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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Neoplatonism" title="Category:Neoplatonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus"><img alt="Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/90px-Plotin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/135px-Plotin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/180px-Plotin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhema" title="Okhema">Okhema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm_and_macrocosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm and macrocosm">Microcosm and macrocosm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mysteries_of_the_Egyptians,_Chaldeans,_and_Assyrians" title="On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians">De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">The Consolation of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia" title="De Coelesti Hierarchia">De Coelesti Hierarchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_divisione_naturae" title="De divisione naturae">De divisione naturae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Oracles" title="Chaldean Oracles">Chaldean Oracles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist wraplinks"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a 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title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten doctrines</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoplatonism and<br />Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_mysticism" title="Category:Christian mysticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transfiguration of Jesus"><img alt="Transfiguration of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/180px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/270px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/360px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology and philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascetical_theology" title="Ascetical theology">Ascetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoplatonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <dl><dt>Monasticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_silence" title="Monastic silence">Silence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">Spiritual direction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Meditation<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina" title="Lectio Divina">Lectio Divina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Invoking of Mystic Saints</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Active asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_contemplation)" title="Quietism (Christian contemplation)">Quietism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (theology)">Stages of Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia">Hesychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Catharsis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_dryness" title="Spiritual dryness">Spiritual dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Passive asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Esoteric<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(by era or century)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Antiquity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism_in_ancient_Africa" title="Christian mysticism in ancient Africa">Ancient African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenius_the_Great" title="Arsenius the Great">Arsenius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncletica_of_Alexandria" title="Syncletica of Alexandria">Syncletica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">11th <b>·</b> 12th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigo_II" title="Guigo II">Guigo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">13th <b>·</b> 14th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_mystics" title="Category:Dominican mystics">Dominican</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscan_mystics" title="Category:Franciscan mystics">Franciscan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Jacopone da Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_Foligno" title="Angela of Foligno">Angela of Foligno</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> English</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Kempe" title="Margery Kempe">Margery Kempe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Flemish_Christian_mystics" title="Category:Flemish Christian mystics">Flemish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutgardis" title="Lutgardis">Lutgardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadewijch" title="Hadewijch">Hadewijch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John van Ruysbroeck</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Henry Suso</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_mystics#Christianity" title="List of female mystics">Female</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden"><span class="wrap">Bridget of Sweden</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechthild_of_Magdeburg" title="Mechthild of Magdeburg">Mechthild of Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Porete" title="Marguerite Porete">Marguerite Porete</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">15th <b>·</b> 16th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mystics" title="Spanish mystics">Spanish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna"><span class="wrap">Francisco de Osuna</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">17th <b>·</b> 18th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">French</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Alacoque" title="Margaret Mary Alacoque">Margaret Mary Alacoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Condren" title="Charles de Condren">Charles de Condren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">John of St. Samson</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich"><span class="wrap">Anne Catherine Emmerich</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani" title="Veronica Giuliani">Veronica Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">19th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dina_B%C3%A9langer" title="Dina Bélanger">Dina Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Calvat" title="Mélanie Calvat">Mélanie Calvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximin_Giraud" title="Maximin Giraud">Maximin Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Cabrera_de_Armida" title="Concepción Cabrera de Armida">Conchita de Armida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Piccarreta" title="Luisa Piccarreta">Luisa Piccarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux"><span class="wrap">Thérèse of Lisieux</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">20th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthe_Robin" title="Marthe Robin">Marthe Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_of_Balazar" title="Alexandrina of Balazar"><span class="wrap">Alexandrina of Balazar</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_L%C3%BAcia" title="Sister Lúcia"><span class="wrap">Sister Lúcia of Fátima</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvige_Carboni" title="Edvige Carboni">Edvige Carboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Aiello" title="Elena Aiello">Elena Aiello</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary papal views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; padding-bottom:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Christian_meditation" title="Aspects of Christian meditation">Aspects of meditation<br />(<i>Orationis Formas</i>, 1989)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/A_Christian_Reflection_on_the_New_Age" title="A Christian Reflection on the New Age"><i>Reflection on the New Age</i> (2003)</a></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature