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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-External_genitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_genitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>External genitalia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_genitalia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External genitalia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_genitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vulva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vulva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_genitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_genitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Internal genitalia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_genitalia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal genitalia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_genitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vagina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vagina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vagina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vagina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cervix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cervix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cervix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cervix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uterus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uterus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Uterus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uterus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fallopian_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fallopian_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fallopian tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fallopian_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ovaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vestibular_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vestibular_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Vestibular glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vestibular_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaginitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaginitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vaginitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaginitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacterial_vaginosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_vaginosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bacterial vaginosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_vaginosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeast_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeast_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Yeast infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeast_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genital_mutilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genital_mutilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Genital mutilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genital_mutilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genital_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genital_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Genital surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genital_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Birth control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reproductive rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Female reproductive system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جهاز تناسلي أنثوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز تناسلي أنثوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparato_reproductor_femen%C3%ADn" title="Aparato reproductor femenín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aparato reproductor femenín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparatu_reproductor_femen%C3%ADn" title="Aparatu reproductor femenín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aparatu reproductor femenín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qad%C4%B1n_reproduktiv_sisteml%C9%99ri" title="Qadın reproduktiv sistemləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qadın reproduktiv sistemləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মানব স্ত্রী প্রজননতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানব স্ত্রী প্রজননতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жаночая палавая сістэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жаночая палавая сістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मादा जननांग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मादा जननांग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambabaying_sistemang_reproduktibo" title="Pambabaying sistemang reproduktibo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pambabaying sistemang reproduktibo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Женска полова система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Женска полова система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenski_reproduktivni_sistem" title="Ženski reproduktivni sistem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ženski reproduktivni sistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparell_sexual_femen%C3%AD" title="Aparell sexual femení – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aparell sexual femení" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvindens_k%C3%B8nsorganer" title="Kvindens kønsorganer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvindens kønsorganer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AA_%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A7_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%B0" title="އަންހެނުންގެ ނަސްލު އުފައްދާ ނިޒާމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަންހެނުންގެ ނަސްލު އުފައްދާ ނިޒާމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Γυναικείο αναπαραγωγικό σύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυναικείο αναπαραγωγικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparato_genital_femenino" title="Aparato genital femenino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aparato genital femenino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virinaj_seksorganoj" title="Virinaj seksorganoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virinaj seksorganoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emakumearen_ugaltze-aparatu" title="Emakumearen ugaltze-aparatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emakumearen ugaltze-aparatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دستگاه تولیدمثل در زنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستگاه تولیدمثل در زنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appareil_g%C3%A9nital_f%C3%A9minin" title="Appareil génital féminin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appareil génital féminin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparato_reprodutor_feminino" title="Aparato reprodutor feminino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aparato reprodutor feminino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="여성의 생식 기관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여성의 생식 기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Իգական սեռական համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իգական սեռական համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्त्री जननांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्त्री जननांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenski_spolni_sustav" title="Ženski spolni sustav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ženski spolni sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5_nwany%E1%BB%8B" title="Usoro ọmụmụ nwanyị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro ọmụmụ nwanyị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_reproduksi_wanita" title="Sistem reproduksi wanita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem reproduksi wanita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparato_genitale_femminile" title="Apparato genitale femminile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apparato genitale femminile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מערכת הרבייה הנקבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת הרבייה הנקבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEstema_pirb%C3%BBn%C3%AA_ya_jin" title="Sîstema pirbûnê ya jin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîstema pirbûnê ya