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title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uttarā (Mahabharata)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উত্তৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="উত্তরা (মহাভারত) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তরা (মহাভারত)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉત્તરા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્તરા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="उत्तरा (महाभारत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरा (महाभारत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utari" title="Utari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8wi_Utari" title="Dèwi Utari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dèwi Utari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_(%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4)" title="ಉತ್ತರೆ (ಮಹಾಭಾರತ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರೆ (ಮಹಾಭಾರತ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="उत्तरा (महाभारत) – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उत्तरा (महाभारत)" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0" title="ഉത്തര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਉੱਤਰਾ (ਮਹਾਂਭਾਰਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰਾ (ਮਹਾਂਭਾਰਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Уттара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уттара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तरा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उत्तरा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="உத்தரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உத்தரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0" title="ఉత్తర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0)" title="นางอุตตรา (มหาภารตะ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นางอุตตรา (มหาภารตะ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_(%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4)" title="ಉತ್ತರೆ (ಮಹಾಭಾರತ) – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉತ್ತರೆ (ಮಹಾಭಾರತ)" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2389445#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the brother of Uttarā, see <a href="/wiki/Uttara_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttara (Mahabharata)">Uttara (Mahabharata)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Uttarā</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uttara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg/220px-Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg/330px-Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg/440px-Uttara_crying_for_her_husband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Abhimanyu consoles Uttarā before leaving for the war, illustration by S.N. Das</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a> (father)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sudeshna" title="Sudeshna">Sudeshna</a> (mother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttara_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttara (Mahabharata)">Uttara</a> (brother) <br />Shankha (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsya Kingdom">Matsya Kingdom</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Uttarā</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">उत्तरा</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Uttarā</i></span>) was the princess of <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsya Kingdom">Matsya</a>, as described in the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. She was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Sudeshna" title="Sudeshna">Sudeshna</a>, at whose court the <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a> spent a year in concealment during their exile. During this period, she learned music and dance from <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, the third Pandava, and later married his son, <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a>. Uttarā was widowed at a young age during the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a>. Following the Pandavas' victory in the war, she and her unborn son were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a>, and were saved by the divine intervention of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. Her son <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a> saved the Kuru lineage from extinction, and became a well-known monarch celebrated in both the <i>Mahabharata</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sanskrit name Uttarā is derived from the word Uttara by adding a feminine termination ā. It can have multiple meanings; according to British Indologist <a href="/wiki/Monier_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier Williams">Monier Williams</a>, in this context, it means 'upper,' 'higher,' 'superior,' or 'excellent'. The word is also used to denote the 'North direction', as well as 'an answer'. The male form of the name also appears in the <i>Mahabharata</i> as the name of <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kumara" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kumara">her elder brother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_background">Literary background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uttarā is a significant character in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> epics from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Mahabharata</i> manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a>, relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sitaram_Sukthankar" title="Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar">Vishnu Sukthankar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bhandarkar_Oriental_Research_Institute" title="Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute">Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</a>, preserved at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and various Indian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uttarā also appears in few of the later written <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic scriptures</a></i>, most prominent being the Krishna-related <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhagvatam''_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhagvatam''-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Mahabharata</i>, Uttarā was born to <a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsya Kingdom">Matsya Kingdom</a>, and his consort <a href="/wiki/Sudeshna" title="Sudeshna">Sudeshna</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABta" title="Sūta">Suta</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kekaya" title="Kekaya">Kekaya</a>. She had two elder brothers—<a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kumara" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kumara">Uttara</a> and Shankha—and a half sibling Shveta.