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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lignum vitae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lignum vitae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukkenholt" title="Pukkenholt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pukkenholt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayac%C3%A1n" title="Guayacán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guayacán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پاک‌چوبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاک‌چوبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%AFac" title="Gaïac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaïac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhmad_beatha" title="Adhmad beatha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adhmad beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billey_ny_bea" title="Billey ny bea – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Billey ny bea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayako" title="Gayako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gayako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaiaco" title="Guaiaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guaiaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajakfa" title="Guajakfa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guajakfa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhout" title="Pokhout – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pokhout" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF" title="リグナムバイタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リグナムバイタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokkenholt" title="Pokkenholt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pokkenholt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukkenholt" title="Pukkenholt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pukkenholt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%AFac" title="Gaïac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gaïac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignom_Vaiti" title="Lignom Vaiti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lignom Vaiti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бакаут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бакаут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lignum vitae" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockenholz" title="Pockenholz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pockenholz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Залізне дерево – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізне дерево" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1028485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of heavy and hard wood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Australian tree, see <a href="/wiki/Vitex_lignum-vitae" title="Vitex lignum-vitae">Vitex lignum-vitae</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg/220px-LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg/330px-LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg/440px-LignumVitaeMallet01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Mallet of lignum vitae, all sapwood</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg/220px-BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg/330px-BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg/440px-BulnesiaSarmientoi_wood01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Wood of <i>Bulnesia sarmientoi</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lignum vitae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called <b>guayacan</b> or <b>guaiacum</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in parts of Europe known as <b>Pockholz</b> or <b>pokhout</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> from trees of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Guaiacum" title="Guaiacum">Guaiacum</a></i>. The trees are indigenous to the Caribbean and the northern coast of South America (e.g., Colombia and Venezuela) and have been an important export crop to Europe since the beginning of the 16th century. The wood was once very important for applications requiring a material with its extraordinary combination of <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>. It is also the national tree of <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> national flower.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wood is obtained chiefly from <i><a href="/wiki/Guaiacum_officinale" title="Guaiacum officinale">Guaiacum officinale</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guaiacum_sanctum" title="Guaiacum sanctum">Guaiacum sanctum</a></i>, both small, slow-growing trees. All species of the genus <i>Guaiacum</i> are now listed in Appendix II of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) as potentially <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. <i>G. sanctum</i> is listed as <a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Red List">Red List</a>. Demand for the wood has been reduced by modern <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, which has led to <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> that can take lignum vitae's place. </p><p>Various other hardwoods may also be called lignum vitae and should not be confused with it. The best-known come from <i><a href="/wiki/Bulnesia_arborea" title="Bulnesia arborea">Bulnesia arborea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bulnesia_sarmientoi" title="Bulnesia sarmientoi">Bulnesia sarmientoi</a></i> (in the same <a href="/wiki/Larreoideae" title="Larreoideae">subfamily</a> as <i>Guaiacum</i>) and are known as <a href="/wiki/Bulnesia" title="Bulnesia">verawood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> lignum vitae; they are somewhat similar in appearance and working qualities as genuine lignum vitae. Note that these species are now <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plectrocarpa_arborea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plectrocarpa arborea (page does not exist)">Plectrocarpa arborea</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plectrocarpa_sarmientoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plectrocarpa sarmientoi (page does not exist)">Plectrocarpa sarmientoi</a></i>. Some hardwoods from <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Vitex_lignum-vitae" title="Vitex lignum-vitae">Vitex lignum-vitae</a></i> and some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>) are also referred to as lignum vitae. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lignum vitae</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "wood of life". The plant derives its name from its medicinal uses; lignum vitae resin has been used to treat a variety of medical conditions from <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>. </p><p>Other names for lignum vitae include <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaiacum" class="extiw" title="es:Guaiacum">palo santo</a></b> (Spanish for "holy stick"), <b>Aura palo santo</b> and "bastard greenheart" (not to be confused with true greenheart <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorocardium_rodiei" title="Chlorocardium rodiei">Chlorocardium rodiei</a></i>, a popular wood in shipbuilding, cabinetry, and <a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">woodturning</a> but a completely different timber). Lignum vitae is also one of the numerous hard, dense woods loosely referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ironwood" title="Ironwood">ironwood</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tree is slow-growing and relatively small in stature, even when mature and old. It bears small, purplish-blue flowers which result in paired orange <a href="/wiki/Dehiscent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehiscent">dehiscent</a> fruits. The bark is <a href="/wiki/Mottle" title="Mottle">mottled</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_products">Wood products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wood products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lignum vitae is hard and durable, and is also the densest wood traded (average dried density: ~79 lb/ft<sup>3</sup> or ~1,260 kg/m<sup>3</sup>);<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it will easily sink in water. On the <a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka scale of hardness</a>, which measures hardness of woods, lignum vitae ranks highest of the trade woods, with a Janka hardness of 4,390 <a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">lbf</a> (compared with <a href="/wiki/Olneya" title="Olneya">Olneya</a> at 3,260 lbf,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/African_blackwood" class="mw-redirect" title="African blackwood">African blackwood</a> at 2,940 lbf, <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> at 1,820 lbf, <a href="/wiki/Northern_red_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern red oak">red oak</a> at 1,290 lbf, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus classification">yellow pine</a> at 690 lbf, and <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa</a> at 100 lbf). The densest of all woods is <i><a href="/wiki/Allocasuarina_luehmannii" title="Allocasuarina luehmannii">Allocasuarina luehmannii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krugiodendron" title="Krugiodendron">Krugiodendron</a> typically has a higher density, among many other woods that vary by sample. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the density of the wood, <a href="/wiki/Bail_(cricket)" title="Bail (cricket)">cricket bails</a>, in particular "heavy bails" used in windy conditions, are sometimes made of lignum vitae. It is also sometimes used to make <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">lawn bowls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> mallets, and <a href="/wiki/Skittles_(sport)" title="Skittles (sport)">skittles</a> balls. The wood also has seen widespread historical usage in <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortars and pestles</a> and for wood carvers' mallets. </p><p>It was the traditional wood used for the British police <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">truncheon</a> until recently because of both its density and its strength, combined with its relative softness compared to metal, thereby tending to bruise rather than cut the skin. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belaying_pin" title="Belaying pin">belaying pins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deadeye" title="Deadeye">deadeyes</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> and many other sailing ships were made from lignum vitae. Due to its density and natural oils, they rarely require replacement, despite the severity of typical marine weathering conditions, and also resist jamming in their mortise holes. The <a href="/wiki/Sheave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheave">sheaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">blocks</a> on sailing vessels were made of lignum vitae until the introduction of modern synthetics. </p><p>Lignum vitae's toughness also allows its use as a <a href="/wiki/Lapping" title="Lapping">lap</a> in the process of cutting gems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The wood is covered with powdered industrial diamond, attached to a spindle, and used to smooth rough surfaces of gems. </p><p>Master clockmaker <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> used lignum vitae in the bearings and gears of his <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">pendulum clocks</a> and his first three <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine chronometers</a> (all of which were large clocks rather than watches), for the wood is self-lubricating. The use of lignum vitae eliminates the need for <a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">horological</a> <a href="/wiki/Lubricating_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricating oil">lubricating oil</a>; 18th-century horological oil would become viscous and reduce the accuracy of a timepiece under unfavourable conditions (including those that prevail at sea). </p><p>For the same reason it was widely used in water-lubricated shaft bearings for ships and hydro-electric power plants<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Stave_bearing" title="Stave bearing">stern-tube bearings</a> of ship propeller shafts<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the 1960s saw the introduction of sealed <a href="/wiki/White_metal#Tin-lead_and_tin-copper_alloys" title="White metal">white metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>. According to the San Francisco Maritime National Park Association website, the shaft bearings on the WWII submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Pampanito" title="USS Pampanito">USS <i>Pampanito</i> (SS-383)</a> were made of this wood.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aft main shaft strut bearings for <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i> (SSN-571)</a>, the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, were composed of this wood. Also, the bearings in the original 1920s turbines of the <a href="/wiki/Conowingo_Dam#Construction_and_hydroelectric_power_generation" title="Conowingo Dam">Conowingo hydroelectric plant</a> on the lower <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> were made from lignum vitae. The shaft bearings on the horizontal turbines at the <a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe du Bois">Pointe du Bois</a> generating station in Manitoba are made from lignum vitae. Other hydroelectric plant turbine bearings, many of them still in service, were fabricated with lignum vitae and are too numerous to be listed here.