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<li id="toc-Fc-gamma_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fc-gamma_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fc-gamma receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fc-gamma_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neonatal_Fc_Receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neonatal_Fc_Receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neonatal Fc Receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neonatal_Fc_Receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fc-alpha_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fc-alpha_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fc-alpha receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fc-alpha_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fc-epsilon_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fc-epsilon_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fc-epsilon receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fc-epsilon_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Summary table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signaling_mechanisms_-_Fc_gamma_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signaling_mechanisms_-_Fc_gamma_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Signaling mechanisms - Fc gamma receptors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signaling_mechanisms_-_Fc_gamma_receptors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signaling mechanisms - Fc gamma receptors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signaling_mechanisms_-_Fc_gamma_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Activation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cellular_activation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellular_activation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cellular activation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cellular_activation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cellular activation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cellular_activation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_phagocytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_phagocytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>On phagocytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_phagocytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_NK_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_NK_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>On NK cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_NK_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_mast_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_mast_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>On mast cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_mast_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_eosinophils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_eosinophils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>On eosinophils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_eosinophils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_T_lymphocytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_T_lymphocytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>On T lymphocytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_T_lymphocytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fc receptor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_Fc" title="مستقبل Fc – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبل Fc" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_Fc" title="Receptor Fc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Receptor Fc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fc receptor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc-Rezeptoren" title="Fc-Rezeptoren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fc-Rezeptoren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_Fc" title="Receptor Fc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor Fc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_Fc" title="Récepteur Fc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur Fc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_Fc" title="Receptor de Fc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Receptor de Fc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="Fc受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Fc受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Fc-рецептор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Fc-рецептор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เอฟซี รีเซพเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอฟซี รีเซพเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surface protein important to the immune system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Immunoglobulin-like receptor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fc_receptor_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fc_receptor_schematic.svg/220px-Fc_receptor_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fc_receptor_schematic.svg/330px-Fc_receptor_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fc_receptor_schematic.svg/440px-Fc_receptor_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="558" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Schematic diagram showing Fc receptor interaction with an antibody-coated microbial pathogen</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">Fc receptor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Membranome_database" title="Membranome database">Membranome</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://membranome.org/protein_families/10">10</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, an <b>Fc receptor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> found on the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">surface</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> – including, among others, <a href="/wiki/B_lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="B lymphocytes">B lymphocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cells" title="Follicular dendritic cells">follicular dendritic cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">basophils</a>, human <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a> – that contribute to the protective functions of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>. Its name is derived from its binding specificity for a part of an <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Fragment_crystallizable_region" title="Fragment crystallizable region">Fc (fragment crystallizable) region</a>. Fc receptors bind to antibodies that are attached to infected cells or invading <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>. Their activity stimulates <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxic</a> cells to destroy <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>, or infected cells by antibody-mediated <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Flavivirus" title="Flavivirus">flaviviruses</a> use Fc receptors to help them infect cells, by a mechanism known as <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement" title="Antibody-dependent enhancement">antibody-dependent enhancement</a> of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14696331_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14696331-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes">Classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several