and media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Virtutum" title="Ordo Virtutum">Ordo Virtutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scivias" title="Scivias">Scivias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Ascent of Mount Carmel">Ascent of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Night_of_the_Soul" title="Dark Night of the Soul">Dark Night of the Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Canticle" title="Spiritual Canticle">Spiritual Canticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_Perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Perfection">Way of Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_First_Monks" title="Book of the First Monks">Book of the First Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interior_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interior Castle">The Interior Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="Abbey of the Holy Ghost">Abbey of the Holy Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_of_Comfort_against_Tribulation" title="A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation">A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Willow_Creek_to_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart">From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glories_of_Mary" title="The Glories of Mary">The Glories of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_of_Christ" title="The Imitation of Christ">The Imitation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" title="The Ladder of Divine Ascent">The Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelations_of_Divine_Love" title="Revelations of Divine Love">Revelations of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of a Soul">The Story of a Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_in_Lucia%27s_Own_Words" title="Fatima in Lucia's Own Words">Fatima in Lucia's Own Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calls_from_the_Message_of_Fatima" title="Calls from the Message of Fatima">Calls from the Message of Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima" title="The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima">The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_de_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sol de Fátima">Sol de Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy" title="On the Consolation of Philosophy">On the Consolation of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Simple_Souls" title="The Mirror of Simple Souls">The Mirror of Simple Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Catherine_Treatise" title="Sister Catherine Treatise">Sister Catherine Treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_de_Purgatorio_Sancti_Patricii" title="Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii">Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_Adamn%C3%A1n" title="The Vision of Adamnán">The Vision of Adamnán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_(2020_film)" title="Fatima (2020 film)">Fatima</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_mysticism" title="Template:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_mysticism" title="Template talk:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_mysticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> was a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the East, and sometimes in the West as well. In the East, major Greek Fathers like <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> were influenced by Platonism and Neoplatonism, but also Stoicism often leading towards asceticism and harsh treatment of the body, for example <a href="/wiki/Stylite" title="Stylite">stylite asceticism</a>. In the West, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine of Hippo</a> was influenced by the early Neoplatonists <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>. Later on, in the East, the works of the Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>, who was influenced by later Neoplatonists such as <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a>, became a critical work on which Greek church fathers based their theology, like <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a> believing it was an original work of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius the Areopagite</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Antiquity">Late Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Neoplatonism and Christianity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early Christians including <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, and Augustine were influenced by Neoplatonism, but none accepted it uncritically and they accepted absolute monism and its <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanationists</a>' views.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain central tenets of Neoplatonism served as a philosophical interim for the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> on his journey from <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> to Christianity. As a Manichee, Augustine had held that evil has substantial being and that God is made of matter; when he became a Neoplatonist, he changed his views on these things. As a Neoplatonist, and later a Christian, Augustine believed that evil is a privation of good and that God is not material. Perhaps more importantly, the emphasis on mystical contemplation as a means to directly encounter God or the One, found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, deeply affected Augustine. According to his own account of his important discovery of 'the books of the Platonists' in <i>Confessions</i> Book 7, Augustine owes his conception of both God and the human soul as incorporeal substance to Neoplatonism. But Augustine was also critical of Neoplatonism doctrines and their formulations, and he rejected the Neoplatonists' <a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">immaterialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Christians assimilated Neoplatonist ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in their identifying the Neoplatonic One, or God, with <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. The most influential of these would be <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, who potentially took classes from <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a> (but this is not certain because there may have been a different philosopher, now called <a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a>, at the same time), and the late 5th century author known as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>. </p><p>Neoplatonism also had links with <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, which Plotinus rebuked in his ninth tractate of the second <i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i>: "Against Those That Affirm The Creator of The Kosmos and The Kosmos Itself to Be Evil"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (generally known as "Against The Gnostics").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their belief being grounded in Platonic thought, the neoplatonists rejected Gnosticism's vilification of Plato's <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>, the creator of the material world or cosmos discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>. Although neoplatonism has been referred to as orthodox Platonic philosophy by scholars like <a href="/wiki/John_D._Turner" title="John D. Turner">Professor John D. Turner</a>, this reference may be due in part to Plotinus' attempt to refute certain interpretations of Platonic philosophy, through his <a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a>. Plotinus believed the followers of gnosticism had corrupted the original teachings of Plato. </p><p>Despite the influence this philosophy had on Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> would hurt later neoplatonism by ordering the closure of the refounded <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy of Athens</a> in 529.