jin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Аялдын репродуктивдик тутуму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аялдын репродуктивдик тутуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschlechtsorganer_bei_der_Fra" title="Geschlechtsorganer bei der Fra – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geschlechtsorganer bei der Fra" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moters_lytiniai_organai" title="Moters lytiniai organai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moters lytiniai organai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_reprodui_fema" title="Sistem de reprodui fema – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sistem de reprodui fema" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%91i_nemi_szervek" title="Női nemi szervek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Női nemi szervek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Женски репродуктивен систем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Женски репродуктивен систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ത്രീകളിലെ പ്രത്യുത്പാദന സംവിധാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ത്രീകളിലെ പ്രത്യുത്പാദന സംവിധാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="स्त्री प्रजनन प्रणाली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्त्री प्रजनन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pembiakan_perempuan" title="Sistem pembiakan perempuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem pembiakan perempuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_reproduksi_padusi" title="Sistem reproduksi padusi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sistem reproduksi padusi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="स्त्री प्रजनन प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्त्री प्रजनन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%99%A8" title="女性器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="女性器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਔਰਤ ਪ੍ਰਜਨਨ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਔਰਤ ਪ੍ਰਜਨਨ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBe%C5%84ski_uk%C5%82ad_p%C5%82ciowy" title="Żeński układ płciowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żeński układ płciowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparelho_reprodutor_feminino" title="Aparelho reprodutor feminino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aparelho reprodutor feminino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparatul_genital_feminin" title="Aparatul genital feminin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aparatul genital feminin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Женская репродуктивная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Женская репродуктивная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/puki" title="puki – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="puki" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_riprodhues_fem%C3%ABror" title="Sistemi riprodhues femëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi riprodhues femëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Female reproductive system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDensk%C3%A9_pohlavn%C3%A9_org%C3%A1ny" title="Ženské pohlavné orgány – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ženské pohlavné orgány" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenski_reprodukcijski_sistem" title="Ženski reprodukcijski sistem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ženski reprodukcijski sistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8E%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="کۆئەندامی زاوزێی مێینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆئەندامی زاوزێی مێینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Женски полни органи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Женски полни органи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisen_lis%C3%A4%C3%A4ntymiselimist%C3%B6" title="Naisen lisääntymiselimistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naisen lisääntymiselimistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnliga_k%C3%B6nsorgan" title="Kvinnliga könsorgan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvinnliga könsorgan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemang_pampag-anak_ng_babaeng_tao" title="Sistemang pampag-anak ng babaeng tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistemang pampag-anak ng babaeng tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பெண் இனப்பெருக்கத் தொகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெண் இனப்பெருக்கத் தொகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Хатын-кызларның җенси системасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хатын-кызларның җенси системасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B2%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Узвҳои таносули занона – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Узвҳои таносули занона" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_%C3%BCreme_organlar%C4%B1" title="Kadın üreme organları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadın üreme organları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the human female reproductive system. For the female reproductive systems of other organisms, see <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Female_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Female reproductive system">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Female+reproductive+system%22">"Female reproductive system"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Female+reproductive+system%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Female+reproductive+system%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Female+reproductive+system%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Female+reproductive+system%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Female+reproductive+system%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reproductive system of female humans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Female reproductive system (human)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png/250px-Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png/375px-Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png/500px-Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pictorial illustration of the female reproductive system and nearby organs</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>systema genitale femininum</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005836">D005836</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/09.1.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A09.1.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3469">3469</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma45663">45663</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844342" class="extiw" title="d:Q844342">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg/220px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg/330px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg/440px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-number-full-cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption> 1. <b><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a>; 3. <a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a>; 4. <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">Vestibule</a>; 5. <b><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a></b>: (with 6. Glans and 7. Body). 8. <a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule" title="Bulb of vestibule">Bulb of vestibule</a><br /> 9. <b><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></b>: 10. <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">Hymen</a>; 11. Lumen; 12. Wall; 13. <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_fornix" title="Vaginal fornix">Fornix (lateral)</a><br /> 14. <b><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></b>: <b>Parts</b>: 15. <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a>; 16. <a href="/wiki/Body_of_the_uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of the uterus">Body</a> and 17. <a href="/wiki/Fundus_uteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundus uteri">Fundus</a>. 