different types of Fc receptors (abbreviated FcR), which are classified based on the <a href="/wiki/Antibody#Isotypes" title="Antibody">type of antibody</a> that they recognize. The Latin letter used to identify a type of antibody is converted into the corresponding Greek letter, which is placed after the 'Fc' part of the name. For example, those that bind the most common class of antibody, <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a>, are called Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR), those that bind <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A" title="Immunoglobulin A">IgA</a> are called Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR) and those that bind <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> are called Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR). The classes of FcRs are also distinguished by the cells that express them (macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, T and B cells) and the signalling properties of each receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fc-gamma_receptors">Fc-gamma receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fc-gamma receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) belong to the <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">immunoglobulin superfamily</a> and are the most important Fc receptors for inducing <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Opsonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsonization">opsonized</a> (marked) microbes.<sup id="cite_ref-fridman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fridman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This family includes several members, FcγRI (CD64), FcγRIIA (<a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">CD32</a>), FcγRIIB (CD32), FcγRIIIA (CD16a), FcγRIIIB (CD16b), which differ in their antibody <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinities</a> due to their different <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indik_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indik-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, FcγRI binds to IgG more strongly than FcγRII or FcγRIII does. FcγRI also has an <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> portion composed of three <a href="/wiki/Structural_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural domain">immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains</a>, one more domain than FcγRII or FcγRIII has. This property allows FcγRI to bind a sole IgG molecule (or <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a>), but all Fcγ receptors must bind multiple IgG molecules within an <a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">immune complex</a> to be activated.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fc-gamma receptors differ in their affinity for IgG and likewise the different IgG subclasses have unique affinities for each of the Fc gamma receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-immune_glycan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immune_glycan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These interactions are further tuned by the glycan (oligosaccharide) at position CH2-84.4 of IgG.<sup id="cite_ref-immune_glycan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immune_glycan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, by creating steric hindrance, <a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">fucose</a> containing CH2-84.4 glycans reduce IgG affinity for FcγRIIIA.<sup id="cite_ref-immune_glycan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immune_glycan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, G0 glycans, which lack <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> and terminate instead with GlcNAc moieties, have increased affinity for FcγRIIIA.<sup id="cite_ref-immune_glycan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immune_glycan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neonatal_Fc_Receptor">Neonatal Fc Receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neonatal Fc Receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another FcR is expressed on multiple cell types and is similar in structure to <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC class I</a>. This receptor also binds IgG and is involved in preservation of this antibody.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since this Fc receptor is also involved in transferring IgG from a mother either via the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> to her <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> to her suckling <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infant</a>, it is called the <a href="/wiki/Neonatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal">neonatal</a> Fc receptor (<a href="/wiki/FcRn" class="mw-redirect" title="FcRn">FcRn</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, research suggested that this receptor plays a role in the homeostasis of IgG serum levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fc-alpha_receptors">Fc-alpha receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fc-alpha receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only one Fc receptor belongs to the FcαR subgroup, which is called FcαRI (or CD89).<sup id="cite_ref-otten_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otten-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FcαRI is found on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a>, eosinophils, monocytes, some macrophages (including <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a>), and some <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-otten_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otten-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is composed of two extracellular Ig-like domains, and is a member of both the <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">immunoglobulin superfamily</a> and the multi-chain immune recognition receptor (MIRR) family.<sup id="cite_ref-fridman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fridman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It signals by associating with two FcRγ signaling chains.<sup id="cite_ref-otten_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otten-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another receptor can also bind IgA, although it has higher affinity for another antibody called <a href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This receptor is called the Fc-alpha/mu receptor (Fcα/μR) and is a <a href="/wiki/Type_I_transmembrane_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I transmembrane protein">type I transmembrane protein</a>. With one Ig-like domain in its extracellular portion, this Fc receptor is also a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fc-epsilon_receptors">Fc-epsilon receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fc-epsilon receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of FcεR are known:<sup id="cite_ref-fridman_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fridman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the high-affinity receptor <a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a> is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (it has two Ig-like domains). FcεRI is found on epidermal <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cells</a>, eosinophils, mast cells and basophils.