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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بنك إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنك إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancu_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Bancu d'España – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bancu d'España" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_banka_%C5%A0panije" title="Centralna banka Španije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Centralna banka Španije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_d%27Espanya" title="Banc d'Espanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc d'Espanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_von_Spanien" title="Bank von Spanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bank von Spanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko_de_Hispanio" title="Banko de Hispanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banko de Hispanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_Bankua" title="Espainiako Bankua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako Bankua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بانک اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_d%27Espagne" title="Banque d'Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque d'Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="스페인 은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Իսպանիայի բանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանիայի բանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Spanyol" title="Bank Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanijos_bankas" title="Ispanijos bankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispanijos bankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Банка на Шпанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банка на Шпанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="スペイン銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanias_bank" title="Spanias bank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spanias bank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya_banki" title="Ispaniya banki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ispaniya banki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Hiszpanii" title="Bank Hiszpanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bank Hiszpanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Банк Испании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банк Испании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_e_Spanj%C3%ABs" title="Banka e Spanjës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Banka e Spanjës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Banco de España – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Banco de España" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya_Bankas%C4%B1" title="İspanya Bankası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanya Bankası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Банк Іспанії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банк Іспанії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Ngân hàng Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="西班牙銀行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙銀行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q789966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Spain&params=40_25_06_N_3_41_41_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°25′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°41′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.41833°N 3.69472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.41833; -3.69472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central Bank of Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Banco de España" redirects here. For the metro station, see <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(Madrid_Metro)" title="Banco de España (Madrid Metro)">Banco de España (Madrid Metro)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bank of Spain<br /><i>Banco de España</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/250px-Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/375px-Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/500px-Logo_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="25" /></a></span><br /> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(Madrid)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Madrid%29_06.jpg/250px-Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Madrid%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Madrid%29_06.jpg/375px-Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Madrid%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Madrid%29_06.jpg/500px-Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Madrid%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1926" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain_Building" title="Bank of Spain Building">Bank of Spain Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, hosting the <i>Banco de España</i> since 1891.</td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain_Building" title="Bank of Spain Building">Bank of Spain Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calle_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Calle de Alcalá">Calle de Alcalá</a>, Madrid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Spain&params=40_25_06_N_3_41_41_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°25′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°41′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.41833°N 3.69472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.41833; -3.69472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">2 June 1782<span class="noprint">; 242 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1782-06-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">100% <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a><sup id="cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Spain" title="Governor of the Bank of Spain">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Escriv%C3%A1" title="José Luis Escrivá">José Luis Escrivá</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Central bank of</th><td class="infobox-data">Government of Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reserves</th><td class="infobox-data">€98.19 billion<br />9,1 million <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounces</a> (July 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_San_Fernando" title="Bank of San Fernando">Bank of San Fernando</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (1999)<sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bde.es">www<wbr />.bde<wbr />.es</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">The Bank of Spain still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bank of Spain</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Banco de España</i>) is Spain's <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> and the Spanish member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> and has been the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authority</a> for <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from 1874 to 1998, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a>. Since 2014, it has also been Spain's national competent authority within <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally established by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> in 1782, as the <i><b>Banco Nacional de San Carlos</b></i>, and took its current name in 1856. Its activity is regulated by the Bank of Spain Autonomy Act. The bank doesn't translate its name to English but uses its Spanish name in all English communications. </p><p>The Bank of Spain holds 9.1 million troy ounces of gold (around 283 tons) (2019),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are stored in its own vaults and in various institutions in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to IMF data, Spain ranks 20th among the 40 largest gold reserves in the world (as of July 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, the snowstorm "Filomena" caused the clock at the Bank of Spain to freeze for the first time in 130 years. This occurred at 11:35 a.m. on Saturday, 9 January.