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data-title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9D_%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="반자동식 방공조직 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반자동식 방공조직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE" title="SAGE – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SAGE" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%BC%8F%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="半自動式防空管制組織 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="半自動式防空管制組織" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE" title="SAGE – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SAGE" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="SAGE (система наведения) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SAGE (система наведения)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Historic US military computer and radar network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the NORAD Cold War computer network. For the radar installations in each sector, see <a href="/wiki/SAGE_radar_stations" title="SAGE radar stations">SAGE radar stations</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Semi-Automatic Ground Environment</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sage_typical_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Sage_typical_building.jpg/250px-Sage_typical_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Sage_typical_building.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="226" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">The 4-story SAGE blockhouses with 3.5 acres (1.4 ha) of floor space<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> "were hardened [for] overpressures of" 5 psi (34 kPa).<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 264  A shorter adjoining building (left) had generators below the 4 intake/exhaust structures on the roof.<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">[3]</a> (DC-01 shown)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">military <a href="/wiki/Command,_control,_and_coordination_system" title="Command, control, and coordination system">C3</a> <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Human–computer interface">human–computer interface</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">1958 June 26 — DC-01 1958 December 1 — DC-03 1959 (early) — CC-01 1966 April 1 — CC-05</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">USAF <a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a><a href="#cite_note-IYD-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/System_Development_Corporation" title="System Development Corporation">System Development Corporation</a><a href="#cite_note-IYD-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was a system of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">large computers</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> equipment that coordinated data from many <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> SAGE directed and controlled the <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a> response to a possible Soviet air attack, operating in this role from the late 1950s into the 1980s. Its enormous computers and huge displays remain a part of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> lore, and after decommissioning were common props in movies such as <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colossus:_The_Forbin_Project" title="Colossus: The Forbin Project">Colossus</a>, and on science fiction TV series such as <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Tunnel" title="The Time Tunnel">The Time Tunnel</a>. The processing power behind SAGE was supplied by the largest discrete component-based computer ever built, the <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central" title="AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central">AN/FSQ-7</a>, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. Each SAGE Direction Center (DC) housed an FSQ-7 which occupied an entire floor, approximately 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) not including supporting equipment. The FSQ-7 was actually two computers, "A" side and "B" side. Computer processing was switched from "A" side to "B" side on a regular basis, allowing maintenance on the unused side. Information was fed to the DCs from a network of radar stations as well as readiness information from various defense sites. The computers, based on the raw radar data, developed "tracks" for the reported targets, and automatically calculated which defenses were within range. Operators used <a href="/wiki/Light_gun_(SAGE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun (SAGE)">light guns</a> to select targets on-screen for further information, select one of the available defenses, and issue commands to attack. These commands would then be automatically sent to the defense site via <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a>. Connecting the various sites was an enormous network of telephones, <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a> and teleprinters. Later additions to the system allowed SAGE's tracking data to be sent directly to <a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">CIM-10 Bomarc</a> missiles and some of the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a> in-flight, directly updating their <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilots</a> to maintain an intercept course without operator intervention. Each DC also forwarded data to a Combat Center (CC) for "supervision of the several sectors within the division"<a href="#cite_note-Intro-6">[6]</a> ("each combat center [had] the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation").<a href="#cite_note-Winkler-7">[7]</a>: 51  SAGE became operational in the late 1950s and early 1960s at a combined cost of billions of dollars. It was noted that the deployment cost more than the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>—which it was, in a way, defending against. Throughout its development, there were continual concerns about its real ability to deal with large attacks, and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sky_Shield" title="Operation Sky Shield">Operation Sky Shield</a> tests showed that only about one-fourth of enemy bombers would have been intercepted.<a href="#cite_note-Mola2002-8">[8]</a> Nevertheless, SAGE was the backbone of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a>'s air defense system into the 1980s, by which time the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum-tube_computer" title="Vacuum-tube computer">tube-based</a> FSQ-7s were increasingly costly to maintain and completely outdated. Today the same command and control task is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Microcomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcomputers">microcomputers</a>, based on the same basic underlying data. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_systems">Earlier systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earlier systems">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This subsection needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Special:EditPage/Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this subsection. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%22">"Semi-Automatic Ground Environment"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Just prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) tests with the new <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a> (CH) radars had demonstrated that relaying information to the <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> directly from the radar sites was not feasible. The radars determined the map coordinates of the enemy, but could generally not see the fighters at the same time. This meant the fighters had to be able to determine where to fly to perform an interception but were often unaware of their own exact location and unable to calculate an interception while also flying their aircraft. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle-ADS-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Seattle-ADS-map.png/220px-Seattle-ADS-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Seattle-ADS-map.png/330px-Seattle-ADS-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Seattle-ADS-map.png/440px-Seattle-ADS-map.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>SAGE radar stations were grouped by Air Defense Sectors (Air Divisions after 1966). The SAGE System networked the radar stations in over 20 of the sectors using AN/FSQ-7 centrals in Direction Center.</figcaption></figure> The solution was to send all of the radar information to a central control station where operators collated the reports into single tracks, and then reported these tracks to the airbases, or sectors. The sectors used additional systems to track their own aircraft, plotting both on a single large map. Operators viewing the map could then see what direction their fighters would have to fly to approach their targets and relay that simply by telling them to fly along a certain heading or vector. This <a href="/wiki/Dowding_system" title="Dowding system">Dowding system</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Ground-controlled_interception" title="Ground-controlled interception">ground-controlled interception</a> (GCI) system of large scale, covering the entirety of the UK. It proved enormously successful during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, and is credited as being a key part of the RAF's success. The system was slow, often providing information that was up to five minutes out of date. Against propeller driven bombers flying at perhaps 225 miles per hour (362 km/h) this was not a serious concern, but it was clear the system would be of little use against jet-powered bombers flying at perhaps 600 miles per hour (970 km/h). The system was extremely expensive in manpower terms, requiring hundreds of telephone operators, plotters and trackers in addition to the radar operators. This was a serious drain on manpower, making it difficult to expand the network. The idea of using a computer to handle the task of taking reports and developing tracks had been explored beginning late in the war. By 1944, <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computers</a> had been installed at the CH stations to automatically convert radar readings into map locations, eliminating two people. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> began experimenting with the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Display_System" title="Comprehensive Display System">Comprehensive Display System</a> (CDS), another analog computer that took X and Y locations from a map and automatically generated tracks from repeated inputs. Similar systems began development with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/DATAR" title="DATAR">DATAR</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="Naval Tactical Data System">Naval Tactical Data System</a>. A similar system was also specified for the <a href="/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax" title="MIM-3 Nike Ajax">Nike</a> SAM project, specifically referring to a US version of CDS,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> coordinating the defense over a battle area so that multiple batteries did not fire on a single target. All of these systems were relatively small in geographic scale, generally tracking within a city-sized area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valley_Committee">Valley Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Valley Committee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Science,_Boston,_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Museum_of_Science%2C_Boston%2C_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG/220px-Museum_of_Science%2C_Boston%2C_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Museum_of_Science%2C_Boston%2C_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG/330px-Museum_of_Science%2C_Boston%2C_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Museum_of_Science%2C_Boston%2C_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG/440px-Museum_of_Science%2C_Boston%2C_MA_-_IMG_3168.