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of its cellular distribution, this receptor plays a major role in controlling <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic responses</a>. FcεRI is also expressed on <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">antigen-presenting cells</a>, and controls the production of important immune mediators called <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> that promote <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-von_Bubnoff_2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_Bubnoff_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the low-affinity receptor FcεRII (<a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectin</a>. FcεRII has multiple functions as a membrane-bound or soluble receptor; it controls B cell growth and differentiation and blocks IgE-binding of eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_table">Summary table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Summary table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Receptor name</th> <th>Principal antibody ligand</th> <th>Affinity for ligand</th> <th>Cell distribution</th> <th>Effect following binding to antibody </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcγRI (<a href="/wiki/CD64_(biology)" title="CD64 (biology)">CD64</a>)</b> </td> <td>IgG1 and IgG3 </td> <td>High (Kd ~ 10<sup>−9</sup> M) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">Macrophages</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neutrophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophils">Neutrophils</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eosinophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophils">Eosinophils</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendritic cells">Dendritic cells</a> </td> <td>Phagocytosis<br />Cell activation<br />Activation of respiratory burst<br />Induction of microbe killing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcγRIIA (<a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">CD32</a>)</b> </td> <td>IgG </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−7</sup> M) </td> <td>Macrophages<br />Neutrophils<br />Eosinophils<br /><a href="/wiki/Platelets" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelets">Platelets</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Langerhans cells">Langerhans cells</a> </td> <td>Phagocytosis<br /> <a href="/wiki/Degranulation" title="Degranulation">Degranulation</a> (eosinophils) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcγRIIB1 (CD32)</b> </td> <td>IgG </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−7</sup> M) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_Cells" class="mw-redirect" title="B Cells">B Cells</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">Mast cells</a> </td> <td>No phagocytosis<br />Inhibition of cell activity </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcγRIIB2 (CD32)</b> </td> <td>IgG </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−7</sup> M) </td> <td>Macrophages<br />Neutrophils<br />Eosinophils </td> <td>Phagocytosis<br />Inhibition of cell activity </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcγRIIIA (<a href="/wiki/CD16a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD16a">CD16a</a>)</b> </td> <td>IgG </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−6</sup> M) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NK_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="NK cells">NK cells</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">Macrophages</a> (certain tissues) </td> <td>Induction of <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</a> (ADCC)<br />Induction of cytokine release by macrophages </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcγRIIIB (<a href="/wiki/CD16b" class="mw-redirect" title="CD16b">CD16b</a>)</b> </td> <td>IgG </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−6</sup> M) </td> <td>Eosinophils<br />Macrophages<br />Neutrophils<br />Mast cells<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell#Types_of_dendritic_cells" title="Dendritic cell">Follicular dendritic cells</a> </td> <td>Induction of microbe killing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a></b> </td> <td>IgE </td> <td>High (Kd ~ 10<sup>−10</sup> M) </td> <td>Mast cells<br />Eosinophils<br />Basophils<br />Langerhans cells<br />Monocytes </td> <td>Degranulation<br />Phagocytosis </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcεRII (<a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a>)</b> </td> <td>IgE </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−7</sup> M) </td> <td>B cells<br />Eosinophils<br />Langerhans cells </td> <td>Possible adhesion molecule<br />IgE transport across human intestinal epithelium<br />Positive-feedback mechanism to enhance allergic sensitization (B cells) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcαRI (<a href="/wiki/CD89" class="mw-redirect" title="CD89">CD89</a>)</b> </td> <td>IgA </td> <td>Low (Kd > 10<sup>−6</sup> M) </td> <td>Monocytes<br />Macrophages<br />Neutrophils<br />Eosinophils </td> <td>Phagocytosis<br />Induction of microbe killing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B1/%CE%BCR" title="Fcα/μR">Fcα/μR</a> (CD351)</b> </td> <td>IgA and IgM </td> <td>High for IgM, Mid for IgA </td> <td>B cells<br /><a href="/wiki/Mesangial_cell" title="Mesangial cell">Mesangial cells</a><br />Macrophages </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">Endocytosis</a><br />Induction of microbe killing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FcμR</b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>IgM </td> <td>(unknown) </td> <td>Human FcμR is predominantly expressed by lymphocytes, but not by phagocytes <sup id="cite_ref-pmid19858324_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19858324-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>function has not been fully elucidated / diverse <sup id="cite_ref-pmid30967868_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30967868-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/FcRn" class="mw-redirect" title="FcRn">FcRn</a></b> </td> <td>IgG </td> <td>high in acidic cellular endosomes<br />low in pH neutral extracellular environment </td> <td>Monocytes<br />Macrophages<br /><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">Dendritic cells</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">Epithelial cells</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cell">Endothelial cells</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">Hepatocytes</a><br /> </td> <td>Transfers IgG from a mother to fetus through the placenta<br />Transfers IgG from a mother to infant in milk<br />Protects IgG from degradation<br />Transfers IgG across endothelial/epithelial layers </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2fab_fc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg/170px-2fab_fc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg/255px-2fab_fc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg/340px-2fab_fc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>An antibody has <a href="/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment antigen-binding">Fab</a> (fragment, antigen-binding) and Fc (fragment, crystallizable) regions. Fc receptors bind to the Fc