<sup id="cite_ref-VM1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uttarā is introduced into the main narrative in the <i><a href="/wiki/Virata_Parva" title="Virata Parva">Virata Parva</a></i>, the fourth book of the epic, which narrates about the last year of the exile of the five <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> brothers and their common wife <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a>, which they had to spend in anonymity. They stayed together in the Matsya and took various disguises in the court of Virata. The third Pandava <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> lived as a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> named <a href="/wiki/Brihannala" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihannala">Brihannala</a>, and was appointed as the tutor of Uttarā, teaching her the skills of dance, instrumental and vocal music that he had learned from the <a href="/wiki/Apsaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaras">apsaras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">heaven</a>. Uttarā is praised by Arjuna for being exceptionally talented. After the end of their exile, the Pandavas revealed their real identities to Virata. Virata immediately offered Uttarā's hand in marriage to Arjuna, but he refused, reasoning that the relation a teacher has with a student is like that of a parent to a child. Instead, Arjuna suggested that Uttarā become his daughter-in-law by marrying his son <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a>. With approval from both sides, the marriage ceremony of Uttarā and Abhimanyu was held in the city of <a href="/wiki/Upaplavya" title="Upaplavya">Upaplavya</a> in presence of their relatives and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While residing in Upaplavya, the Pandavas were approached by a poor brahmin who, upon seeing Uttarā, prophesied that she would give birth to a son when the Kuru dynasty ends and for that reason he would be called Parikshit (lit. 'One who has been tested')."<sup id="cite_ref-VM3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next few <i>parvas</i> (books) of the <i>Mahabharata</i> describes the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> fought between the Pandavas and their cousins <a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a>, in which Matsya allied with the Pandavas. Uttarā lost her father, brothers and entire Matsya army in the course of the war. She was also widowed at a very young age when Abhimanyu, himself only sixteen years old, was killed in the war. Overwhelmed with grief at the sight of her husband's body, she was consoled by her uncle-in-law and the divine <a href="/wiki/Avatara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatara">avatara</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. Her grief and lamentation on seeing her husband's corpse is again illustrated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stri_Parva" title="Stri Parva">Stri Parva</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conclusion of the Kurukshetra War, which ended in the victory of the Pandavas, <a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a>—the son of <a href="/wiki/Dronacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dronacharya">Dronacharya</a>, who was the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces—tried to avenge their defeat by massacring the remaining Pandava army. This incident is chronicled in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sauptika_Parva" title="Sauptika Parva">Sauptika Parva</a></i>. Ashwatthama was confronted by Arjuna and aware of his inability to defeat Arjuna with conventional means, Ashwatthama resorted to invoking the powerful divine weapon known as <a href="/wiki/Brahmashira" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmashira">Brahmashira</a>. In response, Arjuna also prepared to unleash a Brahmashira. <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, revered sages of Hindu mythology, intervened and instructed both warriors to withdraw their celestial weapons. Arjuna complied with their directive and withdrew the Brahmashira he had unleashed. However, Ashwatthama lacked the ability to retract the Brahmashira once it was invoked, as he did not possess the requisite control over the weapon. Driven by a consuming desire for vengeance, Ashwatthama decided that if he could not annihilate the Pandavas, he would eliminate their lineage. In a heinous act, he directed the Brahmashira towards Uttarā's womb, ultimately leading to the death of the unborn child. However, Krishna assured that the child would be saved and furious at the thought of a warrior turning his weapons on an unborn child, he cursed Ashwatthama to live for millennia, completely alone and burdened by diseases, repelled by the stench of his own <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedhika_Parva" title="Ashvamedhika Parva">Ashvamedhika Parva</a></i> attests about Parikshit's birth. When Uttarā went into labour, the child was born dead; she was consoled by other royal women. When <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> arrived to visit her, she cried to him and reminded him of his earlier assurance to save her child. Using his divine powers, Krishna revived the stillborn baby, and the infant was then named <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a>, meaning 'he who has been tested'.<sup id="cite_ref-VM2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uttarā's last appearance in the <i>Mahabharata</i> is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashramavasika_Parva" title="Ashramavasika Parva">Ashramavasika Parva</a></i>. Fifteen years after the war, the Kuru elders <a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a> departed for the forest. Uttarā, along with other royal family members, accompanied them for a distance before returning back to the capital city. <sup id="cite_ref-VM2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the epic, when the Pandavas finally renounced the world, Uttarā's mother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>, was entrusted to take care of the young Parikshit, who was installed as the new monarch of <a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a>. Uttarā might have lived her remaining life as the queen-mother.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:942px;max-width:942px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg/140px-Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg/210px-Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg/280px-Uttara_Abhimanyu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uthra_Abimanya_(enhanced).