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Blair</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ray_v._Blair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chiafalo_v._Washington_and_Colorado_Department_of_State_v._Baca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiafalo_v._Washington_and_Colorado_Department_of_State_v._Baca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Chiafalo v. Washington</i> and <i>Colorado Department of State v. Baca</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiafalo_v._Washington_and_Colorado_Department_of_State_v._Baca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_faithless_electors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_faithless_electors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of faithless electors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_faithless_electors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of faithless electors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_faithless_electors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1788_to_1800:_Before_the_12th_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1788_to_1800:_Before_the_12th_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1788 to 1800: Before the 12th Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1788_to_1800:_Before_the_12th_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1804_to_1840" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1804_to_1840"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1804 to 1840</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1804_to_1840-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1864_to_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1864_to_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1864 to 1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1864_to_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_to_1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_to_1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>1948 to 1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_to_1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_and_2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_and_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2000 and 2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_and_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ненадзейны электар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ненадзейны электар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Faithless elector" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elector_infiel" title="Elector infiel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elector infiel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7" title="گزیننده بی‌وفا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گزیننده بی‌وفا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9lecteurs_infid%C3%A8les" title="Liste des électeurs infidèles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des électeurs infidèles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EC%9D%B8" title="신의 없는 선거인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신의 없는 선거인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Անհուսալի ընտրիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անհուսալի ընտրիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Faithless elector" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A8" title="אלקטור סורר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטור סורר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Faithless elector" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiaro%C5%82omny_elektor" title="Wiarołomny elektor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiarołomny elektor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleitor_infiel" title="Eleitor infiel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleitor infiel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ненадёжный выборщик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ненадёжный выборщик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevjerni_elektor" title="Nevjerni elektor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nevjerni elektor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trol%C3%B6s_elektor" title="Trolös elektor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trolös elektor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadakatsiz_se%C3%A7ici" title="Sadakatsiz seçici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sadakatsiz seçici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_c%E1%BB%AD_tri_b%E1%BA%A5t_t%C3%ADn" title="Đại cử tri bất tín – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại cử tri bất tín" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Fake_electors" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake electors">fake electors</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of faithless elector laws in the US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg/350px-Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg/525px-Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg/700px-Faithless_elector_laws_enforcement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption> <b>Faithless elector laws by state</b><sup id="cite_ref-laws_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laws-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#40ac3f; color:black;"> </span> Vote voided with penalty</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3e08b; color:black;"> </span> Vote voided</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2625; color:black;"> </span> Vote counted with penalty</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffacac; color:black;"> </span> Vote counted</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d1d1d1; color:black;"> </span> No law</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a>, a <b>faithless elector</b> is generally a party representative who does not have faith in the election result within their region and instead votes for another person for one or both offices, or <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstains</a> from voting. As part of <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a>, each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> legislates the method by which its electors are to be selected. Many states require electors to have pledged to vote for the candidates of their party if appointed. The consequences of an elector voting in a way inconsistent with their pledge vary from state to state. </p><p>Electors are typically chosen and <a href="/wiki/Nomination" title="Nomination">nominated</a> by a political party or the party's <a href="/wiki/Presidential_nominee" title="Presidential nominee">presidential nominee</a>, and are usually party members with a reputation for high loyalty to the party and its chosen candidate. Thus, a faithless elector runs the risk of party <a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">censure</a> and political retaliation from their party, as well as potential legal penalties in some states. Candidates for electors are nominated by state political parties in the months prior to <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>. In some states, such as <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, the electors are nominated in <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primaries</a>, the same way other candidates are nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other states, such as <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, electors are nominated in party conventions. In <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the campaign committee of each candidate names their candidates for elector in an attempt to discourage faithless electors. In some states, high-ranking or well-known state officials up to and including <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governors</a> often serve as electors whenever possible (the Constitution prohibits federal officials from acting as electors, but does not restrict state officials from doing so). The parties have generally been successful in keeping their electors faithful, leaving out the rare cases in which a candidate died before the elector was able to cast a vote.