region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fc receptors are found on a number of cells in the immune system including <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They allow these cells to bind to antibodies that are attached to the surface of microbes or microbe infected cells, helping these cells to identify and eliminate <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a>. The Fc receptors bind the antibodies at their <a href="/wiki/Fc_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Fc region">Fc region</a> (or tail), an interaction that activates the cell that possesses the Fc receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activation of phagocytes is the most common function attributed to Fc receptors. For example, macrophages begin to <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingest</a> and kill an <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a>-coated <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> following engagement of their Fcγ receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-swanson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another process involving Fc receptors is called <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</a> (ADCC). During ADCC, FcγRIII receptors on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells stimulate the NK cells to release cytotoxic molecules from their <a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">granules</a> to kill antibody-covered target cells.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FcεRI has a different function. FcεRI is the Fc receptor on <a href="/wiki/Granulocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocytes">granulocytes</a>, that is involved in <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a> and defense against parasitic <a href="/wiki/Infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Infections">infections</a>. When an appropriate allergic antigen or parasite is present, the cross-linking of at least two <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> molecules and their Fc receptors on the surface of a granulocyte will trigger the cell to rapidly release preformed mediators from its granules.<sup id="cite_ref-fridman_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fridman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signaling_mechanisms_-_Fc_gamma_receptors">Signaling mechanisms - Fc gamma receptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Signaling mechanisms - Fc gamma receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activation">Activation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fc gamma receptors belong to the group of <a href="/wiki/Non-catalytic_tyrosine-phosphorylated_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors">non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors</a> which share a similar signalling pathway involving phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.<sup id="cite_ref-Dushek2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dushek2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The receptors generate signals within their cells through an important activation motif known as an <a href="/wiki/Immunoreceptor_tyrosine-based_activation_motif" title="Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif">immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif</a> (ITAM).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7888063_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7888063-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ITAM is a specific sequence of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> (YXXL) occurring twice in close succession in the <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> tail of a receptor. When <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> groups are added to the <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> (Y) residue of the ITAM by membrane-anchored <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Src_family_kinase" title="Src family kinase">Src kinase family</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling cascade</a> is generated within the cell. This <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> reaction typically follows interaction of an Fc receptor with its <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>. An ITAM is present in the intracellular tail of FcγRIIA, and its phosphorylation induces phagocytosis in macrophages. FcγRI and FcγRIIIA do not have an ITAM but can transmit an activating signal to their phagocytes by interacting with another protein that does. This <a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">adaptor protein</a> is called the Fcγ subunit and, like FcγRIIA, contains the two YXXL sequences that are characteristic of an ITAM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibition">Inhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of only one YXXL motif is not sufficient to activate cells, and represents a motif (I/VXXYXXL) known as an <a href="/wiki/Immunoreceptor_tyrosine-based_inhibitory_motif" title="Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif">immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif</a> (ITIM). FcγRIIB1 and FcγRIIB2 have an ITIM sequence and are inhibitory Fc receptors; they do not induce phagocytosis. Inhibitory actions of these receptors are controlled by enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues; the <a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">phosphatases</a> <a href="/wiki/SHP-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SHP-1">SHP-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/INPP5D" title="INPP5D">SHIP-1</a> inhibit signaling by Fcγ receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binding of ligand to FcγRIIB leads to phosphorylation of the tyrosine of the ITAM motif. This modification generates the binding site for the phosphatase, a SH2 recognition domain. The abrogation of ITAM activation signaling is caused by inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases of Src family, and by hydrolyzing the membrane PIP3 interrupting the further downstream signaling by the activating receptors, such as activating FcγRs, TCR, BCR and cytokine receptors (e.g. c-Kit).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9177155_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9177155-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negative signaling by FcγRIIB is mainly important for regulation of activated B cells. The positive B cell signaling is initiated by binding of foreign antigen to surface immunoglobulin. The same antigen-specific antibody is secreted and it can feedback-suppress, or promote negative signaling. This negative signaling is being provided by FcγRIIB.:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_8552190_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_8552190-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments using B cell deletion mutants and dominant-negative enzymes have firmly established an important role for SH2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP) in negative signaling. Negative signaling through SHIP appears to inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Ras_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras pathway">Ras pathway</a> through SH2 domain competition with Grb2 and Shc and may involve consumption of intracellular lipid mediators that act as allosteric enzyme activators or that promote entry of extracellular Ca2+.