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id="toc-Refusal_to_stage_for_"Whites_Only"_audiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Serpent_Players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Serpent_Players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Serpent Players </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Serpent_Players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yale_Rep_premieres,_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yale_Rep_premieres,_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Yale Rep premieres, 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yale_Rep_premieres,_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-apartheid_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-apartheid_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Post-apartheid plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_awards_and_nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_awards_and_nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Selected awards and nominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_awards_and_nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="أثول فيجارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أثول فيجارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آثول فوقارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آثول فوقارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آثول فوگارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آثول فوگارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Ատոլ Ֆուգարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոլ Ֆուգարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%27%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="את'ול פיוגארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="את'ול פיוגארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="اثول فيجارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثول فيجارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="アソル・フガード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アソル・フガード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Фугард, Атол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фугард, Атол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Athol Fugard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard – Swedish" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Athol Fugard</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ikhamanga" title="Order of Ikhamanga">OIS</a> <a href="/wiki/FRSL" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSL">HonFRSL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Harold Athol Lannigan Fugard (1932-06-11) 11 June 1932 (age 92) <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Eastern_Cape" title="Middelburg, Eastern Cape">Middleburg, Cape Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Playwright</li><li>novelist</li><li>actor</li><li>director</li><li>teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> (dropped out)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1956–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Drama, novel, memoir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">Blood Knot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Meiring_Fugard" title="Sheila Meiring Fugard">Sheila Meiring Fugard</a> (m. 1956; div. 2015)</li><li>Paula Fourie (m. 2016)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Fugard" title="Lisa Fugard">Lisa</a>, Halle</td></tr></tbody></table> Athol Fugard <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ikhamanga" title="Order of Ikhamanga">OIS</a> <a href="/wiki/FRSL" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSL">HonFRSL</a> (born 11 June 1932) is a South African playwright, novelist, actor, and director widely regarded as South Africa's greatest playwright.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> He is best known for his political and penetrating plays opposing the system of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid</a>. Some of these have also been adapted for film. His novel <a href="/wiki/Tsotsi_(novel)" title="Tsotsi (novel)">Tsotsi</a> was adapted as a film of the same name and won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> in 2005. It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hood" title="Gavin Hood">Gavin Hood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a> Acclaimed in 1985 as "the greatest active playwright in the English-speaking world" by <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Fugard continues to write. He has published more than thirty plays. Fugard also served as an adjunct professor of playwriting, acting and directing in the Department of Theatre and Dance at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCSD-4">[4]</a> He has received many awards, honours, and honorary degrees, including the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ikhamanga" title="Order of Ikhamanga">Order of Ikhamanga</a> in Silver from the government of South Africa "for his excellent contribution and achievements in the theatre".<a href="#cite_note-Orders-5">[5]</a> He is also an Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RSL-6">[6]</a> Fugard was honoured in Cape Town with the opening in 2010 of the <a href="/wiki/Fugard_Theatre" title="Fugard Theatre">Fugard Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> for lifetime achievement in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Fugard was born as Harold Athol Lanigan Fugard, in <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Eastern_Cape" title="Middelburg, Eastern Cape">Middelburg, Eastern Cape</a>, South Africa, on 11 June 1932. His mother, Marrie (née Potgieter), an <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a>, operated a general store and then a lodging house; his father, Harold Fugard, of Irish, English and French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> descent, was a former <a href="/wiki/Jazz_pianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz pianist">jazz pianist</a> who had become disabled.<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biography-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1935, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WalderTownship-11">[11]</a> In 1938, he began attending primary school at <a href="/wiki/St_Dominic%27s_Priory_School" title="St Dominic's Priory School">Marist Brothers College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History-12">[12]</a> After being awarded a scholarship, Fugard enrolled at a local technical college for secondary education. He studied Philosophy and Social Anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but he dropped out of the university in 1953, a few months before final examinations.<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career,_marriage_and_family">Early career, marriage and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career, marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> He left home, hitchhiked to North Africa with a friend, and spent the next two years working in east Asia on a steamer ship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Graigaur" title="SS Graigaur">SS Graigaur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a> During this time he began writing, and he "celebrated" these early times in his 1999 autobiographical play The Captain's Tiger: a memoir for the stage.<a href="#cite_note-Wertheim215-14">[14]</a> In September 1956, he married Sheila Meiring, a University of Cape Town Drama School student whom he had met the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SheilaFugard-15">[15]</a> Now known as <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fugard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila Fugard">Sheila Fugard</a>, she is a novelist and poet. Their daughter <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Fugard" title="Lisa Fugard">Lisa Fugard</a> is a novelist.<a href="#cite_note-Mudge-16">[16]</a> In 1958, the Fugards moved to <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, where he worked as a clerk in a Native Commissioners' Court. He became "keenly aware of the injustices of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid</a>."<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a> His good friendship with prominent local anti-apartheid figures had a profound influence on Fugard. His plays' political expression brought him into conflict with the national government; to avoid prosecution, he had his plays produced and published outside South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-SheilaFugard-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-17">[17]</a> Fugard struggled with alcohol for a time but has been a teetotaler since the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> For several years in the late 20th century, Fugard lived in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California,<a href="#cite_note-FugardDavies-19">[19]</a> where he taught as an adjunct professor of playwriting, acting, and directing in the Department of Theatre and Dance at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD).<a href="#cite_note-UCSD-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-17">[17]</a> For the academic year 2000–2001, he taught at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> as the IU Class of 1963 Wells Scholar Professor.<a href="#cite_note-FugardIU-20">[20]</a> In 2012, Fugard returned again to South Africa, where he now lives permanently.<a href="#cite_note-courant-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-award-22">[22]</a> In 2015, after almost 60 years of marriage, the Fugards divorced. In 2016, in New York City Hall, Fugard married Paula Fourie, a younger South African writer and academic.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Fugard and Fourie live in the <a href="/wiki/Boland,_Western_Cape" title="Boland, Western Cape">Cape Winelands</a> region of South Africa with their daughter, Halle Fugard Fourie.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early period">edit</a>]</div> In 1958, Fugard organised "a multiracial theatre for which he wrote, directed, and acted", writing and producing several plays for it, including No-Good Friday (1958) and Nongogo (1959), in which he and his colleague, black South African actor <a href="/wiki/Zakes_Mokae" title="Zakes Mokae">Zakes Mokae</a> performed.<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a> In 1978, Richard Eder of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> criticized Nongogo as "awkward and thin. It is unable to communicate very much about its characters, or make them much more than the servants of a noticeably ticking plot." Eder said, "Queenie is the most real of the characters. Her sense of herself and where she wants to go makes her believable and the crumbling of her dour defenses at a touch of hope makes her affecting. By contrast, Johnny is unreal. His warmth and hopefulness at the start crumble too suddenly and too completely".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> After returning to Port Elizabeth in the early 1960s, Athol and Sheila Fugard started The Circle Players,<a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a> which derives its name from the production of <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krugerchap5-27">[27]</a> In 1961, in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, Fugard and Mokae starred as the brothers Morris and Zachariah in the single-performance world première of Fugard's play <a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">The Blood Knot</a> (revised and retitled Blood Knot in 1987), directed by <a href="/wiki/Barney_Simon" title="Barney Simon">Barney Simon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gussow-28">[28]</a> In 1989, Lloyd Richards of <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a> declared The Blood Knot to be Fugard's first "major play".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_to_stage_for_"Whites_Only"_audiences">Refusal to stage for "Whites Only" audiences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Refusal to stage for "Whites Only" audiences">edit</a>]</div> In 1962, Fugard found the question of whether he could "work in a theatre which excludes 'Non-Whites'--or includes them only on the basis of special segregated performance-- increasingly pressing". It was made more so by the decision of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(British_trade_union)" title="Equity (British trade union)">British Equity</a> to prevent any British entertainer visiting South Africa unless the audiences were allowed to be multi-racial. In a decision that caused him to reflect on the power of art to effect change, Fugard decided that the "answer must be No" to segregation. <blockquote>That old argument used to be so comforting; so plausible: 'One person in that segregated, white audience, might be moved to think, and then to change, by what he saw'. I'm beginning to wonder whether it really works that way. The supposition seems to be that there is a didactic--a teaching through feeling element in art. What I do know is that art can give meaning, can render meaningful areas of experience, and most certainly also enhances. But teach? Contradict? State the opposite to what you believe and then lead you to accept it? In other words, can art change a man or woman? No. That is what life does. Art is no substitute for life.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></blockquote> Of the few venues in the country where a play could be presented to mixed audiences, Fugard noted that some were little better than barns. But he concluded that under these circumstances, "every conceivable dignity--audience, producer, act, 'professional' etc.--" was "operative" in the white theatre except one, "human dignity".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Fugard publicly supported the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a> (1959–94) in the international boycott of South African theatres due to their segregated audiences. The results were additional restrictions and surveillance. He had his plays published and produced outside South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Lortel" title="Lucille Lortel">Lucille Lortel</a> produced The Blood Knot at the Cricket Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Off_Broadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Off Broadway">Off Broadway</a>, in New York City in 1964, "launch[ing]" Fugard's "American career."<a href="#cite_note-LortelArchiveBiog-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Serpent_Players">The Serpent Players</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Serpent Players">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, Fugard formed the Serpent Players, whose name derives from its first venue, the former snake pit (hence the name) at the Port Elizabeth Museum,<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-17">[17]</a> "a group of black actors worker-players who earned their living as teachers, clerks, and industrial workers, and cannot thus be considered amateurs in the manner of leisured whites", developing and performing plays "under surveillance by the Security Police", according to Loren Kruger's The Dis-illusion of Apartheid, published in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Kruger217f-33">[33]</a> The group largely consisted of black men, including <a href="/wiki/Winston_Ntshona" title="Winston Ntshona">Winston Ntshona</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kani" title="John Kani">John Kani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welcome_Duru" title="Welcome Duru">Welcome Duru</a>, Fats Bookholane and Mike Ngxolo as well as Nomhle Nkonyeni and Mabel Magada. They all got together, albeit at different intervals, and decided to do something about their lives using the stage. In 1961 they met Athol Fugard, a white man who grew up in Port Elizabeth and who recently returned from Johannesburg, and asked him if he could work with them "as he had the know-how theatrically—the tricks, how to use the stage, movements, everything"; they worked with Athol Fugard since then, "and that is how the Serpent Players got together."