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Railroads_of_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="United Railroads of San Francisco">United Railroads of San Francisco</a> (an ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Railway" title="San Francisco Municipal Railway">San Francisco Municipal Railway</a>) began installing insulators made of composite materials to support the heavy 600-volt DC feeder wires for their trolley system in 1904. These lines were damaged, along with most everything else, during the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 earthquake</a> and the fires that followed. Rebuilding the trolley system and expanding it to replace cable car routes destroyed in the quake created a huge demand for insulators, a demand manufacturers further east were unable to meet. The properties of lignum vitae, namely its ability to withstand high stress (from heavy cables on long spans and the strain of lines rounding corners) and high temperature (from the feeder cables' becoming very hot during peak operating hours), and its ready availability from the holds of the ships in the harbor (where it served as <a href="/wiki/Dunnage" title="Dunnage">dunnage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a>) made it an ideal "temporary" solution. Many were still in use well into the 1970s, and the final few were replaced with underground feeder systems in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also used extensively in the manufacture of British Railways Mark 1 rolling stock, as a "bump stop" in the bogies (the frame that carries the wheels). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG/226px-Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG/339px-Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG/452px-Pete_Seeger_sings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> with his extra-long, lignum vitae banjo neck</figcaption></figure> <p>Pioneering <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypsonian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vaudevillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudevillian">vaudevillian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manning_(musician)" title="Sam Manning (musician)">Sam Manning</a> recorded a song titled "Lignum Vitae" in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> recounts using lignum vitae, presumably decocted, to cure himself of a <a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">venereal disease</a>, the "French Pox", presumably <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a>'s version of the <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian legend</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_King" title="The Once and Future King">The Once and Future King</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>'s wand is made of lignum vitae and has magical powers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera" title="Love in the Time of Cholera">Love in the Time of Cholera</a></i> includes a bathtub made of this wood in one of the main characters' homes. His novel <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretold" title="Chronicle of a Death Foretold">Chronicle of a Death Foretold</a></i> also refers to the use of this wood in making a cane for the blind Poncio Vicario. </p><p>American folksinger <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> fashioned the neck of his trademark <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> from lignum vitae. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i>, one of the characters, Matthew Bagnet is referred to as lignum vitae, "in compliment to the extreme hardness and toughness of his physiognomy." </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Commonwealth" title="The Secret Commonwealth">The Secret Commonwealth</a></i>, the heroine <a href="/wiki/Lyra_Belacqua" title="Lyra Belacqua">Lyra Belacqua</a> carries a truncheon made from lignum vitae as a weapon. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIV:_Shadowbringers" title="Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers">Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers</a></i>, lignum vitae logs are a crafting material commonly used by carpenters. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LignumVitaePlane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A hand plane with a lignum vitae sole, likely not actual Guaiacum but Bulnesia, and a pearwood body"><img alt="A hand plane with a lignum vitae sole, likely not actual Guaiacum but Bulnesia, and a pearwood body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LignumVitaePlane.jpg/200px-LignumVitaePlane.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LignumVitaePlane.jpg/300px-LignumVitaePlane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LignumVitaePlane.jpg/400px-LignumVitaePlane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hand_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand plane">hand plane</a> with a lignum vitae sole, likely not actual <i>Guaiacum</i> but <i>Bulnesia</i>, and a pearwood body</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of the original construction 53 lb/yd (26 kg/m) inverted "U" rail aka "Bridge" rail, "screw" spike, and lignum vitae tie used to build the Panama Railroad from 1851 to 1855"><img alt="Example of the original construction 53 lb/yd (26 kg/m) inverted "U" rail aka "Bridge" rail, "screw" spike, and lignum vitae tie used to build the Panama Railroad from 1851 to 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg/200px-PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg/300px-PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg/400px-PanamaRR_Rail_Spike_Tie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of the original construction 53 lb/yd (26 kg/m) inverted "U" rail aka "Bridge" rail, "screw" spike, and lignum vitae <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">tie</a> used to build the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railroad">Panama Railroad</a> from 1851 to 1855</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lignum_nephriticum" title="Lignum nephriticum">Lignum nephriticum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/lignum+vitae">"lignum vitae"</a>. <i>Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary</i> (fifth ed.). 