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Alca%C3%B1ices" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacio de Alcañices">Palacio de Alcañices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg/220px-Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg/330px-Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg/440px-Banco_Nacional_de_San_Carlos_1782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Share of the Banco Nacional de San Carlos, issued 2 June 1782</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally named the <i>Banco Nacional de San Carlos</i>, it was founded in 1782 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> in Madrid, to stabilize government finances through its state bonds (<i>vales reales</i>) following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in which Spain gave military and financial support to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Although it aided the state, the bank was initially owned privately by stockholders. Its assets included those of "Spanish capitalists, French rentiers, and several treasuries of Indian communities in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>" (colonial Mexico).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first director was the French banker <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cabarrus" title="François Cabarrus">François Cabarrus</a>, known in Spain as Francisco Cabarrús.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Napoleonic invasion of Spain during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> between 1808 and 1813, the bank was owed more than 300 million <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">reales</a> by the state, placing it in financial difficulty. Treasury Minister Luis López Ballesteros created a fund of 40 million reales in 1829 against which the bank could issue its own notes at Madrid. It did so after renaming itself <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Banco Español de San Fernando</i></span> (the name of the king of Spain was <a href="/wiki/Fernando_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando VII">Fernando VII</a>). </p><p>In 1844 the competing <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Isabel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Banco de Isabel II">Banco de Isabel II</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_de_Barcelona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco de Barcelona (page does not exist)">Banco de Barcelona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Barcelona" class="extiw" title="es:Banco de Barcelona">es</a>]</span> were established, followed in 1846 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_de_C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco de Cádiz (page does not exist)">Banco de Cádiz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_C%C3%A1diz" class="extiw" title="es:Banco de Cádiz">es</a>]</span>. In 1847, after overexposure in the failing property market of Madrid, the Banco de Isabel II merged with Banco de San Fernando and retained the latter name. </p><p>Under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Santill%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Santillán">Ramón Santillán</a> in the 1850s, the bank extended its operations to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (city in Spain)">Valencia</a> and took the name, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Banco de España</i></span>. Requiring financial support from the bank to back its civil and colonial wars, the government of Spain granted the Banco de España a monopoly on the issuance of Spanish bank notes in 1874. Construction of the bank's <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain_Building" title="Bank of Spain Building">headquarters building</a> began in 1884 at the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Calle_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Calle de Alcalá">Calle de Alcalá</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paseo_del_Prado" title="Paseo del Prado">Paseo del Prado</a> in Madrid. </p><p>In 1936, 510 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> reserves were transferred to the Soviet Union (in an event known as <a href="/wiki/Moscow_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow gold">Moscow gold</a>) corresponding to 72.6% of the total <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold reserves">gold reserves</a> of the Bank of Spain. That gold remained there during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. </p><p>In 1946, the government of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">General Franco</a> placed the bank under tight control. It was formally <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalised</a> in 1962. After the restoration of democracy in the late 1970s, the bank began a series of transformations and modernisations which continue to today. </p><p>On Spain's entry into the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a> in 1994, the Banco de España became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a>. The Bank of Spain holds 8.84% of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB's</a> capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governing_structures">Governing structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governing structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governing structures of the Bank is divided among four branches: </p> <ul><li>The Governor.</li> <li>The Deputy Governor.</li> <li>The Governing Council.</li> <li>The Executive Commission.