18. Orifices: external and internal; 19. <a href="/wiki/Cervical_canal" title="Cervical canal">Cervical canal</a>; 20. <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">Uterine cavity</a>; <b>Layers</b>: 21. <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a>; 22. <a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a> and 23. <a href="/wiki/Perimetrium" title="Perimetrium">Perimetrium</a><br /> 24. <b><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></b>: 25. <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Fallopian_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of Fallopian tube">Isthmus</a>; 26. <a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Fallopian_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of Fallopian tube">Ampulla</a>; 27. <a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Infundibulum of uterine tube">Infundibulum</a>; 28. <a href="/wiki/Fimbriae_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbriae of uterine tube">Fimbriae</a> (with 29. Fimbria ovarica)<br /> 30. <b><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></b><br /> 31. <b>Visceral pelvic <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a></b>: 32. <a href="/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus" title="Broad ligament of the uterus">Broad ligament</a> (with 33. <a href="/wiki/Mesosalpinx" title="Mesosalpinx">Mesosalpinx</a>; 34. <a href="/wiki/Mesovarium" title="Mesovarium">Mesovarium</a> and 35. <a href="/wiki/Mesometrium" title="Mesometrium">Mesometrium</a>)<br /> <b>Ligaments</b>: 36. <a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_uterus" title="Round ligament of uterus">Round</a>; 37. <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_ligament" title="Ovarian ligament">Ovarian</a>; 38. <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_ovary" title="Suspensory ligament of ovary">Suspensory of ovary</a><br /> <b>Blood vessels</b>: 39. <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_artery" title="Ovarian artery">Ovarian artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_vein" title="Ovarian vein">vein</a>; 40. <a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery" title="Uterine artery">Uterine artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uterine_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine veins">veins</a>; 41. <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">Vaginal artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_venous_plexus" title="Vaginal venous plexus">veins</a><br /> <b>Other</b>: 42. <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a>; 43. <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">Pelvic floor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levator_ani" title="Levator ani">Levator ani</a>); 44. <a href="/wiki/Femoral_head" title="Femoral head">Femoral head</a>; 45. <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">Hip bone</a>; 46. <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_artery" title="Internal iliac artery">Internal iliac vessels</a> (anterior branches); 47. <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">External iliac vessels</a>; 48. <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">Abdominal cavity</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The human <b>female reproductive system</b> is made up of the internal and external <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sex organs</a> that function in the <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">reproduction</a> of new <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>. The reproductive system is immature at birth and develops at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> to be able to release matured <a href="/wiki/Ova" class="mw-redirect" title="Ova">ova</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, facilitate their <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a>, and create a protective environment for the developing <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. The <b>female reproductive tract</b> is made of several connected internal sex organs—the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>—and is prone to infections.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vagina allows for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>, and is connected to the uterus at the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>. The uterus (or womb) accommodates the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> by developing the <a href="/wiki/Uterine_lining" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine lining">uterine lining</a>. </p><p>The uterus also produces secretions which help the transit of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> to the fallopian tubes, where sperm fertilize the ova. During the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>, the ovaries release an ovum, which transits through the fallopian tube into the uterus. If an egg cell meets with sperm on its way to the uterus, a single sperm cell can enter and merge with it, creating a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>. If no fertilization occurs, <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> is the process by which the uterine lining is shed as blood, mucus, and tissue. </p><p>Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>. The zygote will then <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">divide</a> over enough generations of cells to form a <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Implantation (embryo)">implants</a> itself in the wall of the uterus. This begins the period of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> and the embryo will continue to <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">develop</a> until <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy#Childbirth_maturity_stages" title="Pregnancy">full-term</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Fetal_viability" title="Fetal viability">fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus</a>, the cervix dilates, and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">contractions of the uterus propel it through the birth canal</a> (the vagina), where it becomes a <a href="/wiki/Newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn">newborn</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Breasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Breasts">breasts</a> are not part of the reproductive system, but <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> were essential to nourishing infants until the modern advent of <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a>. </p><p>Later in life, a woman goes through <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> and menstruation halts. The ovaries stop releasing eggs and the uterus stops preparing for pregnancy. </p><p>The external sex organs are also known as the <i>genitals</i>, and these are the organs of the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vestibule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding equivalent among males is the <a href="/wiki/Human_male_reproductive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Human male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_genitalia">External genitalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: External genitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michaela.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Michaela.JPG/220px-Michaela.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Michaela.JPG/330px-Michaela.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Michaela.JPG/440px-Michaela.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>External human female genitalia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulva">Vulva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vulva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg/320px-Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg/480px-Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg/640px-Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Labeled anatomy of the human vulva and nearby structures</figcaption></figure> <p>The vulva is of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the following:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a>: an organ located at the top of the vulva. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Body" title="Clitoris">body</a> and its pea-shaped <a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Glans" title="Clitoris">glans</a> that is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">clitoral hood</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris" title="Corpus cavernosum of clitoris">corpora cavernosa</a> are tissues of the clitoris that aid in <a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">erection</a> by filling with blood during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">Labia</a>: two types of vertical folds of skin called the <a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">labia majora</a> (thick and large outer folds that protect other parts of the vulva) and the <a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">labia minora</a> (thin and small inner folds that protect the vestibule from dryness, infections and irritation).