<a href="#cite_note-Ufahamu-34">[34]</a> At the time, the group performed anything they could lay their hands on in South Africa as they had no access to any libraries. These included <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and many other prominent playwrights of the time. In an interview in California, Ntshona and Kani were asked why they were doing the play <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Banzi Is Dead</a>, considered a highly political and telling story of the South African political landscape at the time. Ntshona answered: "We are just a group of artists who love theatre. And we have every right to open the doors to anyone who wants to take a look at our play and our work...We believe that art is life and conversely, life is art. And no sensible man can divorce one from the other. That's it. Other attributes are merely labels."<a href="#cite_note-Ufahamu-34">[34]</a> They mainly performed at the St Stephen's Hall – renamed the Douglas Ngange Mbopa Memorial Hall in 2013 – adjacent to St Stephen's Church, and other spaces in and around New Brighton, the oldest Black township in Port Elizabeth. According to Loren Kruger, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <blockquote>the Serpent Players used <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a>'s elucidation of <a href="/wiki/Gestus" title="Gestus">gestic acting</a>, dis-illusion, and social critique, as well as their own experience of the satiric comic routines of urban African <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, to explore the theatrical force of <a href="/wiki/Epic_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Theatre">Brecht's techniques</a>, as well as the immediate political relevance of a play about land distribution. Their work on the <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">Caucasian Chalk Circle</a> and, a year later, on <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone (Sophocles)">Antigone</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-17">[17]</a> led directly to the creation, in 1966, of what is still [2004] South Africa's most distinctive Lehrstück [learning play]:The Coat. Based on an incident at one of the many political trials involving the Serpent Players, The Coat dramatized the choices facing a woman whose husband, convicted of anti-apartheid political activity, left her only a coat and instructions to use it.<a href="#cite_note-Kruger217f-33">[33]</a></blockquote> Clive Barnes of The New York Times panned People Are Living There (1969) in 1971, arguing: "There are splinters of realities here, and pregnancies of feeling, hut [sic] nothing of significance emerges. In Mr. Fugard's earlier plays he seemed to be dealing with life at a proper level of humanity. Here—if real people are living there—they remain oddly quiet about it...The first act rambles disconsolately, like a lonely type writer looking for a subject and the second act produces with pride a birthday party of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplinesque</a> bathos but less than Chaplinesque invention and spirit..[The characters] harangue one another in an awkward dislocation between a formal speech and an interior monologue."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Mark Blankenship of Variety negatively reviewed a 2005 revival of the same work, writing that it "lacks the emotional intensity and theatrical imagination that mark such Fugard favorites" as <a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a>. Blankenship also stated, however, that the performance he attended featuring "only haphazard sketches of plot and character" was perhaps the result of Fugard allowing director Suzanne Shepard to revise the play without showing him the changes.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Serpent Players conceptualised and co-authored many plays that it performed for a variety of audiences in many theatres around the world. The following are some of its notable and most popular plays: <ul><li>Its first production was <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_Mandragola" class="mw-redirect" title="La Mandragola">La Mandragola</a>, directed by Fugard as <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a> and set in the township. Other productions include <a href="/wiki/Georg_Buchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Buchner">Georg Buchner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Woyzeck" title="Woyzeck">Woyzeck</a>, Brecht's <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a> and Sophocles' <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a>. When the group had turned to improvisation, they came up with classic works such as <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Banzi Is Dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a>, emerging as inner experiences of the actors who are also the co-authors of the plays.</li> <li>In The Coat, Kruger observes, "The participants were engaged not only in representing social relationships on stage but also on enacting and revising their own dealings with each other and with institutions of apartheid oppression from the law courts downward", and "this engagement testified to the real power of Brecht's apparently utopian plan to abolish the separation of player and audience and to make of each player a 'statesman' or social actor...Work on The Coat led indirectly to the Serpent Players' most famous and most Brechtian productions: <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Banzi Is Dead</a> (1972) and <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a> (1973)."<a href="#cite_note-Kruger217f-33">[33]</a></li></ul> Fugard developed these two plays for the Serpent Players in workshops, working with <a href="/wiki/John_Kani" title="John Kani">John Kani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Ntshona" title="Winston Ntshona">Winston Ntshona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kruger217f-33">[33]</a> publishing them in 1974 with his own play Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act (1972). The authorities considered the title of The Island, which alludes to <a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a>, the prison where <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was being held, too controversial, so Fugard and the Serpent Players used the alternative title The Hodoshe Span (Hodoshe meaning "carrion fly" in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>). <ul><li>These plays "espoused a Brechtian attention to the demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Gestus" title="Gestus">gest</a> and social situations and encouraged audiences to analyze rather than merely applaud the action"; for example, <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Banzi Is Dead</a>, which infused a Brechtian critique and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudevillian irony</a>-–especially in Kani's virtuoso improvisation-–even provoked an African audience's critical interruption and interrogation of the action.<a href="#cite_note-Kruger217f-33">[33]</a></li> <li>While dramatising frustrations in the lives of his audience members, the plays simultaneously drew them into the action and attempted to have them analyse the situations of the characters in Brechtian fashion, according to Kruger.<a href="#cite_note-Kruger217f-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Blood Knot was filmed by the BBC in 1967, with Fugard's collaboration, starring the Jamaican actor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hyatt" title="Charles Hyatt">Charles Hyatt</a> as Zachariah and Fugard himself as Morris, as in the original 1961 première in Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-FugardNotebooks-37">[37]</a> Less pleased than Fugard, the South African government of <a href="/wiki/B.J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Vorster">B.J. Vorster</a> confiscated Fugard's passport.<a href="#cite_note-Biography-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walder-38">[38]</a></li></ul> Fugard's play <a href="/wiki/A_Lesson_from_Aloes" title="A Lesson from Aloes">A Lesson from Aloes</a> (1978) was described as one of his major works by Alvin Klein of The New York Times,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> though others have written more lukewarm reviews. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yale_Rep_premieres,_1980s">Yale Rep premieres, 1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yale Rep premieres, 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugard_Theatre,_front_relief,_Cape_Town.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG/170px-Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG/255px-Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG/340px-Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Fugard Theatre in <a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a>, Cape Town</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a>, written in 1982, incorporates "strong autobiographical matter"; nonetheless "it is fiction, not memoir", as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousins:_A_Memoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousins: A Memoir (page does not exist)">Cousins: A Memoir</a> and some of Fugard's other works are subtitled.<a href="#cite_note-Wertheim-40">[40]</a> The play deals with the relationship between a 17-year-old white South African and two African men who work for the white youth's family. Its world premiere was performed by <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Ivanek" title="Željko Ivanek">Željko Ivanek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zakes_Mokae" title="Zakes Mokae">Zakes Mokae</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, in March 1982.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Road to Mecca was presented at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a>, New Haven, Connecticut, in May 1984. Directed by Fugard, the cast starred <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Mathews" title="Carmen Mathews">Carmen Mathews</a>, Marianne Owen, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Aldredge" title="Tom Aldredge">Tom Aldredge</a>. Along with Master Harold, it proved to be one of Fugard's most acclaimed works.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> It is the story of an elderly recluse in a small South African town who has spent 15 years on an obsessive artistic project.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Fugard appeared in his A Place With the Pigs at the Yale Rep in New Haven CT, in 1987. Inspired by the true story of World War II Soviet deserter, Fugard plays a paranoid who spent four decades hiding with his pigs. As with The Road to Mecca, Fugards critics readily appreciated the metaphor for a life of internal exile.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid_plays">Post-apartheid plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid plays">edit</a>]</div> The first play that Fugard wrote after the end of apartheid, Valley Song, was premiered in Johannesburg, in August, 1995, with Fugard in the role of both a white, and of a <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a>, farmer. While they dispute property titles, both share a reverence for the land and fear change.<a href="#cite_note-Valley_Song_Summary-47">[47]</a> In October 1995, Fugard took the play to the United States with a production by the Manhattan Theatre Club at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-Valley_Song_Summary-47">[47]</a> In January 2009, Fugard returned to New Haven for the premiere in the Coming Home. Veronika, the granddaughter of Buk, the coloured farmer in Valley Song, leaves the Karoo to pursue a singing career in Cape Town but then returns, after his death, to create a new life on the land for her young son.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fugard_Theatre" title="Fugard Theatre">Fugard Theatre</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a> area of Cape Town opened with performances by the <a href="/wiki/Isango_Portobello" class="mw-redirect" title="Isango Portobello">Isango Portobello</a> theatre company in February 2010 and a new play written and directed by Athol Fugard, The Train Driver, played at the theatre in March 2010.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In April 2014, returned to the stage in the world premiere of his The Shadow of a Hummingbird at the <a href="/wiki/Long_Wharf_Theatre" title="Long Wharf Theatre">Long Wharf Theatre</a>, New Haven. This short play was performed with an "introductory scene" compiled by Paula Fourie from Fugard's journal writings. With "the playwright digging through these diaries on a set which resembles an old, busy writer's workspace", the scene blends into the main play, which begins when Boba, the grandson of the story-telling grandfather character Oupa (played by Fugard) comes to visit.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> Fugard's plays are produced internationally and have won multiple awards, and several have been made into films<a href="#cite_note-AMGF-51">[51]</a> (see Filmography below). Fugard himself performed in the first of these, as Boesman alongside <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Bryceland" title="Yvonne Bryceland">Yvonne Bryceland</a> as Lena, in Boesman and Lena directed by <a href="/wiki/Ross_Devenish" title="Ross Devenish">Ross Devenish</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> His film debut as a director occurred in 1992, when he co-directed the adaptation of his play <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(play)" title="The Road to Mecca (play)">The Road to Mecca</a> with Peter Goldsmid, who also wrote the screenplay.