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Uthra_Abimanya_%28enhanced%29.jpg/173px-Uthra_Abimanya_%28enhanced%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Uthra_Abimanya_%28enhanced%29.jpg/260px-Uthra_Abimanya_%28enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Uthra_Abimanya_%28enhanced%29.jpg/346px-Uthra_Abimanya_%28enhanced%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg/296px-Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg/444px-Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg/592px-Uttra_Abhimanue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg/157px-Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg/236px-Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg/314px-Abhimanyu_bids_farewell_to_his_wife_Uttara..jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg/156px-Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg/234px-Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg/312px-Avimanyu%27s_farewell_to_Uttara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Uttarā's pleadings before Abhimanyu's departure for the Kurukshetra War was a common theme for prints during the early 20th century.</div></div></div></div> <p>Uttarā is an important figure in <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishna-centric sects</a> of Hinduism. According to <a href="/wiki/Puranic_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic scriptures">Puranic scriptures</a>, years after Krishna's death, his biography was narrated to her son <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Shuka</a>, the son of sage <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, which was then compiled as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>. The episode of Krishna saving Uttarā's son is also narrated in these scriptures, but vary from the accounts provided in the <i>Mahabharata</i>. According to it, after the <a href="/wiki/Brahmastra" title="Brahmastra">weapon</a> released by Ashwatthama struck Uttarā, she rushed to Krishna fearing abortion. Krishna entered her womb as a soul and saved Parikshit, due to which he was also called Vishnurata.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details of Krishna's iconography is popularly attributed to Uttarā. According to a popular narrative in the region of <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajra_(King_Aniruddha%27s_Son)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajra (King Aniruddha's Son)">Vajranabh</a>—the great grandson of Krishna—desired to see Krishna's manifest form, as he succeeded to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a>. However, there was no existing model to guide him. Vajranabh sought out living witnesses: Uttara, who was now the aged queen-mother of Hastinapur, and <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a>, Krishna's friend. Uttarā provided a vivid detailed description, but the sculptors failed to replicate Krishna satisfactorily. They enlisted the help of these eyewitnesses and prayed for divine manifestation, which resulted in appearance as a triad: <a href="/wiki/Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple" title="Govind Dev Ji Temple">Govind Dev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_(Krishna)" title="Gopinath (Krishna)">Gopinath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madanamohana" title="Madanamohana">Madan Mohan</a>. However, none of the figures fully encapsulatesd Krishna's form, each succeeding in certain aspects and falling short in others. Despite their shortcomings, each of these images would henceforth become an important object of worship in its own right, although, they are believed to have disappeared for a long time before their rediscovery during the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to mythologist <a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Devdutt Pattnaik</a>, a variation of the tale adds other important icons of Krishna—which were crafted based on Uttarā's description.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These icons spread across India, and have become central to the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Sampradaya" title="Bhagavata Sampradaya">Bhagavata</a> culture of Hinduism. Historians view these narrative as a cultural construct rooted in faith rather than empirical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VM2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/817/mode/2up">Uttarā</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+encyclopaedia+%3A+a+comprehensive+dictionary+with+special+reference+to+the+epic+and+Puranic+literature&rft.pages=Uttar%C4%81&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/37.html">"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary --उ"</a>. <i>sanskrit.inria.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sanskrit.inria.fr&rft.atitle=Monier-Williams+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary+--%E0%A4%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskrit.inria.fr%2FMW%2F37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockington1998" class="citation book cs1">Brockington, J. L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26"><i>The Sanskrit Epics</i></a>. Brill Academic. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00410-260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00410-260-6"><bdi>978-9-00410-260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Epics&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9-00410-260-6&rft.aulast=Brockington&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHR-_LK5kl18C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor1982" class="citation book cs1">Minor, Robert N. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ"><i>Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary</i></a>. South Asia Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">l–</span>li. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0862-1"><bdi>978-0-8364-0862-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad+Gita%3A+An+Exegetical+Commentary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3El-%3C%2Fspan%3Eli&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-0862-1&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dru_RjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2004" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19"><i>The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00413-729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00413-729-5"><bdi>978-9-00413-729-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Hero%3A+Karna+in+Epic+Mahabharata&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9-00413-729-5&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkmXk3-1j7UC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhagvatam''-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhagvatam''_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhupada1972" class="citation book cs1">Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (31 December 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ntOCgAAQBAJ&dq=uttar%C4%81&pg=PT493"><i>Srimad-Bhagavatam, First Canto: Creation</i></a>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7149-634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7149-634-8"><bdi>978-91-7149-634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad-Bhagavatam%2C+First+Canto%3A+Creation&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1972-12-31&rft.isbn=978-91-7149-634-8&rft.aulast=Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=His+Divine+Grace+A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ntOCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Duttar%25C4%2581%26pg%3DPT493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VM1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242065.html">Virāṭa</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+encyclopaedia+%3A+a+comprehensive+dictionary+with+special+reference+to+the+epic+and+Puranic+literature&rft.pages=Vir%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04072.