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Whirlwind computer elements: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">core memory</a> (left) and operator console</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg/220px-Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg/330px-Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg/440px-Module_from_a_SAGE_computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>Module from a SAGE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg/220px-RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg/330px-RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg/440px-RCA_6499_Radechon_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption>The RCA #6499 Radechon tube was used for <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> in the computers.</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> tested <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">its first atomic bomb</a> in August 1949, the topic of <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a> of the US became important for the first time. A study group, the "Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee" was set up under the direction of Dr. <a href="/wiki/George_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Valley">George Valley</a> to consider the problem, and is known to history as the "Valley Committee".<a href="#cite_note-valley-10">[10]</a> Their December report noted a key problem in air defense using ground-based radars. A bomber approaching a radar station would detect the signals from the radar long before the reflection off the bomber was strong enough to be detected by the station. The committee suggested that when this occurred, the bomber would descend to low altitude, thereby greatly limiting the <a href="/wiki/Radar_horizon" title="Radar horizon">radar horizon</a>, allowing the bomber to fly past the station undetected. Although flying at low altitude greatly increased <a href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumption</a>, the team calculated that the bomber would only need to do this for about 10% of its flight, making the fuel penalty acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-valley-10">[10]</a> The only solution to this problem was to build a huge number of stations with overlapping coverage. At that point the problem became one of managing the information. Manual plotting was ruled out as too slow, and a computerized solution was the only possibility. To handle this task, the computer would need to be fed information directly, eliminating any manual translation by phone operators, and it would have to be able to analyze that information and automatically develop tracks.<a href="#cite_note-valley-10">[10]</a> A system tasked with defending cities against the predicted future Soviet bomber fleet would have to be dramatically more powerful than the models used in the NTDS or DATAR.<a href="#cite_note-Quarterly_Progress_Report-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-web.mit.edu-12">[12]</a> The Committee then had to consider whether or not such a computer was possible. The Valley Committee was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a>, associate director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. Wiesner noted that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servomechanisms_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servomechanisms Laboratory (page does not exist)">Servomechanisms Laboratory</a> had already begun development of a machine that might be fast enough. This was the <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">Whirlwind I</a>, originally developed for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> as a general purpose <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulator</a> that could simulate any current or future aircraft by changing its software.<a href="#cite_note-valley-10">[10]</a> Wiesner introduced the Valley Committee to Whirlwind's project lead, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Forrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Forrester">Jay Forrester</a>, who convinced him that Whirlwind was sufficiently capable. In September 1950, an early microwave <a href="/wiki/Early-warning_radar" title="Early-warning radar">early-warning radar</a> system at <a href="/wiki/Hanscom_Field" title="Hanscom Field">Hanscom Field</a> was connected to Whirlwind using a custom interface developed by Forrester's team. An aircraft was flown past the site, and the system digitized the radar information and successfully sent it to Whirlwind. With this demonstration, the technical concept was proven. Forrester was invited to join the committee.<a href="#cite_note-valley-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_Charles">Project Charles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Project Charles">edit</a>]</div> With this successful demonstration, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ridenour" title="Louis Ridenour">Louis Ridenour</a>, chief scientist of the Air Force, wrote a memo stating "It is now apparent that the experimental work necessary to develop, test, and evaluate the systems proposals made by ADSEC will require a substantial amount of laboratory and field effort."