<a href="#cite_note-AMGF-51">[51]</a> The film adaptation of his novel <a href="/wiki/Tsotsi" title="Tsotsi">Tsotsi</a>, written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hood" title="Gavin Hood">Gavin Hood</a>, won the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-AMGF-51">[51]</a> Outside of his own work, Fugard has a number of cameo film roles, most notably as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">General Smuts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi (1982)</a>, and as Doctor Sundesval in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg" title="Sydney Schanberg">Sydney Schanberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_(film)" title="The Killing Fields (film)">The Killing Fields (1984)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plays">Plays</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a>]</div> In chronological order of first production and/or publication:<a href="#cite_note-Biography-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plays-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grayclassifications-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrayMethuenFile-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FugardGrayed-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_and_the_Devil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas and the Devil (page does not exist)">Klaas and the Devil</a> (1956)</li> <li>The Cell (play) (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No-Good_Friday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No-Good Friday (page does not exist)">No-Good Friday</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nongogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nongogo (page does not exist)">Nongogo</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">The Blood Knot</a> (1961); later revised and entitled <a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">Blood Knot</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_and_Goodbye_(play)" title="Hello and Goodbye (play)">Hello and Goodbye</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Coat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Coat (page does not exist)">The Coat</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_Are_Living_There&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People Are Living There (page does not exist)">People Are Living There</a> (1968)</li> <li>The Last Bus (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friday%27s_Bread_on_Monday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friday's Bread on Monday (page does not exist)">Friday's Bread on Monday</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Banzi Is Dead</a> (1972) (developed with <a href="/wiki/John_Kani" title="John Kani">John Kani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Ntshona" title="Winston Ntshona">Winston Ntshona</a> in workshops)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a> (1972) (developed with <a href="/wiki/John_Kani" title="John Kani">John Kani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Ntshona" title="Winston Ntshona">Winston Ntshona</a> in workshops)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statements_After_an_Arrest_Under_the_Immorality_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act (page does not exist)">Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimetos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimetos (page does not exist)">Dimetos</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orestes_(Fugard_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orestes (Fugard play) (page does not exist)">Orestes</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lesson_from_Aloes" title="A Lesson from Aloes">A Lesson from Aloes</a> (1978)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Drummer_(Fugard_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Drummer (Fugard play) (page does not exist)">The Drummer</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(play)" title="The Road to Mecca (play)">The Road to Mecca</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Place_with_the_Pigs:_a_personal_parable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Place with the Pigs: a personal parable (page does not exist)">A Place with the Pigs: a personal parable</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Children!_My_Africa!" class="mw-redirect" title="My Children! My Africa!">My Children! My Africa!</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=My_Life_(Fugard_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="My Life (Fugard play) (page does not exist)">My Life</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playland_(Fugard_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Playland (Fugard play) (page does not exist)">Playland</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valley_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valley Song (page does not exist)">Valley Song</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Captain%27s_Tiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Captain's Tiger (page does not exist)">The Captain's Tiger: a memoir for the stage</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrows_and_Rejoicings" title="Sorrows and Rejoicings">Sorrows and Rejoicings</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exits_and_Entrances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exits and Entrances (page does not exist)">Exits and Entrances</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Booitjie_and_the_Oubaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Booitjie and the Oubaas (page does not exist)">Booitjie and the Oubaas</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_(Fugard_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory (Fugard play) (page does not exist)">Victory</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coming_Home_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coming Home (play) (page does not exist)">Coming Home</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Have_You_Seen_Us&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Have You Seen Us (page does not exist)">Have You Seen Us</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Train_Driver" title="The Train Driver">The Train Driver</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Hummingbird" title="The Shadow of the Hummingbird">The Shadow of the Hummingbird</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Painted_Rocks_at_Revolver_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Painted Rocks at Revolver Creek (page does not exist)">The Painted Rocks at Revolver Creek</a> (2016)</li> <li>Concerning the Life of Babyboy Kleintjies (2022) (co-written with Paula Fourie)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Statements: [Three Plays]. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press (OUP), 1974. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211385-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211385-2">0-19-211385-2</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211385-6">978-0-19-211385-6</a> (13). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281170-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281170-3">0-19-281170-3</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281170-7">978-0-19-281170-7</a> (13). (Co-authored with <a href="/wiki/John_Kani" title="John Kani">John Kani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Ntshona" title="Winston Ntshona">Winston Ntshona</a>; see below.)</li> <li>Three Port Elizabeth Plays: <a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">Blood Knot</a>; Hello and Goodbye; and <a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a>. Oxford and New York, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211366-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211366-6">0-19-211366-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Bansi Is Dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a>. New York: Viking Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-64784-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-64784-5">0-670-64784-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimetos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimetos (page does not exist)">Dimetos</a> and Two Early Plays. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211390-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211390-9">0-19-211390-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> and Other Plays. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-570197-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-570197-6">0-19-570197-6</a>.</li> <li>Selected Plays of Fugard: Notes. Ed. Dennis Walder. London: Longman, 1980. Beirut: York Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-78129-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-78129-9">0-582-78129-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsi_(novel)" title="Tsotsi (novel)">Tsotsi: a novel</a>. New York: Random House, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51384-3">978-0-394-51384-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lesson_from_Aloes" title="A Lesson from Aloes">A Lesson from Aloes</a>: A Play. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1981.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigolds_in_August" title="Marigolds in August">Marigolds in August</a>. A.D. Donker, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86852-008-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86852-008-X">0-86852-008-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a>. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-570331-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-570331-6">0-19-570331-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_Are_Living_There&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People Are Living There (page does not exist)">People Are Living There</a>. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-570332-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-570332-4">0-19-570332-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a>. New York and London: Penguin, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-048187-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-048187-7">0-14-048187-7</a>.</li> <li>Notebooks 1960–1977. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53755-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53755-6">0-394-53755-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(play)" title="The Road to Mecca (play)">The Road to Mecca</a>: A Play in Two Acts. London: Faber and Faber, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13691-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13691-5">0-571-13691-5</a>. [Suggested by the life and work of <a href="/wiki/The_Owl_House_(museum)" title="The Owl House (museum)">Helen Martins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Bethesda" title="Nieu-Bethesda">New Bethesda</a>, Eastern Cape, South Africa.]</li> <li>Selected Plays. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281929-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281929-1">0-19-281929-1</a>. [Includes: <a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a>; <a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">Blood Knot</a> (new version); Hello and Goodbye; <a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a>.]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Place_with_the_Pigs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Place with the Pigs (page does not exist)">A Place with the Pigs</a>: a personal parable. London: Faber and Faber, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-15114-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-15114-0">0-571-15114-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Children!_My_Africa!" class="mw-redirect" title="My Children! My Africa!">My Children! My Africa!</a> and Selected Shorter Plays. Ed. and introd. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(writer)" title="Stephen Gray (writer)">Stephen Gray</a>. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand UP, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-117-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-117-9">1-86814-117-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">Blood Knot</a> and Other Plays. New York: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">Theatre Communications Group</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55936-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55936-019-4">1-55936-019-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playland_(Fugard_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Playland (Fugard play) (page does not exist)">Playland</a> and Other Worlds. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand UP, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-219-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-219-1">1-86814-219-1</a>.</li> <li>The Township Plays. Ed. and introd. Dennis Walder. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282925-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282925-4">0-19-282925-4</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282925-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282925-2">978-0-19-282925-2</a> (13). [Includes: <a href="/w/index.php?title=No-good_Friday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No-good Friday (page does not exist)">No-good Friday</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nongogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nongogo (page does not exist)">Nongogo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Coat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Coat (page does not exist)">The Coat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Bansi_Is_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Sizwe Bansi Is Dead">Sizwe Bansi Is Dead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a>.]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousins:_A_Memoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousins: A Memoir (page does not exist)">Cousins: A Memoir</a>, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand UP, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-278-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-278-7">1-86814-278-7</a>.</li> <li>Hello and Goodbye. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-571099-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-571099-1">0-19-571099-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valley_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valley Song (page does not exist)">Valley Song</a>. London: Faber and Faber, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17908-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-17908-8">0-571-17908-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Captains%27s_Tiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Captains's Tiger (page does not exist)">The Captain's Tiger: A Memoir for the Stage</a>. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-324-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-324-4">1-86814-324-4</a>.</li> <li>Athol Fugard: Plays. London: Faber and Faber, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19093-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19093-6">0-571-19093-6</a>.</li> <li>Interior Plays. Oxford and New York: OUP, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-288035-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-288035-7">0-19-288035-7</a>.</li> <li>Port Elizabeth Plays. Oxford and New York: OUP, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282529-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282529-1">0-19-282529-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrows_and_Rejoicings" title="Sorrows and Rejoicings">Sorrows and Rejoicings</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">Theatre Communications Group</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55936-208-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55936-208-1">1-55936-208-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exits_and_Entrances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exits and Entrances (page does not exist)">Exits and Entrances</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dramatists_Play_Service" title="Dramatists Play Service">Dramatists Play Service</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8222-2041-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8222-2041-5">0-8222-2041-5</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Co-authored with <a href="/wiki/John_Kani" title="John Kani">John Kani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Ntshona" title="Winston Ntshona">Winston Ntshona</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>Statements: [Three Plays]. 