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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg/220px-30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg/330px-30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg/440px-30_years_from_Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian People's Republic</a> commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933" title="Grivița strike of 1933">Grivița strike of 1933</a>, provoked by poor laboral conditions as a result of the Great Depression in Romania.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Marea Criză Economică</i> or, rarely, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Marea Depresie</i></span>) of 1929–1933, which affected the whole world, had several consequences in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>. Romania had been among the winner countries of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It received several new territories (<a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>), with many <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>. However, the war caused heavy human and economic losses to the country. Romania had to fight <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and the non-<a href="/wiki/Convertibility" title="Convertibility">convertibility</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> (lei in plural). Romania then had a fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian economy">agrarian economy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> accounting for 63.2% of the national <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>. The Great Depression affected Romania on several ways. For example, in 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Net_national_income" title="Net national income">net national income</a> was of 172,614,000,000 lei, only 62% of that of 1929, which was of 275,180,000,000 lei. To fight the <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a> carried out various measures and the country took various <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loans</a>. Help was also called upon from <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Depression led to a drop of 50% in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_production" title="Industrial production">industrial production</a> and an increase of 300,000 persons in <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> in Romania. By the early 1930s, the price of a <a href="/wiki/Quintal" title="Quintal">quintal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> had fallen below the cost of harvesting it; agricultural goods, unprotected by any <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> measures, were left to the discretion of international competition, which contributed to the decrease of their prices by 60–70% compared to those of 1928 and 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Landowner" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowner">Landowners</a> went bankrupt and the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> had little left to eat or pay <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> to the state. By 1932, some 2.5 million farmers had unpaid debts to banks, worth 52 billion lei.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between October 1929 and July 1931, more than 17 billion lei were withdrawn from Romanian <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>. As a result, the banking system collapsed, and several banks, including the Romanian Peasantry Bank and the Bercovici Bank, went <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a>. The banking crisis, announced as early as 1930, created a panic among <a href="/wiki/Depositor" class="mw-redirect" title="Depositor">depositors</a>, as people began to withdraw their money en masse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peak of the financial disaster was reached in 1931, when one of the most important banks in Romania, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmorosch_Blank_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marmorosch Blank Bank (page does not exist)">Marmorosch Blank Bank</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Marmorosch_Blank" class="extiw" title="ro:Banca Marmorosch Blank">ro</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Blank" title="Aristide Blank">Aristide Blank</a>, declared bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933" title="Grivița strike of 1933">Grivița strike of 1933</a> was started at the Grivița Workshops in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> by workers of <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">Căile Ferate Române</a> (CFR). The strike was brought about by the increasingly poor working conditions of railway employees in the context of the Great Depression in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Depression_in_Romania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Depression_in_Romania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlejanCostacheAloman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Blejan, Elisabeta; Costache, Brîndușa; Aloman, Adriana (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbs.rs/export/sites/NBS_site/documents/publikacije/konferencije/seemhn_conf/SEEMHN_14_Rumunija.pdf">"The National Bank of Romania during the Great Depression – 1929-1933"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fourth Conference of Southeast Europe Monetary History Network (SEEMHN)</i> (8). <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">National Bank of Serbia</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fourth+Conference+of+Southeast+Europe+Monetary+History+Network+%28SEEMHN%29&rft.atitle=The+National+Bank+of+Romania+during+the+Great+Depression+%E2%80%93+1929-1933&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blejan&rft.aufirst=Elisabeta&rft.au=Costache%2C+Br%C3%AEndu%C8%99a&rft.au=Aloman%2C+Adriana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbs.rs%2Fexport%2Fsites%2FNBS_site%2Fdocuments%2Fpublikacije%2Fkonferencije%2Fseemhn_conf%2FSEEMHN_14_Rumunija.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Depression+in+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiappiniTorreTosi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chiappini, Raphaël; Torre, Dominique; Tosi, Elise (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708140527/http://www.gredeg.cnrs.fr/working-papers/GREDEG-WP-2019-43.pdf">"Romania's unsustainable stabilization: 1929–1933"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GREDEG Working Papers</i> (<span class="nowrap">2019–</span>43). Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gredeg.cnrs.fr/working-papers/GREDEG-WP-2019-43.