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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28845699%2FProperty_and_wealth_inequality_as_cultural_niche_construction%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":49266036,"identifier":"Attachment_49266036","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":28845699,"created_at":"2016-10-01T06:22:50.498-07:00","from_world_paper_id":157893856,"updated_at":"2024-11-15T07:22:12.363-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"In contrast to other approaches, evolutionary perspectives on understanding the power and wealth inequalities in human societies view wealth and power not as ends in themselves but as proximate goals that contribute to the ultimate Darwinian goal of achieving reproductive success. The most successful means of achieving it in specific times and places depend on local conditions and these have changed in the course of human history, to such an extent that strategies focused on the maintenance and increase of wealth can even be more successful in reproductive terms than strategies directed at maximizing reproductive success in the short term. This paper argues that a major factor leading to such changes is a shift in the nature of inter-generational wealth transfers from relatively intangible to material property resources and the opportunities these provided for massively increased inequality. This shift can be seen as a process of niche construction related to the increasing importance of fixed and defensible resources in many societies after the end of the last Ice Age. It is suggested that, despite problems of inference, the evidence of the archaeological record can be used to throw light on these processes in specific places and times.","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49266036"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Property and wealth inequality as cultural niche construction","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3698735]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49266036,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Property and wealth inequality as cultural niche construction”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49266036/mini_magick20190201-6808-1h5eqkn.png?1549016511" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Property and wealth inequality as cultural niche construction</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3698735" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/StephenShennan"><img alt="Profile image of Stephen Shennan" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Stephen Shennan</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 28845699; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In contrast to other approaches, evolutionary perspectives on understanding the power and wealth inequalities in human societies view wealth and power not as ends in themselves but as proximate goals that contribute to the ultimate Darwinian goal of achieving reproductive success. The most successful means of achieving it in specific times and places depend on local conditions and these have changed in the course of human history, to such an extent that strategies focused on the maintenance and increase of wealth can even be more successful in reproductive terms than strategies directed at maximizing reproductive success in the short term. This paper argues that a major factor leading to such changes is a shift in the nature of inter-generational wealth transfers from relatively intangible to material property resources and the opportunities these provided for massively increased inequality. This shift can be seen as a process of niche construction related to the increasing importance of fixed and defensible resources in many societies after the end of the last Ice Age. It is suggested that, despite problems of inference, the evidence of the archaeological record can be used to throw light on these processes in specific places and times.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":49266036,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/28845699/Property_and_wealth_inequality_as_cultural_niche_construction"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":49266036,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/28845699/Property_and_wealth_inequality_as_cultural_niche_construction"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The long-term trajectory of inequality in premodern societies, we suggest, is based on the differing importance of three classes of wealth-material, embodied, and relational-together with differences in the transmission of these types of wealth across generations. Subsequent essays in this forum use data on individual and household wealth from 21 populations to evaluate this and related propositions concerning the interaction of wealth class, transmission rates, production systems (foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural), and inequality. Here we motivate our interpretation by applying our ideas to the Holocene transition from more egalitarian to more stratified societies, introduce key concepts that are developed in the subsequent essays, and comment on some of the limitations of our study. Given that sustained economic inequalities generally leave archaeological signatures, their absence (in the form of funerary assemblages, storage facilities, dwellings, ceremonial objects, and nutritional indicators) suggests that prior to about 24,000 years ago (and possibly much more recently), most humans lived in foraging bands with little economic differentiation among families (Formicola 2007; Pettitt and Bader 2000; Vanhaeren and d'Errico 2005). Excepting groups occupying especially rich fishing and hunting sites, substantial levels of economic inequality became characteristic of many (but far from all) populations only after the domestication</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":87183456,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="17979460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies">Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37905717" href="https://ucsb.academia.edu/MichaelGurven">Michael