1974. By Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona. Rev. ed. Oxford and New York: OUP, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281170-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281170-3">0-19-281170-3</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281170-7">978-0-19-281170-7</a> (13). ["Two workshop productions devised by Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona, and a new play"; includes: <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Bansi Is Dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statements_After_an_Arrest_Under_the_Immorality_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act (page does not exist)">Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act</a>.]</li></ul> <dl><dt>Co-authored with Ross Devenish</dt></dl> <ul><li>The Guest: an episode in the life of Eugene Marais. By Athol Fugard and Ross Devenish. Craighall: A. D. Donker, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949937-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-949937-36-3">0-949937-36-3</a>. (Die besoeker: 'n episode in die lewe van Eugene Marais. Trans. into <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> by Wilma Stockenstrom. Craighall: A. D. Donker, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949937-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-949937-43-6">0-949937-43-6</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Films adapted from Fugard's plays and novel<a href="#cite_note-AMGF-51">[51]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (1974), dir. <a href="/wiki/Ross_Devenish" title="Ross Devenish">Ross Devenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigolds_in_August_(film)" title="Marigolds in August (film)">Marigolds in August</a> (1980), dir. Ross Devenish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> (1984), TV movie, dir. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lindsay-Hogg" title="Michael Lindsay-Hogg">Michael Lindsay-Hogg</a>, first broadcast on Showtime<a href="#cite_note-AMG-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(film)" title="The Road to Mecca (film)">The Road to Mecca</a> (1991), co-dir. by Fugard and Peter Goldsmid (screen adapt.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (2000), dir. <a href="/wiki/John_Berry_(film_director)" title="John Berry (film director)">John Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsi" title="Tsotsi">Tsotsi</a> (2005), screen adapt. and dir. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hood" title="Gavin Hood">Gavin Hood</a>; 2005 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a><a href="#cite_note-McLuckie-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> (2010), dir. <a href="/wiki/Lonny_Price" title="Lonny Price">Lonny Price</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Film roles<a href="#cite_note-AMGF-51">[51]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (1974) as Boesman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Guest_at_Steenkampskraal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Guest at Steenkampskraal (page does not exist)">The Guest at Steenkampskraal</a> (1977)<a href="#cite_note-AMGGuest-59">[59]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Marais" title="Eugène Marais">Eugène Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men_(film)" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men (film)">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a> (1979)<a href="#cite_note-AMGMeetings-60">[60]</a> as Professor Skridlov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigolds_in_August" title="Marigolds in August">Marigolds in August</a> (1980) as Paulus Olifant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a> (1982) as General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_(film)" title="The Killing Fields (film)">The Killing Fields</a> (1984) as Doctor Sundesval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(film)" title="The Road to Mecca (film)">The Road to Mecca</a> (1991) as Reverend Marius Byleveld</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_awards_and_nominations">Selected awards and nominations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Selected awards and nominations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> 2014<a href="#cite_note-STIAS-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Theatre<a href="#cite_note-List-62">[62]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obie_Award" title="Obie Award">Obie Award</a> <ul><li>1971 – Best Foreign Play – <a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (winner)<a href="#cite_note-Lortel-63">[63]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> <ul><li>1975 – Best Play – <a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead" title="Sizwe Banzi Is Dead">Sizwe Banzi Is Dead</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a> – Athol Fugard, John Kani and Winston Ntshona (nomination)</li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a> Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre (winner)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle" title="New York Drama Critics' Circle">New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards</a> <ul><li>1981 – Best Play – A Lesson From Aloes (winner)</li> <li>1988 – Best Foreign Play – <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(play)" title="The Road to Mecca (play)">The Road to Mecca</a> (winner)<a href="#cite_note-Lortel-63">[63]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Standard Award">Evening Standard Award</a> <ul><li>1983 – Best Play – <a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> (winner)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama Desk Awards">Drama Desk Awards</a> <ul><li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> (winner)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Lortel_Awards" title="Lucille Lortel Awards">Lucille Lortel Awards</a> <ul><li>1992 – Outstanding Revival – <a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (winner)<a href="#cite_note-Lortel-63">[63]</a></li> <li>1996 – Outstanding Body of Work (winner)<a href="#cite_note-Lortelarchive-64">[64]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audie_Awards" title="Audie Awards">The Audie Awards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Audio_Publishers_Association" title="Audio Publishers Association">Audio Publishers Association</a>) <ul><li>1999 – Theatrical Productions – <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(play)" title="The Road to Mecca (play)">The Road to Mecca</a> (winner)<a href="#cite_note-Audie-65">[65]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Critics Circle Award">Outer Critics Circle Award</a> <ul><li>2007 – Outstanding New Off-Broadway Play – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exits_and_Entrances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exits and Entrances (page does not exist)">Exits and Entrances</a> (nomination)<a href="#cite_note-Lortel-63">[63]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Honorary awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards" title="Writers Guild of America Awards">Writers Guild of America, East Award</a> <ul><li>1986 – Evelyn F. Burkey Memorial Award – (along with <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Richards" title="Lloyd Richards">Lloyd Richards</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National Orders Award (South Africa) <ul><li>2005 – The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ikhamanga" title="Order of Ikhamanga">Order of Ikhamanga</a> in Silver – "for his excellent contribution and achievements in the theatre"<a href="#cite_note-Orders-5">[5]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>'s Golden Plate Award<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <ul><li>2014 – Golden Plate Award</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Honorary degrees</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, 1983<a href="#cite_note-YU-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_University" title="Wittenberg University">Wittenberg University</a>, 1992<a href="#cite_note-WU-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>, 1993<a href="#cite_note-Witt-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, 1995<a href="#cite_note-BUPR-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, 1998<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stellenbosch">University of Stellenbosch</a>, 2006<a href="#cite_note-Stellenbosch-72">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reviews">Reviews</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reviews">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Fullerton, Ian (1980), review of Tsotsi, in <a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a> No. 4. Winter 1980–81, p. 41, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">South Africa under apartheid</a></li></ul> Falls the Shadow, film biography, directed by Tony Palmer (2012) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation web cs1">Smith, David (12 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/12/athol-fugard-prejudice-racism-south-africa">"Athol Fugard: 'Prejudice and racism are still alive and well in South Africa'"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rslit.org%2Findex.php%3Fn%3DSociety.Fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativefeel.co.za/2019/03/the-fugard-theatre/">"The Fugard Theatre"</a>. Creative Feel. March 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fugard+Theatre&rft.pub=Creative+Feel&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativefeel.co.za%2F2019%2F03%2Fthe-fugard-theatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athol-Fugard">"Athol Fugard"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAthol-Fugard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iainfisher.com/fugard/athol-fugard.html">"Athol Fugard: Biography"</a>. Athol Fugard: Statements. iainfisher.com. Retrieved 1 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Statements&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Biography&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iainfisher.com%2Ffugard%2Fathol-fugard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Fisher gives Fugard's full birth name as "Harold Athol Lanigan Fugard", spelling Fugard's middle name as Lanigan, following Dennis Walder, Athol Fugard, Writers and Their Work (Tavistock: Northcote House in association with the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, 2003). It is spelled as Lannigan in Athol Fugard, Notebooks 1960–1977 (New York: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">Theatre Communications Group</a>, 2004) and in Stephen Gray's Athol Fugard (Johannesburg and New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1982) and many other publications. The former spelling (single n) seems more authoritative, however, as it is also used by Marianne McDonald, a close UCSD colleague and friend of Fugard, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-theatre.ucsd.edu/TF/fugard.html">"A Gift for His Seventieth Birthday: Athol Fugard's Sorrows and Rejoicings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724105820/http://www-theatre.ucsd.edu/TF/fugard.html">Archived</a> 24 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Theatre and Dance, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, rpt. from TheatreForum 21 (Summer/Fall 2002); in Fugard's National Orders Award (27 September 2005) from the government of South Africa, presented to "Harold Athol Lanigan Fugard (1932 –)"; and in his "Full Profile" in Who's Who of Southern Africa (2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-WalderTownship-11"><a href="#cite_ref-WalderTownship_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugard2000" class="citation book cs1">Fugard, Athol (2000). Dennis Walder, and introd (ed.). The Township Plays. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybn4VLRLTMcC">xvi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282925-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282925-2"><bdi>978-0-19-282925-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Township+Plays&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Oxford+and+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press%2C+1993&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-282925-2&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> limited preview.) </li> <li id="cite_note-History-12"><a href="#cite_ref-History_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315140020/http://www.priory.co.za/content.asp?PageID=595">"History: St Dominic's Prior School...Marist Brothers College"</a>. St Dominic's Priory School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priory.co.za/content.asp?PageID=595">the original</a> (World Wide Web) on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+St+Dominic%27s+Prior+School...Marist+Brothers+College&rft.pub=St+Dominic%27s+Priory+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.priory.co.za%2Fcontent.asp%3FPageID%3D595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/boesman/author-biography">"Boesman and Lena – Author Biography"</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boesman+and+Lena+%E2%80%93+Author+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fboesman%2Fauthor-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheim215-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheim215_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheim2000" class="citation book cs1">Wertheim, Albert (2000). The Dramatic Art of Athol Fugard: From South Africa to the World. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2000. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dramaticartofath0000wert/page/221">215</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dramaticartofath0000wert/page/221">224–38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33823-5"><bdi>978-0-253-33823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dramatic+Art+of+Athol+Fugard%3A+From+South+Africa+to+the+World&rft.pages=215%2C+224-38&rft.pub=Bloomington%3A+Indiana+UP%2C+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33823-5&rft.aulast=Wertheim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> limited preview.) </li> <li id="cite_note-SheilaFugard-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SheilaFugard_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SheilaFugard_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugard" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fugard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila Fugard">Fugard, Sheila</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v39/ai_16087644">"The Apprenticeship Years: Athol Fugard issue"</a>. Twentieth Century Literature. 