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a>, there have been a total of 165<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek20201214_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek20201214-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instances of faithlessness, 90 of which were for president, while 75 were for vice president. They have never swung an election,<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek20201214_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek20201214-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nearly all have voted for <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> candidates or non-candidates, as opposed to switching their support to a major opposing candidate. There were 63 faithless electors in <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> when <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> died between Election Day and when the Electoral College convened, but <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> had already clinched enough to win reelection. During the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 election</a>, Virginia's entire 23-man electoral delegation faithlessly abstained<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (October 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-SabatoErnst2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SabatoErnst2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from voting for victorious <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> vice presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson#Election_of_1836" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of Virginia's support caused Johnson to fall one electoral vote short of a majority, causing the vice-presidential race to be thrown into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a>. The presidential election itself was not in dispute because Virginia's electors voted for Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> as pledged. The Senate elected Johnson as vice president anyway after a <a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">party-line vote</a>. Uniquely, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> always had a faithless elector in one of his state slates during his three runs for President. Oklahoma in 1960, North Carolina in 1968 and Virginia in 1972 all voted for Nixon but one elector cast a vote for another person. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> does not specify a notion of <i>pledging</i>; no federal law or constitutional statute binds an elector's vote to anything. All pledging laws originate at the state level;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> upheld these state laws in its 1952 ruling <i><a href="/wiki/Ray_v._Blair" title="Ray v. Blair">Ray v. Blair</a></i>. In 2020, the Supreme Court also ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington" title="Chiafalo v. Washington">Chiafalo v. Washington</a></i> that states are free to enforce laws that bind electors to voting for the winner of the popular vote in their state.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faithless_elector_laws">Faithless elector laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Faithless elector laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 38 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> have laws that require electors to vote for the candidates for whom they pledged to vote, though in half of these jurisdictions there is no enforcement mechanism. In 14 states, votes contrary to the pledge are voided and the respective electors are replaced, and in two of these states they may also be fined. Three other states impose a penalty on faithless electors but still count their votes as cast.<sup id="cite_ref-laws_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laws-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> was the first state to void an elector's faithless vote, which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United States Presidential Election">2016 election</a>. Minnesota also invoked this law for the first time in 2016 when an elector pledged to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> attempted to vote for <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2008, Minnesota's electors cast secret ballots. Although the final count would reveal the occurrence of faithless votes, it was impossible to determine which electors were faithless. After an unknown elector was faithless in 2004, Minnesota amended its law to require public balloting of the electors' votes and invalidate any vote cast for someone other than the candidate to whom the elector was pledged.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> became the first state to fine faithless electors after the 2016 election, in the wake of that state having four faithless elector votes. In 2019, the state changed its law for future elections, to void faithless votes and replace the respective electors instead of fining them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_rulings">Legal rulings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal rulings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ray_v._Blair"><i>Ray v. Blair</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ray v. Blair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ray_v._Blair" title="Ray v. Blair"><i>Ray v. Blair</i></a></div> <p>The constitutionality of state <i>pledge</i> laws was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 1952 in <i><a href="/wiki/Ray_v._Blair" title="Ray v. Blair">Ray v. Blair</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a 5–2 vote. The court ruled states have the right to require electors to pledge to vote for the candidate whom their party supports, and the right to remove potential electors who refuse to pledge prior to the election. The court also wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> However, even if such promises of candidates for the electoral college are legally unenforceable because violative of an <i>assumed constitutional freedom of the elector under the Constitution, Art. II, § 1, to vote as he may choose</i> [emphasis added] in the electoral college, it would not follow that the requirement of a pledge in the primary is unconstitutional. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>U.S. Supreme Court, <i>Ray v. Blair</i>, 1952</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The ruling held only that requiring a pledge, not a vote, was constitutional and Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a>, joined by Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a>, wrote in his dissent:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text – that electors would be free agents, to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation's highest offices.