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Spain" title="Governor of the Bank of Spain">Governor of the Bank of Spain</a> is formally appointed after the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a> has designated him/her by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarch</a>. The Governor must be a Spanish citizen recognized for his or her competence in monetary or banking matters. When a new Governor is named, the Minister of Economy and Finance, in accord with procedure established by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Congress_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>, informs the competent parliamentary commission. The current Governor is <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Escriv%C3%A1" title="José Luis Escrivá">José Luis Escrivá</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000_pesetas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1000_pesetas.jpg/220px-1000_pesetas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1000_pesetas.jpg/330px-1000_pesetas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1000_pesetas.jpg/440px-1000_pesetas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>A 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Peseta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Peseta">pesetas</a> note with the image of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a> and the Bank of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The tasks of the Governor include: </p> <ul><li>Direct the Bank and preside over the Governing Council and Executive Commission;</li> <li>Take primary responsibility for the Bank's lawfully fulfilling its responsibilities. The Governor has ultimate responsibility authorizing bank contracts and other legal documents and for representing the Bank at justice tribunals;</li> <li>Represent the Bank in international institutional dealings;</li> <li>Function as a member of the Governing Council of the Bank and as a member of the General Council of the European System of Central Banks.</li></ul> <p>The Deputy Governor, designated by the national Government on the recommendation of the Governor of the Bank, should meet all of the official qualifications for the governorship. The current Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain is <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Delgado_Tejero" class="extiw" title="es:Margarita Delgado Tejero">Margarita Delgado</a>. The Deputy Governor substitutes for the Governor in cases of vacancy, absence or illness, both as director of the Bank and as its representative. Further responsibilities of this office are a matter internal to the Bank, and are delegated by the Governor. </p><p>Six Bank Counsellors are named by the national Government, on the proposal of the Minister of Economy and Finance, with the involvement of the Governor of the Bank. They must be Spanish citizens recognized for their competence in economics or law. </p><p>The Deputy Governor is in charge of seven directorates:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>General Banking Supervision</li> <li>General Cash and Branches</li> <li>General Economics, Statistics and Research</li> <li>General Financial Stability, Regulation and Resolution</li> <li>General Operations, Markets and Payments Systems</li> <li>General Service</li> <li>General Secretariat</li></ul> <p>The Executive Commission consists of: </p> <ul><li>The Governor, who presides;</li> <li>The Deputy Governor;</li> <li>Two Counsellors.</li></ul> <p>The directors general of the Bank attend the meetings of the Executive Commission, with voice but without vote. The Secretary of the Bank functions as secretary of the Executive Commission, but without voice or vote. </p><p>The two Counsellors who serve as members of the Executive Commission are designated by the Governing Council, after nomination by the Governor, from among their own members (other than <i>ex officio</i> members). The Governing Council consists of: </p> <ul><li>The Governor;</li> <li>The Deputy Governor;</li> <li>Six Counsellors;</li> <li>The director general of the treasury and of financial policy;</li> <li>The vice president of the <i>Comisión Nacional Nacional del Mercado de Valores</i> ("Stock Market National Commission").</li></ul> <p>Council meetings are also attended by the directors general of the Bank and by a representative of bank personnel (elected by a means determined by the Bank's internal rules), both with voice, but without vote. </p><p>The Minister of Economy and Finance or the <i>Secretario de Estado de Economía</i> ("Secretary of State for the Economy" [?]) may also attend (with voice, but without vote) those meetings of the Governing Council which will deal with matters relevant to their portfolios. They may also submit a motion for consideration by the council. </p><p>"The Secretary of the Bank functions as secretary of the Executive Commission, with voice, but without vote." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_(3474771166).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_%283474771166%29.jpg/220px-Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_%283474771166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_%283474771166%29.jpg/330px-Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_%283474771166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_%283474771166%29.jpg/440px-Metro_Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_nevado_%283474771166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(Madrid_Metro)" title="Banco de España (Madrid Metro)">Banco de España Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banco de España's functions are: </p> <ul><li>Defining and implementing the Eurosystem's monetary policy, with the principal aim of maintaining price stability across the euro area'</li> <li>Conducting currency exchange operations consistent with the provisions of Article 109 of the Treaty on European Union, and holding and managing the State's official currency reserves;</li> <li>Promoting the sound working of payment systems in the euro area;</li> <li>Issuing legal tender banknotes;</li> <li>The holding and management of currency and precious metal reserves not transferred to the European Central Bank;</li> <li>The promotion of the sound working and stability of the financial system and, without prejudice to the functions of the ECB, of national payment systems;</li> <li>The supervision of the solvency and compliance with specific rules of credit institutions, other entities and financial markets, for which it has been assigned supervisory responsibility, in accordance with current provisions;</li> <li>Circulating coins and performing on the State's behalf all functions entrusted to it in this connection;</li> <li>Preparing and publishing data relating to its functions, and assisting the ECB in compiling statistical information;</li> <li>Providing treasury services and acting as financial agent for government debt;</li> <li>Advising the government, preparing appropriate reports and studies as required.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Mercado_de_Valores" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores">Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Heist" title="Money Heist">Money Heist</a></i>, a television series in which the Bank of Spain is robbed.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vault_(2021_film)" title="The Vault (2021 film)">The Vault</a></i>, a movie about a robbery in the Bank of Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeidner2017" class="citation web cs1">Weidner, Jan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1138787981/34">"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Katalog+der+Deutschen+Nationalbibliothek&rft.atitle=The+Organisation+and+Structure+of+Central+Banks&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Weidner&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1138787981%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bde.es/webbe/es/estadisticas/compartido/datos/pdf/a1726.pdf">"Spanish Bank (website)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Bank+%28website%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bde.es%2Fwebbe%2Fes%2Festadisticas%2Fcompartido%2Fdatos%2Fpdf%2Fa1726.