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9638367_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9638367-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellular_activation">Cellular activation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cellular activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fc_receptor_response.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Fc_receptor_response.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Fc receptors recognize <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> that have been bound by <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>. The interaction between the bound antibodies and the cell surface Fc receptor activates the immune cell to kill the microbe. This example shows the <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Opsonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsonization">opsonized</a> microbe.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_phagocytes">On phagocytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: On phagocytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a> molecules, specific for a certain antigen or surface component, bind to the pathogen with their <a href="/wiki/Fragment_antigen_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment antigen binding">Fab region</a> (fragment antigen binding region), their Fc regions point outwards, in direct reach of <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytes</a>. Phagocytes bind those Fc regions with their Fc receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-swanson_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many low affinity interactions are formed between receptor and antibody that work together to tightly bind the antibody-coated microbe. The low individual affinity prevents Fc receptors from binding antibodies in the absence of antigen, and therefore reduces the chance of immune cell activation in the absence of infection. This also prevents <a href="/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)" title="Agglutination (biology)">agglutination</a> (clotting) of <a href="/wiki/Phagocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagocytes">phagocytes</a> by antibody when there is no antigen. After a pathogen has been bound, interactions between the Fc region of the antibody and the Fc receptors of the phagocyte results in the initiation of <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a>. The pathogen becomes engulfed by the phagocyte by an active process involving the binding and releasing of the Fc region/Fc receptor complex, until the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> of the phagocyte completely encloses the pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_NK_cells">On NK cells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: On NK cells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fc receptor on NK cells recognize IgG that is bound to the surface of a pathogen-infected target cell and is called CD16 or FcγRIII.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activation of FcγRIII by IgG causes the release of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type II">IFN-γ</a> that signal to other immune cells, and cytotoxic mediators like <a href="/wiki/Perforin" class="mw-redirect" title="Perforin">perforin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granzyme" title="Granzyme">granzyme</a> that enter the target cell and promote cell death by triggering <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</a> (ADCC). FcγRIII on NK cells can also associate with monomeric IgG (i.e., IgG that is not antigen-bound). When this occurs, the Fc receptor inhibits the activity of the NK cell.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_mast_cells">On mast cells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: On mast cells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg/300px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg/450px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg/600px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Activation of mast cell degranulation by IgE interaction with FcεRI. 1 = antigen; 2 = IgE; 3 = FcεRI; 4 = preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemokines, heparin); 5 = granules; 6 – mast cell; 7 – newly formed mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, platelet-activating factor)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> antibodies bind to <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a>. These allergen-bound IgE molecules interact with Fcε receptors on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a>. Activation of mast cells following engagement of FcεRI results in a process called <a href="/wiki/Degranulation" title="Degranulation">degranulation</a>, whereby the mast cell releases preformed molecules from its <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasmic</a> granules; these are a mixture of compounds including <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serine_protease" title="Serine protease">serine proteases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activated mast cells also synthesize and secrete <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a>-derived mediators (such as <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene" title="Leukotriene">leukotrienes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor" title="Platelet-activating factor">platelet-activating factor</a>) and cytokines (such as <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">interleukin 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_3" title="Interleukin 3">interleukin 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">interleukin 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">interleukin 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">interleukin 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">interleukin 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor-alpha">tumor necrosis factor-alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/GM-CSF" class="mw-redirect" title="GM-CSF">GM-CSF</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine">chemokines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mediators contribute to <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> by attracting other <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_eosinophils">On eosinophils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: On eosinophils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large parasites like the <a href="/wiki/Helminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth">helminth</a> (worm) <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma"><i>Schistosoma mansoni</i></a> are too large for ingestion by phagocytes. They also have an external structure called an <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> that is resistant to attack by substances released by macrophages and mast cells. However, these parasites can become coated with IgE and recognized by FcεRII on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a>. Activated eosinophils release preformed mediators such as <a href="/wiki/Major_basic_protein" title="Major basic protein">major basic protein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidase</a>, against which helminths are not resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RII" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRII">FcεRII</a> receptor with the Fc portion of helminth bound IgE causes the eosinophil to release these molecules in a mechanism similar to that of the NK cell during ADCC.