</p></blockquote> <p>In 2015, one legal scholar opined that "a state law that would thwart a federal elector’s discretion at an extraordinary time when it reasonably must be exercised would clearly violate Article II and the Twelfth Amendment".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiafalo_v._Washington_and_Colorado_Department_of_State_v._Baca"><i>Chiafalo v. Washington</i> and <i>Colorado Department of State v. Baca</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chiafalo v. Washington and Colorado Department of State v. Baca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington" title="Chiafalo v. Washington"><i>Chiafalo v. Washington</i></a></div> <p>After the 2016 election, electors who attempted to switch their votes in Washington and Colorado were subjected to enforcement of their state's faithless elector laws. The four faithless electors from Washington were each fined $1,000 for breaking their pledge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electors received legal assistance from the non-profit advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Equal_Citizens" title="Equal Citizens">Equal Citizens</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>. The Colorado case, <i>Baca v. Colorado Department of State</i>, was initially dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Colorado" title="United States District Court for the District of Colorado">United States District Court for the District of Colorado</a>. On appeal, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th Circuit</a> ruled in August 2019 that Colorado's faithless elector law is unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the opinion held that electors have a constitutional right to vote for the presidential candidate of their choice and are not bound by any prior pledges they may have made. The opinion said the act of voting for president in the electoral college is a federal function not subject to state law and state laws requiring electors to vote only for the candidates they pledged are unconstitutional and unenforceable. On October 16, 2019, Colorado appealed the 10th Circuit's decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10th Circuit's decision conflicted with an earlier May 2019 decision by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">Washington Supreme Court</a> <i>In re Guerra</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which three electors who had $1,000 fines imposed on them for violating their pledges appealed the fines, which were upheld. In contrast to the Colorado case, the Washington court held that presidential electors are state officials under the control of state law and can be criminally punished by a state if they do not vote as they pledged. On October 7, 2019, these electors also appealed their case to the U.S. Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 6, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in both <i>Chiafalo v. Washington</i> and <i>Colorado Department of State v. Baca</i> that states may enforce laws to punish faithless electors.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiafalo_v._Washington_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiafalo_v._Washington-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 59 elections, 165 electors have not cast their votes for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> as prescribed by the legislature of the state they represented.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those: </p> <ul><li>71 electors changed their votes because the candidate to whom they were pledged died before the electoral ballot (in <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> for president and <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> for vice president).</li> <li>1 elector chose to abstain from voting for any candidate (in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> for president and vice president).</li> <li>93 were changed typically by the elector's personal preference, although there have been some instances where the change may have been caused by an honest mistake.</li></ul> <p>Usually, faithless electors act alone, although on occasion a faithless elector has attempted to induce other electors to change their votes in concert, usually with little if any success. </p><p>One exception was the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 election</a>, in which all 23 Virginia electors acted together, altering the outcome of the electoral college vote but failing to change the outcome of the overall election. The Democratic ticket won states with 170 of the 294 electoral votes, but the 23 Virginia electors abstained in the vote for vice president, meaning the Democratic nominee, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a>, received 147 votes or exactly half of the electoral college (one short of being elected). Johnson was subsequently elected vice president by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_faithless_electors">List of faithless electors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of faithless electors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Faithless_elector" title="Special:EditPage/Faithless elector">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Faithless+elector%22">"Faithless elector"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Faithless+elector%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Faithless+elector%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Faithless+elector%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Faithless+elector%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Faithless+elector%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following is a list of all faithless electors. The number preceding each entry is the number of faithless electors in the given year's election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1788_to_1800:_Before_the_12th_Amendment">1788 to 1800: Before the 12th Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1788 to 1800: Before the 12th Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>3</b> – <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 election</a>: three electors, two from Maryland and one from Virginia, did not vote<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3</b> – <a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 election</a>: three electors, two from Maryland and one from Vermont, did not vote </p><p><b>19</b> – <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Miles" title="Samuel Miles">Samuel Miles</a>, an elector from Pennsylvania, was pledged to vote for <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, but voted for <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> candidate Thomas Jefferson. He cast his other vote as pledged for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a>; there was no provision at the time for specifying president or vice president. An additional 18 electors voted for Adams as pledged, but refused to vote for Pinckney.