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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baghdad (disambiguation)">Baghdad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Baghdad<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a> and is located near the <a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala River</a>. With a population variously estimated at 6 or over 7 million, Baghdad forms 22% of Iraq's total population. In comparison to its large population, the city has a small area at just 673 square kilometers (260 sq mi). It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">second-largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and the second-largest city in West Asia after <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. Baghdad is historically known as a global cultural hub.<a href="#cite_note-population-8">[note 2]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Baghdad</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">بَغْدَاد</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mayoralty of Baghdad</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/243px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/001126-IraqMuseum-IMG_8269-2.jpg/225px-001126-IraqMuseum-IMG_8269-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/001126-IraqMuseum-IMG_8269-2.jpg/300px-001126-IraqMuseum-IMG_8269-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg/134px-Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg/201px-Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg/268px-Old_Iraqi_Houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg/150px-Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg/225px-Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg/300px-Dar_Al-Atraqchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="623"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/134px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/201px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/268px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960"></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Top-bottom, L-R: Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>; <a href="/wiki/Haydar-Khana_Mosque" title="Haydar-Khana Mosque">Haydar-Khana Mosque</a> • Statue of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Karim Qasim</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a> • House of <a href="/wiki/Sassoon_Eskell" title="Sassoon Eskell">Sassoon Eskell</a> <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Atraqchi_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dar al-Atraqchi Café">Atraqchi for Art & cultural heritage</a> • View over Baghdad and the Tigris river</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baghdad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Baghdad"><img alt="Flag of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Baghdad.svg/100px-Flag_of_Baghdad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Baghdad.svg/150px-Flag_of_Baghdad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Baghdad.svg/200px-Flag_of_Baghdad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Baghdad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Baghdad"><img alt="Official seal of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seal_of_Baghdad.svg/100px-Seal_of_Baghdad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seal_of_Baghdad.svg/150px-Seal_of_Baghdad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seal_of_Baghdad.svg/200px-Seal_of_Baghdad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="457"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Peace (مَدِيْنَةُ السَّلَام)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad is located in Iraq"><img alt="Baghdad is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.148%;left:56.82%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Baghdad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Baghdad within Iraq</div>Show map of Iraq</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad is located in Asia"><img alt="Baghdad is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.972%;left:13.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Baghdad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Baghdad (Asia)</div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad is located in Earth"><img alt="Baghdad is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.492%;left:62.324%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Baghdad</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Baghdad (Earth)</div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baghdad&params=33_18_55_N_44_21_58_E_region:IQ-BG_type:city(8,100,000)">33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E / 33.31528°N 44.36611°E / 33.31528; 44.36611</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 762 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Caliph al-Mansur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Baghdad City Advisory Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Baghdad" title="List of mayors of Baghdad">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ammar Moussa Kadhum</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">673 km2 (260 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">34 m (112 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,921,134<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">1st in Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Baghdadi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Standard Time">Arabian Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10001 to 10090</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amanatbaghdad.gov.iq/index.php?lang=en">amanatbaghdad.gov.iq</a> (in Arabic)</td></tr></tbody></table> In 762 AD, Baghdad was founded as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, it evolved into a significant cultural and intellectual center of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a>, as well as a multi-ethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". For much of the Abbasid era, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, Baghdad was the largest city in the world. Its population peaked at more than one million people. The city was largely <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">destroyed</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires, such as the Mesopotamian Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, until the World War I.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The city served as capital of the former <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">British Mandate of Mesopotamia</a>. With the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">independent monarchical state</a> in 1932, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a>. Baghdad has faced <a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">severe infrastructural damage</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, which began with the United States-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">insurgency</a> and renewed <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artifacts</a>. During this period, it had one of the highest rates of terrorist attacks in the world. However, terrorist attacks have gradually been on the decline since the territorial defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> militant group in Iraq in 2017, and are very rare now.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> A major center of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a>, the city is known for its <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">numerous historic mosques</a>. It includes museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Museum" title="Baghdadi Museum">Baghdadi Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim_Museum" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum">Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum</a>. Baghdad is also nicknamed as "City of Palaces", as its home to numerous palaces such as <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Palace" title="Abbasid Palace">Abbasid Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radwaniyah_Palace" title="Radwaniyah Palace">Radwaniyah Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace" title="Al-Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a>. Previously being multi-religious city, the city is also many <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Iraq" title="List of cathedrals in Iraq">churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">mandis</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_sites_in_Iraq" title="List of Jewish sites in Iraq">synagogues</a>. Through its airport, Baghdad is known as the "Gateway of Iraq". <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Foundation">2.1 Foundation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Center_of_learning_(8th%E2%80%939th_centuries)">2.2 Center of learning (8th–9th centuries)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Stagnation_and_invasions_(10th%E2%80%9316th_centuries)">2.3 Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ottoman_and_mamluks_(16th%E2%80%9319th_centuries)">2.4 Ottoman and mamluks (16th–19th centuries)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modern_era">2.5 Modern era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Governance">4 Governance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notable_streets">5 Notable streets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ethnicity">6.1 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Religion">6.2 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Transportation">8 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Planned_Baghdad_Metro">8.1 Planned Baghdad Metro</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Universities">9.1 Universities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Culture">10 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sights_of_interest">11 Sights of interest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sport">12 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">13 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Articles">17.1 Articles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Books">17.2 Books</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a> The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that the site of Baghdad was occupied by various peoples long before the Arab conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in 637 CE, and several ancient empires had capitals located in the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Arab authors, realizing the pre-Islamic origins of Baghdad's name, generally looked for its roots in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a> They suggested various meanings, the most common of which was "bestowed by God".<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Modern scholars generally tend to favor this etymology,<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a> which views the word as a Persian compound of bagh (<a href="/wiki/File:Baghpahlavi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/25px-Baghpahlavi.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="167"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/25px-Baghpahlavi.png" data-width="25" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/38px-Baghpahlavi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghpahlavi.png/50px-Baghpahlavi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>) "god" and dād (<a href="/wiki/File:Dadpahlavi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/30px-Dadpahlavi.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="194"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/30px-Dadpahlavi.png" data-width="30" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/45px-Dadpahlavi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dadpahlavi.png/60px-Dadpahlavi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>) "given".<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Iranian</a> bhag and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> bog "god."<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strange_pg_10-16">[14]</a> A similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt (<a href="/wiki/Mehrdad" title="Mehrdad">Mehrdad</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>), known in English by its borrowed Hellenistic form Mithridates, meaning "Given by <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>" (dāt is the more archaic form of dād, related to Sanskrit dāt, Latin dat and English donor),<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a> ultimately borrowed from Persian Mehrdad. There are a number of other locations whose names are compounds of the Middle Persian word bagh, including <a href="/wiki/Baghlan" title="Baghlan">Baghlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a> in Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Baghshan" title="Baghshan">Baghshan</a> in Iran itself,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdati" title="Baghdati">Baghdati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, which likely share the same etymological Iranic origins.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-BRILL1987-20">[18]</a> Other authors have suggested older origins for the name, in particular the name Bagdadu or Hudadu that existed in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Old Babylonian</a> (spelled with a sign that can represent both bag and hu), and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a> name of a place called Baghdatha (בגדתא).<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-11">[9]</a> Another view, suggested by Christophe Wall-Romana, is that name of "Baghdad" is derived from "<a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a>", as the cuneiform logogram for Akkad (𒀀𒂵𒉈𒆠) is pronounced "a-ga-dèKI" ("Agade") and its resemblance to "Baghdad" is compelling.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> When the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name "City of Peace" (Arabic: مدینة السلام, romanized: Madīnat as-Salām), which now refers to the <a href="/wiki/Round_City_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Round City of Baghdad">Round City of Baghdad</a> proper. This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name.<a href="#cite_note-%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%9F-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ejabat.google.com-26">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] By the 11th century, Baghdad became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis. Christophe Wall-Romana has suggested that al-Mansur's choice to found his "new city" at Baghdad because of its strategic location was the same criteria which influenced <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon's</a> choice to found the original city of Akkad in the exact same location.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad" title="History of Baghdad">History of Baghdad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Baghdad" title="Timeline of Baghdad">Timeline of Baghdad</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PARSONS(1808)_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg/220px-PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg/220px-PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg/330px-PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg/440px-PARSONS%281808%29_p008_View_of_Bagdad_on_the_Persian_side_of_the_Tigris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 1808 picture of Baghdad from the print collection in Travels in Asia and Africa, etc. (ed. <a href="/wiki/J._P._Berjew" class="mw-redirect" title="J. P. Berjew">J. P. Berjew</a>, British Library)</figcaption></figure> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> rulers wanted their own capital from which they could rule. They chose a site north of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, and on 30 July 762<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> commissioned the construction of the city. It was built under the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic Empire under the Abbasids. The Muslim historian al-Tabari reported an ancient prediction by Christian monks that a lord named Miklas would one day build a spectacular city around the area of Baghdad. When al-Mansur heard the story, he became very joyful, for legend has it, he was called Miklas as a child.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying: "This is indeed the city that I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendants will reign afterward".<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg/300px-%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="439"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg/300px-%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg/450px-%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg/600px-%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_192_%D9%87.%D9%82.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> circa 807 Baghdad</figcaption></figure> The city's growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least two factors: it had control over strategic and trading routes along the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, and it had an abundance of water in a dry climate. Water exists on both the north and south ends of the city, allowing all households to have a plentiful supply, which was quite uncommon during this time. The city of Baghdad quickly became so large that it had to be divided into three judicial districts: Madinat al-Mansur (the Round City), al-Sharqiyya (<a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">al-Karkh</a>) and Askar al-Mahdi (on the West Bank).<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Al-Mansur also planned out al-Karkh district so that he could separate the markets from the Round City in order to keep the turbulent populace away from the Round City to ensure that the gates would not be open at night for markets. Over time, the markets became diverse and a home to merchants and craftsmen. Officials with the title of “Muhtasib” were hired to look after markets to prevent cheating and check the weighs and measures of stocks.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanians, which was located some 30 km (19 mi) to the southeast. Today, all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of <a href="/wiki/Salman_Pak" title="Salman Pak">Salman Pak</a>, just to the south of Greater Baghdad which is where <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a> is believed to have been buried. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>, the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, which had earlier replaced the city of Babylon. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Floods_in_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1468 painting of Floods in Baghdad by Shirwan</figcaption></figure> According to the traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, Baghdad was one of the largest cities,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] not including the damage it has received. The residents are mostly <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalis</a>. Baghdad is also home to the grave of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> where there is a cell and a mosque above it. The Sultan of Baghdad, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Bahadur_Khan" title="Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan">Abu Said Bahadur Khan</a>, was a Tatar king who embraced Islam.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In its early years, the city was known as a deliberate reminder of an expression in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, when it refers to <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197113-36">[34]</a> It took four years to build (764–768). Mansur assembled engineers, surveyors, and art constructionists from around the world to come together and draw up plans for the city. Over 100,000 construction workers came to survey the plans; many were distributed salaries to start the building of the city.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> July was chosen as the starting time because two <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naubakht" title="Naubakht">Naubakht Ahvazi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Iranian Jew</a>, believed that the city should be built under the sign of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian lion">lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197112-38">[36]</a> Leo is associated with fire and symbolizes productivity, pride, and expansion and Leo's connection symbolically to Mithra.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The bricks used to make the city were 18 in (460 mm) on all four sides. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifah</a> was the counter [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for both human consumption and the manufacture of the bricks. Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city, and marble steps led down to the river's edge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/220px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/220px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/330px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/440px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Round_City_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Round City of Baghdad">Round City of Baghdad</a> between 767 and 912 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4668" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/220px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/330px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/440px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Museum" title="Baghdadi Museum">Baghdad Museum</a> is a local <a href="/wiki/History_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="History museum">history museum</a>. It features 70 scenes from different periods using lifesize models presenting Baghdad life</figcaption></figure> The basic framework of the city consists of two large semicircles about 19 km (12 mi) in diameter. The inner city connecting them was designed as a circle about 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter, leading it to be known as the "Round City". The original design shows a single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring inside the first.<a href="#cite_note-ox-39">[37]</a> Within the city there were many parks, gardens, villas, and promenades.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> There was a large sanitation department, many fountains and public baths, and unlike contemporary <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> cities at the time, streets were frequently washed free of debris and trash.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In fact, by the time of Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad had a few thousand <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a>. These baths increased public hygiene and served as a way for the religious to perform ablutions as prescribed by Islam. Moreover, entry fees were usually so low that almost everyone could afford them.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrick_2012_67-42">[40]</a> In the center of the city lay the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, as well as headquarters for guards. The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown. The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Near Eastern <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban design</a>. The Sasanian city of <a href="/wiki/Firuzabad,_Fars" title="Firuzabad, Fars">Gur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, built 500 years before Baghdad, is nearly identical in its general circular design, radiating avenues, and the government buildings and temples at the center of the city. Much earlier, circular cities had existed in the Syro-Mesopotamian heartland, one of the better-known examples being <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Tell_Chuera" title="Tell Chuera">Tell Chuera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rawda_(tell)" title="Al-Rawda (tell)">Tell al-Rawda</a> also provide examples of this type of urban planning existing in bronze age <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. This style of urban planning contrasted with Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> urban planning, in which cities are designed as squares or rectangles with streets intersecting each other at right angles. Baghdad was a hectic city during the day and had many attractions at night. There were cabarets and taverns, halls for backgammon and chess, live plays, concerts, and acrobats. On street corners, storytellers engaged crowds with tales such as those later told in Arabian Nights.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrick_2012_67-42">[40]</a> Storytelling became a profession called "<a href="/wiki/Al-Qaskhun" title="Al-Qaskhun">al-Qaskhun</a>" which survived until the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1741"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Niebuhr1778bd2_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Contemporary sketch of Baghdad published by <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> in 1778</figcaption></figure> The four surrounding walls of Baghdad were named <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>; named because <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Baghdad" title="Gates of Baghdad">their gates</a> pointed in the directions of these destinations. The distance between these gates was a little less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi). Each gate had double doors that were made of iron; the doors were so heavy it took several men to open and close them. The wall itself was about 44 m thick at the base and about 12 m thick at the top. Also, the wall was 30 m high, which included <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a>, a solid part of an embattled parapet usually pierced by <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a>. This wall was surrounded by another wall with a thickness of 50 m. The second wall had towers and rounded merlons, which surrounded the towers. This outer wall was protected by a solid <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a>, which is made out of bricks and <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>. Beyond the outer wall was a water-filled moat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Golden Gate Palace, the residence of the caliph and his family, was in the heart of Baghdad, in the central square. In the central part of the building, there was a green dome that was 39m high. Surrounding the palace was an <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a>, a waterside building, in which only the caliph could come riding on horseback. In addition, the palace was near other mansions and officer's residences. Near the Gate of Syria, a building served as the home for the guards. It was made of brick and marble. The palace governor lived in the latter part of the building and the commander of the guards in the front. In 813, after the death of caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">Al-Amin</a>, the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197115-44">[42]</a> The roundness points to the fact that it was based on <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The two designers who were hired by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> to plan the city's design were <a href="/wiki/Naubakht" title="Naubakht">Naubakht</a>, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and <a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah</a>, a Jew from <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ref2-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_of_learning_(8th–9th_centuries)">Center of learning (8th–9th centuries)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Center of learning (8th–9th centuries)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="2750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, established in 1227, was one of the oldest universities in the world. Its building survived the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Mongol invasion</a> of 1258. The modern <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">Mustansiriyah University</a> was established in 1963.</figcaption></figure> Within a generation of its founding, Baghdad became a hub of <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>. The city flourished into an unrivaled intellectual center of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_translation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid translation movement">Abbasid translation movement</a> began under the second caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> and thrived under the seventh caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meri-48">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">Baytul-Hikmah</a> or the "House of Wisdom" was among the most well known academies,<a href="#cite_note-Kh-49">[47]</a> and had the largest selection of books in the world by the middle of the 9th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Notable scholars based in Baghdad during this time include translator <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a>, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a>, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kh-49">[47]</a> Although Arabic was used as the international language of science, the scholarship involved not only Arabs, but also <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriacs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibad" title="Ibad">Arab Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> and people from other ethnic and religious groups native to the region.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> These are considered among the fundamental elements that contributed to the flourishing of scholarship in the Medieval Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Baghdad was also a significant center of Islamic religious learning, with <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> contributing to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazili</a> theology, as well as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> culminating in the scholarship on the <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quranic exegesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meri-48">[46]</a> Baghdad is likely to have been the <a href="/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" title="Historical urban community sizes">largest city in the world</a> from shortly after its foundation until the 930s, when it tied with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> tales, widely known as the Arabian Nights, are set in Baghdad during this period. It would surpass even Constantinople in prosperity and size.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_murjan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/220px-Khan_murjan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9963" data-file-height="6580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/220px-Khan_murjan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/330px-Khan_murjan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Khan_murjan.jpg/440px-Khan_murjan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khan_Murjan" title="Khan Murjan">Khan Murjan</a>, built in the 14th century as a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a></figcaption></figure> Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries. Many of the Abbasid caliphs were patrons of learning and enjoyed collecting both ancient and contemporary literature. Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature, the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale. Many of these libraries were private collections intended only for the use of the owners and their immediate friends, but the libraries of the caliphs and other officials soon took on a public or a semi-public character.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-63">[61]</a> Four great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period. The earliest was that of the famous <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a>, who was caliph from 813 to 833. Another was established by <a href="/wiki/Sabur_ibn_Ardashir" title="Sabur ibn Ardashir">Sabur ibn Ardashir</a> in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-63">[61]</a> This second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only seventy years after it was established. This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-63">[61]</a> The last two were examples of madrasa or theological college libraries. The <a href="/wiki/Nezamiyeh" title="Nezamiyeh">Nezamiyeh</a> was founded by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, who was vizier of two early Seljuk sultans.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-63">[61]</a> It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258. The <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriyah madrasa</a>, which owned an exceedingly rich library, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">Al-Mustansir</a>, the second last Abbasid caliph, who died in 1242.<a href="#cite_note-mackensen-63">[61]</a> This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stagnation_and_invasions_(10th–16th_centuries)">Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/175px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 233px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/175px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/262px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg/349px-AlKhulafa_Mosque_in_Baghdad_46.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Khulafa_Mosque" title="Al-Khulafa Mosque">Al-Khulafa mosque</a> retains an Abbasid-era minaret</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zubaida_tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/220px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/220px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/330px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zubaida_tomb.JPG/440px-Zubaida_tomb.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zumurrud_Khatun_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zumurrud Khatun Mosque">Zumurrud Khatun Tomb</a> in Baghdad (built in 1202 AD)</figcaption></figure> By the 10th century, the city's population was between 1.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Modelski-64">[62]</a> and 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Baghdad's early meteoric growth eventually slowed due to troubles within the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, including relocations of the capital to <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a> (during 808–819 and 836–892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Buwayhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buwayhid">Buwayhids</a> (945–1055) and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> (1055–1135). The <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> were a clan of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> from Central Asia that converted to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> branch of Islam. In 1040, they destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, taking over their land and in 1055, <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Beg">Tughril Beg</a>, the leader of the Seljuks, took over Baghdad. The Seljuks expelled the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> of Shiites that had ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad. They ruled as <a href="/wiki/Sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans">Sultans</a> in the name of the Abbasid caliphs (they saw themselves as being part of the Abbasid regime). Tughril Beg saw himself as the protector of the Abbasid Caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Baghdad was captured in <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1394)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1394)">1394</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1534)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1534)">1534</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1624)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1624)">1623</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">1638</a>. The city has been sieged in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(812%E2%80%93813)" title="Siege of Baghdad (812–813)">812</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_civil_war_(865%E2%80%93866)" title="Abbasid civil war (865–866)">865</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(946)" title="Battle of Baghdad (946)">946</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1157)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1157)">1157</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">1258</a> and in 1393 and 1401, by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>. In 1058, Baghdad was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> under the Turkish general Abu'l-Ḥārith Arslān al-Basasiri, an adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a> along with the 'Uqaylid Quraysh.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Not long before the arrival of the Saljuqs in Baghdad, al-Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam-Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam's behalf. It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'i</a>, al-Mu'ayyad al-Shirazi, had a direct role in supporting al-Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mawṣil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasit,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasit, Iraq">Wāsit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>. Soon after,<a href="#cite_note-Daftary,_Farhad_1990-68">[66]</a> by December 1058, a Shi'i <a href="/wiki/Adh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhān">adhān</a> (call to prayer) was implemented in Baghdad and a <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutbah</a> (sermon) was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph.<a href="#cite_note-Daftary,_Farhad_1990-68">[66]</a> Despite his Shi'i inclinations, Al-Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shi'is alike, for whom opposition to the Saljuq power was a common factor.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_Of_Baghdad_(Diez_Albums).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/300px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9472" data-file-height="5963"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/300px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/450px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/600px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Conquest of Baghdad</a> by the Mongols in 1258 CE</figcaption></figure> On 10 February 1258, Baghdad was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Hulegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulegu">Hulegu</a>, a grandson of Chingiz Khan (<a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>), during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The Mongols massacred most of the city's inhabitants, including the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">Al-Musta'sim</a>, and destroyed large sections of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dykes</a> forming the city's <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> system were also destroyed. During this time, in Baghdad, Christians and Shia were tolerated, while Sunnis were treated as enemies.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> It has been argued that this marked an end to the Islamic Golden Age and served a blow from which Islamic civilization never fully recovered.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/170px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="892"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/170px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/255px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/340px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> Turko-Mongol conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> sacked the city and spared almost no one</figcaption></figure> At this point, Baghdad was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, ruling from Iran. In August 1393, Baghdad was occupied by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> ("Tamerlane"),<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> by marching there in only eight days from <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jalayir" title="Ahmad Jalayir">Ahmad Jalayir</a> fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Barquq" title="Barquq">Barquq</a> protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the <a href="/wiki/Sarbadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbadar">Sarbadar</a> prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1394)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1394)">was driven out</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jalayir" title="Ahmad Jalayir">Ahmad Jalayir</a> returned. In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by Timur.