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/organisation/nationalsupervisors/html/index.en.html">"National supervisors"</a>. <i>ECB Banking Supervision</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECB+Banking+Supervision&rft.atitle=National+supervisors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankingsupervision.europa.eu%2Forganisation%2Fnationalsupervisors%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bde.es/webbe/es/estadisticas/compartido/datos/pdf/a1726.pdf">"Reservas internacionales y liquidez en moneda extranjera"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reservas+internacionales+y+liquidez+en+moneda+extranjera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bde.es%2Fwebbe%2Fes%2Festadisticas%2Fcompartido%2Fdatos%2Fpdf%2Fa1726.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927203654/http://www.bde.es/bde/es/secciones/prensa/docmedios/Preguntas_frec/El_Banco_de_Espa/Funciones_y_estr/">"Functions and structure: Frequently asked questions"</a>. Banco de España. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bde.es/bde/es/secciones/prensa/docmedios/Preguntas_frec/El_Banco_de_Espa/Funciones_y_estr/">the original</a> on 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Functions+and+structure%3A+Frequently+asked+questions&rft.pub=Banco+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bde.es%2Fbde%2Fes%2Fsecciones%2Fprensa%2Fdocmedios%2FPreguntas_frec%2FEl_Banco_de_Espa%2FFunciones_y_estr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/espana/20130422/abci-trampa-banco-espana-201304211030.html">"La trampa mortal del Banco de España: su cámara acorazada"</a>. <i>Diario ABC</i> (in Spanish). 22 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+ABC&rft.atitle=La+trampa+mortal+del+Banco+de+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+su+c%C3%A1mara+acorazada&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fespana%2F20130422%2Fabci-trampa-banco-espana-201304211030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/download/file/4107/GDT_Q2_2015.pdf">"Top 40 reported official gold holdings (as at June 2015)" is on the 24th page of the pdf file.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/research">"Research - Latest World Official Gold Reserves"</a>. <i>World Gold Council</i>. 9 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Gold+Council&rft.atitle=Research+-+Latest+World+Official+Gold+Reserves&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fresearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesAnuales/InformesAnuales/14/Fich/balance.pdf">"Annual Accounts of the Bank of Spain. Financial Year 2014 (4 MB)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Accounts+of+the+Bank+of+Spain.+Financial+Year+2014+%284+MB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bde.es%2Ff%2Fwebbde%2FSES%2FSecciones%2FPublicaciones%2FPublicacionesAnuales%2FInformesAnuales%2F14%2FFich%2Fbalance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20210114/6182551/filomena-congela-reloj-banco-espana-130-anos.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Filomena' congeló el reloj del Banco de España por primera vez en 130 años"</a>. <i>La Vanguardia</i> (in Spanish). 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=%27Filomena%27+congel%C3%B3+el+reloj+del+Banco+de+Espa%C3%B1a+por+primera+vez+en+130+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Flocal%2Fmadrid%2F20210114%2F6182551%2Ffilomena-congela-reloj-banco-espana-130-anos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantha_Jolly2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kantha Jolly (14 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://one-vanilla.net/">"One Vanilla"</a>. <i>Diario ABC</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+ABC&rft.atitle=One+Vanilla&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.au=Kantha+Jolly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fone-vanilla.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrón2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barrón, Íñigo de (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/economia/2021-01-12/el-reloj-que-no-detuvo-la-guerra-civil-lo-paro-filomena.html">"Filomena congeló el reloj del Banco de España, que no detuvo ni la Guerra Civil"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Filomena+congel%C3%B3+el+reloj+del+Banco+de+Espa%C3%B1a%2C+que+no+detuvo+ni+la+Guerra+Civil&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Barr%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=%C3%8D%C3%B1igo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Feconomia%2F2021-01-12%2Fel-reloj-que-no-detuvo-la-guerra-civil-lo-paro-filomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlos Marichal, "Banco de San Carlos (Spain)", <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, Barbara A. Tenenbaum, ed. New YOrk: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996. Vol. 1, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Hamilton, "Plans for a National Bank in Spain, 1701–1783" in <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 58, no. 3 (1949): pp. 315–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro Tedd, <i>El Banco de San Carlos (1782–1829)</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bde.es/bde/en/secciones/sobreelbanco/organizacion/Organigrama/">"Banco de España – About us – Organisation – Organisation chart"</a>. <i>www.bde.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bde.es&rft.atitle=Banco+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%E2%80%93+About+us+%E2%80%93+Organisation+%E2%80%93+Organisation+chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bde.es%2Fbde%2Fen%2Fsecciones%2Fsobreelbanco%2Forganizacion%2FOrganigrama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish and English)</span> Official site of Banco de España <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bde.es/home.htm">(in Spanish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bde.es/homee.htm">(in English)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1994-12553">Ley 13/1994, de 1 de junio, de Autonomía del Banco de España.</a> Boe.es [Bank of Spain Autonomy Act]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/002265">Documents and clippings about Bank of Spain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Departments_and_agencies_of_the_Government_of_Spain" title="Template:Departments and agencies of the Government of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_and_agencies_of_the_Government_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Departments and agencies of the Government of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_and_agencies_of_the_Government_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Departments and agencies of the Government of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Departments_and_agencies_of_the_Government_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">Departments</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_in_Spain" title="List of agencies in Spain">agencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">President of the Government of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">First Vice President of the Government of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Second Vice President of the Government of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Third Vice President of the Government