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_Hamilton_by_Chernow_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Hamilton_by_Chernow-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an attempt to foil Alexander Hamilton's rumored plan to elect Pinckney as president, and this resulted in the unintended outcome that Adams' opponent, Jefferson, was elected vice president instead of Adams' running mate, Pinckney. This was the only time in U.S. history that the president and vice president have been from different parties, except for <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> (although in that year, while the president and the vice presidential running mate were from different parties, they ran on one ticket from the same third party), and the only time the winners were from different tickets. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 election</a> resulted in a deadlock, as there were no faithless Democratic-Republican electors: they all voted for both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, forcing the tied decision to the House of Representatives. The Federalist Party would have avoided this problem had they won by pre-arranging for one of their electors from Rhode Island to not vote for their vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, instead voting for <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a> was ratified in 1804 changing the election procedure so that instead of casting two votes of the same type, electors would make an explicit choice for president and vice president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1804_to_1840">1804 to 1840</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1804 to 1840"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>6</b> – <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 election</a>: Six electors from New York were pledged to vote for <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> for president and former New York governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> for vice president. Instead, they voted for Clinton for president, with three voting for Madison for vice president and the other three voting for <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3</b> – <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 election</a>: Three electors pledged to vote for <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a> instead voted for <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820 election</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Plumer" title="William Plumer">William Plumer</a> was pledged to vote for <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, who was not contested for re-election, but he instead cast his vote for <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, who was not a candidate in the election. Some historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> contend Plumer wanted George Washington to be the only unanimous selection, or that he wanted to draw attention to his friend Adams as a potential candidate. These claims are disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plumer also cast his vice-presidential vote for Richard Rush, not Daniel D. Tompkins as pledged. </p><p><b>7</b> – <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 election</a>: Seven of the nine electors from Georgia refused to vote for vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>; they instead cast their vice-presidential votes for <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">William Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>30</b> – <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 election</a>: All 30 electors from Pennsylvania refused to vote for the Democratic vice-presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, voting instead for <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wilkins (U.S. politician)">William Wilkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>23</b> – <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 election</a>: The 23 electors from Virginia were pledged to vote for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidates <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> for president and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> for vice president. However, they refused to vote for Johnson because of his open liaison with an enslaved woman and voted instead for Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">William Smith</a> of South Carolina, which left Johnson with 147 electoral votes, one short of a majority. Johnson was subsequently elected vice president after a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 election</a>: One elector from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, Arthur Smith of <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia" title="Isle of Wight County, Virginia">Isle of Wight County</a>, was pledged to vote for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidates <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> for president <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> for vice president</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Do we know for sure that Smith was "pledged" to vote for Johnson for VP? The other Viriginia electors voted for Tazewell for VP. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; however, he voted for <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The other electors from Virginia voted for Tazewell for VP. Were the Virginia electors "pledged" to vote for VanBuren and Tazewell, and then Smith voted for Polk? Or were all the electors from Virginia unfaithful on the VP votes? (November 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Can't find the newspaper online; can't find a confirming reliable source. Any scholarly source would be good. (November 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1864_to_1912">1864 to 1912</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1864 to 1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 election</a>: A Nevada elector abstained from casting any ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>66</b> – <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, the Liberal Republican/Democrat presidential nominee, died on November 29 shortly before the Electoral College vote in December. Three electors voted for the deceased Greeley as pledged, while the other 63 electors pledged to Greeley voted for other people, with 42 voting for non-candidate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a>, 18 voting for Greeley's running mate, <a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Benjamin Gratz Brown</a>, 2 voting for non-candidate <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Jenkins" title="Charles J. Jenkins">Charles J. Jenkins</a>, and 1 voting for non-candidate <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>. The three posthumous presidential votes cast for Greeley were rejected by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>27</b> – <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 election</a>: The Democratic Party and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a> both ran <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> as their presidential candidate, but ran different candidates for vice president: the Democratic Party nominated <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a> and the People’s Party nominated <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a>. Although the Populist ticket did not win the popular vote in any state, 27 Democratic electors cast their vice-presidential vote for Watson instead of Sewall.