39.4 (Winter 1993). findarticles.com. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Apprenticeship+Years%3A+Athol+Fugard+issue&rft.volume=39.4+%28Winter+1993%29&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0403%2Fis_n4_v39%2Fai_16087644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mudge-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Mudge_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudge2006" class="citation web cs1">Mudge, Alden (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030443/http://www.bookpage.com/0601bp/lisa_fugard.html">"African Odyssey: Lisa Fugard Explores the Moral Ambiguities of Apartheid"</a>. First Person: Interview. Bookpage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookpage.com/0601bp/lisa_fugard.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Person%3A+Interview&rft.atitle=African+Odyssey%3A+Lisa+Fugard+Explores+the+Moral+Ambiguities+of+Apartheid&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Mudge&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookpage.com%2F0601bp%2Flisa_fugard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_17-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2003" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Marianne (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/f/athol_fugard/index.html">"Introd. of Athol Fugard"</a> (YouTube <a href="/wiki/Video_clip" title="Video clip">Video clip</a>). Times Topics, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Topics%2C+The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Introd.+of+Athol+Fugard&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Ff%2Fathol_fugard%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> [Times Topics menu includes link to UCSD YouTube clip of Athol Fugard's lecture, "A Catholic <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a>: an episode in the life of <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>", Eugene M. Burke C.S.P. Lectureship on Religion and Society, University of California, San Diego (UCSD).] </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugard2010" class="citation news cs1">Fugard, Athol (31 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/31/once-upon-a-life-athol-fugard">"Once upon a life: Athol Fugard"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101222258/http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/31/once-upon-a-life-athol-fugard">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Once+upon+a+life%3A+Athol+Fugard&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2010%2Foct%2F31%2Fonce-upon-a-life-athol-fugard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FugardDavies-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FugardDavies_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugardSerena_Davies2007" class="citation news cs1">Fugard, Athol & Serena Davies (8 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/08/04/btweek104.xml">"My Week: Athol Fugard"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk. London. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=My+Week%3A+Athol+Fugard&rft.date=2007-04-08&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rft.au=Serena+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Farts%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Farts%2F2007%2F08%2F04%2Fbtweek104.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FugardIU-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FugardIU_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugardBruce_Burgun2000" class="citation web cs1">Fugard, Athol; Bruce Burgun (29 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911095257/http://homepages.indiana.edu/092900/text/conversations.html">"Conversation on line with South African Dramatist Athol Fugard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University at Bloomington</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homepages.indiana.edu/092900/text/conversations.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversation+on+line+with+South+African+Dramatist+Athol+Fugard&rft.pub=Indiana+University+at+Bloomington&rft.date=2000-09-29&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rft.au=Bruce+Burgun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homepages.indiana.edu%2F092900%2Ftext%2Fconversations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> (RealAudio clip of interview.) </li> <li id="cite_note-courant-21"><a href="#cite_ref-courant_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/2014/03/23/athol-fugard-gets-personal-in-shadow-of-the-hummingbird-at-long-wharf/">"Athol Fugard Gets Personal In 'Shadow of the Hummingbird' At Long Wharf"</a>. Hartford Courant. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard+Gets+Personal+In+%27Shadow+of+the+Hummingbird%27+At+Long+Wharf&rft.date=2014-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2F2014%2F03%2F23%2Fathol-fugard-gets-personal-in-shadow-of-the-hummingbird-at-long-wharf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-award-22"><a href="#cite_ref-award_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamodien2014" class="citation web cs1">Samodien, Leila (17 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/athol-fugard-wins-prestigious-award-1.1720958#.VEoNMPmUeSp">"Athol Fugard wins prestigious award"</a>. Cape Times. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cape+Times&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard+wins+prestigious+award&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft.aulast=Samodien&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fcapetimes%2Fathol-fugard-wins-prestigious-award-1.1720958%23.VEoNMPmUeSp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativefeel.co.za/2016/05/congratulations-athol-fugard-paula-fourie/">"Congratulations Athol Fugard & Paula Fourie"</a>. Creative Feel. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Feel&rft.atitle=Congratulations+Athol+Fugard+%26+Paula+Fourie&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreativefeel.co.za%2F2016%2F05%2Fcongratulations-athol-fugard-paula-fourie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Merwe2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van der Merwe, Elna (7 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vryeweekblad.com/lewenstyl-en-kos/2022-10-07-aangaande-athol-paula-en-babyboy-kleintjies/">"Aangaande Athol, Paula en Babyboy Kleintjies"</a>. Vrye Weekblad (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vrye+Weekblad&rft.atitle=Aangaande+Athol%2C+Paula+en+Babyboy+Kleintjies&rft.date=2022-10-07&rft.aulast=van+der+Merwe&rft.aufirst=Elna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vryeweekblad.com%2Flewenstyl-en-kos%2F2022-10-07-aangaande-athol-paula-en-babyboy-kleintjies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourie2022" class="citation web cs1">Fourie, Paula (6 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litnet.co.za/n-bedrywige-woordfees-vir-paula-fourie-met-taliep-babyboy-kleintjies-en-athol/">"'n Bedrywige Woordfees vir Paula Fourie met Taliep, Babyboy Kleintjies en Athol"</a>. LitNet. Retrieved 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LitNet&rft.atitle=%27n+Bedrywige+Woordfees+vir+Paula+Fourie+met+Taliep%2C+Babyboy+Kleintjies+en+Athol&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft.aulast=Fourie&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litnet.co.za%2Fn-bedrywige-woordfees-vir-paula-fourie-met-taliep-babyboy-kleintjies-en-athol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder1978" class="citation news cs1">Eder, Richard (4 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/04/archives/nongogo-a-drama-early-fugard-work.html">"'Nongogo,' a Drama"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Nongogo%2C%27+a+Drama&rft.date=1978-12-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F12%2F04%2Farchives%2Fnongogo-a-drama-early-fugard-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krugerchap5-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Krugerchap5_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruger2004" class="citation book cs1">Kruger, Loren (2004). "Chapter 5: The Dis-illusion of Apartheid: Brecht in South Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Qizpti1Z4C">Post-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South</a>. Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Qizpti1Z4C&pg=PA215">215–80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81708-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Dis-illusion+of+Apartheid%3A+Brecht+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Post-Imperial+Brecht+Politics+and+Performance%2C+East+and+South&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Modern+Theatre&rft.pages=215-80&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81708-0&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4Qizpti1Z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gussow-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Gussow_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussow1985" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gussow" title="Mel Gussow">Gussow, Mel</a> (24 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theater2.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9C05E5D91439F937A1575AC0A963948260">"Stage: 'The Blood Knot' by Fugard"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stage%3A+%27The+Blood+Knot%27+by+Fugard&rft.date=1985-09-24&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheater2.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Ftheater%2Ftreview.html%3Fres%3D9C05E5D91439F937A1575AC0A963948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1989" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Richards, Lloyd (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2416/the-art-of-theater-no-8-athol-fugard">"Athol Fugard, The Art of Theater No. 8"</a>. The Paris Review. Interviews. Vol. Summer 1989, no. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2037">0031-2037</a>. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review.+Interviews.&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard%2C+The+Art+of+Theater+No.+8&rft.volume=Summer+1989&rft.issue=111&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0031-2037&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F2416%2Fthe-art-of-theater-no-8-athol-fugard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugard1984" class="citation book cs1">Fugard, Athol (1984). Notebooks 1960–1977. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53755-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53755-6"><bdi>0-394-53755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notebooks+1960%E2%80%931977&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-394-53755-6&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Fugard (1984), p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-LortelArchiveBiog-32"><a href="#cite_ref-LortelArchiveBiog_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033734/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Athol&last=Fugard&middle=">"Athol Fugard: Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lortel_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lortel Archives">The Internet Off-Broadway Database</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Athol&last=Fugard&middle=">the original</a> on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Biography&rft.pub=The+Internet+Off-Broadway+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lortel.org%2FLLA_archive%2Findex.cfm%3Fsearch_by%3Dpeople%26keyword%3Dname%26first%3DAthol%26last%3DFugard%26middle%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruger217f-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kruger217f_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruger217f_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruger217f_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruger217f_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruger217f_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruger217f_33-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruger2004" class="citation book cs1">Kruger, Loren (2004). "Chapter 5: The Dis-illusion of Apartheid: Brecht in South Africa". Post-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South. Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Qizpti1Z4C&pg=PA215">217–18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81708-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Dis-illusion+of+Apartheid%3A+Brecht+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Post-Imperial+Brecht+Politics+and+Performance%2C+East+and+South&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Modern+Theatre&rft.pages=217-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81708-0&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> limited preview.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ufahamu-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ufahamu_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ufahamu_34-1">b</a> "'Art is Life and Life is Art'. An interview with John Kani and Winston Ntshona of the Serpent Players from South Africa", in Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies [Internet], 6(2), 1976, pp. 5–26. Available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qb6w2wz">eScholarship</a>, University of California. Retrieved 26 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1971" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Clive (19 November 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/19/archives/theater-people-are-living-there-athol-fugards-drama-opens-at-forum.html">"Theater: People Are Living There'"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theater%3A+People+Are+Living+There%27&rft.date=1971-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F11%2F19%2Farchives%2Ftheater-people-are-living-there-athol-fugards-drama-opens-at-forum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankenship2005" class="citation web cs1">Blankenship, Mark (17 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2005/legit/reviews/people-are-living-there-1200525087/">"People Are Living There"</a>. Variety. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=People+Are+Living+There&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft.aulast=Blankenship&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2005%2Flegit%2Freviews%2Fpeople-are-living-there-1200525087%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FugardNotebooks-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FugardNotebooks_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugard1983" class="citation book cs1">Fugard, Athol (1983). Notebooks 1960–1977. Craighall: A. D. Donker, 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86852-011-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86852-011-X"><bdi>0-86852-011-X</bdi></a>. <q>Back in S'Kop after five weeks in London for BBC TV production of The Blood Knot. Myself as Morrie, with Charles Hyatt as Zach. Robin Midgley directing. Midgley reduced the play to 90 minutes...Midgley did manage to dig up things that had been missed in all the other productions. Most exciting was his treatment of the letter writing scene – 'Address her' – which he turned into an essay in literacy...Zach sweating as the words clot in his mouth...