of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Spain)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Spain)">Office of the Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)">Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Presidency,_Justice_and_Relations_with_the_Cortes" title="Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes">Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Defence (Spain)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Finance (Spain)">Minister of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Spain)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Spain)">Ministry of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Development (Spain)">Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Education (Spain)">Minister of Education, Vocational Training and Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Labour (Spain)">Minister of Labour and Social Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Industry (Spain)">Minister of Industry and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Spain)">Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Territorial_Policy" title="Ministry of Territorial Policy">Minister of Territorial Policy and Democratic Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Environment (Spain)">Minister for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Housing (Spain)">Minister of Housing and Urban Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Culture (Spain)">Ministry of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Economy (Spain)">Minister of Economy, Trade and Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Health (Spain)">Ministry of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Social Affairs (Spain)">Minister of Social Rights, Consumer Affairs and 2030 Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Science (Spain)">Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Equality_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Equality (Spain)">Ministry of Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Inclusion,_Social_Security_and_Migration" title="Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration">Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Transformation_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Digital Transformation (Spain)">Ministry for the Digital Transformation and of the Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_and_Children" title="Ministry of Youth and Children">Ministry of Youth and Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokesperson_of_the_Government_of_Spain" title="Spokesperson of the Government of Spain">Spokesperson of the Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Fourth Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Fourth Vice President of the Government of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Supply (Spain)">Ministry of Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Communications (Spain)">Ministry of Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Overseas (Spain)">Ministry of Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Information and Tourism">Ministry of Information and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Consumer_Affairs_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Consumer Affairs (Spain)">Ministry of Consumer Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Spain)">Ministry of Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy,_Tourism_and_Digital_Agenda" title="Ministry of Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda">Ministry of Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Justice (Spain)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Presidency" title="Ministry of the Presidency">Ministry of the Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Trade (Spain)">Ministry of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Transport (Spain)">Ministry of Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Universities" title="Ministry of Universities">Ministry of Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_in_Spain" title="List of agencies in Spain">Agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">National Intelligence Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">National Cryptologic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)" title="National Statistics Institute (Spain)">National Statistics Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Securities_Market_Commission" title="National Securities Market Commission">National Securities Market Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency" title="State Meteorological Agency">State Meteorological Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Vehicle_Fleet" title="State Vehicle Fleet">State Vehicle Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Spanish Data Protection Agency">Spanish Data Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_International_Development_Cooperation" title="Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation">Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tax_Agency" title="Spanish Tax Agency">Spanish Tax Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agency_for_Quality_Assessment_and_Accreditation" title="National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation">National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado" title="Boletín Oficial del Estado">Boletín Oficial del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Safety_Agency" title="Railway Safety Agency">Railway Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Aviation_Safety_and_Security_Agency" title="Spanish Aviation Safety and Security Agency">Spanish Aviation Safety and Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_and_Quality_Agency" title="Evaluation and Quality Agency">Evaluation and Quality Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Research_Agency" title="State Research Agency">State Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="Spanish Anti-Doping Agency">Spanish Anti-Doping Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security (Spain)">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Safety_and_Rescue_Society" title="Maritime Safety and Rescue Society">Maritime Safety and Rescue Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_Superior_de_Deportes" title="Consejo Superior de Deportes">National Sports Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_of_Medicines_and_Medical_Devices" title="Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices">Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turespa%C3%B1a" title="Turespaña">Tourism Institute of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">National Institute for Aerospace Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Traffic" title="Directorate-General for Traffic">Directorate-General for Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Social_Security_Inspectorate" title="Labour and Social Security Inspectorate">Labour and Social Security Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="National Institute for Safety and Health at Work">National Institute for Safety and Health at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="Spanish Patent and Trademark Office">Spanish Patent and