<a href="#cite_note-valley-10">[10]</a> Ridenour approached <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> President <a href="/wiki/James_Killian" class="mw-redirect" title="James Killian">James Killian</a> with the aim of beginning a development lab similar to the war-era <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a> that made enormous progress in radar technology. Killian was initially uninterested, desiring to return the school to its peacetime civilian charter. Ridenour eventually convinced Killian the idea was sound by describing the way the lab would lead to the development of a local electronics industry based on the needs of the lab and the students who would leave the lab to start their own companies. Killian agreed to at least consider the issue, and began Project Charles to consider the size and scope of such a lab.<a href="#cite_note-charles-14">[14]</a> Project Charles was placed under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheeler_Loomis" title="Francis Wheeler Loomis">Francis Wheeler Loomis</a> and included 28 scientists, about half of whom were already associated with MIT. Their study ran from February to August 1951, and in their final report they stated that "We endorse the concept of a centralized system as proposed by the Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee, and we agree that the central coordinating apparatus of this system should be a high-speed electronic digital computer."<a href="#cite_note-charles-14">[14]</a> The report went on to describe a new lab that would be used for generic technology development for the Air Force, Army and Navy, and would be known as Project Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-charles-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_Lincoln">Project Lincoln</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Project Lincoln">edit</a>]</div> Loomis took over direction of Project Lincoln and began planning by following the lead of the earlier RadLab. By September 1951, only months after the Charles report, Project Lincoln had more than 300 employees. By the end of the summer of 1952 this had risen to 1300, and after another year, 1800. The only building suitable for classified work at that point was Building 22, suitable for a few hundred people at most, although some relief was found by moving the non-classified portions of the project, administration and similar, to Building 20. But this was clearly insufficient space. After considering a variety of suitable locations, a site at <a href="/wiki/Hanscom_Air_Force_Base" title="Hanscom Air Force Base">Laurence G. Hanscom Field</a> was selected, with the groundbreaking taking place in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-charles-14">[14]</a> The terms of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act</a> were formulated during 1947, leading to the creation of the US Air Force out of the former <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Air Force">US Army Air Force</a>. During April of the same year, US Air Force staff were identifying specifically the requirement for the creation of automatic equipment for radar-detection which would relay information to an air defence control system, a system which would function without the inclusion of persons for its operation.<a href="#cite_note-Kent_C._Redmond-15">[15]</a> The December 1949 "Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee" led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/George_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Valley">George Valley</a> had recommended computerized networking<a href="#cite_note-Quarterly_Progress_Report-11">[11]</a> for "radar stations guarding the northern air approaches to the United States"<a href="#cite_note-web.mit.edu-12">[12]</a> (e.g., in Canada). After a January 1950 meeting, Valley and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Forrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Forrester">Jay Forrester</a> proposed using the <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">Whirlwind I</a> (completed 1951) for air defense.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On August 18, 1950, when the "<a href="/wiki/1954_Interceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Interceptor">1954 Interceptor</a>" requirements were issued, the USAF "noted that manual techniques of aircraft warning and control would impose "intolerable" delays"<a href="#cite_note-Futrell-17">[17]</a>: 484  (<a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a> (AMC) published Electronic Air Defense Environment for 1954 in December .)<a href="#cite_note-McRee-18">[18]</a> During February–August 1951 at the new <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>, the USAF conducted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Claude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Claude (page does not exist)">Project Claude</a> which concluded an improved air defense system was needed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Tower_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Texas_Tower_4.jpg/250px-Texas_Tower_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Texas_Tower_4.jpg/375px-Texas_Tower_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Texas_Tower_4.jpg/500px-Texas_Tower_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>To increase warning time, radar systems called <a href="/wiki/Texas_Towers" title="Texas Towers">Texas Towers</a> were placed in the Atlantic Ocean using technology similar to Texas-style offshore oil platforms</figcaption></figure> In a test for the US military at <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="Bedford, Massachusetts">Bedford, Massachusetts</a> on 20 April 1951, data produced by a radar was transmitted through telephone lines to a computer for the first time, showing the detection of a mock enemy aircraft. This first test was directed by <a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Wieser" title="C. Robert Wieser">C. Robert Wieser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kent_C._Redmond-15">[15]</a> The "Summer Study Group" of scientists in 1952 recommended "computerized air direction centers…to be ready by 1954."