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, members of the <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_School_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical School of Gaza">rhetorical school of Gaza</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_of_Gaza" title="Aeneas of Gaza">Aeneas of Gaza</a> or <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Gaza" title="Procopius of Gaza">Procopius of Gaza</a> would synthesize neoplatonism with early orthodox Christian ideas without any disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Neoplatonism and Christianity">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pseudo-Dionysius proved significant for both the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Roman</a> branches of Christianity. His works were translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a> in the 9th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-Platonism_in_Orthodox_theology">Neo-Platonism in Orthodox theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neo-Platonism in Orthodox theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the days of the Early Church until the present, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has made positive selective<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> use of ancient Greek philosophy, particularly Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the term <i>logos</i> (Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λόγος</span></span>) originated with <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> and meant reason or thought. In the Christian context, <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i> takes on a deeper meaning and becomes a name for the second person of the Trinity. The writer and theologian <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a> in the 14th century gave four distinct meanings for the term.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important principle to keep in mind is that early Christianity developed in a Greek milieu and a common vocabulary was used in philosophical, spiritual and theological writing. However, the meanings of words sometimes evolved along different lines. In other cases, philosophical ideas and concepts were sometimes adapted and changed by Christian writers. Any exegetical endeavor trying to unravel the influence of neoplatonic thought on Christian theology needs to keep these principles in mind. One should also note that philosophy was used quite differently in the Eastern and Western theological traditions. </p><p>The writings attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite are among the most enigmatic works of late antiquity. Byzantine scholars such as Gregory Palamas cited Dionysius especially in matters of Mystical Theology such as theoria, the divine energies and the unknowability of God.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, modern theologians and philosophers<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are still debating whether Dionysius was a Neoplatonist with Christian influences or a Christian writer with Neoplatonic influences. Among Orthodox scholars, the latter view seems to be shared by such writers as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Louth" title="Andrew Louth">Andrew Louth</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other Orthodox scholars such as <a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">John Meyendorff</a> believe that the Neoplatonism of Dionysius exerted both positive and negative influences on Orthodox theology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meyendorff maintains that Dionysius has led to some confusion in the areas of liturgical and ecclesiological formulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Neoplatonism and Christianity">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, who translated Plotinus, Proclus, as well as Plato's complete works into Latin, was the central figure of a major Neoplatonist revival in the Renaissance. His friend, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a>, was also a major figure in this movement. Both were students of Jewish mystical <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, which was heavily influenced by neoplatonism. Renewed interest in Plotinian philosophy contributed to the rational theology and philosophy of the "<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Platonist">Cambridge Platonist</a>" circle (<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Whichcote" title="Benjamin Whichcote">B. Whichcote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">R. Cudworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Platonist)" title="John Smith (Platonist)">J. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">H. More</a>, etc.). Renaissance Neoplatonism also overlapped with or graded into various forms of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Christian esotericism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Logos" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the Logos">Christ the Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian materialism">Christian materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_Confessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximus Confessor">Maximus Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">Pseudo-Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Προς τους κακον τον Δημιουργον του κοσμου και τον κοσμον κακον ειναι λεγοντας</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Προς τους Γνωστικους</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlson2017" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2017-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlhxDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>The Essentials of Christian Thought: Seeing Reality through the Biblical Story</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-52156-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-52156-3"><bdi>978-0-310-52156-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Christian+Thought%3A+Seeing+Reality+through+the+Biblical+Story&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0-310-52156-3&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlhxDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoplatonism+and+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Meara1981" class="citation book cs1">O'Meara, Dominic J. (1981-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HigxLxjK2hgC&pg=PA37"><i>Neoplatonism and Christian Thought</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1511-6"><bdi>978-1-4384-1511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Christian+Thought&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1981-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1511-6&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=Dominic+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHigxLxjK2hgC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoplatonism+and+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebregts2004" class="citation book cs1">Liebregts, P. Th M. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FGZ_gOJIRwC&pg=PA334"><i>Ezra Pound and Neoplatonism</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4011-1"><bdi>978-0-8386-4011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra+Pound+and+Neoplatonism&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4011-1&rft.aulast=Liebregts&rft.aufirst=P.