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons_pubis" title="Mons pubis">Mons pubis</a>: a mass of <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fatty tissue</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_hair" title="Pubic hair">pubic hair</a> grows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">Vulval vestibule</a>: an almond-shaped area between the labia minora that contains the openings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">Urinary meatus</a>: the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Urethra#Female" title="Urethra">urethra</a> for <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> to pass through.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_vagina#Vaginal_opening_and_hymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Human vagina">Vaginal opening</a>: entrance to the vagina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">Hymen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> that covers the vaginal opening.</li> <li>Vestibular gland openings: two pairs of openings in the vulval vestibule for the <a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skene%27s_gland" title="Skene's gland">Skene's glands</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_genitalia">Internal genitalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal genitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png/220px-Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png/330px-Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png/440px-Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Labeled illustration of the human internal female genitalia (sagittal view)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/220px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/330px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/440px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Schematic drawing of reproductive organs (frontal view)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vagina">Vagina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vagina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></div> <p>The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) <a href="/wiki/Human_vagina#Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Human vagina">canal</a> leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. The vagina accommodates a <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">Semen</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculated</a> from the penis at <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>, into the vagina potentially enabling <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cell</a> (ovum) to take place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cervix">Cervix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cervix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></div> <p>The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina. It is <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrical">cylindrical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">conical</a> in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uterus">Uterus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uterus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></div> <p>The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a>. The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery). In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth. </p><p>The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement. The <a href="/wiki/Uterosacral_ligament" title="Uterosacral ligament">uterosacral ligaments</a> keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The <a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_uterus" title="Round ligament of uterus">round ligaments</a> restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_ligament" title="Cardinal ligament">cardinal ligaments</a> also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus. </p><p>The uterus is a pear-shaped <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a> organ. Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum, which becomes implanted into the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>, and derives nourishment from blood vessels, which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, develops into a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> and gestates until <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, the female begins <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fallopian_tubes">Fallopian tubes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fallopian tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></div> <p>The fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the fallopian tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> on the inner lining of the tubes. This trip takes hours or days. If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovaries">Ovaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ovaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></div> <p>The ovaries are small, paired <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a> (ova) and the secretion of hormones. The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>. The speed of ovulation is <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">periodic</a> and impacts the length of a <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>. </p><p>After ovulation, the egg cell travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. If fertilization is going to occur, it often happens in the fallopian tube; the fertilized egg can then implant on the uterus's lining.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface. The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can begin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vestibular_glands">Vestibular glands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vestibular glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's gland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skene%27s_gland" title="Skene's gland">Skene's gland</a></div> <p>The vestibular glands, also known as the female accessory glands, are the Bartholin's glands, which produce a <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucous</a> fluid for <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal lubrication</a>, and the Skene's glands for the <a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">ejaculation</a> of fluid as well as for lubricating the meatus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The female reproductive system functions to <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">produce</a> <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>. </p><p>In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>. </p><p>The reproductive tract can be used for various <a href="/wiki/Transluminal_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transluminal procedure">transluminal procedures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fertiloscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiloscopy">fertiloscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_insemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine insemination">intrauterine insemination</a>, and transluminal <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">Oocytes</a> residing in the <a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">primordial follicle</a> of the ovary are in a non-growing <a href="/wiki/Prophase" title="Prophase">prophase</a> arrested state, but are capable of highly efficient <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational</a> repair of <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damages</a> including double-strand breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This capability allows <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> integrity to be maintained and offspring health to be protected.<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the reproductive system</a></div> <p>Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">conception</a>. This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited. Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a>, it is the male who determines the fetus' sex. If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female. In this case, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> is not made and the <a href="/wiki/Wolffian_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffian duct">Wolffian duct</a> will degrade thus, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Müllerian duct">Müllerian duct</a> will develop into female sex organs. The <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a> is the remnants of the Wolffian duct. On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male. The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct, which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vulva_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulva disease">Vulva disease</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vaginitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a> is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection. It is the most common gynaecological condition presented.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infection</a> as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions. Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaino_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaino-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial_vaginosis">Bacterial vaginosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bacterial vaginosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis" title="Bacterial vaginosis">Bacterial vaginosis</a></div> <p>This is a vaginal infection in women. It differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation. Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of many <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> species. The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 4.5 in the vagina, (3) <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a> in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor. It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as <a href="/wiki/Endometritis" title="Endometritis">endometritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaino_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaino-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yeast_infection">Yeast infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yeast infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection" title="Vaginal yeast infection">Vaginal yeast infection</a></div> <p>This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime. Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candida</a>. Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or <a href="/wiki/Douching" class="mw-redirect" title="Douching">douching</a> can also be a cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection. Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaino_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaino-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genital_mutilation">Genital mutilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Genital mutilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></div> <p>There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures. The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are <a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">clitoridectomy</a>, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the <a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">clitoral prepuce</a>. They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>, irreparable tissue damage, and <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, which can sometimes prove fatal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genital_surgery">Genital surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genital surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genitoplasty" title="Genitoplasty">Genitoplasty</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genitoplasty" title="Genitoplasty">Genitoplasty</a> refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment. There are also <a href="/wiki/Elective_surgery" title="Elective surgery">elective surgical</a> procedures, which change the appearance of the external genitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_control">Birth control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Birth control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></div> <p>There are many types of birth control available to females. Birth control can be hormonal or physical in nature. Oral contraception can assist with management of various medical conditions, such as menorrhagia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, oral contraceptives can have a variety of side effects, including depression.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive_rights">Reproductive rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reproductive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Gynaecology_and_Obstetrics" title="International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics">International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics</a> was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care. As of 2010, there were 124 countries involved. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a> are legal rights related to reproduction and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a>. Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health. Violation of these rights include <a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">forced pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">genital mutilation</a>. Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external <a href="/wiki/Genitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitals">genitals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is claimed in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocratic</a> writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents. Four hundred years later, <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> identified the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infertility" title="Female infertility">Female infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality#Female_anatomy_and_reproductive_system" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality § Female anatomy and reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm#Females" title="Orgasm">Orgasm § Females</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScoullarBoeufPeach2021" class="citation journal cs1">Scoullar, Michelle J. 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Print.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Human female reproductive system">Human female reproductive system</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive <br />health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reproductive <br />tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal <br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive <br />life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual <br />health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted<br />infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive<br /> health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women114" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence <br />against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable <br />diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural <br />factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research<br />and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template talk:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Female_reproductive_system91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_reproductive_system" title="Template:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_reproductive_system" title="Template talk:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Female_reproductive_system91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Female reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_appendages" title="Uterine appendages">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">Follicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Corpus</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_hemorrhagicum" title="Corpus hemorrhagicum">Hemorrhagicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">Luteum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_albicans" title="Corpus albicans">Albicans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_of_follicle" title="Theca of follicle">Thecae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theca_externa" title="Theca externa">Externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_interna" title="Theca