenc Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Pap" title="Béla Pap">Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Wekerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Jekelfalussy" title="Lajos Jekelfalussy">Jekelfalussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_Hazai" title="Samu Hazai">Hazai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Szurmay" title="Sándor Szurmay">Szurmay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transition period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Linder" title="Béla Linder">Linder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bartha" title="Albert Bartha">A. Bartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Festetics" title="Sándor Festetics">Festetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_B%C3%B6hm" title="Vilmos Böhm">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Haubrich" title="József Haubrich">Haubrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_B%C3%B6hm" title="Vilmos Böhm">Böhm</a> (opposed by <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Szab%C3%B3_(Minister_of_Defence)" title="Zoltán Szabó (Minister of Defence)">Z. Szabó</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Belitska" title="Sándor Belitska">Belitska</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Schnetzer" title="Ferenc Schnetzer">Schnetzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Regency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_So%C3%B3s_(Minister_of_Defence)" title="Károly Soós (Minister of Defence)">Soós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sr%C3%A9ter" title="István Sréter">Sréter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Belitska" title="Sándor Belitska">Belitska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Cs%C3%A1ky" title="Károly Csáky">Csáky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Kozma" title="Miklós Kozma">Kozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Somkuthy" title="József Somkuthy">Somkuthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_R%C5%91der" title="Vilmos Rőder">Rőder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_R%C3%A1tz" title="Jenő Rátz">Rátz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Bartha_(Minister_of_Defence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Károly Bartha (Minister of Defence)">K. Bartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilmos_Nagy_de_Nagybaczon" title="Vilmos Nagy de Nagybaczon">V. Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Csatay" title="Lajos Csatay">Csatay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transition period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Beregfy" title="Károly Beregfy">Beregfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s" title="János Vörös">Vörös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Tombor" title="Jenő Tombor">Tombor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">F. Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bartha" title="Albert Bartha">A. Bartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Dinny%C3%A9s" title="Lajos Dinnyés">Dinnyés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Veres_(politician)" title="Péter Veres (politician)">Veres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Communist Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Farkas" title="Mihály Farkas">Farkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bata" title="István Bata">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Janza" title="Károly Janza">Janza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Mal%C3%A9ter" title="Pál Maléter">Maléter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Ferenc Münnich">Münnich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_R%C3%A9v%C3%A9sz" title="Géza Révész">Révész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Czinege" title="Lajos Czinege">Czinege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Ol%C3%A1h" title="István Oláh">Oláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti" title="Ferenc Kárpáti">Kárpáti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Republic of Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_F%C3%BCr" title="Lajos Für">Für</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Keleti" title="György Keleti">Keleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Szab%C3%B3_(Minister_of_Defence)" title="János Szabó (Minister of Defence)">J. Szabó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Juh%C3%A1sz_(politician)" title="Ferenc Juhász (politician)">Juhász</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Szekeres" title="Imre Szekeres">Szekeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csaba_Hende" title="Csaba Hende">Hende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Simicsk%C3%B3" title="István Simicskó">Simicskó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Benk%C5%91_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibor Benkő (military officer)">Benkő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krist%C3%B3f_Szalay-Bobrovniczky" title="Kristóf Szalay-Bobrovniczky">Szalay-Bobrovniczky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117144#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120981553">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61123">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/102708/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwXbH9qjd38jRj8RjQKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118707191">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82158404">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12217474b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12217474b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Horthy, Miklós <1868-1957>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV107659">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35880286">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0045846&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070560943">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmh1br39hcf4h">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655054905606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650614805606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/19538">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262902805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529948606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07874056?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1128758">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118707191.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118707191">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029567750">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569471">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tm8pd5">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/70002">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=31522">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Miklós Horthy</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Miklós Horthy">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" class="extiw" title="q:Miklós Horthy">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miklós_Horthy&oldid=1257744716">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miklós_Horthy&oldid=1257744716</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1868_births" title="Category:1868 births">1868 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1957_deaths" title="Category:1957 deaths">1957 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Hungarian_people" title="Category:20th-century Hungarian people">20th-century Hungarian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_regents" title="Category:20th-century regents">20th-century regents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Masonry" title="Category:Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Hungary" title="Category:Antisemitism in Hungary">Antisemitism in Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austro-Hungarian_admirals" title="Category:Austro-Hungarian admirals">Austro-Hungarian admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomats_from_Austria-Hungary" title="Category:Diplomats from Austria-Hungary">Diplomats from Austria-Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austro-Hungarian_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I">Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defence_ministers_of_Hungary" title="Category:Defence ministers of Hungary">Defence ministers of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa">Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_who_were_later_imprisoned" title="Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned">Heads of government who were later imprisoned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="Category:The Holocaust in Hungary">The Holocaust in Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horthy_family" title="Category:Horthy family">Horthy family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_perpetrators_in_Hungary" title="Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary">Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_Calvinist_and_Reformed_Christians" title="Category:Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians">Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_collaborators_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Hungarian collaborators with Nazi Germany">Hungarian collaborators with Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_exiles" title="Category:Hungarian exiles">Hungarian exiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_expatriates_in_Portugal" title="Category:Hungarian expatriates in Portugal">Hungarian expatriates in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_irredentism" title="Category:Hungarian irredentism">Hungarian irredentism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_military_personnel_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Hungarian military personnel of World War II">Hungarian military personnel of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_national_conservatives" title="Category:Hungarian national conservatives">Hungarian national conservatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_nobility" title="Category:Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_people_of_the_Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Category:Hungarian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_people_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Hungarian people of World War II">Hungarian people of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_Protestants" title="Category:Hungarian Protestants">Hungarian Protestants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_soldiers" title="Category:Hungarian soldiers">Hungarian soldiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kastner_train" title="Category:Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Category:Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_ousted_by_a_coup" title="Category:Leaders ousted by a coup">Leaders ousted by a coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kenderes" title="Category:People from Kenderes">People from Kenderes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class">Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Iron_Cross_(1914),_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class">Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Military_Order_of_the_Cross_of_the_Eagle,_Class_I" title="Category:Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I">Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Crown_(Italy)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)">Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion">Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Perpetrators_of_the_White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Category:Perpetrators of the White Terror (Hungary)">Perpetrators of the White Terror (Hungary)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Germany" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Germany">Prisoners and detainees of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_the_United_States_military" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States military">Prisoners and detainees of the United States military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_political_leaders" title="Category:World War II political leaders">World War II political leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_anti-communists" title="Category:Hungarian anti-communists">Hungarian anti-communists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hungarian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hungarian IPA">Pages with Hungarian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" 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