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class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012929/Subverting_hosts_and_diverting_ecosystems_an_evolutionary_modelling_perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012929/Subverting_hosts_and_diverting_ecosystems_an_evolutionary_modelling_perspective">Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Parasitism and Ecosystems</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CHAPTER 9 Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspectiveSam P. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CHAPTER 9 Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspectiveSam P. Brown, 1 Jean-Baptiste André, 2 Jean-Baptiste ... in numer-ous tricks to distort or hijack dramatically their host&#x27;s body, providing the most potent examples of Dawkins&#x27; notion of ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012929"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012929"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012929; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94012929]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94012929]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012929; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94012929']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94012929]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94012929,"title":"Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspective","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94012929/Subverting_hosts_and_diverting_ecosystems_an_evolutionary_modelling_perspective","owner_id":251526311,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":251526311,"first_name":"Jean-Baptiste","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"André","page_name":"JeanBaptisteAndré2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-12-30T11:40:28.096-08:00","display_name":"Jean-Baptiste André","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteAndr%C3%A92"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012928"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012928/Within_host_evolution_and_virulence_in_microparasites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Within-host evolution and virulence in microparasites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590688/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012928/Within_host_evolution_and_virulence_in_microparasites">Within-host evolution and virulence in microparasites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Theoretical Biology</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An important aspect of microparasite biology is the fact that infections are populations of thous...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An important aspect of microparasite biology is the fact that infections are populations of thousands of microbes. As any population, infections are hence subject to two main types of changes: demographic and evolutionary. Here we analyse the consequences of withinhost evolutionary changes. We build an epidemiological model where infections are regularly invaded by locally favored mutations affecting various infectious traits (virulence, transmissibility and clearance). Our results are the following. In durable infections, where within-host evolution is an important matter, a drop of transmissibility is only slightly deleterious to the infection, while a reduction of infection lifespan is very costly. In consequence, locally favored mutations reducing transmissibility reach a larger frequency, or even the complete fixation, and the suboptimality accumulated in infections owing to within-host evolution affects more their transmission than their duration. Conversely, taking an infection at random and observing the events of within-host evolution, one is more likely to observe reductions of infection length than reductions of transmissibility, because the mutations affecting transmissibility are often already present in infections. We then discuss the interpretation of these results in terms of deleterious mutations, and we also emphasize that the management of within-host evolution could be used as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of infection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4af700332012d3889c2ee2d14ce873e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590688,"asset_id":94012928,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590688/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012928"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012928"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012928; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012927"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012927/The_Evolution_of_Mutation_Rate_in_Finite_Asexual_Populations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Evolution of Mutation Rate in Finite Asexual Populations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590681/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012927/The_Evolution_of_Mutation_Rate_in_Finite_Asexual_Populations">The Evolution of Mutation Rate in Finite Asexual Populations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Genetics</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this article, we model analytically the evolution of mutation rate in asexual organisms. Three...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this article, we model analytically the evolution of mutation rate in asexual organisms. Three selective forces are present. First, everything else being equal, individuals with higher mutation rate have a larger fitness, thanks to the energy and time saved by not replicating DNA accurately. Second, as a flip side, the genome of these individuals is replicated with errors that may negatively affect fitness. Third, and conversely, replication errors have a potential benefit if beneficial mutations are to be generated. Our model describes the fate of modifiers of mutation rate under the three forces and allows us to predict the long-term evolutionary trajectory of mutation rate. We obtain three major results. First, in asexuals, the needs for both adaptation and genome preservation are not evolutionary forces that can stabilize mutation rate at an intermediate optimum. When adaptation has a significant role, it primarily destabilizes mutation rate and yields the emergence of strong...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5e52d436e1b781ed23173f9341af8689" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590681,"asset_id":94012927,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590681/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012927"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012927"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012927; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012926"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012926/Within_Host_Parasite_Dynamics_Emerging_Trade_Off_and_Evolution_of_Virulence_with_Immune_System"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Within-Host Parasite Dynamics, Emerging Trade-Off, and Evolution of Virulence with Immune System" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590689/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012926/Within_Host_Parasite_Dynamics_Emerging_Trade_Off_and_Evolution_of_Virulence_with_Immune_System">Within-Host Parasite Dynamics, Emerging Trade-Off, and Evolution of Virulence with Immune System</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Evolution</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Virulence is an evolutionary paradox because parasites never benefit from their host's death. The...