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Baghdad became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalayirid">Jalayirid</a> (1400–1411), Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> (1411–1469), Turkic <a href="/wiki/White_Sheep_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sheep Turkmen">Ak Koyunlu</a> (1469–1508), and the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> (1508–1534) dynasties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_mamluks_(16th–19th_centuries)">Ottoman and mamluks (16th–19th centuries)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman and mamluks (16th–19th centuries)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad Vilayet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad_(1831%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Baghdad (1831–1917)">History of Baghdad (1831–1917)</a></div> In 1534, Baghdad was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)">captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, Baghdad continued into a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baghdad_(1831%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Baghdad (1831–1917)">period of decline</a>, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, which did not accept the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> control of the city. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%931639)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)">Between 1623 and 1638</a>, it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The city became part of an <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">eyalet</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_vilayet" title="Baghdad vilayet">vilayet</a>. For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century, under <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk dynasty of Iraq">Mamluk</a> government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha_(governor_of_Baghdad)" title="Ali Rıza Pasha (governor of Baghdad)">Ali Rıza Pasha</a> in 1831. From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Nam%C4%B1k_Pasha" title="Mehmed Namık Pasha">Mehmed Namık Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuttall_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuttall Encyclopedia">Nuttall Encyclopedia</a> reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Eyalet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1609).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad Eyalet in 1609"><noscript><img alt="Baghdad Eyalet in 1609" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/307px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/307px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png" data-alt="Baghdad Eyalet in 1609" data-width="205" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/461px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/615px-Baghdad_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad Eyalet</a> in 1609</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Vilayet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1900).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdad Vilayet in 1900"><noscript><img alt="Baghdad Vilayet in 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/375px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="1905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/375px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png" data-alt="Baghdad Vilayet in 1900" data-width="250" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/562px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png/750px-Baghdad_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad Vilayet</a> in 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Souk in Baghdad, 1876"><noscript><img alt="Souk in Baghdad, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/380px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg" decoding="async" width="254" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="505"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 254px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/380px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg" data-alt="Souk in Baghdad, 1876" data-width="254" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/569px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg/759px-Market-Place_of_Bagdad.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Souk in Baghdad, 1876</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/170px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/170px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/255px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg/340px-Shahbandar_Cafe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shabandar_Caf%C3%A9" title="Shabandar Café">Al-Shabandar Café</a> in Baghdad, 1923</figcaption></figure> Baghdad and southern Iraq remained under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule until 1917, when they were captured by the British during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-80">[78]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad fell in hands of the British forces</a> in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-:32-80">[78]</a> In 1920, Baghdad became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">British Mandate of Mesopotamia</a>, with several architectural and planning projects commissioned to reinforce this administration.<a href="#cite_note-:32-80">[78]</a> After receiving independence in 1932, the city became capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-80">[78]</a> During this period, the substantial Jewish community (probably exceeding 100,000 people) comprised between a quarter and a third of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-GhareebDougherty2004-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> On 1 April 1941, members of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a> staged <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">a coup in Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Rashid Ali al-Gaylani installed a pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> government to replace the pro-British government of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> On 31 May, after the resulting <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> and after Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and his government had fled, the Mayor of Baghdad surrendered to British and Commonwealth forces. On 1–2 June, during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a>, Jewish residents were attacked following rumors they had aided the British.<a href="#cite_note-:28-85">[83]</a> In what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a>, over 180 Jews were killed, 1,000 injured and hundreds of Jewish properties were ransacked.<a href="#cite_note-:28-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-86">[84]</a> Between 300 and 400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The Jews experienced further hardships. Between 1950 and 1951, Jews were targeted in series of bombings. According to <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a>, Israel was behind bombings, which is also believed by the majority of the Iraqis. The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. A development plan for Greater Baghdad was planned during the reign of King Faisal II. However, the project was ceased, when new the government came to power. On 14 July 1958, members of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Abdul-Karim Qasim">Abdul-Karim Qasim</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[86]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a>, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a>, former Regent Prince <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ilah" title="Abd al-Ilah">Abd al-Ilah</a>, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[86]</a> Many of the victim's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[86]</a> Baghdad was also site for opposition and coup attempts against Qasim's rule by Arab nationalists. During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Price of petroleum">price of petroleum</a>, Iraq's main export.<a href="#cite_note-:29-89">[87]</a> New <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> including modern sewerage, water, and highway facilities were built during this period.<a href="#cite_note-:29-89">[87]</a> The masterplans of the city in 1967 and 1973 were delivered by the Polish planning office Miastoprojekt-Kraków, mediated by Polservice.<a href="#cite_note-:29-89">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam International Airport">Saddam International Airport</a> was opened in 1982. However, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">army</a> and thousands of residents were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:30-90">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad in retaliation for Iraqi Army's continuous bombardments of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran's</a> residential districts.<a href="#cite_note-:30-90">[88]</a> Between 1990 and 1991, the city was impacted by the Gulf War. The multinational alliance targeted numerous sites in Baghdad, in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">Gulf War air campaign</a>. Baghdad was bombed during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">multinational alliance force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Shortly after the end of the war, civil unrest began in the city, during the 1991 uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship,_Imperialism_and_Chaos:_Iraq_Since_19892-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a>, a Shia populated neighborhood, was sight of clashes between Shia rebels and the Ba'ath Forces <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a>, which is known as the battle of Saddam City in March 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship,_Imperialism_and_Chaos:_Iraq_Since_1989-94">[92]</a> However, as the situations eased, the government began beautifying the city. Saddam built numerous palaces across the country, as well as in Baghdad. He also constructed several monuments in Baghdad. Many of them were built around war-torn period. Most of the palaces were built after the two wars. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg/220px-001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3399"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg/220px-001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg/330px-001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg/440px-001126-AlMutanabbi-Baghdad-IMG_8168-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Baghdad in 2022</figcaption></figure> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">huge damage</a> to Baghdad's transportation, power, and sanitary infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition forces</a> launched massive aerial assaults in the city in the war. After the invasion, the airport was renamed as Baghdad International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">fall of Baghdad</a>, the government lost its power.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Saddam's statue was toppled</a> at <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">Firdos Square</a>, which marked the overthrow of his regime.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a> Also two minor riots took place in 2003, on 21 July and 2 October, caused some disturbance in the population.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-97">[95]</a> Religious and ethnic minorities such as Christians, Mandaeans and Jews began leaving the city, with fear of getting targeted in the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:33-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:34-99">[97]</a> As they were subjected of kidnapping, death threats and attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:34-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-98">[96]</a> The Iraqi Film Archive building was also bombed by the coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> took place from 2003 to 2011, but an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">insurgency</a> lasted until 2013.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> It was followed by <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">another war</a> from 2013 to 2017 and a <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-level</a> insurgency from 2017, which included <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">January 2018</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Baghdad bombings">January 2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Priceless collection of artifacts in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> was looted by Iraqi citizens during the 2003 US-led invasion.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Baghdad's historic Jewish Quarter came to decline, as the war increased fear among the Jews. Numerous Assyrian Christians and Iraqi Mandaean families fled the city. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Library_and_Archive" title="Iraq National Library and Archive">National Library</a> were destroyed. The city also hosts various protests and rallies. In December 2015, Baghdad was selected by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as the first Arab city of the center of literary creativity.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The city attracted global media attention on 3 January 2020, when Iranian general <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">assassinated in a U.S. drone strike</a> near Baghdad Airport.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called "<a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Risafa</a>" and the Western half known as "<a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a>". The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying, being of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">quaternary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Tigris as it flows through Baghdad"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/1000px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="542"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/1000px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/1500px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/2000px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_(2016).jpg" title="File:Tigris River in Baghdad (2016).jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Tigris as it flows through Baghdad</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Baghdad has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> BWh), featuring extremely hot, prolonged, dry summers and mild to cool, slightly wet, short winters. In the summer, from June through August, the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 °C (111 °F) and accompanied by sunshine. Rainfall has been recorded on fewer than half a dozen occasions at this time of year and has never exceeded 1 mm (0.04 in).<a href="#cite_note-Geert-107">[105]</a> Even at night, temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 °C (75 °F). Baghdad's record highest temperature of 51.8 °C (125.2 °F) was reached on 28 July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-record-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> is typically under 50% in summer due to Baghdad's distance from the marshy southern Iraq and the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer. Winter temperatures are typical of <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climates</a>. From December through February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), though highs above 21 °C (70 °F) are not unheard of. Lows below freezing occur a couple of times per year on average.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November through March, averages approximately 150 mm (5.91 in), but has been as high as 338 mm (13.31 in) and as low as 37 mm (1.46 in).<a href="#cite_note-Geert-107">[105]</a> On 11 January 2008, light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Snowfall was again reported on 11 February 2020, with accumulations across the city.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Baghdad (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #B70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.7 (116.1) </td> <td style="background: #8F0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.6 (121.3) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8 (125.2) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.0 (122.0) </td> <td style="background: #9F0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.4 (119.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2 (104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #710000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.8 (125.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2 (108.0) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 (112.5) </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 (112.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3 (104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7 (16.3) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (0.65) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (0.62) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (0.64) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (0.30) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (0.93) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (0.67) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">124.7 (4.91) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.7 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.4 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">348.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">347.2 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">353.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">315.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,240.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/WMO" class="mw-redirect" title="WMO">WMO</a> (precipitation days 1976-2008)<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO-114">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Climate & Temperature<a href="#cite_note-climatetemp-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_and_districts_in_Baghdad" title="List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad">List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagdad-sat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/220px-Bagdad-sat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/220px-Bagdad-sat.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/330px-Bagdad-sat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bagdad-sat.JPG/440px-Bagdad-sat.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Baghdad as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> Administratively, Baghdad Governorate is divided into <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">districts</a> which are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">sub-districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> Municipally, the governorate is divided into 9 municipalities, which have responsibility for local issues.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> Regional services, however, are coordinated and carried out by a mayor who oversees the municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> The governorate council is responsible for the governorate-wide policy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> These official subdivisions of the city served as administrative centers for the delivery of municipal services but until 2003 had no political function.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> Beginning in April 2003, the U.S. controlled <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA) began the process of creating new functions for these.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> The process initially focused on the election of neighborhood councils in the official neighborhoods, elected by neighborhood caucuses.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighborhood to explain local government, to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends, relatives and neighbors to subsequent meetings.