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span> – via TheFreeDictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Kernerman+Webster%27s+College+Dictionary&rft.atitle=lignum+vitae&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Flignum%2Bvitae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OED entry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619153047/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html"><i>National Symbols of Jamaica</i></a>, Jamaica Information Service, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/this%20is%20jamaica/symbols.html">the original</a> on 2006-06-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Symbols+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jamaica+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jis.gov.jm%2Fspecial_sections%2Fthis%2520is%2520jamaica%2Fsymbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wood-database.com/lignum-vitae/">"Lignum Vitae | The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lignum+Vitae+%7C+The+Wood+Database+%E2%80%93+Lumber+Identification+%28Hardwood%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wood-database.com%2Flignum-vitae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wood-database.com/desert-ironwood/">"Desert Ironwood – The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood)"</a>. <i>www.wood-database.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wood-database.com&rft.atitle=Desert+Ironwood+%E2%80%93+The+Wood+Database+%E2%80%93+Lumber+Identification+%28Hardwood%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wood-database.com%2Fdesert-ironwood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnny_W._Morlan" class="citation web cs1">Johnny W. Morlan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426064548/http://www.morlanwoodgifts.com/MM011.ASP?pageno=207">"Wood Species Janka Hardness Scale/Chart By Common/Trade Name A–J"</a>. <i>The World's Top 125 Known Hardest Woods</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morlanwoodgifts.com/MM011.ASP?pageno=207">the original</a> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Top+125+Known+Hardest+Woods&rft.atitle=Wood+Species+Janka+Hardness+Scale%2FChart+By+Common%2FTrade+Name+A%E2%80%93J&rft.au=Johnny+W.+Morlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morlanwoodgifts.com%2FMM011.ASP%3Fpageno%3D207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Wenatchee_World" class="citation web cs1">The Wenatchee World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/2014/aug/08/rare-tour-of-rock-island-dam-takes-visitors-below-the-columbia/">"Rare tour of Rock Island dam takes visitors below the Columbia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+tour+of+Rock+Island+dam+takes+visitors+below+the+Columbia&rft.au=The+Wenatchee+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wenatcheeworld.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Faug%2F08%2Frare-tour-of-rock-island-dam-takes-visitors-below-the-columbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA156">"Fitting Ships With Wooden Bearings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>, April 1952, pp. 156–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritime.org/pamphist.htm"><i>History and Crew OF USS Pampanito (SS-383)</i></a>, San Francisco Maritime National Park Association<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Crew+OF+USS+Pampanito+%28SS-383%29&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Maritime+National+Park+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime.org%2Fpamphist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discussions with various utilities operating these plants, beginning with an affiliate of the Nebraska Public Power District in 1976. In 1976, NPPD affiliates were still using lignum vitae when turbine bearing replacements were needed. Some of those replacements are likely to still be in service. Lignum vitae bearings are also found in larger units at several dams in the Pacific Northwest.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. L. Foster (June 9, 1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z45NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1051">"Taking Care of Corner Stresses from Large D.C. Feeders"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Railway_Journal" title="Electric Railway Journal">Electric Railway Journal</a></i>, Vol. XLIX, No. 23, pages 1051–1053.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nia.org/general/wood.htm"><i>Wood Insulators</i></a>, National Insulator Association<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Insulators&rft.pub=National+Insulator+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nia.org%2Fgeneral%2Fwood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span> This cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgettRuedrich2000" class="citation cs2">Padgett, Fred; Ruedrich, Walter P. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insulators.info/books/wood.htm"><i>Wood Amongst the Wires: The Temporary Solution</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Amongst+the+Wires%3A+The+Temporary+Solution&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Ruedrich%2C+Walter+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insulators.info%2Fbooks%2Fwood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley2006" class="citation cs2">Cowley, John (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEJbyaSpPzgC&q=lignum+vitae&pg=PA215">"Chapter 7: West Indies Blues"</a>, in Robert Springer (ed.), <i>Nobody Knows Where the Blues Come From: Lyrics and History</i>, University Press of Mississippi, p. 215, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-797-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-797-8"><bdi>978-1-57806-797-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+West+Indies+Blues&rft.btitle=Nobody+Knows+Where+the+Blues+Come+From%3A+Lyrics+and+History&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-797-8&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEJbyaSpPzgC%26q%3Dlignum%2Bvitae%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarolsky1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barolsky, Paul (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541795">"Cellini, Vasari, and the Marvels of Malady"</a>. <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2541795">10.2307/2541795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541795">2541795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Cellini%2C+Vasari%2C+and+the+Marvels+of+Malady&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2541795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2541795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barolsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2541795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignum+vitae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> 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