+Th+M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FGZ_gOJIRwC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoplatonism+and+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rainer Thiel, <i>Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen</i>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-19.html">a review by Gerald Bechtle, University of Berne, Switzerland, in the Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.04.19</a>. Online version retrieved June 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masalha-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masalha_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2022" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OeRSEAAAQBAJ"><i>Palestine Across Millennia: A History of Literacy, Learning and Educational Revolutions</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 81–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4296-0"><bdi>978-0-7556-4296-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Across+Millennia%3A+A+History+of+Literacy%2C+Learning+and+Educational+Revolutions&rft.pages=81-88&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4296-0&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOeRSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoplatonism+and+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Cavarnos" title="Constantine Cavarnos">Constantine Cavarnos</a>, Orthodoxy and Philosophy, The Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 2003 pages </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Palamas, 'The One Hundred and Fifty Chapters', in The Philokalia, The Complete Text Volume 4, translated by Palmer, Sherrand and Ware, published 1995 Faber and Faber. pages 360-361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Palamas, The Triads, edited by John Meyendorff, Paulist Press 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sarah Coakley and Charles M. Stang, Re-thinking Dionysius the Areopagite, John Wiley and Sons, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Louth, Denys the Areopagite, Continuum Books, 1989, Pages 20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, page 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology, Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, Fordham University Press, 1974, pages 27-28)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edwards, Mark. 2006. <i>Culture and Philosophy in the Age of Plotinus.</i> Classical Literature and Society Series. London: Duckworth.</li> <li>Finan, Thomas and Vincent Twomey. eds. 1992. <i>The Relationship between Neoplatonism and Christianity.</i> Dublin: Four Courts Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurdjevic2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jurdjevic, Mark (2004). "Prophets and Politicians: Marsilio Ficino, Savonarola and the Valori Family". <i>Past & Present</i> (183): 41–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F183.1.41">10.1093/past/183.1.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600860">3600860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Prophets+and+Politicians%3A+Marsilio+Ficino%2C+Savonarola+and+the+Valori+Family&rft.issue=183&rft.pages=41-77&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F183.1.41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jurdjevic&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoplatonism+and+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gertz, Sebastian R. P. 2016. "Plotinos". In: <i>Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum</i> Bd. 27 (Lfg. 210/217), 988-1009</li> <li>Martin, Francis X. and John A. Richmond. 1991. <i>From Augustine to Eriugena: Essays on Neoplatonism and Christianity in Honor of John O'Meara.</i>Washington: Catholic University of America Press.</li> <li>Matthews, Alfred Warren. 1980. <i>The Development of St. Augustine, From Neoplatonism to Christianity, 386-391 A.D.</i> Washington: University Press of America.</li> <li>O'Daly, Gerard. 2001. <i>Platonism Pagan and Christian: Studies in Plotinus and Augustine.</i> Aldershot; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.</li> <li>Rist, John M. 1994. <i>Augustine: Ancient Thought Baptized.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchott2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schott, Jeremy (2013). "Plotinus's Portrait and Pamphilus's Prison Notebook: Neoplatonic and Early Christian Textualities at the Turn of the Fourth Century C.E". <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 329–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2013.0032">10.1353/earl.2013.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170163349">170163349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Plotinus%27s+Portrait+and+Pamphilus%27s+Prison+Notebook%3A+Neoplatonic+and+Early+Christian+Textualities+at+the+Turn+of+the+Fourth+Century+C.E&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-362&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2013.0032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170163349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoplatonism+and+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Andrew. 2004. <i>Philosophy in Late Antiquity.</i> London/New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Stang, Charles M. 2016. <i>Our Divine Double.</i> Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Trembovler, Larissa. 2000. "A Sound Mind in a Diseased Body: A Medical Aspect of the Soul-Body Relationship in Later Greek and Early Christian Philosophy. In <i>From Athens to Jerusalem: Medicine in Hellenized Jewish Lore and in Early Christian Literature: Papers of the Symposium in Jerusalem, 9-11 September 1996.</i> Edited by Samuel S. Kottek, 171-179. Rotterdam: Erasmus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoplatonism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/cp.htm">Christian Platonism and Christian Neoplatonism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plato_navbox" title="Template talk:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plato" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Of_doubtfulauthenticity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of doubtful<br />authenticity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Definitions_(Plato)" title="Definitions (Plato)">Definitions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)">Epistles</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter" title="Seventh Letter">Seventh Letter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/100px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/150px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/200px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Amanesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of Forms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Theory of soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">Plato's political philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyperuranion" title="Hyperuranion">Hyperuranion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegories<br />and metaphors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">Ring of Gyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">The Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line" title="Analogy of the divided line">The Divided Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun" title="Analogy of the Sun">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Plato" title="Life of Plato">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy in Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Unwritten doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues">List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Plato's Republic">Cultural influence of Plato's <i>Republic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" title="Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">and Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri#Greek" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_23" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_24" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_228" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_229" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229">229</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Dream" title="Plato's Dream">Plato's Dream</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poitier_Meets_Plato" title="Poitier Meets Plato">Poitier Meets Plato</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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