Trademark Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agricultural_Guarantee_Fund" title="Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund">Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Political_and_Constitutional_Studies" title="Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies">Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" title="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">Centre for Sociological Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimonio_Nacional" title="Patrimonio Nacional">Patrimonio Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Autonomous_Agency" title="National Parks Autonomous Agency">National Parks Autonomous Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Elderly_and_Social_Services" title="Institute for the Elderly and Social Services">Institute for the Elderly and Social Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Youth" title="Institute of Youth">Institute of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_III_Health_Institute" title="Carlos III Health Institute">Carlos III Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIEMAT" title="CIEMAT">Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Women" title="Institute of Women">Institute of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Authority_for_Fiscal_Responsibility" title="Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility">Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safety_Council_(Spain)" title="Nuclear Safety Council (Spain)">Nuclear Safety Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_la_Cinematograf%C3%ADa_y_de_las_Artes_Audiovisuales" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales">Institute of Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">Spanish Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_los_Mercados_y_la_Competencia" title="Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia">National Commission on Markets and Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Reestructuraci%C3%B3n_Ordenada_Bancaria" title="Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria">Spanish Executive Resolution Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_the_Supervision_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence">Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Public_Administration_(Spain)" title="National Institute of Public Administration (Spain)">National Institute of Public Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks_of_the_European_Union_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Central banks of the 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Within <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a><br /><small>(Members of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Central Bank of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Eurozone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking-related<br /><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks">Central banks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Money_Heist" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Money_Heist" title="Template:Money Heist"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Money_Heist" title="Template talk:Money Heist"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Money_Heist" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Money Heist"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Money_Heist" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Heist_(franchise)" title="Money Heist (franchise)">Money Heist</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Money_Heist_episodes" title="List of Money Heist episodes">Episodes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Heist" title="Money Heist">Money Heist</a></i> (2017–2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Heist:_Korea_%E2%80%93_Joint_Economic_Area" title="Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area">Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_(Spanish_TV_series)" title="Berlin (Spanish TV series)">Berlin</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_(Money_Heist)" title="Berlin (Money Heist)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raquel_Murillo" title="Raquel Murillo">Raquel Murillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_(Money_Heist)" title="Nairobi (Money Heist)">Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_(Money_Heist)" title="Professor (Money Heist)">The Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Arturo Román">Arturo Román</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_(Money_Heist)" title="Tokyo (Money Heist)">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Money_Heist_(soundtrack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money Heist (soundtrack)">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amado_Mio" title="Amado Mio">Amado Mio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Centro_di_gravit%C3%A0_permanente" title="Centro di gravità permanente">Centro di gravità permanente</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Days_Like_This_(Van_Morrison_song)" title="Days Like This (Van Morrison song)">Days Like This</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Guantanamera" title="Guantanamera">Guantanamera</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lord,_You_Have_Come_to_the_Lakeshore" title="Lord, You Have Come to the Lakeshore">Lord, You Have Come to the Lakeshore</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Life_Is_Going_On" title="My Life Is Going On">My Life Is Going On</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ti_amo" title="Ti amo">Ti amo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wake_Up_(Arcade_Fire_song)" title="Wake Up (Arcade Fire song)">Wake Up</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Money_Heist" title="List of awards and nominations received by Money Heist">Awards and nominations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Heist:_The_Phenomenon" title="Money Heist: The Phenomenon">Money Heist: The Phenomenon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Money_Heist_cast_members" title="List of Money Heist cast members">Cast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Money_Heist" title="Category:Money Heist">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Reserve_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template talk:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Reserve_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee" title="Federal Open Market Committee">Federal Open Market Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Note" title="Federal Reserve Bank Note">Federal Reserve Bank Note</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beige_Book" title="Beige Book">Beige Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Statistical_Release" title="Federal Reserve Statistical Release">Federal Reserve Statistical Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Report_to_the_Congress" title="Monetary Policy Report to the Congress">Monetary Policy Report to the Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount window</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_rate" title="Bank rate">Bank rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds" title="Federal funds">Federal funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">Federal funds rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overnight_rate" title="Overnight rate">Overnight rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_dealer" title="Primary dealer">Primary