interna">Interna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_antrum" title="Follicular antrum">Follicular antrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_fluid" title="Follicular fluid">Follicular fluid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_radiata_(embryology)" title="Corona radiata (embryology)">Corona radiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_pellucida" title="Zona pellucida">Zona pellucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrana_granulosa" title="Membrana granulosa">Membrana granulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perivitelline_space" title="Perivitelline space">Perivitelline space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(female)" title="Germinal epithelium (female)">Germinal epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_(ovaries)" title="Tunica albuginea (ovaries)">Tunica albuginea</a></li> <li><i>Cortex</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_oophorus" title="Cumulus oophorus">Cumulus oophorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_ovary" title="Stroma of ovary">Stroma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_of_ovary" title="Medulla of ovary">Medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_ovarii" title="Rete ovarii">Retia ovarii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">Oogonium</a></li> <li>Oocytogenesis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">Oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootidogenesis">Ootidogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootid">Ootid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">Ovum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of uterine tube">Isthmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of uterine tube">Ampullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Infundibulum of uterine tube">Infundibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriae_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbriae of uterine tube">Fimbriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostium_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostium of uterine tube">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube#Intramural_part" title="Fallopian tube">Intramural segments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_ligament" title="Ovarian ligament">Ovarian ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_ovary" title="Suspensory ligament of ovary">Suspensory ligaments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">Pampiniform plexus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesonephric_duct#Female_development" title="Mesonephric duct">Wolffian vestiges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gartner%27s_duct" title="Gartner's duct">Gartner's ducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoophoron" title="Epoophoron">Epoophora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_appendages_of_epoophoron" title="Vesicular appendages of epoophoron">Vesicular appendages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroophoron" title="Paroophoron">Paroophora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Structure" title="Uterus">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">Cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Structure" title="Uterus">Fundus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_isthmus" title="Uterine isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_canal" title="Cervical canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_os" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal os">Internal os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_os" class="mw-redirect" title="External os">External os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supravaginal_portion_of_cervix" title="Supravaginal portion of cervix">Supravaginal portion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_horns" title="Uterine horns">Horns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Layers" title="Uterus">Layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine wall">Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimetrium" title="Perimetrium">Perimetrium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametrium" title="Parametrium">Parametrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_epithelium" title="Uterine epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Major_ligaments" title="Uterus">Ligaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_uterus" title="Round ligament of uterus">Round ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus" title="Broad ligament of the uterus">Broad ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_ligament" title="Cardinal ligament">Cardinal ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterosacral_ligament" title="Uterosacral ligament">Uterosacral ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubocervical_ligament" title="Pubocervical ligament">Pubocervical ligaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_gland" title="Uterine gland">Glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_diaphragm" title="Urogenital diaphragm">Urogenital diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vestibular glands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skene%27s_gland" title="Skene's gland">Skene's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal canal">Canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_rugae" title="Vaginal rugae">Rugae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina#Microanatomy" title="Vagina">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_fornix" title="Vaginal fornix">Fornices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_support_structures" title="Vaginal support structures">Support structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vulva9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">Labia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mons_pubis" title="Mons pubis">Mons pubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Pudendal_cleft" title="Labia majora">Pudendal cleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiocrural_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiocrural folds">Labiocrural folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Commissures" title="Labia majora">Anterior commissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Commissures" title="Labia majora">Posterior commissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Function_and_structure" title="Labia majora">Dartos muliebris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_nerves" title="Posterior labial nerves">Posterior labial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_labial_nerves" title="Anterior labial nerves">Anterior labial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">Perineal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_labia_minora" title="Frenulum of labia minora">Frenulum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_arteries" title="Posterior labial arteries">Posterior labial arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_veins" title="Posterior labial veins">Posterior labial veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia#Structure" title="Labia">Interlabial sulci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Root" title="Clitoris">Root</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crus_of_clitoris" title="Crus of clitoris">Crura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule" title="Bulb of vestibule">Bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_clitoris" title="Suspensory ligament of clitoris">Suspensory ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_of_Scarpa#Structure" title="Fascia of Scarpa">Fundiform ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of clitoris">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris" title="Corpus cavernosum of clitoris">Corpora cavernosa</a></li> <li>Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Infra-corporeal residual spongy part</a></li> <li>Angle</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Commissure of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Pars intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Glans" title="Clitoris">Glans</a> <ul><li>Corona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Frenulum" title="Clitoris">Frenulum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_artery_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal artery of clitoris">Dorsal arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_artery_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep artery of