Gurven</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Premodern human societies differ greatly in socioeconomic inequality. Despite much useful theorizing on the causes of these differences, individual-level quantitative data on wealth inequality is lacking. The papers in this special section provide the first comparable estimates of intergenerational wealth transmission and inequality in premodern societies, with data on more than 40 measures of embodied, material, and relational wealth from 21 premodern societies representing four production systems (hunter-gatherers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, and agriculturalists). Key findings include (1) the importance of material, embodied, and relational wealth differs significantly across production systems, with material wealth more important in pastoral and agricultural systems; (2) the degree of wealth transmission from parent to offspring is markedly higher for material wealth than embodied and relational wealth; (3) aggregate wealth is transmitted to a higher degree among pastoralists and agriculturalists; (4) the degree of inequality is greater for material wealth; and (5) the degree of intergenerational transmission of wealth is correlated with wealth inequality. Surprisingly, horticulturalists exhibit no greater wealth inequality or intergenerational wealth transmission than do huntergatherers, while pastoralists are very similar to agriculturalists. We discuss how these trends may have favored the emergence of institutionalized inequality, as intensified forms of production made material wealth transmission increasingly important.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":39811018,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="96464499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory">The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3340125" href="https://transportmarfa.academia.edu/TDouglasPrice">T. Douglas Price</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Archaeology of Inequality. Tracing the Archaeological Record</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure social, economic, and political organization. Here I argue that those egalitarian constraints were relaxed at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginnings of surplus production and storage, which created a basis of wealth and an increasingly important role for dominance behavior and inequality. The almost simultaneous emergence of domestication and social differentiation speaks strongly for the relationship between these two aspects of human adaptation at the origins of agriculture. This essay elaborates on the argument.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory","attachmentId":98355584,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="39021573" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39021573/Affluent_societies_of_Later_Prehistory">Affluent societies of Later Prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1625268" href="https://uab.academia.edu/RobertoRisch">Roberto Risch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Most a-cephalic societies identified by anthropology are described as being poor in absolute (material) terms, but rich in time for leisure or other activities. Affluence is generally understood as a situation where material needs remain limited and where the idea of necessity governs economic production. In this stoic understanding of human existence, social equality is inevitably linked to limited economic wealth and, hence, to hunter-gatherer societies. According to this logic, the development of individual needs not only requires a greater input of labour, but also leads to social inequality, political institutions, etc. This dominant civilisational narrative is being challenged by archaeology, as increasing evidence is provided of prehistoric societies with an exceptional demographic and economic development, including a high level of specialisation and coordination, but where no or few signs of political centralisation can be identified. These societies engaged in substantial joint enterprises, extended over large territories, organised large-scale distribution networks, and developed exceptional technical skills. No convincing interpretative framework has yet been developed for these archaeological complexes, which evade the conventional labels of chiefdom, state, social complexity, etc. The various spatial and material expressions used in archaeology to identify political institutions, centralised power, or social hierarchies remain elusive in these cases. Although settlement areas may have reached considerable sizes, they did not develop into urban centres. The production of substantial surplus is the common feature of these groups. This production was utilised in very different social, ideological, or political realms, but was not transformed into private property. Consequently, we can speak here of cooperative affluent societies, where substantial material benefits were shared and enjoyed collectively. In our presentation, examples of several archaeological case studies, ranging from the Near East to the western Mediterranean, will be used to discuss the strategies adopted by these societies in relation to surplus production and obliteration, as well as their political forms. Ultimately, this will also allow us to understand why it proves difficult to find equivalences in the ethnographic record.