<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> Each neighborhood process ultimately ended with a final meeting where candidates for the new neighborhood councils identified themselves and asked their neighbors to vote for them. Once all 88 (later increased to 89) neighborhood councils were in place, each neighborhood council elected representatives from among their members to serve on one of the city's nine district councils. The number of neighborhood representatives on a district council is based upon the neighborhood's population. The next step was to have each of the nine district councils elect representatives from their membership to serve on the 37 member Baghdad City Council. This three tier system of local government connected the people of Baghdad to the central government through their representatives from the neighborhood, through the district, and up to the city council. The same process was used to provide representative councils for the other communities in Baghdad Province outside of the city itself. There, local councils were elected from 20 neighborhoods (Nahia) and these councils elected representatives from their members to serve on six district councils (Qada). As within the city, the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council. The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council. As before, the representatives to the Provincial Council were elected by their peers from the lower councils in numbers proportional to the population of the districts they represent. The 41 member Provincial Council took office in February 2004 and served until national elections held in January 2005, when a new Provincial Council was elected. This system of 127 separate councils may seem overly cumbersome; however, Baghdad Province is home to approximately seven million people. At the lowest level, the neighborhood councils, each council represents an average of 75,000 people. The nine District Advisory Councils (DAC) are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-:4-117">[115]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a>)<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a> (Thawra)<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Rashid,_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Rashid, Baghdad">Al Rashid</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a> (Tisaa Nissan) (9 April)<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></li></ul> The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a selection (rather than a complete list) of these neighborhoods: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Ghazaliya" title="Ghazaliya">Ghazaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27amiriya" title="Al-A'amiriya">Al-A'amiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jadriya" title="Al-Jadriya">Al-Jadriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hebnaa" title="Al-Hebnaa">Al-Hebnaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayouna" title="Zayouna">Zayouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saydiya" title="Al-Saydiya">Al-Saydiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27adoon" title="Al-Sa'adoon">Al-Sa'adoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shu%27ala" title="Al-Shu'ala">Al-Shu'ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahmudiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mahmudiyah">Al-Mahmudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Al-Moatham" title="Bab Al-Moatham">Bab Al-Moatham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyaa" title="Baiyaa">Al-Baya'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Za%27franiya" title="Al-Za'franiya">Al-Za'franiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Ur" title="Hayy Ur">Hayy Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ab,_Baghdad" title="Sha'ab, Baghdad">Sha'ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia" title="Jamia">Hayy Al-Jami'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adel" title="Al-Adel">Al-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khadhraa" title="Al Khadhraa">Al Khadhraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayy Al-Jihad">Hayy Al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-A%27amel" title="Hayy Al-A'amel">Hayy Al-A'amel</a></li> <li>Hayy Aoor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya,_Baghdad" title="Al-Hurriya, Baghdad">Al-Hurriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydar-Khana" title="Haydar-Khana">Haydar-Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Shurtta" title="Hayy Al-Shurtta">Hayy Al-Shurtta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk,_Baghdad" title="Yarmouk, Baghdad">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesr_Diyala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesr Diyala">Jesr Diyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Disher" title="Abu Disher">Abu Disher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maidan_Square" title="Al-Maidan Square">Al-Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghiba_Khatoun" title="Raghiba Khatoun">Raghiba Khatoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jibor" title="Arab Jibor">Arab Jibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fathel" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fathel">Al-Fathel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ubedy" title="Al-Ubedy">Al-Ubedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Washash" title="Al-Washash">Al-Washash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wazireya" title="Al-Wazireya">Al-Wazireya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Bataween</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notable_streets">Notable streets</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable streets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/330px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg/440px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abu Nuwas Street</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/330px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg/440px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street" title="Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilla_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilla Road (page does not exist)">Hilla Road</a> – Runs from the north into Baghdad via <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk (Baghdad)">Yarmouk (Baghdad)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caliphs_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caliphs Street (page does not exist)">Caliphs Street</a> – site of historical mosques and churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27doun_Street" title="Al-Sa'doun Street">Al-Sa'doun Street</a> – stretching from <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Square,_Baghdad" title="Liberation Square, Baghdad">Liberation Square</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masbah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masbah (page does not exist)">Masbah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Nuwas_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Nuwas Street (page does not exist)">Abu Nuwas Street</a> – runs along the Tigris from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumhouriya_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumhouriya Bridge (page does not exist)">Jumhouriya Bridge</a> to 14 July Suspended Bridge</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascus Street (page does not exist)">Damascus Street</a> – goes from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascus Square (page does not exist)">Damascus Square</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Airport_Road" title="Baghdad Airport Road">Baghdad Airport Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a> – A street with numerous bookshops, named after the 10th century Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabia_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabia Street (page does not exist)">Rabia Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbataash_Tamuz_(14th_July)_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbataash Tamuz (14th July) Street (page does not exist)">14th July Street</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosul_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosul Road (page does not exist)">Mosul Road</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muthana_al-Shaibani_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muthana al-Shaibani Street (page does not exist)">Muthana al-Shaibani Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bor_Saeed_(Port_Said)_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bor Saeed (Port Said) Street (page does not exist)">Bor Saeed (Port Said) Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thawra_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thawra Street (page does not exist)">Thawra Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qanat_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qanat Street (page does not exist)">Al-Qanat Street</a> – runs through Baghdad north-south</li> <li>Al-Khat al-Sare'a – Mohammed al-Qasim (high speed lane) – runs through Baghdad, north–south</li> <li>Industry Street runs by the University of Technology – center of the computer trade in Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Nidhal_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Nidhal Street (page does not exist)">Al Nidhal Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rasheed_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rasheed Street">Al-Rasheed Street</a> – city center Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jumhuriya_Street" title="Al-Jumhuriya Street">Al-Jumhuriya Street</a> – city center Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falastin_Street" title="Falastin Street">Falastin Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tariq_al-Muaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tariq al-Muaskar (page does not exist)">Tariq al-Muaskar</a> – (Al-Rasheed Camp Road)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhrot_street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhrot street (page does not exist)">Akhrot street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Airport_Road" title="Baghdad Airport Road">Baghdad Airport Road</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Baghdad's population was estimated at 7.22 million in 2015. The surrounding metropolian region's population is estimated to be 10,500,000. It is second largest city in the Arab world, after Cairo and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of largest metropolitan areas in the Middle East">fourth largest metropolitan area</a> in the Middle East after Cairo and Tehran. At the beginning of the 21st century, some 1.5 million people migrated to Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">2013–2017 war</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Islamic State's invasion in 2014</a> caused hundreds of thousands of Iraqi internally displaced people to flee to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The vast majority of Baghdad's population are Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Minority ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Feyli_(tribe)" title="Feyli (tribe)">Feyli Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriacs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The city was also home to a large <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community and regularly visited by <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> pilgrims from India.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> The historic "Assyrian Quarter" of the city — <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a>, which boasted a population of 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in 2003, made up over 3% of the capital's Assyrian population then.<a href="#cite_note-:3-129">[127]</a> The community has been subject to <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">death threats</a>, vandalism, and <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">house burnings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-:3-129">[127]</a> As of the end of 2014, only 1,500 Assyrians remained in Dora.<a href="#cite_note-:3-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The majority of the citizens are Muslims with minorities of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yezidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandeans</a> also present.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-130">[128]</a> There are many religious centers distributed around the city including mosques, churches, synagogues and Mashkhannas cultic huts.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-130">[128]</a> The city historically has a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> population, but by the early 21st century around 52% of the city's population were <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Iraqi Shi'ites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> Sunni Muslims make up 29–34% of Iraq's population and they are still a majority in west and north Iraq. As early as 2003, about 20 percent of the population of the city was the result of mixed marriages between Shi'ites and Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">civil war</a> between the Sunni and Shia militia groups during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">U.S. occupation of Iraq</a>, the population of Sunnis significantly decreased as they were pushed out of many neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Masjid Al-Kadhimain</a> is a shrine that is located in the <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadhimiyyah">Kādhimayn suburb</a> of Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-dome-132">[130]</a> It contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Shi'ite Imams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi">Muhammad at-Taqi</a> respectively, upon whom the title of Kādhimayn ("Two who swallow their anger") was bestowed.<a href="#cite_note-KazemOmmolKitab-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-dome-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Jawadain2009-130">[128]</a> Many Shi'ites travel to the mosque from far away places to commemorate those imams. Before the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003, Baghdad was home to more than 300,000 Christians,<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-135">[133]</a> primarily concentrated in several neighborhoods with a Christian majority, the most notable being al-<a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">al-Dora</a>, which had around 150,000 Christians before the war.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christian community in Baghdad</a> is divided among various denominations, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-135">[133]</a> There is also a significant presence of followers of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, along with the largest <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> and Protestant communities in Iraq, which is also located in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The city serves as the headquarters of the Chaldean Catholic Church, with its see located in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> has its see in the Cathedral of the Virgin.<a href="#cite_note-:27-135">[133]</a> The city was home to a large Jewish community, which numbered around 150,000, constituting around 25% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Baghdad was leading center for Jewish learning in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Due to increase in persecution of Jews, most of them fled Iraq in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-:35-141">[139]</a> Until the 2003 war, Iraq retained a substantial Jewish community of 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-:35-141">[139]</a> Around 500 to 600 Jews lived in Baghdad, primarily in old Jewish quarters of <a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Bataween</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorja" title="Shorja">Shorja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meir_Taweig_Synagogue" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue">Meir Taweig Synagogue</a> is Bataween is currently the only active synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Habibiyah_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery">Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-143">[141]</a> Baghdad and its vicinity is home to numerous historic Jewish sites. The city is home to over 60 synagogues, which were active before the Jewish exodus.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[140]</a> Today, around 100 Jews live in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:26-143">[141]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a> district of Baghdad, was the house of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, (Prophet Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baha'i Faith</a>) also known as the "Most Great House" (Bayt-i-Aʻzam) and the "House of God," where <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a> mostly resided from 1853 to 1863. It is considered a holy place and a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">place of pilgrimage by Baha'i's</a> according to their "<a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Most Holy Book</a>".<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> On 23 June 2013, the house was destroyed under unclear circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Iraqi Mandaeans</a> live in Baghdad, primarily in al-Qadisiyah and Dora.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad_Governorate-146">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad</a> is located in al-Qadisiyyah.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad_Governorate-146">[144]</a> Before 2003, Baghdad was regularly visited by Sikh pilgrims from India.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Baba_Nanak_Shrine" title="Baba Nanak Shrine">Baba Nanak Shrine</a>, which is a sacred site in Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a> It was destroyed during the Iraq War in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Baghdad-126">[124]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque"><noscript><img alt="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/270px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/270px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg" data-alt="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/406px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg/541px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Al-Kadhimiya Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad"><noscript><img alt="Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/251px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 168px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/251px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg" data-alt="Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad" data-width="168" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/376px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg/501px-%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Gregory_Armenian_Church" title="St. Gregory Armenian Church">Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Sarrai Mosque"><noscript><img alt="Al-Sarrai Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/279px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/279px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg" data-alt="Al-Sarrai Mosque" data-width="186" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/418px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg/558px-Al-_Saray_Mosque_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarai_Mosque" title="Al-Sarai Mosque">Al-Sarrai Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue in Baghdad"><noscript><img alt="Meir Taweig Synagogue in Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/324px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="711"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 216px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/324px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg" data-alt="Meir Taweig Synagogue in Baghdad" data-width="216" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/486px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg/649px-Baghdad_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Meir_Taweig_Synagogue" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue">Meir Taweig Synagogue</a> in Baghdad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad"><noscript><img alt="Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/270px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/270px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg" data-alt="Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/405px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg/540px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Mandaean Mandi</a> of Baghdad</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_....jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Hotel" title="Ishtar Hotel">Ishtar Hotel</a></figcaption></figure> Baghdad is the financial and commercial center of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> It accounts for 22.2% of Iraq's population and 40% of the country's gross domestic product (PPP).