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>8</b> – <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 election</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> vice-presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a>, died six days before the popular election. The Republicans had won only two states, Utah and Vermont, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas M. Butler</a> was hastily designated to receive the eight electoral votes that were pledged to Sherman. All eight Republican electors accordingly voted for Butler for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FairVote_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_to_1988">1948 to 1988</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1948 to 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 election</a>: Tennessee Elector <a href="/wiki/Preston_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston Parks">Preston Parks</a> was a candidate to be an elector for both the Democratic Party presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/States%27_Rights_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="States' Rights Democratic Party">States' Rights Democratic Party</a> presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>. Though the national Democratic Party won the election, Parks had actively campaigned for Thurmond and he voted for Thurmond and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 election</a>: Alabama Elector <a href="/wiki/W._F._Turner" title="W. F. Turner">W. F. Turner</a>, pledged for Democrats <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a>, cast his votes for Judge <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burgwyn_Jones" title="Walter Burgwyn Jones">Walter Burgwyn Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Herman Talmadge</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 election</a>: Oklahoma Elector <a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Irwin" title="Henry D. Irwin">Henry D. Irwin</a>, pledged for Republicans <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a>, contacted the other 219 Republican electors to convince them to cast presidential electoral votes for Democratic non-candidate <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a> and vice-presidential electoral votes for Republican <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>. Most replied they had a moral obligation to vote for Nixon and Lodge, while Irwin voted for Byrd and Goldwater. Fourteen <a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">unpledged electors</a> (eight from Mississippi and six from Alabama) also voted for Byrd for president, but supported <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> for vice president – since they were not pledged to anyone, their action was not faithless.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a>: North Carolina Elector <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_W._Bailey" title="Lloyd W. Bailey">Lloyd W. Bailey</a>, pledged for Republicans <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>, cast his votes for <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> candidates <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>. Bailey later stated at a Senate hearing that he would have voted for Nixon and Agnew if his vote would have altered the outcome of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 election</a>: Virginia Elector <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a>, pledged for Republicans <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>, cast his electoral votes for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Libertarian_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Libertarian Party">Libertarian</a> candidates <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a>. MacBride's vice-presidential vote for Nathan was the first electoral vote cast for a woman in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-first_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 election</a>: Washington Elector <a href="/wiki/Mike_Padden" title="Mike Padden">Mike Padden</a>, pledged for Republicans <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, cast his presidential electoral vote for <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who had challenged Ford for the Republican nomination. He cast his vice presidential vote, as pledged, for Dole.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 election</a>: West Virginia Elector <a href="/wiki/Margarette_Leach" title="Margarette Leach">Margarette Leach</a>, pledged for Democrats <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a>, instead cast her votes for the candidates in the reverse of their positions on the national ticket as a form of protest against the winner-take-all custom of the Electoral College; her presidential vote went to Bentsen and her vice-presidential vote to Dukakis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_and_2004">2000 and 2004</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000 and 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 election</a>: Washington, D.C. Elector <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lett-Simmons" title="Barbara Lett-Simmons">Barbara Lett-Simmons</a>, pledged for Democrats <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>, cast no electoral votes as a protest of <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">Washington D.C.'s lack of voting congressional representation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dcelector_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcelector-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lett-Simmons's electoral college abstention, the first since <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>, was intended to protest what Lett-Simmons referred to as the federal district's "colonial status".<sup id="cite_ref-dcelector_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcelector-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lett-Simmons described her blank ballot as an act of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, not an act of a faithless elector; Lett-Simmons supported Gore and Lieberman and would have voted for Gore and Lieberman if she had thought they had a chance to win.<sup id="cite_ref-dcelector_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcelector-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1</b> – <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 election</a>: An anonymous Minnesota elector, pledged for Democrats <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a>, cast their presidential vote for "John Ewards" [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>],<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than Kerry, presumably by accident.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of Minnesota's electors cast their vice presidential ballots for <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a>, including the elector who cast the anomalous presidential vote. Minnesota's electors cast secret ballots, so the identity of the faithless elector is not known. As a result of this incident, Minnesota statutes were amended to provide for public balloting of the electors' votes and invalidation of a vote cast for someone other than the candidate to whom the elector is pledged.