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">IBM</a>'s "Project High" assisted under their October 1952 Whirlwind subcontract with <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pugh-20">[20]</a>: 210  and a 1952 USAF <a href="/wiki/Project_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Lincoln">Project Lincoln</a> "fullscale study" of "a large scale integrated ground control system" resulted in the SAGE approval "first on a trial basis in 1953".<a href="#cite_note-VolumeI-21">[21]</a>: 128  The USAF had decided by April 10, 1953, to cancel the competing <a href="/wiki/Wizard_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard Program">ADIS</a> (based on CDS), and the University of Michigan's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronautical_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeronautical Research Center (page does not exist)">Aeronautical Research Center</a> withdrew in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-RedmondSmith-22">[22]</a>: 289  <a href="/wiki/Air_Research_and_Development_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Research and Development Command">Air Research and Development Command</a> (ARDC) planned to "finalize a production contract for the Lincoln Transition System".<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 201  Similarly, the July 22, 1953, report by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_H._Bull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold H. Bull (page does not exist)">Bull Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">NSC</a> 159) identified completing the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Canada_Line" title="Mid-Canada Line">Mid-Canada Line</a> radars as the top priority and "on a second-priority-basis: the Lincoln automated system"<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> (the decision to control Bomarc with the automated system was also in 1953.)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Priority Permanent System with the initial (priority) radar stations was completed in 1952<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 223  as a "manual air defense system"<a href="#cite_note-IYD-4">[4]</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Command">ADC</a> used a "<a href="/wiki/Plexiglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexiglas">Plexiglas</a> plotting board" at the <a href="/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base" title="Ent Air Force Base">Ent command center</a>.) The <a href="/wiki/Permanent_System_radar_stations" title="Permanent System radar stations">Permanent System radar stations</a> included 3 subsequent phases of deployments and by June 30, 1957, had 119 "Fixed CONUS" radars, 29 "Gap-filler low altitude" radars, and 23 control centers".<a href="#cite_note-Condit-25">[25]</a> At "the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations [and] <a href="/wiki/Manual_Air_Defense_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual Air Defense Control Center">17 control centers</a> … 32 [stations] had been added during the last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 <a href="/wiki/Pinetree_Line" title="Pinetree Line">Pinetree stations</a>,…1 <a href="/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network" title="Lashup Radar Network">Lashup -era radar</a> and a single <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Tower">Texas Tower</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 223  "On 31 December 1958, USAF ADC had 187 operational land-based radar stations" (74 were "P-sites", 29 "M-sites", 13 "SM-sites", & 68 "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zone_of_Interior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zone of Interior (page does not exist)">ZI</a> Gap Fillers").<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Systems scientist <a href="/wiki/Jay_Forrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Forrester">Jay Forrester</a> was instrumental in directing the development of the key concept of an interception system during his work at Servomechanisms Laboratory of MIT. The concept of the system, according to the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> site was to "develop a digital computer that could receive vast quantities of data from multiple radars and perform real-time processing to produce targeting information for intercepting aircraft and missiles."<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_Laboratory-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAGE_console.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/220px-SAGE_console.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/330px-SAGE_console.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/440px-SAGE_console.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption> The AN/FSQ-7 had 100 system consoles, including the OA-1008 Situation Display (SD) with a <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a> (at end of cable under plastic museum cover), cigarette lighter, and ash tray (left of the light gun).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central" title="AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central">AN/FSQ-7</a> was developed by the Lincoln Laboratory's Digital Computer Laboratory and Division 6, working closely with IBM as the manufacturer. Each FSQ-7 actually consisted of two nearly identical computers operating in "duplex"<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> for redundancy. The design used an improved version of the Whirlwind I magnetic core memory and was an extension of the Whirlwind II computer program, renamed AN/FSQ-7 in 1953 to comply with Air Force nomenclature. It has been suggested the FSQ-7 was based on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> but, while the 701 was investigated by MIT engineers, its design was ultimately rejected due to high error rates and generally being "inadequate to the task."