<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> Most of the economic contribution of Iraq geographically is from Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> During the Abbasid-era, the city emerged as one of the world's leading economic centers.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> Under the leadership of King Faisal II, Baghdad was introduced by a bulk of projects.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> These projects were stopped, after the change in regime.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> Being capital of Iraq, Baghdad is home to government institutions and state enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> The city serves as headquarters to several Iraqi banks and regional base for multinational company.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> Since the end of the war, Baghdad has hosted several business summit, industrial exhibitions and trade fairs.<a href="#cite_note-:24-147">[145]</a> It was once one of the main destinations in the country and the region with a wealth of cultural attractions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-148">[146]</a> Tourism has diminished since the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iraq-Iran war</a> and later during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S invasion</a>, but in recent years Baghdad has become a main tourist destination although it is still facing challenges.<a href="#cite_note-:7-149">[147]</a> There are numerous historic, scientific and artistic museums in Baghdad which include, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Museum" title="Baghdadi Museum">Baghdadi Museum</a>, Natural History Museum and several others.<a href="#cite_note-:8-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-151">[149]</a> Baghdad is known for its famous <a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi street</a> which is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literary and intellectual community.<a href="#cite_note-:0-152">[150]</a> The annual International Book Fair in Baghdad is well known to the international publishing world as a promising publishing event in the region after years of instability.<a href="#cite_note-:0-152">[150]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/330px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/440px-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of downtown Baghdad, March 2017</figcaption></figure>Iraqi companies including <a href="/w/index.php?title=BaghTel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BaghTel (page does not exist)">BaghTel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_Baghdad" title="Fly Baghdad">Fly Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Trade Bank of Iraq">Trade Bank of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank of Iraq</a> have established their headquarters in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:10-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-155">[153]</a> Multinational corporations — <a href="/wiki/First_Abu_Dhabi_Bank" title="First Abu Dhabi Bank">First Abu Dhabi Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/SalamAir" title="SalamAir">SalamAir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransabank" title="Fransabank">Fransabank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_National_Bank" title="Saudi National Bank">Saudi National Bank</a> operates regional headquarters in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:12-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Most of these offices are located in Al-Rashid Street and the downtown Baghdad. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg/220px-Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg/220px-Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg/330px-Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg/440px-Baghdad_South_Power_Station_-_October_2003_-_general_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Baghdad Power Station</figcaption></figure> Baghdad, just like other governorates such as <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">Qadissiya</a>, contains metals such as aluminum, ceramics, nickel, manganese and chromium.<a href="#cite_note-:25-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-160">[158]</a> An oilfield is located in eastern Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-:25-159">[157]</a> The city is home to a large oil refinery in <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a>, known as "Dora Refinery".<a href="#cite_note-:25-159">[157]</a> it is the third largest refinery in Iraq in terms of production.<a href="#cite_note-:25-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-160">[158]</a> Subsequently, the city have produced a wide variety of consumer and industrial goods, including processed foods and beverages, tobacco, textiles, clothes, leather goods, wood products, furniture, paper and printed material, bricks and cement, chemicals, plastics, electrical equipment, and metal and nonmetallic products.<a href="#cite_note-:15-160">[158]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">Iraqi reconstruction</a> efforts have been devoted to the restoration and repair of badly damaged urban infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:16-161">[159]</a> More visible efforts at reconstruction through private development, like architect and urban designer <a href="/wiki/Hisham_N._Ashkouri" title="Hisham N. Ashkouri">Hisham N. Ashkouri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq#Proposed_Baghdad_Renaissance_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">Baghdad Renaissance Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sindbad_Hotel_Complex_and_Conference_Center" title="Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center">Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center</a> have also been made.<a href="#cite_note-:16-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-162">[160]</a> A plan was proposed by a Government agency to rebuild a tourist island in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-162">[160]</a> Investors were sought to develop a "romantic island" on the River Tigris that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlyweds. The project would include a six-star hotel, spa, an 18-hole golf course and a country club. In addition, the go-ahead has been given to build numerous architecturally unique skyscrapers along the Tigris that would develop the city's financial center in Kadhehemiah.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC/id/26425911-163">[161]</a> In late 2009, a construction plan was proposed to rebuild the heart of Baghdad, but the plan was never realized because corruption was involved in it.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-164">[162]</a> The Baghdad Eye <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheel</a>, proposed in August 2008,<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC/id/26425911-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-168">[166]</a> was installed at the Al-Zawraa Park in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:21-169">[167]</a> In May 2010, a new large scale residential and commercial project called Baghdad Gate was announced.<a href="#cite_note-:22-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-171">[169]</a> In August 2010, <a href="/wiki/British_Iraqis" title="British Iraqis">Iraqi-British</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a>, was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad. Initial talks about the project were held in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, on 14 August 2010, in the presence of the bank governor <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Al_Shabibi" title="Sinan Al Shabibi">Sinan al-Shabibi</a>. On 2 February 2012, Hadid joined <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Al_Shabibi" title="Sinan Al Shabibi">Sinan al-Shabibi</a> at a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to sign the agreement between the bank and <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid_Architects" title="Zaha Hadid Architects">her firm</a> for the design stages of the new building. The construction was postponed in 2015 due to economical problems, but started again in 2019. Since the end of the war, Baghdad has experienced improvement in the private sector, with launch of modern trends such as startups and incubation centers.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Baghdad lacks substantial public transportation, and <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxis</a> are the primary means of transportation in the city. Roads in Baghdad are noted to be especially congested.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Airways" title="Iraqi Airways">Iraqi Airways</a>, the national airline of Iraq, operates out of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a> in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The airport was opened in 1982 by Saddam Hussein as Saddam International Airport. It was renamed when it came under control of the coalition forces during the country's invasion in 2003. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_Baghdad_Metro">Planned Baghdad Metro</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Planned Baghdad Metro" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Metro" title="Baghdad Metro">Baghdad Metro</a></div> The Baghdad Metro project was first proposed during the 1970s but did not come into fruition due to wars and sanctions. After the Iraq war, Iraqi authorities intended to revive the project, but it was again delayed due to domestic instability.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> In 2019, it was reported that Korean <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> would be commencing construction of the project.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> However, the planned construction did not happen. As of February 2024, the current plan consist of fully electric and automated (driverless) trains running on an extensive railway network consisting of an underground railway portion as well as an elevated railway. The proposed Baghdad Metro system includes seven main lines with a total length of more than 148 kilometres, 64 metro stations, four workshops and depots for trains, several operations control centers (OCC) and seven main power stations (MPS) with a capacity of 250 mega-watts, and several Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) towers. The metro will be equipped with CCTV and internet as well as USB ports for charging. Special compartments will be allocated for women and children as well as seats for people with special needs, pregnant women, and the elderly. The metro stations will be connected to other public transport networks such as buses and taxis, and 10 parking spaces will be available for commuters. The planned operating speed will be 80–140 km/hour with an estimated 3.25 million riders per day.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> In July 2024, it was announced that an international consortium of French, Spanish, and Turkish companies as well as <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> was awarded $17.5 billion to construct Baghdad's metro.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The consortium includes Alstom, <a href="/wiki/Systra" class="mw-redirect" title="Systra">Systra</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/SENER" title="SENER">SENER</a>. The project is predicated upon the scheme of design, build, finance, operation, maintenance and transfer, and is estimated to be completed in May 2029.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-Al-Faw_palace_on_the_Victory_Base_Complex_in_Baghdad%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Al-Faw palace, today serves as the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_International_School_(school_sign_at_night).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/220px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/220px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/330px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg/440px-Baghdad_International_School_%28school_sign_at_night%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_School" title="Baghdad International School">Baghdad International School</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> was a major academy and public center in Baghdad. The <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasa</a> was established in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir. The name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">al-Mustansiriya University</a> in 1963. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> is the largest university in Iraq and the second largest in the Arab world. Prior to the Gulf War, multiple <a href="/wiki/International_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="International schools">international schools</a> operated in Baghdad, including: <ul><li>École française de Bagdad<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></li> <li>Deutsche Schule Bagdad<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></li> <li>Baghdad Japanese School (バグダッド日本人学校), a <a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonjin gakko">nihonjin gakko</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">Mustansiriya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_University" title="Iraqi University">Iraqi University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahrain_University" title="Nahrain University">Nahrain University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albayan_University" title="Albayan University">Albayan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Iraq" title="University of Technology, Iraq">University of Technology, Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad" title="American University of Iraq - Baghdad">American University of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Turath_University_College" title="Al Turath University College">Al-Turath University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijlah_University_College" title="Dijlah University College">Dijlah University College</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Arabic">Baghdad Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_culture_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Café culture of Baghdad">Café culture of Baghdad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/220px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/220px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/330px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg/440px-Iraqi_National_Orchestra.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> performing in July 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/220px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/220px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/330px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg/440px-Iraq-National_unity_ballet2_600.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The National Ballet performing in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Church.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/220px-Assyrian_Church.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/220px-Assyrian_Church.png" data-width="220" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/330px-Assyrian_Church.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Assyrian_Church.png/440px-Assyrian_Church.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Convention_Center_inside.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Baghdad Convention Center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/220px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/220px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/330px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg/440px-Al-Ma%27mun%27s_Telecommunication_Center.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Al-Ma'mun's Telecommunication Center in downtown Baghdad</figcaption></figure> Baghdad has always played a significant role in the broader <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab cultural sphere</a>, contributing several significant writers, musicians and visual artists. Famous <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> poets and singers such as <a href="/wiki/Nizar_Qabbani" title="Nizar Qabbani">Nizar Qabbani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairuz" title="Fairuz">Fairuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Hamdani" title="Salah Al-Hamdani">Salah Al-Hamdani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilham_al-Madfai" title="Ilham al-Madfai">Ilham al-Madfai</a> and others have performed for the city. The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Arabic">Arabic spoken in Baghdad</a> today differs from that of other large urban centers in Iraq, having features more characteristic of nomadic Arabic dialects (Versteegh, The Arabic Language). It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sackings of the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. For poetry written about Baghdad, see <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Snir" title="Reuven Snir">Reuven Snir</a> (ed.), Baghdad: The City in Verse (Harvard, 2013).<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Baghdad joined the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">UNESCO Creative Cities Network</a> as a City of Literature in December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include the <a href="/wiki/National_Theater_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theater (Iraq)">National Theater</a>, which was looted during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, but efforts are underway to restore the theater.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The live theater industry received a boost during the 1990s, when UN <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theaters were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedies</a> and dramatic productions.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include <a href="/wiki/The_Music_and_Ballet_School_of_Baghdad" title="The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad">The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad</a> and the Institute of Fine Arts Baghdad. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra">Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra</a> is a government funded symphony orchestra in Baghdad. The INSO plays primarily classical European music, as well as original compositions based on Iraqi and Arab instruments and music. Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> and relics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilization">ancient civilization</a>; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city. During <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">US occupation of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/AFN_Iraq" title="AFN Iraq">AFN Iraq</a> ("Freedom Radio") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called "Dijlah" (named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River) that was created in 2004 as Iraq's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the <a href="/wiki/Jamia" title="Jamia">Jamia</a> neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Sights_of_interest">Sights of interest</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sights of interest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> whose collection of artifacts was looted during the 2003 US invasion, and the iconic Hands of Victory arches. Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Library_and_Archive" title="Iraq National Library and Archive">National Library</a> were destroyed under <a href="/wiki/Saddam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam">Saddam</a>'s command.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a> is located near the old quarter of Baghdad; at Al-Rasheed Street. It is the historic center of Baghdadi book-selling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls. It was named after the 10th-century classical Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2008-188">[186]</a> This street is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy and intellectual community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Zoo" title="Baghdad Zoo">Baghdad Zoo</a> used to be the largest <a href="/wiki/Zoological_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological park">zoological park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Within eight days following the 2003 invasion, however, only 35 of the 650 animals in the facility survived. This was a result of theft of some animals for human food, and starvation of caged animals that had no food. Conservationist <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Anthony" title="Lawrence Anthony">Lawrence Anthony</a> and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkeys they had bought locally.