clitoris">Deep arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artery_of_bulb_of_vestibule" title="Artery of bulb of vestibule">Arteries of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">Internal pudendal artery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_dorsal_veins_of_clitoris" title="Superficial dorsal veins of clitoris">Superficial dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_dorsal_vein_of_clitoris" title="Deep dorsal vein of clitoris">Deep dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_of_bulb_of_vestibule" class="mw-redirect" title="Vein of bulb of vestibule">Veins of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">Internal pudendal veins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nerves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal nerve of clitoris">Dorsal nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">Pudendal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></li> <li>Tunica albuginea</li> <li>Septum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">Vestibule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_of_vestibule_of_vagina" title="Fossa of vestibule of vagina">Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina#Vaginal_opening_and_hymen" title="Vagina">Vaginal orifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">Hymen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vestibular gland openings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">External urethral orifice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_artery" title="Ovarian artery">Ovarian arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery" title="Uterine artery">Uterine artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_vessels_of_uterus" title="Arcuate vessels of uterus">Arcuate artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">Vaginal artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_artery" title="Spiral artery">Spiral arteries</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_vein" title="Ovarian vein">Ovarian veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_vein" title="Uterine vein">Uterine vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_venous_plexus" title="Uterine venous plexus">Uterine venous plexuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_venous_plexus" title="Vaginal venous plexus">Vaginal venous plexus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G-spot" title="G-spot">G-spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sponge" title="Urethral sponge">Urethral sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_sponge" title="Perineal sponge">Perineal sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectouterine_pouch" title="Rectouterine pouch">Rectouterine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouch" title="Vesicouterine pouch">Vesicouterine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterotubal_junction" title="Uterotubal junction">Uterotubal junctions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Menstrual_cycle245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Menstrual_cycle" title="Template:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Menstrual_cycle" title="Template talk:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Menstrual_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Menstrual_cycle245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">Luteal phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">Basal body temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix#Cervical_mucus" title="Cervix">Cervical mucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelschmerz" title="Mittelschmerz">Mittelschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar-based methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billings_ovulation_method" title="Billings ovulation method">Billings Ovulation Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Model_FertilityCare_System" title="Creighton Model FertilityCare System">Creighton Model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_suppression" title="Menstrual suppression">Suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Lactational amenorrhea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">Amenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">Anovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomenorrhea" title="Cryptomenorrhea">Cryptomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomenorrhea" title="Hypomenorrhea">Hypomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menometrorrhagia" title="Menometrorrhagia">Menometrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropathia_haemorrhagica" title="Metropathia haemorrhagica">Metropathia haemorrhagica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">Metrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoamenorrhea" title="Oligoamenorrhea">Oligoamenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligomenorrhea" title="Oligomenorrhea">Oligomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoovulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligoovulation">Oligoovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhagia" title="Polymenorrhagia">Polymenorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhea" title="Polymenorrhea">Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">Folliculogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_synchrony" title="Menstrual synchrony">Menstrual synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_water_retention" title="Premenstrual water retention">Premenstrual water retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity_during_menstruation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity during menstruation">Sexual activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_and_mental_health" title="Menstruation and mental health">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">Premenstrual syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">Premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual psychosis">Menstrual psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_management" title="Menstrual hygiene management">Menstrual hygiene management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">Menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">Menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_underwear" title="Period underwear">Period underwear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_Hygiene_Day" title="Menstrual Hygiene Day">Menstrual Hygiene Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">In culture and religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_in_Islam" title="Menstruation in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_leave" title="Menstrual leave">Menstrual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_stigma" title="Menstrual stigma">Menstrual stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_suppression" title="Menstrual suppression">Menstrual suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual taboo">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_celebration" title="Menstruation celebration">Menstruation celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_hut" title="Menstruation hut">Menstruation hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_poverty" title="Period poverty">Period poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_menstruation" title="Sustainable menstruation">Sustainable menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon_tax" title="Tampon tax">Tampon tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1784" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1784" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844342#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/939912/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ženské pohlavní ústrojí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127965&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="samičí pohlavní orgány"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph863401&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aparato genital femenino"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525163">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Generative organs, Female"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012438274505171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A09.1.00.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&oldid=1275534579">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&oldid=1275534579</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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