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Affluent societies of Later Prehistory","attachmentId":59132609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39021573/Affluent_societies_of_Later_Prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39021573/Affluent_societies_of_Later_Prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="102588365" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102588365/Balancing_the_scales_archaeological_approaches_to_social_inequality">Balancing the scales: archaeological approaches to social inequality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3121013" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/JessBeck">Jess Beck</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="799343" href="https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/ColinQuinn">Colin Quinn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Archaeology, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Archaeology lends a critical perspective to research on social inequality due to the eld's unique access to deep history, emphasis on materiality, and explicit incorporation of multiple lines of evidence. This paper o ers a concise overview of archaeological approaches aimed at students and scholars in other elds. We develop a categorization of disciplinary strategies, arguing that archaeologists address institutionalized inequality through examining inequalities in the accumulation of goods or resources (economic di erentiation); access to resources or knowledge (social di erentiation), and inequalities in action, the ability to make decisions for oneself or others (political di erentiation). We illustrate these categories with reference to the distinctions between material, relational, and embodied wealth. We draw upon a broad range of geographic, chronological, and cultural case studies to illustrate the exibility and utility of archaeological methods for answering questions about inequality in human societies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Balancing the scales: archaeological approaches to social inequality","attachmentId":102819322,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102588365/Balancing_the_scales_archaeological_approaches_to_social_inequality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102588365/Balancing_the_scales_archaeological_approaches_to_social_inequality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="4800183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4800183/Comment_Intergenerational_Wealth_Transmission_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies_History_and_the_Problem_of_Synchronic_Models">Comment: Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and Inequality in Premodern Societies History and the Problem of Synchronic Models</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6199418" href="https://uky.academia.edu/NThomasHakansson">N. Thomas Hakansson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comment: Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and Inequality in Premodern Societies History and the Problem of Synchronic Models","attachmentId":32099560,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4800183/Comment_Intergenerational_Wealth_Transmission_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies_History_and_the_Problem_of_Synchronic_Models","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4800183/Comment_Intergenerational_Wealth_Transmission_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies_History_and_the_Problem_of_Synchronic_Models"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="19139202" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19139202/The_Origins_of_Extreme_Economic_Inequality_An_Archaeologists_Take_on_a_Contemporary_Controversy">The Origins of Extreme Economic Inequality: An Archaeologist's Take on a Contemporary Controversy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12331953" href="https://colorado.academia.edu/SarahKurnick">Sarah Kurnick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In 1754, the Academy of Dijon sponsored a contest for the best examination of the origins of human inequality. Although not the winning entry, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Discourse on the Origins and Basis of Inequality among Men remains the most widely read and influential submission. This article uses archaeological data unavailable in the eighteenth century to address Rousseau's questions anew-questions still of critical importance. Are humans naturally prone to extreme economic inequality? If not, when, how, and why did such inequality arise? And, did drastic imbalances in wealth benefit all members of early societies or only a few? ________________________________________________________________ Résumé: En 1754, l'académie de Dijon avait parrainé le concours du meilleur examen de l'origine de l'inégalité humaine. Bien qu'il n'en fû t pas le gagnant, le Discours de Rousseau sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes reste la présentation la plus lue et la plus influente. Cet article utilise les données archéologiques indisponibles au XVIIIe siècle pour traiter à nouveau des questions de Rousseau, questions qui sont toujours d'une importance cruciale. Les humains sont-ils naturellement exposés à une inégalité économique extrême ? Si non, quand, comment et pourquoi ces inégalités sont-elles apparues ? Et de forts déséquilibres de richesses bénéficiaient-ils à tous les membres des sociétés anciennes ou à quelques-uns seulement ? ________________________________________________________________ Resumen: En 1754, la Academia de Dijon patrocinó un certamen sobre el mejor análisis de los orígenes de la desigualdad humana. Aunque no fue ganador, el Discurso sobre el origen de la desigualdad entre los hombres, de Rousseau, sigue siendo el documento más influyente y más leído. El presente artículo utiliza datos arqueoló gicos no disponibles en el siglo XVIII para abordar las preguntas de Rousseau, de nuevo -preguntas que siguen siendo de importancia crítica. ¿Somos los humanos propensos de manera natural a una desigualdad econó mica extrema? Si no es así, ¿cuándo, có mo, RESEARCH ARCHAEOLOGIES</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Origins of Extreme Economic Inequality: An Archaeologist's Take on a Contemporary