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> IBM's contributions were essential to the success of the FSQ-7, and IBM benefited immensely from its association with the SAGE project, most evidently during development of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> On October 28, 1953, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Force Council (page does not exist)">Air Force Council</a> recommended 1955 funding for "ADC to convert to the Lincoln automated system"<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 193  ("redesignated the SAGE System in 1954").<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 201  The "experimental SAGE subsector, located in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Mass.</a>, was completed in 1955…with a prototype AN/FSQ-7…known as XD-1"<a href="#cite_note-Intro-6">[6]</a> (single computer system<a href="#cite_note-SageTalk-32">[32]</a> in Building F).<a href="#cite_note-RedmondSmith-22">[22]</a> In 1955, Air Force personnel began IBM training at the <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston, New York</a>, prototype facility,<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">[3]</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/4620th_Air_Defense_Wing" title="4620th Air Defense Wing">4620th Air Defense Wing</a> (experimental SAGE) was established at Lincoln Laboratory" On May 3, 1956, <a href="/wiki/Earle_E._Partridge" title="Earle E. Partridge">General Partridge</a> presented <a href="/wiki/CINCNORAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CINCNORAD">CINCNORAD</a>'s Operational Concept for Control of Air Defense Weapons to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Policy_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Policy Council (page does not exist)">Armed Forces Policy Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VolumeI-21">[21]</a> and a June 1956 symposium presentation identified <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">advanced programming methods</a> of SAGE code.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> For SAGE consulting <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Defense_Engineering_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Defense Engineering Service (page does not exist)">Air Defense Engineering Service</a> (ADES),<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> which was contracted in January 1954.<a href="#cite_note-RedmondSmith-22">[22]</a> IBM delivered the FSQ-7 computer's prototype in June 1956,<a href="#cite_note-IBM-35">[35]</a> and Kingston's XD-2 with dual computers<a href="#cite_note-SageTalk-32">[32]</a> guided a <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a> BOMARC to a successful aircraft intercept on August 7, 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 197  Initially contracted to <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, the AN/FSQ-7 production units were started by IBM in 1958[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (32 DCs were planned<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 207  for networking NORAD regions.)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> IBM's production contract developed 56 SAGE computers for $.5 billion (~$18 million per computer pair in each FSQ-7)<a href="#cite_note-SageTalk-32">[32]</a>—<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> the $2 billion WWII <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Operational_Requirement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Operational Requirement (page does not exist)">General Operational Requirements</a> (GOR) 79 and 97 were "the basic USAF documents guiding development and improvement of [the semi-automatic] ground environment.<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958A-37">[37]</a>: 97  Prior to fielding the AN/FSQ-7 centrals, the USAF initially deployed "pre-SAGE semiautomatic intercept systems" (<a href="/wiki/General_Electric_AN/GPA-37_Course_Directing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric AN/GPA-37 Course Directing Group">AN/GPA-37</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Direction_Center" title="Air Defense Direction Center">Air Defense Direction Centers</a>, ADDCs<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958A-37">[37]</a>: 11  (e.g., at "<a href="/wiki/NORAD_Control_Center" title="NORAD Control Center">NORAD Control Centers</a>").<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> On April 22, 1958, NORAD approved <a href="/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">Nike</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Defense_Command_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Defense Command Post">AADCPs</a> to be collocated with the USAF manual ADDCs at <a href="/wiki/Duncanville_Air_Force_Station" title="Duncanville Air Force Station">Duncanville Air Force Station</a> TX, <a href="/wiki/Olathe_Air_Force_Station" title="Olathe Air Force Station">Olathe Air Force Station</a> KS, <a href="/wiki/Belleville_Air_Force_Station" title="Belleville Air Force Station">Belleville Air Force Station</a> IL, and <a href="/wiki/Osceola_Air_Force_Station" title="Osceola Air Force Station">Osceola Air Force Station</a> KS.<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment">Deployment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deployment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg/220px-SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg/330px-SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg/440px-SAGE_CC-1_Hancock_Field_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Subsector Command Post of SAGE Combat Center at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse Air Force Station">Syracuse Air Force Station</a> with consoles and large <a href="/wiki/Photographic_Display_Unit" title="Photographic Display Unit">Photographic Display Unit</a> display, which was projected from above. Archive photo taken during equipment installation.