<sup id="cite_ref-2004mistake_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004mistake-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election">Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election</a></div> <p><b>10</b> – <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>: </p> <ul><li>In Washington, Democratic Party electors gave three presidential votes to <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> and one to <a href="/wiki/Faith_Spotted_Eagle" title="Faith Spotted Eagle">Faith Spotted Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these electors cast vice-presidential votes for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a>.</li> <li>In Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> received one presidential vote and Elizabeth Warren received one vice-presidential vote.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Texas, Christopher Suprun voted for <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> for president and William Greene voted for <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, giving each one presidential vote. Suprun also voted for <a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a> as vice president while Greene voted for <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> as pledged.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, three other electors attempted to vote against their pledges but had their votes invalidated: </p> <ul><li>In Colorado, Kasich received one vote for president, which was invalidated, and the elector was replaced by one who cast a vote for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Maine, a Democratic Party elector, David Bright, attempted to vote for <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> for president but ultimately cast a vote for Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party</a> elector voted for Bernie Sanders for president and <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> for vice president, but these votes were invalidated and the elector was replaced by an alternate elector who then cast votes for Clinton and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect election</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additionally, another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-laws-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laws_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laws_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairvote.org/resources/presidential-elections">"Faithless Elector State Laws"</a>. <i>Fair Vote</i>. October 2022 [July 7, 2020]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Vote&rft.atitle=Faithless+Elector+State+Laws&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairvote.org%2Fresources%2Fpresidential-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html#selection">"About the Electors"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration. August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Electors&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Felectoral-college%2Felectors.html%23selection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FairVote-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairVote_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209184600/https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors">"Faithless Electors"</a>. <i>Fair Vote</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors">the original</a> on February 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Vote&rft.atitle=Faithless+Electors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Ffaithless_electors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek20201214-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek20201214_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek20201214_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/electoral-college-cements-joe-bidens-victory-zero-faithless-electors-1554660">"Electoral College Cements Joe Biden's Victory With Zero Faithless Electors"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2016</span>. <q>in 1836...the Virginia electors abstained rather than vote for Democratic vice presidential nominee Richard Johnson</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+Parties+and+Elections&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0994-7&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rft.au=Ernst%2C+Howard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-379E2mFmYC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpenshaw,_Pamela_Romney2014" class="citation book cs1">Openshaw, Pamela Romney (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEdXDQAAQBAJ"><i>Promises Of The Constitution: Yesterday Today Tomorrow</i></a>. BookBaby. p. 10.3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483529806" title="Special:BookSources/9781483529806"><bdi>9781483529806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Promises+Of+The+Constitution%3A+Yesterday+Today+Tomorrow&rft.pages=10.3&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781483529806&rft.au=Openshaw%2C+Pamela+Romney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEdXDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Tara2017" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Tara (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0IkDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Indispensable Electoral College: How the Founders' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule</i></a>. Gateway Editions. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621577072" title="Special:BookSources/9781621577072"><bdi>9781621577072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indispensable+Electoral+College%3A+How+the+Founders%27+Plan+Saves+Our+Country+from+Mob+Rule&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Gateway+Editions&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781621577072&rft.au=Ross%2C+Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0IkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/a398c3e7c8d2c4a1b9ad498ed5f86ed7">"Justices rule states can bind presidential electors' votes"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Justices+rule+states+can+bind+presidential+electors%27+votes&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fa398c3e7c8d2c4a1b9ad498ed5f86ed7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/mn-electors-meet-award-clinton-votes-amid-protests-against-trump/407477396/">"Minnesota electors align for Clinton; one replaced after voting for Sanders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minnesota+electors+align+for+Clinton%3B+one+replaced+after+voting+for+Sanders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fmn-electors-meet-award-clinton-votes-amid-protests-against-trump%2F407477396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927212127/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/statutes/?id=208.08&year=2008">"208.08, 2008 Minnesota Statutes"</a>. 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Blair">Ray v. Blair</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_343" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 343">343</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/343/214/">214</a> (1952)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sheppard, Stephen M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kitsap+Sun&rft.atitle=Four+state+electors+to+be+fined+%241%2C000+for+vote&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.aulast=La+Corte&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitsapsun.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F23%2Ffour-state-electors-fined-1000-vote%2F95796628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2019" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Jesse (August 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradosun.com/2019/08/21/faithless-electors-court-decision-colorado-10th-circuit/">"Colorado's presidential electors don't have to vote for candidate who wins the state, federal appeals court rules"</a>. <i>The Colorado Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Sun&rft.atitle=Colorado%27s+presidential+electors+don%27t+have+to+vote+for+candidate+who+wins+the+state%2C+federal+appeals+court+rules&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradosun.com%2F2019%2F08%2F21%2Ffaithless-electors-court-decision-colorado-10th-circuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2019" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Jesse (October 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradosun.com/?s=Colorado+asks+U.S.+Supreme+Court+to+overturn+decision+allowing+presidential">"Colorado asks U.S. Supreme Court to overturn decision allowing presidential electors to vote for whomever they want"</a>. <i>Colorado Sun</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Sun&rft.atitle=Colorado+asks+U.S.+Supreme+Court+to+overturn+decision+allowing+presidential+electors+to+vote+for+whomever+they+want&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradosun.com%2F%3Fs%3DColorado%2Basks%2BU.S.%2BSupreme%2BCourt%2Bto%2Boverturn%2Bdecision%2Ballowing%2Bpresidential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coag.gov/app/uploads/2019/10/Colorado-Cert-Petition-Final.pdf">"Petition for writ of certiorari"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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New York: Penguin, 2004. p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, George (2004). <i>Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Electoral+College+Is+Bad+for+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqbQAAAAMAAJ">"The Virginia Electors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">The New-Yorker</a></i>. <b>10</b> (13): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqbQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204">204</a>. December 12, 1840 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>The Electors meanwhile held a meeting, and decided that their constituents would be best satisfied, under the circumstances, by their voting for Col. R. M. Johnson for Vice President. Accordingly on the 2d their 23 votes were cast for Martin Van Buren as President, 22 for Col. R. M. Johnson as Vice President and 1 (Arthur Smith of Isle of Wight) for Gov. Jas. K. Polk of Tennessee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New-Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Virginia+Electors&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=204&rft.date=1840-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqbQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niles National Register, Vol. LIX, December 5, 1840, page 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.270towin.com/1840_Election/">"1840 Presidential Election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/270toWin" title="270toWin">270toWin</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=270toWin&rft.atitle=1840+Presidential+Election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.270towin.com%2F1840_Election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.270towin.com/states/Nevada">"Nevada Presidential Election Voting History"</a>. <i>270toWin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=270toWin.com&rft.atitle=Nevada+Presidential+Election+Voting+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.270towin.com%2Fstates%2FNevada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSoXAAAAYAAJ&q=Nevada+1864"><i>The Tribune Almanac and Political Register</i></a>. Tribune Association. 1874. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribune+Almanac+and+Political+Register&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Tribune+Association&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSoXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNevada%2B1864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFNBAQAAMAAJ&q=1864+election,+Nevada+two+electoral+votes&pg=PA61"><i>Handbook of the United States of America: And Guide to Emigration; Giving the Latest and Most Complete Statistics ...</i></a> G. Watson. 1883. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+United+States+of+America%3A+And+Guide+to+Emigration%3B+Giving+the+Latest+and+Most+Complete+Statistics+...&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=G.+Watson&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFNBAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1864%2Belection%2C%2BNevada%2Btwo%2Belectoral%2Bvotes%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFNHAQAAIAAJ&q=1864+election,+Nevada+two+electoral+votes&pg=PA84"><i>United States Congressional serial set</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1869. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Congressional+serial+set&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFNHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D1864%2Belection%2C%2BNevada%2Btwo%2Belectoral%2Bvotes%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1872#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1872%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A00E7DF1231E033A2575AC0A9679D94659ED7CF">"Senate and House Secured; Republican control in the next Congress assured. The House of Representatives Republican by More than Two – thirds Majority – Possible Loss of a Republican Senator from the State of Washington – Republicans and Populists Will Organize the Senate and Divide the Patronage"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 9, 1894<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+and+House+Secured%3B+Republican+control+in+the+next+Congress+assured.+The+House+of+Representatives+Republican+by+More+than+Two+%E2%80%93+thirds+Majority+%E2%80%93+Possible+Loss+of+a+Republican+Senator+from+the+State+of+Washington+%E2%80%93+Republicans+and+Populists+Will+Organize+the+Senate+and+Divide+the+Patronage&rft.date=1894-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A00E7DF1231E033A2575AC0A9679D94659ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509192439/http://www.avagara.com:80/e_c/ec_unfaithful.htm">"Tales of the Unfaithful Electors: Dr. Lloyd W. Bailey"</a>. <i>EC: The US Electoral College Web Zine</i>. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EC%3A+The+US+Electoral+College+Web+Zine&rft.atitle=Tales+of+the+Unfaithful+Electors%3A+Dr.+Lloyd+W.+Bailey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avagara.com%2Fe_c%2Fec_unfaithful.htm%23Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoaz2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">Boaz, David</a> (2008). 