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_T_lymphocytes">On T lymphocytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: On T lymphocytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD4+ T cells (<a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">mature T<sub>h</sub> cells</a>) provide help to B cells that produce antibodies. Several subsets of activated effector CD4+ T cells are observed in disease pathology. Earlier studies summarized by Sanders and Lynch in 1993 suggested critical roles for FcRs in CD4+ T cell mediated immune responses and proposed the formation of a joint signaling complex among FcRs and TCR on the cell surface.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8517922_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8517922-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chauhan and coworkers reported the colocalization of the labeled ICs with the CD3 complex on activated CD4+ T cell surface, which thus suggest the coexistence of FcRs together with TCR complex.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these receptors are observed forming an apical structure on the membrane of activated CD4+ T cells, suggesting the lateral movement of these receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-migration of FcRs with TCR and BCR complex is observed on the cells surface and T:B cell cytoconjugates show this coexistence at the point of contact.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier review suggested that the expression of FcRs on CD4+ T cells is an open question.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18064051_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18064051-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This established the current paradigm that T cells do not express FcRs and these findings were never challenged and experimentally tested.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26497511_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26497511-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chauhan and coworkers showed binding of immune complexes (ICs), the FcR ligand to activated CD4+ T cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26497511_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26497511-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD16a expression is induced in the activated human naïve CD4+ T cells, which express CD25, CD69, and CD98 and ligation to ICs leads to generation of effector memory cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26582197_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26582197-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD16a signaling is mediated by phosphorylation of Syk (pSyk).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26582197_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26582197-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25556651_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25556651-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study now suggests induced expression of CD32a upon activation of human CD4+ T cells, similar to CD16a.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25556651_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25556651-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30555482_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30555482-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD32a expression on CD4+ T cells was also suggested by three independent studies from HIV-1 researchers. The expression of CD16a and CD32a in a subset of activated CD4+ T cells is now confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25556651_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25556651-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30555482_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30555482-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FcRs on the cell surface upon binding to ICs composed of nucleic acids trigger cytokine production and upregulate nucleic acid sensing pathways. FcRs are present both on the cell surface and in the cytosol. CD16a signaling upregulate the expression of nucleic acid sensing toll-like receptors and relocate them to cell surface.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26582197_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26582197-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD16a is a new costimulatory signal for human CD4+ T cells, which successfully substitute the CD28 requirement during autoimmunity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21488898_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21488898-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an autoimmune background CD4+ T cells bypass the requirement of CD28 cosignaling to become fully activated.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21488898_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21488898-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the blockade of CD28 cosignaling does not inhibit the development of TFH cells, a key subset for the generation of autoantibody producing autoreactive plasma B cells.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A balance among costimulatory and inhibitory signals is required for immune homeostasis. Excessive costimulation and/or insufficient co-inhibition leads to the tolerance-breakdown and autoimmunity. CD16a mediated costimulation provides a positive signal in the activated CD4+ T cells and not in the quiescent cells which lack FcγR expression.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25556651_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25556651-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor-like_molecule" title="Fc receptor-like molecule">Fc receptor-like molecule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid14696331-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14696331_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252169">"Manipulation of cell surface macromolecules by flaviviruses"</a>. <i>Advances in Virus Research</i>. <b>59</b>: 229–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2803%2959007-8">10.1016/S0065-3527(03)59007-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120398591" title="Special:BookSources/9780120398591"><bdi>9780120398591</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252169">7252169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14696331">14696331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Virus+Research&rft.atitle=Manipulation+of+cell+surface+macromolecules+by+flaviviruses&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=229-74&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7252169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14696331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2803%2959007-8&rft.isbn=9780120398591&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7252169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwenPuntStranfordJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Owen J, Punt J, Stranford S, Jones P (2009). <i>Immunology</i> (7th ed.). 