</figcaption></figure> In 1957, SAGE System groundbreaking at <a href="/wiki/McChord_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="McChord Air Force Base">McChord AFB</a> was for DC-12<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> where the "electronic brain" began arriving in November 1958,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the "first SAGE regional battle post [CC-01] began operating in Syracuse, New York in early 1959".<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 263  BOMARC "crew training was activated January 1, 1958",<a href="#cite_note-IBM1959B-40">[40]</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> "hardened many of its switching centers, putting them in deep underground bunkers",<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The North American Defense Objectives Plan (NADOP 59–63) submitted to Canada in December 1958 scheduled 5 Direction Centers and 1 Combat Center to be complete in Fiscal Year 1959, 12 DCs and 3 CCs complete at the end of FY 60, 19 DC/4 CC FY 61, 25/6 FY 62, and 30/10 FY 63.<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> On June 30 NORAD ordered that "Air Defense Sectors (SAGE) were to be designated as NORAD sectors",<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> (the military reorganization had begun when effective April 1, 1958, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Air_Defense_Command" title="Continental Air Defense Command">CONAD</a> "designated four SAGE sectors – New York, Boston, Syracuse, and Washington – as CONAD Sectors".)<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958A-37">[37]</a>: 7  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg/220px-Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg/330px-Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg/440px-Stewart_AFB_SAGE_center_NY1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5262" data-file-height="3218" /></a><figcaption>The abandoned SAGE direction center at the former <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Air Force Base">Stewart Air Force Base</a>, New York in 2016</figcaption></figure> SAGE Geographic Reorganization: The SAGE Geographic Reorganization Plan of July 25, 1958, by NORAD was "to provide a means for the orderly transition and phasing from <a href="/wiki/Permanent_System_radar_stations" title="Permanent System radar stations">the manual</a> to the SAGE system." The plan identified deactivation of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Defense_Force" title="Eastern Air Defense Force">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Defense_Force" title="Central Air Defense Force">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Defense_Force" title="Western Air Defense Force">Western Region/Defense Forces</a> on July 1, 1960, and "current manual boundaries" were to be moved to the new "eight SAGE divisions" (1 in Canada, "the 35th") as soon as possible. Manual divisions "not to get SAGE computers were to be phased out" along with their <a href="/wiki/Manual_Air_Defense_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual Air Defense Control Center">Manual Air Defense Control Centers</a> at the headquarters base: "9th [at] <a href="/wiki/Geiger_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiger Field">Geiger Field</a>… 32d, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_AFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse AFS">Syracuse AFS</a>… 35th, <a href="/wiki/Dobbins_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobbins AFB">Dobbins AFB</a>… 58th, <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright-Patterson AFB">Wright-Patterson AFB</a>… 85th, <a href="/wiki/Andrews_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews AFB">Andrews AFB</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> The 26th SAGE Division (New York, Boston, Syracuse & Bangor SAGE sectors)--the 1st of the SAGE divisions—became operational at <a href="/wiki/Hancock_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Hancock Field Air National Guard Base">Hancock Field</a> on 1 January 1959<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> after the redesignation started for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_aircraft_control_and_warning_squadrons" title="List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons">AC&W Squadrons</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_Air_Force_Station" title="Highlands Air Force Station">Highlands P-9</a> unit became the <a href="/wiki/646th_Radar_Squadron" title="646th Radar Squadron">646th Radar Squadron</a> (SAGE) October 1.)<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-43">[43]</a>: 156  Additional sectors included the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Air Defense Sector">Los Angeles Air Defense Sector</a> (SAGE) designated in February 1959. A June 23 JCS memorandum approved the new "March 1959 Reorganization Plan" for HQ NORAD/CONAD/ADC.<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1959A-44">[44]</a>: 5  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAGE_control_room.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SAGE_control_room.png/220px-SAGE_control_room.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SAGE_control_room.png/330px-SAGE_control_room.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SAGE_control_room.png/440px-SAGE_control_room.