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notebooks+1960%E2%80%931977&rft.pub=Craighall%3A+A.+D.+Donker%2C+1983&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86852-011-X&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walder-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Walder_38-0">^</a> Dennis Walder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v39/ai_16087646/pg_7">"Crossing Boundaries: The Genesis of the Township Plays"</a>, Special issue on Athol Fugard, Twentieth Century Literature (Winter 1993); rpt. findarticles.com. Retrieved 4 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1994" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Alvin (13 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/13/nyregion/theater-hello-and-goodbye-early-fugard-play.html">"THEATER; 'Hello and Goodbye,' Early Fugard Play"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THEATER%3B+%27Hello+and+Goodbye%2C%27+Early+Fugard+Play&rft.date=1994-02-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F02%2F13%2Fnyregion%2Ftheater-hello-and-goodbye-early-fugard-play.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheim-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheim_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheim2000" class="citation book cs1">Wertheim, Albert (2000). The Dramatic Art of Athol Fugard: From South Africa to the World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dramaticartofath0000wert/page/221">225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33823-5"><bdi>978-0-253-33823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dramatic+Art+of+Athol+Fugard%3A+From+South+Africa+to+the+World&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Bloomington%3A+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33823-5&rft.aulast=Wertheim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> limited preview.) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/21/theater/yale-to-stage-premiere-of-fugard-play.html">"Yale to Stage Premiere of Fugard Play"</a>. The New York Times. 21 February 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yale+to+Stage+Premiere+of+Fugard+Play&rft.date=1982-02-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F02%2F21%2Ftheater%2Fyale-to-stage-premiere-of-fugard-play.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1982" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Frank (17 March 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/theater/theater-world-premiere-of-fugard-new-play.html">"THEATER: WORLD PREMIERE OF FUGARD' NEW PLAY"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THEATER%3A+WORLD+PREMIERE+OF+FUGARD%27+NEW+PLAY&rft.date=1982-03-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F03%2F17%2Ftheater%2Ftheater-world-premiere-of-fugard-new-play.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnott2018" class="citation web cs1">Arnott, Christopher (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/ctnow/arts-theater/hc-ctnow-lesson-from-aloes-hartford-stage-20180507-story.html">"Fugard's 'A Lesson From Aloes' Ends Hartford Stage's 2017-18 Season"</a>. courant.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courant.com&rft.atitle=Fugard%27s+%27A+Lesson+From+Aloes%27+Ends+Hartford+Stage%27s+2017-18+Season&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Arnott&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fctnow%2Farts-theater%2Fhc-ctnow-lesson-from-aloes-hartford-stage-20180507-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rich" title="Frank Rich">Rich, Frank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/theater/stage-to-mecca-by-athol-fugard.html?pagewanted=">"Stage: 'To Mecca,' By Athol Fugard"</a> The New York Times, 15 May 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1987" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Frank (3 April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/03/theater/stage-fugard-s-place-with-the-pigs.html">"STAGE: FUGARD'S 'PLACE WITH THE PIGS'"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STAGE%3A+FUGARD%27S+%27PLACE+WITH+THE+PIGS%27&rft.date=1987-04-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F04%2F03%2Ftheater%2Fstage-fugard-s-place-with-the-pigs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1984" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Frank (15 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/theater/stage-to-mecca-by-athol-fugard.html?pagewanted=">"STAGE: 'TO MECCA,' BY ATHOL FUGARD (Published 1984)"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STAGE%3A+%27TO+MECCA%2C%27+BY+ATHOL+FUGARD+%28Published+1984%29&rft.date=1984-05-15&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F05%2F15%2Ftheater%2Fstage-to-mecca-by-athol-fugard.html%3Fpagewanted%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valley_Song_Summary-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valley_Song_Summary_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valley_Song_Summary_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-valleysong/">Valley Song Summary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valley+Song+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fstudyguide-valleysong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans2008" class="citation web cs1">Gans, Andrew (11 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://playbill.com/article/fugards-coming-home-will-premiere-at-long-wharf-theatre-com-152377">"Fugard's Coming Home Will Premiere at Long Wharf Theatre"</a>. Playbill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Fugard%27s+Coming+Home+Will+Premiere+at+Long+Wharf+Theatre&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplaybill.com%2Farticle%2Ffugards-coming-home-will-premiere-at-long-wharf-theatre-com-152377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger2010" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia W. (13 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/theater/13fugard.html">"His Next Act: Driving Out Apartheid's Ghost"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324034851/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/theater/13fugard.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=His+Next+Act%3A+Driving+Out+Apartheid%27s+Ghost&rft.date=2010-03-13&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F13%2Ftheater%2F13fugard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newhavenindependent.org/article/fugards_hummingbird_flies">"Fugard's Hummingbird Flies"</a>. New Haven Independent. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Haven+Independent&rft.atitle=Fugard%27s+Hummingbird+Flies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newhavenindependent.org%2Farticle%2Ffugards_hummingbird_flies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMGF-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMGF_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMGF_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMGF_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMGF_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMGF_51-4">e</a> "Filmography" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p25251">Athol Fugard</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a>. Retrieved 3 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804000440/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a5f083a">"Boesman and Lena (1973)"</a>. BFI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a5f083a">the original</a> on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=Boesman+and+Lena+%281973%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2b6a5f083a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plays-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Plays_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iainfisher.com/fugard/athol-fugard-play.html">"Athol Fugard: Plays"</a> (World Wide Web). Athol Fugard: Statements. iainfisher.com. Retrieved 1 October 2008. <q>Some of his plays are grouped together. Sometimes this is based on the subject matter (the Port Elizabeth plays), sometimes it is based on a period and style (the Statement Plays)..But no category is complete, and there is overlap (The Township and The Statement Plays) and some plays do not easily fit into any categories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Statements&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Plays&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iainfisher.com%2Ffugard%2Fathol-fugard-play.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayclassifications-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Grayclassifications_54-0">^</a> Fisher observes in the Fugard "Biography" section of Athol Fugard: Statements that South African writer and critic <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(writer)" title="Stephen Gray (writer)">Gray, Stephen</a> classifies many of Fugard's dramatic works according to chronological periods of composition and similarities of style: "Apprenticeship" ([1956–]1957); "Social Realism" (1958–1961); "Chamber Theatre" (1961–1970); "Improvised Theatre" (1966–1973); and "Poetic Symbolism" (1975[–1990]). </li> <li id="cite_note-GrayMethuenFile-55"><a href="#cite_ref-GrayMethuenFile_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Gray1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(writer)" title="Stephen Gray (writer)">Stephen Gray</a>, ed. (1991). File on Fugard. London: Methuen Drama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-64580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-64580-7"><bdi>978-0-413-64580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=File+on+Fugard&rft.pub=London%3A+Methuen+Drama&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-413-64580-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FugardGrayed-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FugardGrayed_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFugard1990" class="citation book cs1">Fugard, Athol (1990). Stephen Gray, and introd (ed.). My Children! My Africa! and Selected Shorter Plays. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-117-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-117-9"><bdi>1-86814-117-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Children%21+My+Africa%21+and+Selected+Shorter+Plays&rft.pub=Johannesburg%3A+Witwatersrand+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-86814-117-9&rft.aulast=Fugard&rft.aufirst=Athol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrick2022" class="citation web cs1">Petrick, Nadine (11 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litnet.co.za/toyota-us-woordfees-2022-instagram-resensie-concerning-the-life-of-babyboy-kleintjies/">"Toyota US Woordfees 2022 Instagram-resensie: Concerning the life of Babyboy Kleintjies - LitNet"</a>. LitNet – Die boekehuis met baie wonings. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LitNet+%E2%80%93+Die+boekehuis+met+baie+wonings&rft.atitle=Toyota+US+Woordfees+2022+Instagram-resensie%3A+Concerning+the+life+of+Babyboy+Kleintjies+-+LitNet&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft.aulast=Petrick&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litnet.co.za%2Ftoyota-us-woordfees-2022-instagram-resensie-concerning-the-life-of-babyboy-kleintjies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMG-58"><a href="#cite_ref-AMG_58-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v31723">Master Harold...and the Boys</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a>. Retrieved 3 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMGGuest-59"><a href="#cite_ref-AMGGuest_59-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v93978">The Guest at Steenkampskraal</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMGMeetings-60"><a href="#cite_ref-AMGMeetings_60-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v32094">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a>. Retrieved 3 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-STIAS-61"><a href="#cite_ref-STIAS_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stias.ac.za/news/2014/07/stias-fellow-athol-fugard-receives-prestigious-2014-praemium-imperiale-arts-prize/">"STIAS Fellow Athol Fugard receives prestigious 2014 prize"</a>. Stellenbosch University. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STIAS+Fellow+Athol+Fugard+receives+prestigious+2014+prize&rft.pub=Stellenbosch+University&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstias.ac.za%2Fnews%2F2014%2F07%2Fstias-fellow-athol-fugard-receives-prestigious-2014-praemium-imperiale-arts-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-List-62"><a href="#cite_ref-List_62-0">^</a> A list of Fugard's Broadway theatre award nominations may be found at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">IBDB</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304205126/http://www.ibdb.com/awardperson.asp?id=4353">"Athol Fugard: Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/awardperson.asp?id=4353">the original</a> on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Awards&rft.pub=Internet+Broadway+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fawardperson.asp%3Fid%3D4353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lortel-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lortel_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lortel_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lortel_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lortel_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033734/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Athol&last=Fugard&middle=">"Athol Fugard: Award Nominations; Award(s) Won"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lortel_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lortel Archives">The Internet Off-Broadway Database</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Athol&last=Fugard&middle=">the original</a> on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athol+Fugard%3A+Award+Nominations%3B+Award%28s%29+Won&rft.pub=The+Internet+Off-Broadway+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lortel.org%2FLLA_archive%2Findex.cfm%3Fsearch_by%3Dpeople%26keyword%3Dname%26first%3DAthol%26last%3DFugard%26middle%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lortelarchive-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Lortelarchive_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321225119/http://www.lortel.org/LLF_awards/index.cfm?page=previous1986-2000">"Lucille Lortel Awards Archive: 1986–2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lortel_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lortel Archives">Lortel Archives</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lortel.org/LLF_awards/index.cfm?page=previous1986-2000">the original</a> on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucille+Lortel+Awards+Archive%3A+1986%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Lortel+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lortel.org%2FLLF_awards%2Findex.cfm%3Fpage%3Dprevious1986-2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audie-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Audie_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990502194144/http://www.writerswrite.com/books/awards/audie.htm">"The Audie Awards: 1999"</a>. Writers Write, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writerswrite.com/books/awards/audie.htm">the original</a> (World Wide Web) on 2 May 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Audie+Awards%3A+1999&rft.pub=Writers+Write%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writerswrite.com%2Fbooks%2Fawards%2Faudie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/#interview">"Athol Fugard Biography and Interview"</a>. www.achievement.org. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fathol-fugard%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YU-67"><a href="#cite_ref-YU_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010202749/http://www.yale.edu/oir/book_numbers_updated/A6%20_Honorary_Degree_Honorands.pdf">"Yale University: Honorary Degree Honorands: 1977–2000"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/oir/book_numbers_updated/A6%20_Honorary_Degree_Honorands.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yale+University%3A+Honorary+Degree+Honorands%3A+1977%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Foir%2Fbook_numbers_updated%2FA6%2520_Honorary_Degree_Honorands.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WU-68"><a href="#cite_ref-WU_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814202356/https://www.wittenberg.edu/cabinet/honorary.html">"Honorary Degree Recipients: 1948–2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_University" title="Wittenberg University">Wittenberg University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wittenberg.edu/cabinet/honorary.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degree+Recipients%3A+1948%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Wittenberg+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wittenberg.edu%2Fcabinet%2Fhonorary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witt-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Witt_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.wits.ac.za/Alumni/Awards/HonoraryDegs.htm">"Honorary Graduates: 1920s to 2000s"</a> (World Wide Web). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020357/http://web.wits.ac.za/Alumni/Awards/HonoraryDegs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Graduates%3A+1920s+to+2000s&rft.pub=University+of+the+Witwatersrand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.wits.ac.za%2FAlumni%2FAwards%2FHonoraryDegs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUPR-70"><a href="#cite_ref-BUPR_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Release_Index_Search.php?Date_Day=01&Date_Month=07&Date_Year=1993&author=any&maxRecords=50&subject=honorary">"News release 94–185"</a> (World Wide Web) (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> News Bureau (Sweeney). 24 May 1995. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+release+94%E2%80%93185&rft.pub=Brown+University+News+Bureau+%28Sweeney%29&rft.date=1995-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FAdministration%2FNews_Bureau%2FDatabases%2FRelease_Index_Search.php%3FDate_Day%3D01%26Date_Month%3D07%26Date_Year%3D1993%26author%3Dany%26maxRecords%3D50%26subject%3Dhonorary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/honorary/">"Honorary Degrees Awarded by Princeton University: 1940s to 2000s"</a> (World Wide Web). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921164328/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/honorary/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees+Awarded+by+Princeton+University%3A+1940s+to+2000s&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fpr%2Ffacts%2Fhonorary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stellenbosch-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Stellenbosch_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnwemeka2006" class="citation web cs1">Enwemeka, Zeninjor (21 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/stellenbosch-honours-athol-fugard-274859">"Stellenbosch honours Athol Fugard"</a>. IOL. Retrieved 23 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOL&rft.atitle=Stellenbosch+honours+Athol+Fugard&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.aulast=Enwemeka&rft.aufirst=Zeninjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fstellenbosch-honours-athol-fugard-274859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordplayhouse.com/Downloads/Store/AmajubaWP.pdf">The Amajuba Resource Pack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123544/http://www.oxfordplayhouse.com/Downloads/Store/AmajubaWP.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Playhouse">The Oxford Playhouse</a> and Farber Foundry: In Association with Mmabana Arts Foundation. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Playhouse" title="Oxford Playhouse">Oxford Playhouse</a>, October 2004. Retrieved 1 October 2008. Downloadable <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>. ["Photographs by Robert Day; Written by Rachel G. Briscoe; Edited by Rupert Rowbotham; Overseen by Yael Farber." 18 pages.]</li> <li>Athol Fugard. Special issue of Twentieth Century Literature 39.4 (Winter 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v39">Index</a>. Findarticles.com. <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v39>. Retrieved 4 October 2008. [Includes: Athol Fugard, "Some Problems of a Playwright from South Africa" (Transcript. 11 pages).]</li> <li>Blumberg, Marcia Shirley, and Dennis Walder, eds. South African Theatre As/and Intervention. Amsterdam and Atlanta, Georgia: Editions <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi Publishers">Rodopi</a> B.V., 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0537-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0537-8">90-420-0537-8</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0537-2">978-90-420-0537-2</a> (13).</li> <li>Fugard, Athol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7bo9B_aAZUC">A Lesson from Aloes</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">Theatre Communications Group</a>, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55936-001-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55936-001-1">1-55936-001-1</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55936-001-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55936-001-2">978-1-55936-001-2</a> (13). Google Books. Retrieved 1 October 2008. (Limited preview available.)</li> <li>–––, and Chris Boyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chrisboyd.blogspot.com/2006/02/athol-fugard-on-tsotsi-truth-and.html">"Athol Fugard on Tsotsi, Truth and Reconciliation, Camus, Pascal and 'courageous pessimism'..."</a>, The Morning After: Performing Arts in Australia (Blog). WordPress. 29 January 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2008. ["An edited interview with South African playwright Athol Fugard (in San Diego) on the publication of his only novel <a href="/wiki/Tsotsi" title="Tsotsi">Tsotsi</a> in Australia, 29 January 2006."]</li> <li>–––, and Serena Davies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/08/04/btweek104.xml">"My Week: Athol Fugard"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]. <a href="/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph.co.uk">The Telegraph</a>, 8 April 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008. [The playwright describes his week to Serena Davies, prior to the opening of his play Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bath" title="Theatre Royal, Bath">Theatre Royal, Bath</a> (telephone interview).]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gray_(writer)" title="Stephen Gray (writer)">Gray, Stephen</a>. Athol Fugard. Johannesburg and New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-450633-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-450633-1">0-07-450633-1</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-450633-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-450633-2">978-0-07-450633-2</a> (13). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-450615-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-450615-3">0-07-450615-3</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-450615-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-450615-8">978-0-07-450615-8</a> (13).</li> <li>–––, ed. and introd. File on Fugard. London: Methuen Drama, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-64580-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-64580-0">0-413-64580-0</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-64580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-64580-7">978-0-413-64580-7</a> (13).</li> <li>–––. <a href="/wiki/My_Children!_My_Africa!" class="mw-redirect" title="My Children! My Africa!">My Children! My Africa!</a> and Selected Shorter Plays, by Athol Fugard. Johannesburg: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-117-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-117-9">1-86814-117-9</a>.</li> <li>Kruger, Loren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Qizpti1Z4C">Post-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South</a>. Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81708-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81708-0">0-521-81708-0</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81708-0">978-0-521-81708-0</a> (13). (Google Books; limited preview available.)</li> <li>McDonald, Marianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724105820/http://www-theatre.ucsd.edu/TF/fugard.html">"A Gift for His Seventieth Birthday: Athol Fugard's Sorrows and Rejoicings"</a>. Department of Theatre and Dance. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. Rpt. from TheatreForum 21 (Summer/Fall 2002). Retrieved 2 October 2008.</li> <li>McLuckie, Craig (<a href="/wiki/Okanagan_College" title="Okanagan College">Okanagan College</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1651">"Athol Fugard (1932–)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia" title="The Literary Encyclopedia">The Literary Encyclopedia</a>. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</li> <li>Morris, Stephen Leigh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laweekly.com/2008-01-31/stage/falling-sky/">"Falling Sky: Athol Fugard's Victory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LA_Weekly" title="LA Weekly">LA Weekly</a>, 31 January 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008. (Theatre review of the American première at <a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_Theatre" title="The Fountain Theatre">The Fountain Theatre</a>, Los Angeles.)</li> <li>Spencer, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/08/17/nosplit/bt-victory-117.xml">"Victory: The Fight's Gone Out of Fugard"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]. The Telegraph, 17 August 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2008. [Theatre review of Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bath" title="Theatre Royal, Bath">Theatre Royal, Bath</a>.]</li> <li>Walder, Dennis. Athol Fugard. Writers and Their Work. Tavistock: Northcote House in association with the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7463-0948-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7463-0948-1">0-7463-0948-1</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7463-0948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7463-0948-3">978-0-7463-0948-3</a> (13).</li> <li>Wertheim, Albert. The Dramatic Art of Athol Fugard: From South Africa to the World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33823-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33823-9">0-253-33823-9</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33823-5">978-0-253-33823-5</a> (13).</li> <li>–––, ed. and introd. Athol Fugard: A Casebook. [Casebooks on Modern Dramatists]. Gen. Ed., Kimball King. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Garland Publishing</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0745-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0745-4">0-8153-0745-4</a> (10). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0745-7">978-0-8153-0745-7</a> (13). (Out of print; unavailable.) [Hardcover ed. published by Garland Publishing; the series of Casebooks on Modern Dramatists is now published by <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, an imprint of <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, and does not include this title.]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Athol_Fugard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201344/http://theatre.ucsd.edu/people/faculty/AtholFugard/">"Athol Fugard"</a>. Faculty profile. Department of Theatre and Dance. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. (Lists Athol Fugard: Statements: An Athol Fugard site by Iain Fisher as "Personal Website"; see below.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p25251">Athol Fugard</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/4353">Athol Fugard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601307#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0297538/">Athol Fugard</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033734/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Athol&last=Fugard&middle=">Athol Fugard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lortel_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lortel Archives">Internet Off-Broadway Database (IOBDb)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/f/athol_fugard/index.html">Athol Fugard</a> at Times Topics in The New York Times. (Includes YouTube Video clip of Athol Fugard's Burke Lecture "A Catholic <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a>: An Episode in the Life of <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>", the Eugene M. Burke C.S.P. Lectureship on Religion and Society, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, introduced by Professor of Theatre and Classics Marianne McDonald, UCSD Department of Theatre and Dance, April 2003 [Show ID: 7118]. 1:28:57 [duration].)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Athol+Fugard&fq=&qt=first_page">Athol Fugard</a> at <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/athol-fugard/">"Athol Fugard Biography"</a> – "Athol Fugard", rpt. by bookrags.com (<a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_Group" title="Ambassadors Group">Ambassadors Group, Inc.</a>) from the Encyclopedia of World Biography. ("2005–2006 <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Gale">Thomson Gale</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Corporation" title="Thomson Corporation">Thomson Corporation</a>. All rights reserved.")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221431/Athol-Fugard">"Athol Fugard (1932– )"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online Encyclopedia">Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a> (subscription based; free trial available)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916201349/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsF/fugard-athol.html">"Athol Fugard (1932– )"</a> – Complete Guide to Playwright and Plays at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doollee.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doollee.com (page does not exist)">Doollee.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iainfisher.com/fugard.html">Athol Fugard: Statements: An Athol Fugard site by Iain Fisher</a>. (Listed as "Personal Website" in UCSB faculty profile; see above.