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id="CITEREFChauhan_AK2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chauhan AK (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505339">"FcgammaRIIIa Signaling Modulates Endosomal TLR Responses in Human CD4+ T Cells"</a>. <i>J Immunol</i>. <b>198</b> (12): 4596–4606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1601954">10.4049/jimmunol.1601954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505339">5505339</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28500073">28500073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Immunol&rft.atitle=FcgammaRIIIa+Signaling+Modulates+Endosomal+TLR+Responses+in+Human+CD4%2B+T+Cells&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4596-4606&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5505339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28500073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1601954&rft.au=Chauhan+AK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5505339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21488898-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21488898_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21488898_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBour-JordanEsenstenMartinez-LlordellaPenaranda2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bour-Jordan H, Esensten JH, Martinez-Llordella M, Penaranda C, Stumpf M, Bluestone JA (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077803">"Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T-cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/ B7 family"</a>. <i>Immunol Rev</i>. <b>241</b> (1): 180–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-065X.2011.01011.x">10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01011.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077803">3077803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21488898">21488898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunol+Rev&rft.atitle=Intrinsic+and+extrinsic+control+of+peripheral+T-cell+tolerance+by+costimulatory+molecules+of+the+CD28%2F+B7+family&rft.volume=241&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=180-205&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3077803%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21488898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-065X.2011.01011.x&rft.aulast=Bour-Jordan&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Esensten%2C+JH&rft.au=Martinez-Llordella%2C+M&rft.au=Penaranda%2C+C&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+M&rft.au=Bluestone%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3077803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberFuhrmannFeistLahmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Weber JP, Fuhrmann F, Feist RK, Lahmann A, Al Baz MS, Gentz LJ, Vu Van D, Mages HW, Haftmann C, Riedel R, Grun JR, Schuh W, Kroczek RA, Radbruch A, Mashreghi MF, Hutloff A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322049">"ICOS maintains the T follicular helper cell phenotype by down-regulating Kruppel-like factor 2"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. <b>212</b> (2): 217–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.20141432">10.1084/jem.20141432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322049">4322049</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25646266">25646266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=ICOS+maintains+the+T+follicular+helper+cell+phenotype+by+down-regulating+Kruppel-like+factor+2&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-233&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4322049%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25646266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.20141432&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Fuhrmann%2C+F&rft.au=Feist%2C+RK&rft.au=Lahmann%2C+A&rft.au=Al+Baz%2C+MS&rft.au=Gentz%2C+LJ&rft.au=Vu+Van%2C+D&rft.au=Mages%2C+HW&rft.au=Haftmann%2C+C&rft.au=Riedel%2C+R&rft.au=Grun%2C+JR&rft.au=Schuh%2C+W&rft.au=Kroczek%2C+RA&rft.au=Radbruch%2C+A&rft.au=Mashreghi%2C+MF&rft.au=Hutloff%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4322049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanewayTraversWaldportShlomchik2001" class="citation book cs1">Janeway CA, Travers P, Waldport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27171/#A1236">"Chapter 9. The Humoral Immune Response"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immunobiology00char"><i>Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease</i></a></span> (5th ed.). New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3642-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3642-6"><bdi>978-0-8153-3642-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9.+The+Humoral+Immune+Response&rft.btitle=Immunobiology%3A+The+Immune+System+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3642-6&rft.aulast=Janeway&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Travers%2C+Paul&rft.au=Waldport%2C+Mark&rft.au=Shlomchik%2C+Mark+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK27171%2F%23A1236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasLichtmanPillai2012" class="citation book cs1">Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (2012). "Chapter 12: Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity". <i>Cellular and molecular immunology</i> (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1528-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1528-6"><bdi>978-1-4377-1528-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Effector+Mechanisms+of+Humoral+Immunity&rft.btitle=Cellular+and+molecular+immunology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-1528-6&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Abul+K.&rft.au=Lichtman%2C+Andrew+H.&rft.au=Pillai%2C+Shiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerberMosser2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gerber JS, Mosser DM (February 2001). "Stimulatory and inhibitory signals originating from the macrophage Fcgamma receptors". <i>Microbes and Infection</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 131–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1286-4579%2800%2901360-5">10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01360-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11251299">11251299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbes+and+Infection&rft.atitle=Stimulatory+and+inhibitory+signals+originating+from+the+macrophage+Fcgamma+receptors&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-9&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1286-4579%2800%2901360-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11251299&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Mosser%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaverakisKimShimodaGershwin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340844">"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review"</a>. <i>Journal of