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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panoramica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Panoramica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panoramica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requisiti_dei_protocolli_di_routing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requisiti_dei_protocolli_di_routing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Requisiti dei protocolli di routing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requisiti_dei_protocolli_di_routing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esempi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esempi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Esempi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esempi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Una <i><b>supernetwork</b></i>, o <i><b>supernet</b></i>, è una rete del protocollo <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> che è formata dall'aggregazione di sottoreti multiple, o <i>subnet</i>, in una rete più grande. Il nuovo identificatore di rete per la stessa così aggregata, rappresenta tutte le reti che la costituiscono con una singola voce nella <a href="/wiki/Tabella_di_routing" title="Tabella di routing">tabella di <i>routing</i></a>. Il processo di costruzione di una <i>supernet</i> viene chiamato <i>supernetting</i>, aggregazione dei prefissi, aggregazione delle rotte o <i>route summarization</i>. </p><p>Il <i>supernetting</i> all'interno di Internet è una strategia che serve per evitare la frammentazione dello spazio di indirizzamento IP usando un sistema di allocazione gerarchica che delega il controllo dei vari segmenti del suddetto spazio ai <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_Registry" title="Regional Internet Registry">Regional Internet Registry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questo metodo facilita l'aggregazione delle rotte in base alla regione. </p><p>I vantaggi del <i>supernetting</i> sono tutti a favore dei <a href="/wiki/Router" title="Router">router</a>, in termini di memorizzazione più efficiente delle informazioni di <i>routing</i> e diminuzione dell'overhead di elaborazione nella ricerca delle rotte. Nonostante ciò, talvolta il <i>supernetting</i> potrebbe introdurre problemi di interoperabilità e altri rischi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panoramica">Panoramica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Panoramica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Panoramica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nella terminologia delle reti IP, una supernet è un blocco di <a href="/wiki/Sottorete" title="Sottorete">sottoreti</a> contigue indirizzate come una sottorete singola dalla prospettiva della rete più grande. Le <i>supernet</i> sono sempre più grandi delle reti che le compongono. Il <i>supernetting</i> è il processo di aggregare le rotte di molte reti più piccole, riducendo così lo spazio necessario per memorizzarle, semplificando le decisioni di <i>routing</i>, e riducendo il quantitativo di informazioni sulle rotte trasmesse dai <a href="/wiki/Protocollo_di_routing" title="Protocollo di routing">protocolli di <i>routing</i></a> ai router adiacenti. Si è rivelato utile per risolvere il problema dell'incremento delle dimensioni delle tabelle di <i>routing</i> dovuto alla crescita di Internet. </p><p>In reti grandi e complesse, il <i>supernetting</i> può isolare i cambi di topologia degli altri router. Questo non può che migliorare la stabilità della rete limitando la propagazione dei cambiamenti nel <i>routing</i> nell'eventualità della caduta di un collegamento tra router. Se un router trasmette ai suoi vicini solamente l'informazione di una rotta aggregata, non ha bisogno di trasmettere anche le informazioni relative ai cambiamenti nelle singole subnet specifiche che tale rotta rappresenta. Questo riduce significativamente il numero degli aggiornamenti di <i>routing</i> a seguito di un cambio di topologia. Da cui, si ha un incremento della velocità di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergenza_(routing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convergenza (routing) (la pagina non esiste)">convergenza</a> e una stabilità maggiore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requisiti_dei_protocolli_di_routing">Requisiti dei protocolli di routing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Requisiti dei protocolli di routing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Requisiti dei protocolli di routing"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <i>supernetting</i> richiede l'utilizzo di protocolli di <i>routing</i> che supportano il <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">classless inter-domain routing</a> (CIDR). <a href="/wiki/Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocol" title="Interior Gateway Routing Protocol">Interior Gateway Routing Protocol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exterior_routing_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exterior routing protocol (la pagina non esiste)">Exterior routing protocol</a> e <a href="/wiki/RIPv1" class="mw-redirect" title="RIPv1">RIPv1</a> (tutti protocolli di <i>routing</i> obsoleti) presumono l'indirizzamento <i><a href="/wiki/Classful" class="mw-redirect" title="Classful">classful</a></i>, e quindi non possono trasmettere le informazioni sulla <a href="/wiki/Maschera_di_sottorete" title="Maschera di sottorete">maschera di sottorete</a> richieste per il <i>supernetting</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocol" title="Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol">Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol</a> (EIGRP) supporta CIDR. Per impostazione predefinita, EIGRP aggrega le rotte nella tabella di <i>routing</i> e inoltra queste rotte aggregate ai suoi peer. Tra gli altri protocolli di <i>routing</i> che supportano CIDR vi sono <a href="/wiki/RIPv2" class="mw-redirect" title="RIPv2">RIPv2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">Open Shortest Path First</a> (OSPF), <a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a> e <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esempi">Esempi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Esempi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Esempi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un'azienda di contabilità ha 150 filiali per ciascuno dei 50 distretti