Controversy","attachmentId":40452840,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19139202/The_Origins_of_Extreme_Economic_Inequality_An_Archaeologists_Take_on_a_Contemporary_Controversy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19139202/The_Origins_of_Extreme_Economic_Inequality_An_Archaeologists_Take_on_a_Contemporary_Controversy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47835697" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47835697/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica">Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="513300" href="https://wsu.academia.edu/TimothyKohler">Timothy Kohler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">How wealth is distributed among households provides insight into the fundamental characters of societies and the opportunities they afford for social mobility. However, economic inequality has been hard to study in ancient societies for which we do not have written records, which adds to the challenge of placing current wealth disparities into a long-term perspective. Although various archaeological proxies for wealth, such as burial goods or exotic or expensive-to-manufacture goods in household assemblages, have been proposed, the first is not clearly connected with households, and the second is confounded by abandonment mode and other factors. As a result, numerous questions remain concerning the growth of wealth disparities, including their connection to the development of domesticated plants and animals and to increases in sociopolitical scale. Here we show that wealth disparities generally increased with the domestication of plants and animals and with increased sociopolitical ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica","attachmentId":66753886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47835697/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47835697/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="123780847" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123780847/Marzian_et_al_2024_Inequality_in_relational_wealth_within_the_upper_societal_segment_evidence_from_prehistoric_Central_Europe">Marzian et al. 2024, Inequality in relational wealth within the upper societal segment: evidence from prehistoric Central Europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="967257" href="https://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/JulianLaabs">Julian Laabs</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="325399600" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohannesMarzian">Johannes Marzian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While our understanding of long-term trends in material wealth inequality in prehistoric societies has expanded in recent decades, we know little about long-term trends in other dimensions of wealth and about social developments within particular societal segments. This paper provides the first evidence of inequality in relational wealth within the upper societal segment of a supra-regional network of communities in prehistoric Central Europe over the first four millennia BCE. To this end, we compiled a novel dataset of 5000 single-funeral burial mounds and employed burial mound volume as a proxy for the buried individual’s relational wealth. Our analysis reveals a consistently high level of inequality among the buried individuals, showing a wave-like pattern with an increasing trend over time. Additionally, our findings show temporal shifts in the size of the upper societal segment. Based on a review of archeological and paleo-environmental evidence, the temporal change in inequality may be explained by technological progress, climate and population dynamics, trade and social networks, and/or sociopolitical transformations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Marzian et al. 2024, Inequality in relational wealth within the upper societal segment: evidence from prehistoric Central Europe","attachmentId":118133325,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123780847/Marzian_et_al_2024_Inequality_in_relational_wealth_within_the_upper_societal_segment_evidence_from_prehistoric_Central_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123780847/Marzian_et_al_2024_Inequality_in_relational_wealth_within_the_upper_societal_segment_evidence_from_prehistoric_Central_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49266036,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49266036,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49266036" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="74737527" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74737527/Social_inequality_in_the_evolution_of_human_societies">Social inequality in the evolution of human societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10166254" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/GeorgiDerluguian">Georgi Derluguian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social inequality in the evolution of human societies","attachmentId":82779592,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74737527/Social_inequality_in_the_evolution_of_human_societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74737527/Social_inequality_in_the_evolution_of_human_societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="55757686" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55757686/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica_Kohler_et_al_2017_">Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica (Kohler et al. 2017)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="243647" href="https://fieldmuseum.academia.edu/GaryFeinman">Gary Feinman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica (Kohler et al. 2017)","attachmentId":71477191,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55757686/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica_Kohler_et_al_2017_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55757686/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica_Kohler_et_al_2017_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="32754774" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32754774/How_did_wealth_turn_into_surplus_profit_From_affluence_to_scarcity_in_prehistoric_economies">How did wealth turn into surplus profit? 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