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Virulence is an evolutionary paradox because parasites never benefit from their host's death. The adaptive explanation of virulence is classically based upon the existence of physiological constraints that create a trade-off between parasites' epidemiological traits (virulence, transmissibility, and clearance). Here we develop an epidemiological model where infections are dynamic processes and we demonstrate how these dynamics generate a trade-off between emerging epidemiological parameters. We then study how host's immune strength modifies this trade-off and hence influences virulence evolution. We found that in acute infections, where parasites are engaged in a race with immune cells, immunity restrains more the duration of the infection than its intensity. As a consequence parasites evolve to provoke more virulent but shorter infections in strongly immunized hosts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2adc1797472d45d3b7bda96168e90991" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590689,"asset_id":94012926,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590689/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012926"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012926"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012926; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012925"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012925/Multicellular_organization_in_bacteria_as_a_target_for_drug_therapy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multicellular organization in bacteria as a target for drug therapy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590687/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012925/Multicellular_organization_in_bacteria_as_a_target_for_drug_therapy">Multicellular organization in bacteria as a target for drug therapy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ecology Letters</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Antibiotic treatments are now reaching the limit of their efficiency, especially in hospitals whe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Antibiotic treatments are now reaching the limit of their efficiency, especially in hospitals where certain bacteria are resistant to all available drugs. The development of new drugs against which resistance would be slower to evolve is an important challenge. Recent advances have shown that a potential strategy is to target global properties of infections instead of harming each individual bacterium. Consider an analogy with multicellular organisms. In order to kill an animal two strategies are possible. One can kill each of its cells individually. This is what antibiotics do to get rid of bacterial infections. An alternate way, for instance, is to disorganize the hormonal system of animal's body, leading eventually to its death. This second strategy could also be employed against infections, in place of antibiotics. Bacteria are indeed often involved into coordinated activities within a group, and certain drugs are able to disorganize these activities by blocking bacterial communication. In other words, these drugs are able to target infections as a whole, rather than individuals within infections. The present paper aims at analysing the consequence of this peculiarity on the evolution of bacterial resistance. We use a mathematical model, based on branching process, to calculate the fixation probability of a mutant resistant to this type of drug, and finally to predict the speed of resistance evolution. We show that this evolution is several orders of magnitude slower than in the case of antibiotic resistance. The explanation is as follows. By targeting treatments against adaptive properties of groups instead of individuals, we shift one level up the relevant unit of organization generating resistance. Instead of facing billions of bacteria with a very rapid evolutionary rate, these alternate treatments face a reduced number of larger organisms with lower evolutionary potential. In conclusion, this result leads us to emphasize the strong potential of anti-bacterial treatments aiming at disorganizing social traits of microbes rather than at killing every individual.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e3e43b355d383c42bd45998e0989c28f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590687,"asset_id":94012925,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590687/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012925"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012925"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012925; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="16776950" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012929"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012929/Subverting_hosts_and_diverting_ecosystems_an_evolutionary_modelling_perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012929/Subverting_hosts_and_diverting_ecosystems_an_evolutionary_modelling_perspective">Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Parasitism and Ecosystems</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CHAPTER 9 Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspectiveSam P. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CHAPTER 9 Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspectiveSam P. Brown, 1 Jean-Baptiste André, 2 Jean-Baptiste ... in numer-ous tricks to distort or hijack dramatically their host&#x27;s body, providing the most potent examples of Dawkins&#x27; notion of ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012929"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012929"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012929; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94012929]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94012929]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012929; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94012929']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94012929]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94012929,"title":"Subverting hosts and diverting ecosystems: an evolutionary modelling perspective","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94012929/Subverting_hosts_and_diverting_ecosystems_an_evolutionary_modelling_perspective","owner_id":251526311,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":251526311,"first_name":"Jean-Baptiste","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"André","page_name":"JeanBaptisteAndré2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-12-30T11:40:28.096-08:00","display_name":"Jean-Baptiste André","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteAndr%C3%A92"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012928"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012928/Within_host_evolution_and_virulence_in_microparasites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Within-host evolution and virulence in microparasites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590688/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012928/Within_host_evolution_and_virulence_in_microparasites">Within-host evolution and virulence in microparasites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Theoretical Biology</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An important aspect of microparasite biology is the fact that infections are populations of thous...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An important aspect of microparasite biology is the fact that infections are populations of thousands of microbes. As any population, infections are hence subject to two main types of changes: demographic and evolutionary. Here we analyse the consequences of withinhost evolutionary changes. We build an epidemiological model where infections are regularly invaded by locally favored mutations affecting various infectious traits (virulence, transmissibility and clearance). Our results are the following. In durable infections, where within-host evolution is an important matter, a drop of transmissibility is only slightly deleterious to the infection, while a reduction of infection lifespan is very costly. In consequence, locally favored mutations reducing transmissibility reach a larger frequency, or even the complete fixation, and the suboptimality accumulated in infections owing to within-host evolution affects more their transmission than their duration. Conversely, taking an infection at random and observing the events of within-host evolution, one is more likely to observe reductions of infection length than reductions of transmissibility, because the mutations affecting transmissibility are often already present in infections. We then discuss the interpretation of these results in terms of deleterious mutations, and we also emphasize that the management of within-host evolution could be used as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of infection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4af700332012d3889c2ee2d14ce873e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590688,"asset_id":94012928,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590688/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012928"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012928"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012928; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012927"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012927/The_Evolution_of_Mutation_Rate_in_Finite_Asexual_Populations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Evolution of Mutation Rate in Finite Asexual Populations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590681/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012927/The_Evolution_of_Mutation_Rate_in_Finite_Asexual_Populations">The Evolution of Mutation Rate in Finite Asexual Populations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Genetics</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this article, we model analytically the evolution of mutation rate in asexual organisms. Three...