geografici dove opera. In ogni filiale è presente un router connesso tramite <a href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a> al quartier generale dell'azienda. Senza il <i>supernetting</i>, la tabella di <i>routing</i> di ciascuno di questi router dovrebbe tenere traccia di centocinquanta router per ciascuno dei cinque distretti, per un totale di 7 500 reti. Se però venisse implementato un sistema di indirizzamento gerarchico con il <i>supernetting</i>, collegando ciascuna filiale a un punto di interconnessione centralizzato che raggruppa tutte quelle dello stesso distretto, si potrebbero aggregare le rotte prima che vengano annunciate agli altri distretti. In questo modo, ciascun router sarà a conoscenza della propria subnet e di appena quarantanove rotte aggregate. </p><p>La determinazione delle rotte aggregate da parte di un router implica il riconoscimento del numero di bit di ordine più alto che sono comuni a tutti gli indirizzi. Per esempio, un router che possiede le seguenti reti nella sua tabella di <i>routing</i> calcola la rotta aggregata come di seguito: </p> <pre>192.168.98.0 192.168.99.0 192.168.100.0 192.168.101.0 192.168.102.0 192.168.105.0 </pre> <p>Per prima cosa gli indirizzi vengono convertiti in formato binario e allineati in una lista: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indirizzo </th> <th>Primo byte </th> <th>Secondo byte </th> <th>Terzo byte </th> <th>Quarto byte </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>192.168.98.0</code> </td> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 0010</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>192.168.99.0</code> </td> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 0011</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>192.168.100.0</code> </td> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 0100</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>192.168.101.0</code> </td> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 0101</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>192.168.102.0</code> </td> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 0110</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>192.168.105.0</code> </td> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 1001</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In secondo luogo, vengono identificati i bit comuni, mostrati in rosso. Infine, viene contato il numero di bit comuni. La rotta aggregata viene calcolata impostando a zero i bit rimanenti, come mostrato sotto. Viene seguita da uno slash e dal numero di bit comuni. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Primo byte </th> <th>Secondo byte </th> <th>Terzo byte </th> <th>Quarto byte </th> <th>Indirizzo </th> <th>Netmask </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>1100 0000</code> </td> <td><code>1010 1000</code> </td> <td><code>0110 0000</code> </td> <td><code>0000 0000</code> </td> <td><code>192.168.96.0</code> </td> <td><code>/20</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La rotta aggregata è <code>192.168.96.0/20</code>. La maschera di sottorete è <code>255.255.240.0</code>. Questa rotta contiene anche reti che non erano presenti nel gruppo iniziale, vale a dire <code>192.168.96.0</code>, <code>192.168.97.0</code>, <code>192.168.103.0</code>, <code>192.168.104.0</code>, <code>192.168.106.0</code>, <code>192.168.107.0</code>, <code>192.168.108.0</code>, <code>192.168.109.0</code>, <code>192.168.110.0</code> e <code>192.168.111.0</code>. Bisogna avere la certezza che queste reti non esistano nelle direzioni opposte a questa rotta. In un altro esempio, a un ISP viene assegnato, da parte di un RIR, un blocco di indirizzi IP che va da <code>172.1.0.0</code> a <code>172.1.255.255</code>. L'ISP può assegnare questi indirizzi ai propri clienti nel seguente modo, al cliente A verrà assegnato il range da <code>172.1.1.0</code> a <code>172.1.1.255</code>, al cliente B il range da <code>172.1.2.0</code> a <code>172.1.2.255</code>, al cliente C il range da <code>172.1.3.0</code> a <code>172.1.3.255</code> e così via. Invece di avere singole voci per le subnet <code>172.1.1.x</code>, <code>172.1.2.x</code>, <code>172.1.3.x</code> eccetera, l'ISP può aggregare l'intero range di indirizzi <code>172.1.x.x</code> e annunciare la rete <code>172.1.0.0/16</code>, allo scopo di ridurre il numero di voci globali nella tabella di <i>routing</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rischi">Rischi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Rischi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Rischi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sono stati identificati i seguenti rischi del <i>supernetting</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Il <i>supernetting</i> è implementato in diversi modi su diversi router</li> <li>Il <i>supernetting</i> sull'interfaccia di un router può influenzare il modo in cui le rotte verranno annunciate dalle altre interfacce dello stesso router</li> <li>In presenza del <i>supernetting</i>, trovare un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loop_di_routing_persistente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loop di routing persistente (la pagina non esiste)">loop di <i>routing</i> persistente</a> diventa un problema difficile</li> <li>possono esserci impatti negativi in ambienti di <i>routing</i> eterogenei con subnet discontigue<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1338">RFC 1338</a>, Supernetting: an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy, V. Fuller, T. Li, J. Yu, K. Varadhan (June 1992)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.nps.edu/xie/papers/ra-conext11.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Franck Le; Geoffrey G. Xie; Hui Zhang (2011). "On Route Aggregation" (PDF). ACM. Retrieved 2013-01-10.</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">faculty.nps.edu</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225000858/https://www.ipstorming.com/eigrp-summarization-issues/"><span style="font-style:italic;">EIGRP Summarization Issues</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">IPStorming</span>, 13 febbraio 2012. <small>URL consultato il 24 dicembre 2022</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://www.ipstorming.com/eigrp-summarization-issues/">url originale</abbr> il 25 dicembre 2022)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernetting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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