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Go-harana Parva: Section LXXII"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+4%3A+Virata+Parva%3A+Go-harana+Parva%3A+Section+LXXII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm04%2Fm04072.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VM3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VM3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241422.html">Aśvatthāmā</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+encyclopaedia+%3A+a+comprehensive+dictionary+with+special+reference+to+the+epic+and+Puranic+literature&rft.pages=A%C5%9Bvatth%C4%81m%C4%81&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc825947.html">"Mahabharata,Book 20:Section 20"</a>. Wisdom Library. 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahabharata%2CBook+20%3ASection+20&rft.pub=Wisdom+Library&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fthe-mahabharata-mohan%2Fd%2Fdoc825947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m11/m11019.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 11: Stri Parva: Stri-vilapa-parva: Section 20"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+11%3A+Stri+Parva%3A+Stri-vilapa-parva%3A+Section+20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm11%2Fm11019.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10015.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 15"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+10%3A+Sauptika+Parva%3A+Section+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm10%2Fm10015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14070.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 14: Aswamedha Parva: Anugita Parva: Section LXX"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+14%3A+Aswamedha+Parva%3A+Anugita+Parva%3A+Section+LXX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm14%2Fm14070.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10016.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 16"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+10%3A+Sauptika+Parva%3A+Section+16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm10%2Fm10016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/m14070.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 14: Aswamedha Parva: Anugita Parva: Section LXX"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+14%3A+Aswamedha+Parva%3A+Anugita+Parva%3A+Section+LXX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm14%2Fm14070.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17001.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+17%3A+Mahaprasthanika+Parva%3A+Section+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm17%2Fm17001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhupada2020" class="citation book cs1">Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ncDwAAQBAJ&dq=uttar%C4%81+krsna&pg=PT71"><i>Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead</i></a>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7769-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7769-108-2"><bdi>978-91-7769-108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krsna%2C+the+Supreme+Personality+of+Godhead&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust+International%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.isbn=978-91-7769-108-2&rft.aulast=Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=His+Divine+Grace+A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-ncDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Duttar%25C4%2581%2Bkrsna%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackert2010" class="citation book cs1">Packert, Cynthia (7 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ebxa1F8zNT0C&q=Uttara&pg=PA130"><i>The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00462-8"><bdi>978-0-253-00462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Loving+Krishna%3A+Ornamentation+and+Devotion&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00462-8&rft.aulast=Packert&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbxa1F8zNT0C%26q%3DUttara%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin2017" class="citation web cs1">Admin, Devdutt (23 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devdutt.com/icons-for-vajranabhi/">"Icons for Vajranabhi"</a>. <i>Devdutt Pattanaik</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Devdutt+Pattanaik&rft.atitle=Icons+for+Vajranabhi&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft.aulast=Admin&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevdutt.com%2Ficons-for-vajranabhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar%C4%81+%28Mahabharata%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Sakhigopal_Temple" title="Sakhigopal Temple">Sakshi Gopal</a> of Odisha, <a href="/wiki/Vitthala" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitthala">Vitthala</a> of Pandharpur in Maharashtra, Krishna of Udupi in Karnataka, <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateswara</a> of Tirumala in Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganatha</a> of Srirangam in Tamil Nadu, and <a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayur-appan</a> in Kerala.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template talk:Mahabharata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahabharata285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditional author<br />and narrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisampayana" title="Vaisampayana">Vaisampayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrashravas" title="Ugrashravas">Ugrashrava Sauti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/165px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/248px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_18_parvas" class="mw-redirect" title="The 18 parvas">Books (<i>parva</i>s)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Parva" title="Adi Parva">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabha_Parva" title="Sabha Parva">Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virata_Parva" title="Virata Parva">Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udyoga_Parva" title="Udyoga Parva">Udyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Parva" title="Bhishma Parva">Bhishma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drona_Parva" title="Drona Parva">Drona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karna_Parva" title="Karna Parva">Karna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalya_Parva" title="Shalya Parva">Shalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauptika_Parva" title="Sauptika