Autoimmunity</i>. <b>57</b>: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaut.2014.12.002">10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340844">4340844</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25578468">25578468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Autoimmunity&rft.atitle=Glycans+in+the+immune+system+and+The+Altered+Glycan+Theory+of+Autoimmunity%3A+a+critical+review&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4340844%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25578468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaut.2014.12.002&rft.aulast=Maverakis&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Kim%2C+K&rft.au=Shimoda%2C+M&rft.au=Gershwin%2C+ME&rft.au=Patel%2C+F&rft.au=Wilken%2C+R&rft.au=Raychaudhuri%2C+S&rft.au=Ruhaak%2C+LR&rft.au=Lebrilla%2C+CB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4340844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFc+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fc_receptor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Fc+Receptor">Fc+Receptor</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transmembrane_receptors:_immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Template:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Template talk:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transmembrane_receptors:_immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Transmembrane receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">immunoglobulin superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Immune_receptor" title="Immune receptor">immune receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antibody receptor:<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fc receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fc-epsilon_receptors">Epsilon (ε)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">FcεRII</a> is <a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fc-gamma_receptors">Gamma (γ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD64_(biology)" title="CD64 (biology)">FcγRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">FcγRII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD16" title="CD16">FcγRIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal Fc receptor">Neonatal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fc-alpha_receptors">Alpha (α)/mu (μ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCAR" title="FCAR">FcαRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B1/%CE%BCR" title="Fcα/μR">Fcα/μR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_immunoglobulin_receptor" title="Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor">Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_receptor" title="B-cell receptor">BCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">stimulate:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_2" title="Complement receptor 2">CD21</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD19" title="CD19">CD19</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD81" title="CD81">CD81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">inhibit:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD79A" title="CD79A">Ig-α</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD79B" title="CD79B">Ig-β</a> (<a href="/wiki/CD79" title="CD79">CD79</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">Ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">MHC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC class I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">MHC class II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_receptor" title="T-cell receptor">TCR</a>: <a href="/wiki/TRA@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRA@">TRA@</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRB@&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRB@ (page does not exist)">TRB@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRD@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRD@">TRD@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRG@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRG@">TRG@</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> (with two glycoprotein chains <a href="/wiki/CD8_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 alpha">CD8α</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD8_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 beta">CD8β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3G" title="CD3G">CD3γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3D" title="CD3D">CD3δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_surface_glycoprotein_CD3_epsilon_chain" title="T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain">CD3ε</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta_chain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeta chain (page does not exist)">ζ-chain</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/CD3_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="CD3 zeta">CD3ζ</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=TCR_zeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCR zeta (page does not exist)">TCRζ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptors" title="Template:Cytokine receptors">cytokine receptors</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Killer-cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor" title="Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor">Killer-cell IG-like receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL1" title="KIR2DL1">KIR2DL1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL2 (page does not exist)">KIR2DL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL3" class="mw-redirect" title="KIR2DL3">KIR2DL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL4" title="KIR2DL4">KIR2DL4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL5A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL5A (page does not exist)">KIR2DL5A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL5B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL5B (page does not exist)">KIR2DL5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS1" title="KIR2DS1">KIR2DS1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS2 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS3 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS4" title="KIR2DS4">KIR2DS4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS5 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL1" title="KIR3DL1">KIR3DL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL2" title="KIR3DL2">KIR3DL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL3" title="KIR3DL3">KIR3DL3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR3DS1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR3DS1 (page does not exist)">KIR3DS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_immunoglobulin-like_receptors" title="Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors">Leukocyte IG-like receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LILRA1" title="LILRA1">LILRA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA2" title="LILRA2">LILRA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA3" title="LILRA3">LILRA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA4" title="LILRA4">LILRA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA5" title="LILRA5">LILRA5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LILRA6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LILRA6 (page does not exist)">LILRA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB1" title="LILRB1">LILRB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB2" title="LILRB2">LILRB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB3" title="LILRB3">LILRB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB4" title="LILRB4">LILRB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB5" title="LILRB5">LILRB5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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