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Eventually <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> in Iraq after the invasion, ordered protection for the zoo and enlisted U.S. engineers to help reopen the facility.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_radio_4,_zoo-189">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Festivities_Square" title="Grand Festivities Square">Grand Festivities Square</a> is the main square where public celebrations are held and is also the home to three important monuments commemorating Iraqi's fallen soldiers and victories in war; namely Al-Shaheed Monument, the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Arch" title="Victory Arch">Victory Arch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Monument_to_the_Unknown_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monument to the Unknown Soldier">Unknown Soldier's Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a>, also known as the Martyr's Memorial, is a monument dedicated to the Iraqi soldiers who died in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. However, now it is generally considered by Iraqis to be for all of the martyrs of Iraq, especially those allied with Iran and Syria fighting ISIS, not just of the Iran–Iraq War. The monument was opened in 1983, and was designed by the Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and the Iraqi sculptor and artist <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fatah_Al_Turk" title="Ismail Fatah Al Turk">Ismail Fatah Al Turk</a>. During the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s government spent a lot of money on new monuments, which included the al-Shaheed Monument.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg/220px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="901"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg/220px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg/330px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg/440px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Qushla Square</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qushla" title="Qushla">Qushla</a> or Qishla is a public square and the historical complex located in <a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">al-Rusafa</a> neighborhood at the riverbank of <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>. Qushla and its surroundings is where the historical features and cultural capitals of Baghdad are concentrated, from the <a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a>, Abbasid-era palace and bridges, Ottoman-era mosques to the Mustansariyah Madrasa. The square developed during the Ottoman era as a military barracks. Today, it is a place where the citizens of Baghdad find leisure such as reading poetry in gazebos.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> It is characterized by the iconic clock tower which was donated by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>. The entire area is submitted to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iraq" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq">Tentative list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27dhamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="A'dhamiyyah">A'dhamiyyah</a> is a predominantly Sunni area with a <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Mosque" title="Abu Hanifa Mosque">Mosque</a> that is associated with the Sunni Imam Abu Hanifa. The name of Al-Aʿẓamiyyah is derived from Abu Hanifa's title, al-Imām al-Aʿẓam (the Great Imam).<a href="#cite_note-al-Aadhamy_-_p.29-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Mosque_of_Abu_Hanifa_and_its_school-195">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">Firdos Square</a> is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by U.S.-led coalition forces in a widely televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.</li> <li>The Jewish Quarter of Baghdad is centered around the <a href="/wiki/Bataween" title="Bataween">Al-Bataween</a>, At-Turat and <a href="/wiki/Shorja" title="Shorja">Shorja</a> districts, spread across <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Street" title="Al-Rashid Street">Al-Rashid Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sa%27doun_Street" title="Al-Sa'doun Street">Al-Sa'doun Street</a>. It contains historic homes, which were once homes of Jews. The houses of some of the well-known figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sassoon_Eskell" title="Sassoon Eskell">Sassoon Eskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salima_Pasha" title="Salima Pasha">Salima Pasha</a> are also located there. The district contains the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Baghdad" title="Great Synagogue of Baghdad">Great Synagogue of Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meir_Taweig_Synagogue" title="Meir Taweig Synagogue">Meir Taweig Synagogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Habibiyah_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery">Al-Habibiyah Jewish Cemetery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rasheed_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rasheed Street">Al-Rasheed Street</a> is one of the most significant landmarks in Baghdad. Located in al-Rusafa area, the street was an artistic, intellectual and cultural center for many Baghdadis. It also included many prominent theaters and nightclubs such as the Crescent Theatre where Egyptian Singer <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a> sang during her visit in 1932 as well as the Chakmakji Company that recorded the music of various Arab singers.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The street also contains famous and well-known landmarks including the ancient <a href="/wiki/Haydar-Khana_Mosque" title="Haydar-Khana Mosque">Haydar-Khana Mosque</a> as well as numerous well-known cafés such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahawi_Caf%C3%A9" title="Al-Zahawi Café">al-Zahawi Café</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Caf%C3%A9" title="Brazilian Café">Brazilian Café</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The Street is also notable for its architecture and aesthetic which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> and also includes the famous Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">shanasheel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbasid Palace"><noscript><img alt="Abbasid Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/143px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="5628"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/143px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg" data-alt="Abbasid Palace" data-width="96" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/214px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg/285px-Inbound3876607660648875635%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Palace" title="Abbasid Palace">Abbasid Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baghdadi Museum"><noscript><img alt="Baghdadi Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/374px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/374px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" data-alt="Baghdadi Museum" data-width="250" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/560px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/747px-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Museum" title="Baghdadi Museum">Baghdadi Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iraq National Museum"><noscript><img alt="Iraq National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/374px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/374px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg" data-alt="Iraq National Museum" data-width="250" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/560px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/747px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Zawra'a Park"><noscript><img alt="Al-Zawra'a Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/328px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="1869"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 219px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/328px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png" data-alt="Al-Zawra'a Park" data-width="219" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/491px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png/655px-Al-Zawra%27a_Park.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zawra%27a_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zawra'a Park (page does not exist)">Al-Zawra'a Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Salam Palace"><noscript><img alt="Al-Salam Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/139px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/139px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg" data-alt="Al-Salam Palace" data-width="93" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/209px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg/279px-Al_Salam_Palace_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/As-Salam_Palace" title="As-Salam Palace">Al-Salam Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DJK_8850tm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Faw Palace"><noscript><img alt="Al-Faw Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/328px-DJK_8850tm.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4552" data-file-height="2920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 219px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/328px-DJK_8850tm.jpg" data-alt="Al-Faw Palace" data-width="219" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/491px-DJK_8850tm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DJK_8850tm.jpg/655px-DJK_8850tm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace" title="Al-Faw Palace">Al-Faw Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum"><noscript><img alt="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2407"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg" data-alt="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/560px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim_Museum" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum">Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sport in Iraq</a></div> Baghdad is home to some of the most successful <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> teams in Iraq, the biggest being <a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC" title="Al-Shorta SC">Al-Shorta</a> (Police), <a href="/wiki/Al-Quwa_Al-Jawiya" title="Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya">Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya</a> (Air Force), <a href="/wiki/Al-Zawraa_SC" title="Al-Zawraa SC">Al-Zawraa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Talaba_SC" title="Al-Talaba SC">Al-Talaba</a> (Students). The largest stadium in Baghdad is <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaab_Stadium" title="Al-Shaab Stadium">Al-Shaab Stadium</a>, which was opened in 1966. In recent years, the capital has seen the building of several football stadiums which are meant be opened in near future. The city has also had a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> ever since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, known to Baghdadis simply as 'Races'. There are reports of pressures by the Islamists to stop this tradition due to the associated gambling.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>League </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Quwa_Al-Jawiya" title="Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya">Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya SC</a> </td> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC" title="Al-Shorta SC">Al-Shorta SC</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Zawraa_SC" title="Al-Zawraa SC">Al-Zawraa SC</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Talaba_SC" title="Al-Talaba SC">Al-Talaba SC</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><noscript><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="Egypt" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><noscript><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="North Korea" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><noscript><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="Iran" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraqi art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">List of mosques in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">List of places in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Baghdad" title="History of the Jews in Baghdad">History of the Jews in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Battle of Baghdad (2003)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbæɡdæd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav\/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Baghdad pronunciation (English).wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav/Baghdad_pronunciation_%28English%29.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_pronunciation_(English).wav" title="File:Baghdad pronunciation (English).wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAG-dad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəɡˈdæd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bəg-DAD</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بَغْدَاد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Baghdād, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[baɣˈdaːd]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/Baghdad.ogg\/Baghdad.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Baghdad.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Baghdad.ogg/Baghdad.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad.ogg" title="File:Baghdad.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-8"><a href="#cite_ref-population_8-0">^</a> Estimates of total population differ substantially. The CIA World Factbook estimated the 2020 population of Baghdad at 7,144,000.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> estimated the 2005 population at 5,904,000;<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties">2006 Lancet Report</a> states a population of 7,216,050;<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Mongabay gives a figure of 6,492,200 as of 2002.<a href="#cite_note-largestcities-7">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2011" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, Andrew (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916131027/http://islamic-arts.org/2011/baghdad-madinat-al-salam/">"Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam)"</a>. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamic-arts.org/2011/baghdad-madinat-al-salam/">the original</a> on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baghdad+%28Madinat+al-Salam%29&rft.pub=Islamic+Arts+%26+Architecture&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamic-arts.org%2F2011%2Fbaghdad-madinat-al-salam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/baghdad-population">"Baghdad Population Live"</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baghdad+Population+Live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Fbaghdad-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq">"Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2020.zip">(Archived 2020 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Baghdad">"Baghdad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009070155/https://www.britannica.com/place/Baghdad">Archived</a> 9 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_BurnhamRiyadh_LaftaShannon_DoocyLes_Roberts2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert Burnham; Riyadh Lafta; Shannon Doocy; Les Roberts (11 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2806%2969491-9/fulltext#article_upsell">"Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"</a>. The Lancet. 368 (9545): 1421–1428. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.88.4036">10.1.1.88.4036</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2969491-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69491-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17055943">17055943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23673934">23673934</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514134102/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69491-9/fulltext#article_upsell">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Mortality+after+the+2003+invasion+of+Iraq%3A+a+cross-sectional+cluster+sample+survey&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=9545&rft.pages=1421-1428&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23673934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2969491-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.88.4036%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17055943&rft.au=Gilbert+Burnham&rft.au=Riyadh+Lafta&rft.au=Shannon+Doocy&rft.au=Les+Roberts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%252806%252969491-9%2Ffulltext%23article_upsell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> (110 KB) </li> <li id="cite_note-largestcities-7"><a href="#cite_ref-largestcities_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Iraq.htm">"Cities and urban areas in Iraq with population over 100,000"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115025616/http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Iraq.htm">Archived</a> 15 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mongabay.com </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Largest Cities Through History"</a>. Geography.about.com. 6 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527095609/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2005. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/959115619/twin-suicide-bombings-in-baghdad-market-kill-and-wound-dozens">"Twin Suicide Bombings In Baghdad Market Kill At Least 32, Wound Over 100"</a>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521175609/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/21/959115619/twin-suicide-bombings-in-baghdad-market-kill-and-wound-dozens">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twin+Suicide+Bombings+In+Baghdad+Market+Kill+At+Least+32%2C+Wound+Over+100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F01%2F21%2F959115619%2Ftwin-suicide-bombings-in-baghdad-market-kill-and-wound-dozens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_11-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuri,_A.A.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duri, A.A. (2012). "Bag̲h̲dād". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0084">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bag%CC%B2h%CC%B2d%C4%81d&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0084&rft.au=Duri%2C+A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Baghdad">"Baghdad, Foundation and early growth"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 October 2015. <q>[...] the site located between present-day Al-Kāẓimiyyah and Al-Karkh and occupied by a Persian village called Baghdad, was selected by al-Manṣūr, the second caliph of the Abbāsid dynasty, for his capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Baghdad%2C+Foundation+and+early+growth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBaghdad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2019" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=7E75D9FF952E16EB73A7CFDF54E367A4">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names</a>. 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(1971). A concise Pahlavi Dictionary (p. 23, 16). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol">"BAGHDAD i. Before the Mongol Invasion – Encyclopædia Iranica"</a>. Iranicaonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BAGHDAD+i.+Before+the+Mongol+Invasion+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranicaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbaghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange_pg_10-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Strange_pg_10_16-0">^</a> Guy Le Strange, "Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian", pg 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Joneidi, F. (2007). متن‌های پهلوی. In Pahlavi Script and Language (Arsacid and Sassanid) نامه پهلوانی: آموزش خط و زبان پهلوی اشکانی و ساسانی (second ed., p. 109). Tehran: Balkh (نشر بلخ). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgianjournal.ge/image-page.html?view=item&id=300">"Persimmons surviving winter in Bagdati, Georgia"</a>. Georgian Journal. 