Parva">Sauptika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stri_Parva" title="Stri Parva">Stri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Parva" title="Shanti Parva">Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedhika_Parva" title="Ashvamedhika Parva">Ashvamedhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashramavasika_Parva" title="Ashramavasika Parva">Ashramavasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausala_Parva" title="Mausala Parva">Mausala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaprasthanika_Parva" title="Mahaprasthanika Parva">Mahaprasthanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svargarohana_Parva" title="Svargarohana Parva">Svargarohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Main tribes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a></li></ul></li> <li>List of tribes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Janapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indraprastha" title="Indraprastha">Indraprastha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48_kos_parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Panchagrama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indraprastha" title="Indraprastha">Indraprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Pranaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonipat" title="Sonipat">Swarnaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilpat" title="Tilpat">Tilaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghpat" title="Baghpat">Vyagaprastha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshagriha" title="Lakshagriha">Lākṣāgṛha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayasabha" title="Mayasabha">Mayasabha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayamvara" title="Svayamvara">Svayamvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Vishvarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmavyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmavyuha">Chakravyūha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata" title="List of characters in the Mahabharata">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(Mahabharata)" title="Amba (Mahabharata)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_(Mahabharata)" title="Ambika (Mahabharata)">Ambika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalika" title="Ambalika">Ambalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babruvahana" title="Babruvahana">Babruvahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlika_(Mahabharata)" title="Bahlika (Mahabharata)">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagadatta" title="Bhagadatta">Bhagadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurishravas" title="Bhurishravas">Bhurishravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitr%C4%81ngada" title="Chitrāngada">Chitrāngada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitr%C4%81ngad%C4%81" title="Chitrāngadā">Chitrāngadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damayanti" title="Damayanti">Damayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrishtadyumna" title="Dhrishtadyumna">Dhrishtadyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupada" title="Drupada">Drupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Duhsala">Duhsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasa" title="Durvasa">Durvasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushasana" title="Dushasana">Dushasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushyanta" title="Dushyanta">Dushyanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekalavya" title="Ekalavya">Ekalavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha" title="Ghatotkacha">Ghatotkacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidimba" title="Hidimba">Hidimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidimbi" title="Hidimbi">Hidimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iravan" title="Iravan">Iravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janamejaya_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Janamejaya II">Janamejaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadratha" title="Jayadratha">Jayadratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichaka" title="Kichaka">Kichaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindama" title="Kindama">Kindama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripa" title="Kripa">Kripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Role in the <i>Mahabharata</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritavarma" title="Kritavarma">Kritavarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomasha" title="Lomasha">Lomasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madri" title="Madri">Madri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahusha" title="Nahusha">Nahusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Nala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purochana" title="Purochana">Purochana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pururavas" title="Pururavas">Pururavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmi" title="Rukmi">Rukmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya" title="Sanjaya">Sanjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyaki" title="Satyaki">Satyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyavati" title="Satyavati">Satyavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan" title="Savitri and Satyavan">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantanu" title="Shantanu">Shantanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuni" title="Shakuni">Shakuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuntala" title="Shakuntala">Shakuntala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalya" title="Shalya">Shalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikhandi" title="Shikhandi">Shikhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishupala" title="Shishupala">Shishupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeshna" title="Sudeshna">Sudeshna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulupi" title="Ulupi">Ulupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upapandavas" title="Upapandavas">Upapandavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttara (Mahabharata)">Uttara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttarā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitravirya" title="Vichitravirya">Vichitravirya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarna" title="Vikarna">Vikarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishaketu" title="Vrishaketu">Vrishaketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishasena" title="Vrishasena">Vrishasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayati" title="Yayati">Yayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyutsu" title="Yuyutsu">Yuyutsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Avatars in the Mahabharata">Avatars</a></li> <li><a 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