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Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n212">10.4135/9781412965811.n212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nathan%2C+Toni+%281923%E2%80%93+%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n212&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Boaz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC%26q%3Dencyclopedia%2Bof%2Blibertarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2011" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, George C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2009</span>. <q>But it was Mr. Gore who suffered an erosion today. Lett-Simmons, a Gore elector from the District of Columbia, left her ballot blank to protest what she called the capital's "colonial status" – its lack of a voting representative in Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+43rd+President%3A+The+Electoral+College%3B+The+Electors+Vote%2C+and+the+Surprises+Are+Few&rft.date=2000-12-19&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F12%2F19%2Fus%2F43rd-president-electoral-college-electors-vote-surprises-are-few.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041217034158/http://www.startribune.com/stories/587/5134791.html">"Vote for Edwards instead of Kerry shocks Minnesota electors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a></i>. December 17, 2004. Archived from the original on December 17, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Vote+for+Edwards+instead+of+Kerry+shocks+Minnesota+electors&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fstories%2F587%2F5134791.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/12/13_ap_electors/">"MPR: Minnesota elector gives Edwards a vote; Kerry gets other nine"</a>. News.minnesota.publicradio.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPR%3A+Minnesota+elector+gives+Edwards+a+vote%3B+Kerry+gets+other+nine&rft.pub=News.minnesota.publicradio.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.minnesota.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F12%2F13_ap_electors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2004mistake-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2004mistake_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/the-electoral-college.aspx">"The Electoral College"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures" title="National Conference of State Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a></i>. November 11, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122050255/https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/the-electoral-college.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.atitle=The+Electoral+College&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Felections-and-campaigns%2Fthe-electoral-college.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/four-washington-electors-break-ranks-and-dont-vote-for-clinton/">"Four Washington state electors break ranks and don't vote for Clinton"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>. December 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Four+Washington+state+electors+break+ranks+and+don%27t+vote+for+Clinton&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fpolitics%2Ffour-washington-electors-break-ranks-and-dont-vote-for-clinton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmann2016" class="citation web cs1">Hellmann, Jessie (December 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/news/311119-democratic-elector-in-hawaii-votes-for-sanders/">"Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Democratic+elector+in+Hawaii+votes+for+Sanders&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft.aulast=Hellmann&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F311119-democratic-elector-in-hawaii-votes-for-sanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2016" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Sean Collins (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesman.com/news/national-govt--politics/all-but-texas-members-the-electoral-college-choose-donald-trump/GSCDFHiXQvu3PiYSDMDryL/">"All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump"</a>. <i>Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statesman&rft.atitle=All+but+2+Texas+members+of+the+Electoral+College+choose+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Sean+Collins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesman.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-govt--politics%2Fall-but-texas-members-the-electoral-college-choose-donald-trump%2FGSCDFHiXQvu3PiYSDMDryL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrow2016" class="citation web cs1">Detrow, Scott (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/12/19/506188169/donald-trump-poised-to-secure-electoral-college-win-with-few-surprises">"Donald Trump Secures Electoral College Win, With Few Surprises"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+Secures+Electoral+College+Win%2C+With+Few+Surprises&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Detrow&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F12%2F19%2F506188169%2Fdonald-trump-poised-to-secure-electoral-college-win-with-few-surprises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellware2016" class="citation web cs1">Bellware, Kim (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maine-elector-bernie-sanders_n_585815ebe4b0b3ddfd8db1f6">"Electoral College Faithless Elector Foiled Trying To Vote For Bernie Sanders"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Electoral+College+Faithless+Elector+Foiled+Trying+To+Vote+For+Bernie+Sanders&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Bellware&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmaine-elector-bernie-sanders_n_585815ebe4b0b3ddfd8db1f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakst2016" class="citation web cs1">Bakst, Brian (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/12/19/minnesota-electors-cast-10-votes-for-clinton">"Minnesota electors cast 10 votes for Clinton"</a>. <i>MPR News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Minnesota+electors+cast+10+votes+for+Clinton&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Bakst&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2016%2F12%2F19%2Fminnesota-electors-cast-10-votes-for-clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithless_elector&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414141738/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/laws.html">List of Electors Bound by State Law and Pledges, as of November 2000</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906231513/http://www.fairvote.org/e_college/faithless.htm">"The Electoral College – "Faithless Electors"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Official website of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Voting_and_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Voting and Democracy">Center for Voting and Democracy</a></i>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/e_college/faithless.htm">the original</a> on September 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Center+for+Voting+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Electoral+College+%E2%80%93+%22Faithless+Electors%22&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fe_college%2Ffaithless.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws">"Faithless Electors"</a>. <i>Website of FairVote, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Voting_and_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Voting and Democracy">Center for Voting and Democracy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Website+of+FairVote%2C+formerly+the+Center+for+Voting+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=Faithless+Electors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Ffaithless_elector_state_laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaithless+elector" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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