22 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923104427/http://www.georgianjournal.ge/image-page.html?view=item&id=300">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Persimmons+surviving+winter+in+Bagdati%2C+Georgia&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgianjournal.ge%2Fimage-page.html%3Fview%3Ditem%26id%3D300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-19"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&q=baghdad+aramaic+christian+villages&pg=PA564">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936</a>. BRILL. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6"><bdi>978-90-04-08265-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204231802/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&q=baghdad+aramaic+christian+villages&pg=PA564">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913-1936&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08265-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5U3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbaghdad%2Baramaic%2Bchristian%2Bvillages%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL1987-20"><a href="#cite_ref-BRILL1987_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA564">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936</a>. BRILL. 1987. pp. 564–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6"><bdi>978-90-04-08265-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1025754805">1025754805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004095341/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA564">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913-1936&rft.pages=564-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1025754805&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08265-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5U3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Block_FriedmanKristen_Mossler_Figg2013" class="citation book cs1">John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg, eds. (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC">Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59094-9"><bdi>978-1-135-59094-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128003749/https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Travel%2C+and+Exploration+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-135-59094-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OmCfNI_SxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkmann_J.a.1968" class="citation book cs1">Brinkmann J.a. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iykVSxTD7usC">Political history of Post-Kassite Babylonia (1158-722 b. C.) (A)</a>. Pontificio Istituto Biblico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7653-243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7653-243-6"><bdi>978-88-7653-243-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204246/https://books.google.com/books?id=iykVSxTD7usC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+Post-Kassite+Babylonia+%281158-722+b.+C.%29+%28A%29&rft.pub=Pontificio+Istituto+Biblico&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-88-7653-243-6&rft.au=Brinkmann+J.a.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiykVSxTD7usC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall-Romana1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wall-Romana, Christophe (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">"An Areal Location of Agade"</a>. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 205–245, 244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373442">10.1086/373442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">546244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161165836">161165836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Areal+Location+of+Agade&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-245%2C+244&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161165836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373442&rft.aulast=Wall-Romana&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallaberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Sallaberger, Walther (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit</a>. Aage Westenholz. Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1"><bdi>978-3-7278-1210-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">43521617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akkade-Zeit+und+Ur+III-Zeit&rft.place=Freiburg%2C+Schweiz&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43521617&rft.isbn=978-3-7278-1210-1&rft.aulast=Sallaberger&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43521617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ما_معنى_اسم_مدينة_بغداد_ومن_سماه_؟-25"><a href="#cite_ref-%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%9F_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713093613/http://seenjeem.maktoob.com/question?category_id=4&level=L2&question_id=9510">"ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟"</a>. Seenjeem.maktoob.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seenjeem.maktoob.com/question?category_id=4&level=L2&question_id=9510">the original</a> on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%9F&rft.pub=Seenjeem.maktoob.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseenjeem.maktoob.com%2Fquestion%3Fcategory_id%3D4%26level%3DL2%26question_id%3D9510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejabat.google.com-26"><a href="#cite_ref-ejabat.google.com_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229160415/http://ejabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid=6981074380f32f74">"ما معنى (بغداد)؟ العراق العالم العربي الجغرافيا"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Questions and Answers">Google Ejabat</a> (in Arabic). 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Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Ejabat&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89+%28%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%29%D8%9F+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejabat.google.com%2Fejabat%2Fthread%3Ftid%3D6981074380f32f74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall-Romana1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wall-Romana, Christophe (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">"An Areal Location of Agade"</a>. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 234–238, 244–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373442">10.1086/373442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546244">546244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161165836">161165836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Areal+Location+of+Agade&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234-238%2C+244-245&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161165836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373442&rft.aulast=Wall-Romana&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallaberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Sallaberger, Walther (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit</a>. Aage Westenholz. Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1210-1"><bdi>978-3-7278-1210-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43521617">43521617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akkade-Zeit+und+Ur+III-Zeit&rft.place=Freiburg%2C+Schweiz&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43521617&rft.isbn=978-3-7278-1210-1&rft.aulast=Sallaberger&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43521617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorzine2005" class="citation book cs1">Corzine, Phyllis (2005). The Islamic Empire. Thomson Gale. pp. 68–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Empire&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Corzine&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Times History of the World. 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The Islamic Empire. Thomson Gale. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Empire&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Corzine&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197112-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiet197112_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiet1971">Wiet 1971</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-ox-39"><a href="#cite_ref-ox_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030325090348/http://islamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/Abbasid/baghdad.htm">"Abbasid Ceramics: Plan of Baghdad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/Abbasid/baghdad.htm">the original</a> on 25 March 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbasid+Ceramics%3A+Plan+of+Baghdad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk%2FAbbasid%2Fbaghdad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "Yakut: Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. 1000CE" </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobrick_2012_67-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bobrick_2012_67_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobrick_2012_67_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2019/5/16/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%ba%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%ae%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%82%d9%87%d9%89">"بالصور.. أبو تحسين آخر حكواتي في بغداد"</a>. الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1..+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fculture%2F2019%2F5%2F16%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b9%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a7%25d9%2582-%25d8%25a8%25d8%25ba%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25af-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2582%25d8%25b5%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588%25d9%2586-%25d8%25ad%25d9%2583%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa%25d9%258a-%25d9%2585%25d9%2582%25d9%2587%25d9%2589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiet197115-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiet197115_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiet1971">Wiet 1971</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattsteinPeter_Delius2000" class="citation book cs1">Hattstein, Markus; Peter Delius (2000). Islam Art and Architecture. Cologne: Könemann. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-2558-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-2558-4"><bdi>978-3-8290-2558-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-2558-4&rft.aulast=Hattstein&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Peter+Delius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, p.413. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-47"><a href="#cite_ref-ref2_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1994" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Donald R. (1994). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0457-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Science+and+Engineering&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Edinburgh+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0457-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meri-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_48-1">b</a> Gordon, M.S. (2006). Baghdad. In Meri, J.W. ed. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kh-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kh_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kh_49-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/26/baghdad-centre-of-scientific-world">When Baghdad was centre of the scientific world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214120137/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/26/baghdad-centre-of-scientific-world">Archived</a> 14 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1983" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater, E., ed. (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521200929">10.1017/chol9780521200929</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05494-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05494-2"><bdi>978-1-139-05494-2</bdi></a>. <q>The population of Hira comprised its townspeople, the 'Ibad "devotees", who were Nestorian Christians using Syriac as their liturgical and cultural language, though Arabic was probably the language of daily intercourse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521200929&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05494-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlig2013" class="citation book cs1">Ohlig, Karl-Heinz (2013). Early Islam – The hidden origins of Islam: new research into its early history. Prometheus Books. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-825-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-825-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/914334282">914334282</a>. <q>The 'Ibad are tribes made up of different Arabian families that became connected with Christianity in al-Hira.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+hidden+origins+of+Islam%3A+new+research+into+its+early+history&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914334282&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-825-6&rft.aulast=Ohlig&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeestonShahîd2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beeston, A.F.L.; Shahîd, Irfan (2012). 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July 1933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Natur.132S..55.">1933Natur.132S..55.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F132055c0">10.1038/132055c0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47244046">47244046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sir+Henry+Lyons%2C+F.R.S&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3323&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1933-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F132055c0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47244046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933Natur.132S..55.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F132055c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPormann2007" class="citation book cs1">Pormann, Peter E. 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The FASEB Journal. 20 (10): 1581–1586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.06-0803ufm">10.1096/fj.06-0803ufm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-6638">0892-6638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873881">16873881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40960150">40960150</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821205855/http://www.fasebj.org/content/20/10/1581.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Arab+science+in+the+golden+age+%28750%E2%80%931258+C.E.%29+and+today&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1581-1586&rft.date=2006-08-01&rft.issn=0892-6638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40960150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16873881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.06-0803ufm&rft.aulast=Falagas&rft.aufirst=Matthew+E.&rft.au=Zarkadoulia%2C+Effie+A.&rft.au=Samonis%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fasebj.org%2Fcontent%2F20%2F10%2F1581.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba2007" class="citation book cs1">Saliba, George (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F3981.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/3981.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-28288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-28288-8"><bdi>978-0-262-28288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Science+and+the+Making+of+the+European+Renaissance&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F3981.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-28288-8&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Jonathan (2011). The House of Wisdom : How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-190-1"><bdi>978-1-60819-190-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1021808136">1021808136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Wisdom+%3A+How+the+Arabs+Transformed+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021808136&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-190-1&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Largest Cities Through History"</a>. Geography.about.com. 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527095609/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Matt T. Rosenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Largest Cities Through History.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527095609/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">Archived</a> 27 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6762-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6762-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-6762-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph%27s+Splendor%3A+Islam+and+the+West+in+the+Golden+Age+of+Baghdad&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-6762-2&rft.aulast=Bobrick&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackensen-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackensen_63-4">e</a> Mackensen, Ruth Stellhorn . (1932). Four Great Libraries of Medieval Baghdad. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3 (July 1932), pp. 279-299. University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Modelski-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Modelski_64-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Modelski" title="George Modelski">George Modelski</a>, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington, D.C.: FAROS 2000, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9676230-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9676230-1-6">978-0-9676230-1-6</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/">Evolutionary World Politics Homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520065457/http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/">Archived</a> 20 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingRobert_M._SalkinK._A._BerneyPaul_E._Schellinger1996" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; K. A. Berney; Paul E. Schellinger (1996). International dictionary of historic places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a>. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+dictionary+of+historic+places%2C+Volume+4%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Robert+M.+Salkin&rft.au=K.+A.+Berney&rft.au=Paul+E.+Schellinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Atlas of the Medieval World pg. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary,_Farhad_1990-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary,_Farhad_1990_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary,_Farhad_1990_68-1">b</a> Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 205-206. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">Central Asian world cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118121401/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, George Modelski </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthDonzelHeinrichsPellat1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch., eds. (1998). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VII (Mif-Naz)</a>. BRILL. p. 1032. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Volume+VII+%28Mif-Naz%29&rft.pages=1032&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/baghdad-sacked-mongols">"Baghdad Sacked by the Mongols | History Today"</a>. www.historytoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014525/https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/baghdad-sacked-mongols">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2018. 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Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53243-5"><bdi>978-0-444-53243-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909223531/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3qwuhK3BBH8C&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenges+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Present%2C+Future+and+Past&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53243-5&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Yue%2C+Piyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qwuhK3BBH8C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R.T._DumperBruce_E._Stanley2008" class="citation cs2">Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, US: ABC-CLIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baghdad&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+US&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Ian Frazier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=5">Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607053406/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=5">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> 25 April 2005. p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav042806.shtml">New Book Looks at Old-Style Central Asian Despotism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118203132/http://eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav042806.shtml">Archived</a> 18 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EurasiaNet Civil Society, Elizabeth Kiem, 28 April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA99">The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: a documentary economic history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504154243/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> 4 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Charles Philip Issawi (1988). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press US">Oxford University Press US</a>. p.99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504951-0">978-0-19-504951-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA651">An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513231157/https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA651">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.651. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6">978-0-521-57455-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Cetinsaya, Gokhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Iain (2 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602365.2016.1179662">"The architecture of the British Mandate in Iraq: nation-building and state creation"</a>. The Journal of Architecture. 21 (3): 375–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602365.2016.1179662">10.1080/13602365.2016.1179662</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-2365">1360-2365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Architecture&rft.atitle=The+architecture+of+the+British+Mandate+in+Iraq%3A+nation-building+and+state+creation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-417&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602365.2016.1179662&rft.issn=1360-2365&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13602365.2016.1179662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GhareebDougherty2004-81"><a href="#cite_ref-GhareebDougherty2004_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_A._GhareebBeth_Dougherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Edmund A. Ghareeb; Beth Dougherty (18 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar">Historical Dictionary of Iraq</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kazem.ommolketab.ir/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86/">the original</a> on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.pub=kazem.ommolketab.ir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkazem.ommolketab.ir%2F%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallingDarron2012" class="citation book cs1">Walling, Michael G.; Darron, L. Wright (2012). 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Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.alaraby.co.uk&rft.atitle=And+they%27re+off%21+Iraqi+Kurdistan+holds+first+cash-betting+horse+race&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Firaqi-kurdistans-first-professional-horse-race-betting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/agreements.aspx">"Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements"</a>. cairo.gov.eg. Cairo. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cairo.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Brotherhood+%26+Friendship+Agreements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairo.gov.eg%2Fen%2FPages%2Fagreements.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">"Sister Cities"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Pyongyang&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-234-7&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da46gFDWr3aMC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7">"گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا"</a>. isna.ir (in Persian). Iranian Students' News Agency. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isna.ir&rft.atitle=%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F96122915736%2F%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/">A Dweller in Mesopotamia</a>, being the adventures of an official artist in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">"layered PDF"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=layered+PDF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffax.libs.uga.edu%2FDS49x2xM465D%2F1f%2Fdweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> (7.53 MB) format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/">By Desert Ways to Baghdad</a>, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins), 1908 (1909 ed) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">"layered PDF"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=layered+PDF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffax.libs.uga.edu%2FDS49x2xW684B%2F1f%2Fdesert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"> (11.3 MB) format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13602365.2012.692603#preview/">Miastoprojekt goes abroad: the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq (1958–1989)</a> by Lukasz Stanek, <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Architecture" title="The Journal of Architecture">The Journal of Architecture</a>, Volume 17, Issue 3, 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Caecilia Pieri, Bagdad, la construction d'une capitale moderne, 1914–1960, Presses de l'Ifpo, 2015, 440 pages, about 800 illustrations (ISBN 978-2-35159-399-8) (ISSN 2225-7578).</li> <li>Mina Marefat, Caecilia Pieri, Gilles Ragot, Le Corbusier's Gymnasium in Bagdad, 2014, Éditions du patrimoine, collection Regards (French and English versions), Presses de l'Ifpo (Arabic version) (ISBN 2757703013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieri2011" class="citation book cs1">Pieri, Caecilia (2011). Baghdad Arts Deco: Architectural Brickwork, 1920–1950 (1st ed.). The American University in Cairo Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-356-2"><bdi>978-977-416-356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baghdad+Arts+Deco%3A+Architectural+Brickwork%2C+1920%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-977-416-356-2&rft.aulast=Pieri&rft.aufirst=Caecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaghdad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-135" by Ibn Battuta.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a>: The Arabian Diaries, 1913–1914." by Bell Gertrude Lowthian, and O'Brien, Rosemary.</li> <li>"Historic Cities of the Islamic World". by Bosworth, Clifford Edmund.</li> <li>"Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890–1908." by Cetinsaya, Gokhan.</li> <li>"Naked in Baghdad." by Garrels, Anne, and Lawrence, Vint.</li> <li>"A memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson." by Rawlinson, George.</li> <li>Stanek, Łukasz (2020). Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War. Princeton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4">978-0-691-19455-4</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Baghdad#Q1530" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Baghdad" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (9th ed.) article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Baghdad" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bagdad_(city)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bagdad (city)">Bagdad (city)</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011182836/http://www.amanatbaghdad.gov.iq/">Amanat/Mayoralty of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/iraq/baghdadmapb.jpg">Map of Baghdad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930101151/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/iraq/baghdadmapb.jpg">Archived</a> 30 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911122606/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Baghdad.html">Iraq Image – Baghdad Satellite Observation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investpromo.gov.iq/">National Commission for Investment in Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?style=plnews&data=/gmtemp/news/ni000001.sid&title=Baghdad,+2003">Interactive map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/42.htm">Iraq – Urban Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vb.bagdady.com/bagdady551878/">– Baghdad government websites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022190928/http://vb.bagdady.com/bagdady551878/">Archived</a> 22 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/world/2004-03-01-hisham_x.htm">Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212064817/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7592">Description of the original layout of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healingiraq.blogspot.com/baghdadethno1.JPG">Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad – Healingiraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinariraqi.com/uae-investors-show-interest-baghdad-renaissance-project/">UAE Investors Keen On Taking Part In Baghdad Renaissance Project</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921050720/http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=ashkouri">Man With A Plan: Hisham Ashkouri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828185553/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/iraq/090824/behind-baghdads-9-11">Behind Baghdad's 9/11</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219131236/http://www.iauiraq.org/">Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit</a> Reports, maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5638803">Baghdad</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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   </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&oldid=1257294805">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&oldid=1257294805</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 05:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%B5" title="ባግዳድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባግዳድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%93%DC%95%DC%90%DC%95_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܒܓܕܐܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܓܕܐܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պաղտատ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաղտատ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বাগদাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাগদাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdag" title="Bagdag – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bagdag" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багъдад – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Багъдад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdad" title="Bağdad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bağdad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বাগদাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাগদাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бағдад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бағдад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F" title="པ་ག་ཏ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་ག་ཏ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пахтат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пахтат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagd%C3%A1d" title="Bagdád – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bagdád" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%A3%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ބަޣުދާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަޣުދާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1zl%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Hatsoh_(%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah)" title="Názlíní Hatsoh (Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Názlíní Hatsoh (Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Βαγδάτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαγδάτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Багдад ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Багдад ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdado" title="Bagdado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bagdado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="БагӀдад – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БагӀдад" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%A4%EB%93%9C" title="바그다드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바그다드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdaza" title="Bagdaza – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bagdaza" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Բաղդադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաղդադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बग़दाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बग़दाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%92%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93" title="בגדאד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בגדאד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagidaad%C9%A9" title="Pagidaadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pagidaadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಗ್ದಾದ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಗ್ದಾದ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბაღდადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაღდადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بَغداد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَغداد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бағдат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бағдат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldak" title="Baldak – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Baldak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexda" title="Bexda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bexda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdatum" title="Bagdatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bagdatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagd%C4%81de" title="Bagdāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bagdāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багъдад – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Багъдад" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdadas" title="Bagdadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bagdadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bagdad" title="bagdad – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bagdad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാഗ്ദാദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാഗ്ദാദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatata" title="Pakatata – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakatata" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბაღდადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაღდადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdade" title="Bagdade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bagdade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%92%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘဂ္ဂဒက်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘဂ္ဂဒက်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बगदाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बगदाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बग्दाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बग्दाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="バグダード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バグダード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="БагӀдад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БагӀдад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagdad" title="Baagdad – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Baagdad" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6" title="ବାଗଦାଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଗଦାଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod" title="Bagʻdod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bagʻdod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਗ਼ਦਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਗ਼ਦਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagd%C3%A1" title="Bagdá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bagdá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C7%B5dad" title="Baǵdad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Baǵdad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdad" title="Bağdad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bağdad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Баґдад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Баґдад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdadi" title="Bagdadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bagdadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="බැග්ඩෑඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැග්ඩෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqdaad" title="Baqdaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baqdaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بەغدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەغدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பகுதாது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுதாது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%A3dad" title="Bɣdad – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bɣdad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C9%A3dad" title="Beɣdad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Beɣdad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="బాగ్దాద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాగ్దాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94" title="แบกแดด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบกแดด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бағдод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бағдод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdat" title="Bağdat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağdat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdat" title="Bagdat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bagdat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Багдад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багдад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بغداد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بغداد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="باغداد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باغداد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdet" title="Bagdet – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bagdet" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94" title="巴格達 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴格達" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴格达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93" title="באגדאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באגדאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94" title="巴格達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴格達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%9Fdad" title="Beğdad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beğdad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdads" title="Bagdads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bagdads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴格达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bagdad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Baghdad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C7%A7dad" title="Baǧdad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Baǧdad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 05:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-xwbrk","wgBackendResponseTime":324,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.027","walltime":"3.565","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19922,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":557447,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":70655,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":755498,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3064.286 1 -total"," 41.62% 1275.428 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.89% 578.945 93 Template:Cite_web"," 17.43% 534.206 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 15.11% 462.968 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.99% 244.698 39 Template:Cite_book"," 5.64% 172.681 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.68% 143.371 1 Template:NoteTag"," 4.25% 130.121 1 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