dealer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">Antecedents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittman_Act" title="Pittman Act">Pittman Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Act" title="Edge Act">Edge Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelan_Act_of_1920" title="Phelan Act of 1920">Phelan Act</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(FRB)" title="Regulation D (FRB)">Regulation D</a> (c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_Q" title="Regulation Q">Regulation Q</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_of_1935" title="Banking Act of 1935">Banking Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> (1944–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">U.S. Treasury Department Accord</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Federal_Open_Market_Committee_actions" title="History of Federal Open Market Committee actions">FOMC actions</a> (1961–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Banking_Act_of_1978" title="International Banking Act of 1978">International Banking Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">DIDMC Act</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors,_FRS_v._Investment_Co._Institute" title="Board of Governors, FRS v. Investment Co. Institute">Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspan_put" title="Greenspan put">Greenspan put</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act" title="Expedited Funds Availability Act">Expedited Funds Availability Act</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">FIRRE Act</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991">FDIC Improvement Act</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis" title="Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis responses</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices" title="Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Dealer_Credit_Facility" title="Primary Dealer Credit Facility">Primary Dealer Credit Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a> (2010; <a href="/wiki/Durbin_amendment" title="Durbin amendment">Durbin amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Post,_Inc._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Corner Post v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Hamlin" title="Charles Sumner Hamlin">Charles S. Hamlin</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._G._Harding" title="William P. G. Harding">William P. G. Harding</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Richard_Crissinger" title="Daniel Richard Crissinger">Daniel R. Crissinger</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene R. Black</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_S._Eccles" title="Marriner S. Eccles">Marriner S. Eccles</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._McCabe" title="Thomas B. McCabe">Thomas B. McCabe</a> (1948–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McChesney_Martin" title="William McChesney Martin">William M. Martin</a> (1951–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1978–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> (1979–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2006–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Current<br />governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jefferson" title="Philip Jefferson">Philip Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barr_(Treasury_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Barr (Treasury official)">Michael Barr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair for Supervision</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bowman" title="Michelle Bowman">Michelle Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Waller" title="Christopher Waller">Christopher Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_D._Cook" title="Lisa D. Cook">Lisa D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Kugler" title="Adriana Kugler">Adriana Kugler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current presidents<br />(by district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Collins_(economist)" title="Susan M. Collins (economist)">Susan Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Williams_(economist)" title="John C. Williams (economist)">John Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_T._Harker" title="Patrick T. Harker">Patrick T. Harker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Philadelphia" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_M._Hammack" title="Beth M. Hammack">Beth M. Hammack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barkin" title="Thomas Barkin">Thomas Barkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond">Richmond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bostic" title="Raphael Bostic">Raphael Bostic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Atlanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Musalem" title="Alberto Musalem">Alberto Musalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neel_Kashkari" title="Neel Kashkari">Neel Kashkari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Schmid" title="Jeffrey Schmid">Jeff Schmid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Kansas_City" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City">Kansas City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorie_K._Logan" title="Lorie K. Logan">Lorie Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas">Dallas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Daly" title="Mary C. Daly">Mary C. Daly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">San Francisco</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Criticism of the Federal Reserve">Criticism of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_model" title="Fed model">Fed model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedspeak" title="Fedspeak">Fedspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed put">Fed put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">Lender of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_consumption_expenditures_price_index" title="Personal consumption expenditures price index">Personal consumption expenditures price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789966#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417658546">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126096087">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119361-2">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4262564-6">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054360">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12060835j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12060835j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35013026">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banco de España"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009549559&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX144580">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/112911">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2054430">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/9232">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007603866405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514903206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05288482?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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