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GREDEG+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Romania%27s+unsustainable+stabilization%3A+1929%E2%80%931933&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2019%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Chiappini&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Torre%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Tosi%2C+Elise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gredeg.cnrs.fr%2Fworking-papers%2FGREDEG-WP-2019-43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Depression+in+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFȚimonea2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Țimonea, Dorin (11 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/locale/alba-iulia/efectele-crunte-crizei-economice-1929-romania-300000-someri-scaderea-industriei-50-1_584c044a5ab6550cb84bd118/index.html">"Efectele crunte ale crizei economice din 1929 în România: 300.000 de șomeri și scăderea industriei cu 50%"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a></i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=Efectele+crunte+ale+crizei+economice+din+1929+%C3%AEn+Rom%C3%A2nia%3A+300.000+de+%C8%99omeri+%C8%99i+sc%C4%83derea+industriei+cu+50%25&rft.date=2016-12-11&rft.aulast=%C8%9Aimonea&rft.aufirst=Dorin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Falba-iulia%2Fefectele-crunte-crizei-economice-1929-romania-300000-someri-scaderea-industriei-50-1_584c044a5ab6550cb84bd118%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Depression+in+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZamfirache2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zamfirache, Cosmin Pătrașcu (2 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/locale/botosani/radiografia-celui-mai-mare-dezastru-economic-istoria-romaniei-zeci-mii-someri-saraci-dati-mana-camatarilor-guvernanti-impertinenti-1_593156315ab6550cb8b365fd/index.html">"Radiografia celui mai mare dezastru economic din istoria României. Zeci de mii de șomeri, săraci dați pe mâna cămătarilor și guvernanți impertinenți"</a>. <i>Adevărul</i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=Radiografia+celui+mai+mare+dezastru+economic+din+istoria+Rom%C3%A2niei.+Zeci+de+mii+de+%C8%99omeri%2C+s%C4%83raci+da%C8%9Bi+pe+m%C3%A2na+c%C4%83m%C4%83tarilor+%C8%99i+guvernan%C8%9Bi+impertinen%C8%9Bi&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.aulast=Zamfirache&rft.aufirst=Cosmin+P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fbotosani%2Fradiografia-celui-mai-mare-dezastru-economic-istoria-romaniei-zeci-mii-someri-saraci-dati-mana-camatarilor-guvernanti-impertinenti-1_593156315ab6550cb8b365fd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Depression+in+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFȚiu2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Țiu, Ilarion (9 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurnalul.ro/scinteia/istoria-comunismului/muncitorii-se-revolta-la-grivita-si-in-prahova-49392.html">"Muncitorii se revoltă la Grivița și în Prahova"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a></i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnalul+Na%C8%9Bional&rft.atitle=Muncitorii+se+revolt%C4%83+la+Grivi%C8%9Ba+%C8%99i+%C3%AEn+Prahova&rft.date=2005-03-09&rft.aulast=%C8%9Aiu&rft.aufirst=Ilarion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurnalul.ro%2Fscinteia%2Fistoria-comunismului%2Fmuncitorii-se-revolta-la-grivita-si-in-prahova-49392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Depression+in+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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Tariff Act">Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Great_Depression" title="Cities in the Great Depression">Effect in cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">Recession of 1937–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Timeline of the Great Depression">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Chile" title="Great Depression in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_France" title="Great Depression in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic#Renewed_crisis_and_decline_(1930–1933)" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_India" title="Great Depression in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression#Japan" title="Great Depression">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_Netherlands" title="Great Depression in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Depression" title="Category:Great 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romania_topics" title="Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romania_topics" title="Template talk:Romania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romania_articles575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Romania" title="Timeline of ancient Romania">ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Romania">Prehistoric Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Romania" title="List of earthquakes in Romania">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Romania" title="Fauna of Romania">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Romania" title="Flora of Romania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Romania" title="List of islands of Romania">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Romania" title="List of lakes of Romania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Romania" title="List of mountains in Romania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Romania" title="List of rivers of Romania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Romania" title="Territorial evolution of Romania">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Romania" title="Topography of Romania">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Romania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Romania" title="Judiciary of Romania">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Romania" title="List of exports of Romania">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Romania" title="Foreign direct investment in Romania">Foreign investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Forestry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Romania" title="Industry of Romania">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Romania" title="Mining industry of Romania">mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania" title="Petrochemical industry in Romania">petrochemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Leu <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Romania" title="Pensions in Romania">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Romania" title="Science and technology in Romania">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_in_Romania" title="Services in Romania">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Romania" title="Squatting in Romania">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Romania" title="Rail transport in Romania">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Romania" title="Category:Society of Romania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Romania" title="Crime in Romania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Romania" title="Prostitution in Romania">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Romania" title="Public holidays in Romania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Romania" title="Refugees in Romania">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Gypsies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Romania" title="Welfare in Romania">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_architecture" title="Romanian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" title="Romanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_humour" title="Romanian humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Romania" title="Mass media in Romania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romania" title="Category:Romania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox 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