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this article, we model analytically the evolution of mutation rate in asexual organisms. Three selective forces are present. First, everything else being equal, individuals with higher mutation rate have a larger fitness, thanks to the energy and time saved by not replicating DNA accurately. Second, as a flip side, the genome of these individuals is replicated with errors that may negatively affect fitness. Third, and conversely, replication errors have a potential benefit if beneficial mutations are to be generated. Our model describes the fate of modifiers of mutation rate under the three forces and allows us to predict the long-term evolutionary trajectory of mutation rate. We obtain three major results. First, in asexuals, the needs for both adaptation and genome preservation are not evolutionary forces that can stabilize mutation rate at an intermediate optimum. When adaptation has a significant role, it primarily destabilizes mutation rate and yields the emergence of strong...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5e52d436e1b781ed23173f9341af8689" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590681,"asset_id":94012927,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590681/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012927"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012927"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012927; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012926"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012926/Within_Host_Parasite_Dynamics_Emerging_Trade_Off_and_Evolution_of_Virulence_with_Immune_System"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Within-Host Parasite Dynamics, Emerging Trade-Off, and Evolution of Virulence with Immune System" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590689/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012926/Within_Host_Parasite_Dynamics_Emerging_Trade_Off_and_Evolution_of_Virulence_with_Immune_System">Within-Host Parasite Dynamics, Emerging Trade-Off, and Evolution of Virulence with Immune System</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Evolution</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Virulence is an evolutionary paradox because parasites never benefit from their host's death. The...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Virulence is an evolutionary paradox because parasites never benefit from their host's death. The adaptive explanation of virulence is classically based upon the existence of physiological constraints that create a trade-off between parasites' epidemiological traits (virulence, transmissibility, and clearance). Here we develop an epidemiological model where infections are dynamic processes and we demonstrate how these dynamics generate a trade-off between emerging epidemiological parameters. We then study how host's immune strength modifies this trade-off and hence influences virulence evolution. We found that in acute infections, where parasites are engaged in a race with immune cells, immunity restrains more the duration of the infection than its intensity. As a consequence parasites evolve to provoke more virulent but shorter infections in strongly immunized hosts.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2adc1797472d45d3b7bda96168e90991" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590689,"asset_id":94012926,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590689/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012926"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012926"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012926; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94012926]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94012926]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012926; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94012926']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94012925"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012925/Multicellular_organization_in_bacteria_as_a_target_for_drug_therapy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multicellular organization in bacteria as a target for drug therapy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96590687/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94012925/Multicellular_organization_in_bacteria_as_a_target_for_drug_therapy">Multicellular organization in bacteria as a target for drug therapy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ecology Letters</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Antibiotic treatments are now reaching the limit of their efficiency, especially in hospitals whe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Antibiotic treatments are now reaching the limit of their efficiency, especially in hospitals where certain bacteria are resistant to all available drugs. The development of new drugs against which resistance would be slower to evolve is an important challenge. Recent advances have shown that a potential strategy is to target global properties of infections instead of harming each individual bacterium. Consider an analogy with multicellular organisms. In order to kill an animal two strategies are possible. One can kill each of its cells individually. This is what antibiotics do to get rid of bacterial infections. An alternate way, for instance, is to disorganize the hormonal system of animal's body, leading eventually to its death. This second strategy could also be employed against infections, in place of antibiotics. Bacteria are indeed often involved into coordinated activities within a group, and certain drugs are able to disorganize these activities by blocking bacterial communication. In other words, these drugs are able to target infections as a whole, rather than individuals within infections. The present paper aims at analysing the consequence of this peculiarity on the evolution of bacterial resistance. We use a mathematical model, based on branching process, to calculate the fixation probability of a mutant resistant to this type of drug, and finally to predict the speed of resistance evolution. We show that this evolution is several orders of magnitude slower than in the case of antibiotic resistance. The explanation is as follows. By targeting treatments against adaptive properties of groups instead of individuals, we shift one level up the relevant unit of organization generating resistance. Instead of facing billions of bacteria with a very rapid evolutionary rate, these alternate treatments face a reduced number of larger organisms with lower evolutionary potential. In conclusion, this result leads us to emphasize the strong potential of anti-bacterial treatments aiming at disorganizing social traits of microbes rather than at killing every individual.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e3e43b355d383c42bd45998e0989c28f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96590687,"asset_id":94012925,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96590687/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94012925"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94012925"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94012925; 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