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_auth=Athol+Fugard">"Books by Athol Fugard"</a> at Google Books (several with limited previews available)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321011617/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=5060">"Full Profile: Mr Athol 'Lanigan' Fugard"</a> in Who's Who of Southern Africa. Copyright 2007 24.com (Media24). (Includes hyperlinked "News Articles" from 2000 to 2008.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5490232">"Interviews: South Africa's Fugards: Writing About Wrongs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. NPR RealAudio. 16 June 2006. (With hyperlinked "Related NPR stories" from 2001 to 2006.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Richards, Lloyd (Summer 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2416/the-art-of-theater-no-8-athol-fugard">"Athol Fugard, The Art of Theater No. 8"</a>. Paris Review. Summer 1989 (111).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Athol+Fugard%2C+The+Art+of+Theater+No.+8&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=Summer+1989&rft.issue=111&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F2416%2Fthe-art-of-theater-no-8-athol-fugard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthol+Fugard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Athol_Fugard">"Athol Fugard"</a> in the Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre and Performance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/the/22614">Nancy T. Kearns collection of Athol Fugard materials, 1983–1996</a>, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plays_by_Athol_Fugard" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plays_by_Athol_Fugard" title="Template:Plays by Athol Fugard"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plays_by_Athol_Fugard" title="Template talk:Plays by Athol Fugard"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plays_by_Athol_Fugard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plays by Athol Fugard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plays_by_Athol_Fugard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_by_Athol_Fugard" title="Category:Plays by Athol Fugard">Plays</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athol Fugard</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Knot" title="Blood Knot">Blood Knot</a> (1961, revised 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_and_Goodbye_(play)" title="Hello and Goodbye (play)">Hello and Goodbye</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesman_and_Lena" title="Boesman and Lena">Boesman and Lena</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizwe_Bansi_Is_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Sizwe Bansi Is Dead">Sizwe Bansi Is Dead</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island_(play)" title="The Island (play)">The Island</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lesson_from_Aloes" title="A Lesson from Aloes">A Lesson from Aloes</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigolds_in_August" title="Marigolds in August">Marigolds in August</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys" title=""Master Harold"...and the Boys">"Master Harold"...and the Boys</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_(play)" title="The Road to Mecca (play)">The Road to Mecca</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Train_Driver" title="The Train Driver">The Train Driver</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Hummingbird" title="The Shadow of the Hummingbird">The Shadow of the Hummingbird</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evelyn_F._Burkey_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evelyn_F._Burkey_Award" title="Template:Evelyn F. Burkey Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evelyn_F._Burkey_Award" title="Template talk:Evelyn F. Burkey Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evelyn_F._Burkey_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evelyn F. Burkey Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evelyn_F._Burkey_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_F._Burkey_Award" title="Evelyn F. Burkey Award">Evelyn F. Burkey Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Coe" title="Fred Coe">Fred Coe</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Schultz" title="Barbara Schultz">Barbara Schultz</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lower" title="Elmer Lower">Elmer Lower</a> (1981)</li> <li>Herman Brodkin (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wagner" title="Alan Wagner">Alan Wagner</a> (1983)</li> <li>Leonard Wasser (1984)</li> <li>Jerome B. Lurie (1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athol Fugard</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Richards" title="Lloyd Richards">Lloyd Richards</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Newman" title="Edwin Newman">Edwin Newman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Rooney" title="Andy Rooney">Andy Rooney</a>, Local 1101 & District 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">Communications Workers of America</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Foote" title="Horton Foote">Horton Foote</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Buchwald" title="Art Buchwald">Art Buchwald</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Schaefer_(director)" title="George Schaefer (director)">George Schaefer</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Babbin" title="Jacqueline Babbin">Jacqueline Babbin</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Potter" title="Dennis Potter">Dennis Potter</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Crichton" title="Judy Crichton">Judy Crichton</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(producer)" title="David Brown (producer)">David Brown</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fontana" title="Tom Fontana">Tom Fontana</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Callender" title="Colin Callender">Colin Callender</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Labine" title="Claire Labine">Claire Labine</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media" title="Paley Center for Media">Museum of Television and Radio</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Joan Didion</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interviews:_An_Oral_History_of_Television" title="The Interviews: An Oral History of Television">Archive of American Television</a> (2011)</li> <li>Not presented (2012)</li> <li>Not presented (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schamus" title="James Schamus">James Schamus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> (2016)</li> <li>Not presented (2017)</li> <li>Not presented (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Leonard" title="Franklin Leonard">Franklin Leonard</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Not presented (2020)</li> <li>Not presented (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Dick Cavett</a> (2022)</li> <li>Not presented (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Special_Tony_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template talk:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_Tony_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1947–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Chamberlain" title="Dora Chamberlain">Dora Chamberlain</a> / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Leventhal" title="Jules Leventhal">Jules Leventhal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burns_Mantle" title="Burns Mantle">Burns Mantle</a> / P. A. MacDonald / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sardi_Sr." title="Vincent Sardi Sr.">Vincent Sardi Sr.</a> (1947)</li> <li>Vera Allen / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beisman" title="Paul Beisman">Paul Beisman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Brown" title="Joe E. Brown">Joe E. Brown</a> / Cast of <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Dowling" title="Robert W. Dowling">Robert W. Dowling</a> / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Pierce_(backstage_doorman)" title="George Pierce (backstage doorman)">George Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1948)</li> <li>No award (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> / Philip Faversham / <a href="/wiki/Brock_Pemberton" title="Brock Pemberton">Brock Pemberton</a> (1950)</li> <li>Ruth Green (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kook" title="Edward Kook">Edward Kook</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> (1953)</li> <li>No award (1954)</li> <li>Proscenium Productions (1955)</li> <li>Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library Theatre Collection</a> / The Shakespearewrights / <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="American Shakespeare Theatre">American Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hammerstein" title="Willie Hammerstein">William Hammerstein</a> / Joseph Harbuck / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shyre" title="Paul Shyre">Paul Shyre</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Heims_Beck" title="Louise Heims Beck">Mrs. Martin Beck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> / Cast of <a href="/wiki/La_Plume_de_Ma_Tante" title="La Plume de Ma Tante">La Plume de Ma Tante</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._McNeil_Lowry" title="W. McNeil Lowry">W. McNeil Lowry</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Miller" title="Gilbert Miller">Gilbert Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a> (1966)</li> <li>No award (1967)</li> <li>APA-Phoenix Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">The National Theatre Company of Great Britain</a> / The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Ensemble_Company" title="Negro Ensemble Company">Negro Ensemble Company</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1970)</li> <li>Ingram Ash / <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Norton" title="Elliot Norton">Elliot Norton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a>-American Theatre Society (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Organization</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / Harold Friedlander / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Development_Fund" title="Theatre Development Fund">Theatre Development Fund</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Wharton_(lawyer)" title="John F. Wharton (lawyer)">John F. Wharton</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a> / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Pincus" title="Mathilde Pincus">Mathilde Pincus</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a> / Equity Liberty Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_the_Deaf" title="National Theatre of the Deaf">National Theatre of the Deaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Dragoti" title="Stan Dragoti">Stan Dragoti</a> and Charles Moss (1978)</li> <li>Walter F. Diehl / <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> (1979)</li> <li>Richard Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> / Hobe Morrison (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> (1982)</li> <li>No award (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feller" title="Peter Feller">Peter Feller</a> / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (1985)</li> <li>No award (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (1988)</li> <li>No award (1989)</li> <li>No award (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Harvey Sabinson (1995)</li> <li>No award (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard B. Jacobs">Bernard B. Jacobs</a> (1997)</li> <li>Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage#2000–2009" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna: The Royal Tour</a> / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gemignani" title="Paul Gemignani">Paul Gemignani</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> / Robert Whitehead (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cy_Feuer" title="Cy Feuer">Cy Feuer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Nederlander" title="James M. Nederlander">James M. Nederlander</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)" title="Sarah Jones (stage actress)">Sarah Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (2006)</li> <li>No award (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athol Fugard</a> / Philip J. Smith (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gersten" title="Bernard Gersten">Bernard Gersten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ming_Cho_Lee" title="Ming Cho Lee">Ming Cho Lee</a> / Paul Libin (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Greenwood" title="Jane Greenwood">Jane Greenwood</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Mason" title="Marshall W. Mason">Marshall W. Mason</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Miles Wilkin (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mazzie" title="Marin Mazzie">Marin Mazzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Terrence_McNally" title="Terrence McNally">Terrence McNally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Tilders" title="Sonny Tilders">Sonny Tilders</a> and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wheeler_(musician)" title="Harold Wheeler (musician)">Harold Wheeler</a> (2019)</li> <li>The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne's</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Utopia_(film)" title="American Utopia (film)">American Utopia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Love_Supreme" title="Freestyle Love Supreme">Freestyle Love Supreme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a> (2020/21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_C._Nicola" title="James C. Nicola">James C. Nicola</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Edelman" title="Alex Edelman">Alex Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abe_Jacob" title="Abe Jacob">Abe Jacob</a> / Nikiya Mathis / <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Brien_(director)" title="Jack O'Brien (director)">Jack O'Brien</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wolfe" title="George C. Wolfe">George C. Wolfe</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601307#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110788792">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97829710">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7785/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCCjjK6hdF9vDtkYBkjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118703471">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50023729">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12030897g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12030897g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00729122">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35180190">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001278&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/197881">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069359326">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90122573">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000445322&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a 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