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption> The Subsector Command Post ("blue room") had personnel on the DC's 3rd floor and a Display and Warning Light System for the operator environment, e.g., Large Board Projection Equipment projecting from the 4th floor<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">[3]</a> (top, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> shown on 3rd/4th floor wall) and Command Post Digital Display Desk<a href="#cite_note-IBM1959-45">[45]</a> (center, with operators)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Wild_Goose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Wild Goose (page does not exist)">Project Wild Goose</a> teams of <a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a> personnel installed c. 1960 the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Air_Transmit_Receive" title="Ground Air Transmit Receive">Ground Air Transmit Receive</a> stations for the SAGE TDDL (in April 1961, <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste_Marie_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Sault Ste Marie Air Defense Sector">Sault Ste Marie</a> was the first operational sector with TDDL).<a href="#cite_note-McMullen1980-46">[46]</a> By the middle of 1960, AMC had determined that about 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Man-hour" title="Man-hour">man-hours</a> (involving 130 changes) would be required to bring the F-106 fleet to the point where it would be a valuable adjunct to the air defense system. Part of the work (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Broad_Jump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Broad Jump (page does not exist)">Project Broad Jump</a>) was accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Air_Materiel_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento Air Materiel Area">Sacramento Air Materiel Area</a>. The remainder (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Wild_Goose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Wild Goose (page does not exist)">Project Wild Goose</a>) was done at ADC bases by roving AMC field assistance teams supported by ADC maintenance personnel. (cited by Volume I p. 271 & Schaffel p. 325) After a September 1959 experimental ATABE test between <a href="/wiki/Fort_Heath_radar_station" title="Fort Heath radar station">an "abbreviated" AN/FSQ-7 staged</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Banks_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Banks (Massachusetts)">Fort Banks</a> and the Lexington XD-1, the 1961 "SAGE/<a href="/wiki/Missile_Master" title="Missile Master">Missile Master</a> test program" conducted large-scale field testing of the ATABE "mathematical model" using radar tracks of actual <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">SAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Command">ADC</a> aircraft flying mock penetrations into defense sectors.<a href="#cite_note-ASD1961-47">[47]</a> Similarly conducted was the joint SAC-NORAD <a href="/wiki/Operation_Skyshield" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Skyshield">Sky Shield II exercise followed by Sky Shield III</a> on 2 September 1962<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On July 15, 1963, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Systems_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Systems Division">ESD's</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">CMC</a> Management Office assumed "responsibilities in connection with <a href="/wiki/BMEWS" class="mw-redirect" title="BMEWS">BMEWS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Track&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Track (page does not exist)">Space Track</a>, SAGE, and BUIC."<a href="#cite_note-DelPapa-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chidlaw_Building" title="Chidlaw Building">Chidlaw Building</a>'s computerized[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Was an AN/FSQ-8 used, or did the Chidlaw Combined Operations Center "war room" use the same (or prototype) version of the Burroughs 425L system installed shortly after into the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker and "fully operational" on April 20, 1966 (Philco 212?) (April 2013)">specify</a>] <a href="/w/index.php?title=NORAD/ADC_Combined_Operations_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NORAD/ADC Combined Operations Center (page does not exist)">NORAD/ADC Combined Operations Center</a> in 1963 became the highest echelon of the SAGE computer network when operations moved from Ent AFB's 1954 manual Command Center to the partially underground<a href="#cite_note-DelPapa-49">[49]</a> "war room".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Also in 1963, radar stations were renumbered (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cambria_AFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambria AFS">Cambria AFS</a> was redesignated from P-2 to Z-2 on July 31) and the vacuum-tube SAGE System was completed (and obsolete).<a href="#cite_note-Hellige-51">[51]</a>: 9  On "June 26, 1958,…the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Air Defense Sector">New York sector</a> became operational"<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 207  and on December 1, 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Syracuse Air Defense Sector">Syracuse sector's</a> DC-03 was operational ("the SAGE system [did not] become operational until January 1959.")<a href="#cite_note-Condit-25">[25]</a> Construction of <a href="/wiki/CFB_North_Bay" title="CFB North Bay">CFB North Bay</a> in Canada was started in 1959 for a bunker ~700 feet (210 m) underground (operational October 1, 1963),<a href="#cite_note-Hazlitt-52">[52]</a> and by 1963 the system had 3 Combat Centers. The 23 SAGE centers included 1 in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the "SAGE control centers reached their full 22 site deployments in 1961 (out of 46 originally planned)."<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-54">[54]</a> The completed <a href="/wiki/Minot_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minot AFB">Minot AFB</a> blockhouse received an AN/FSQ-7, but never received the FSQ-8 (the April 1, 1959, <a href="/wiki/Minot_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Minot Air Defense Sector">Minot Air Defense Sector</a> consolidated with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Grand Forks Air Defense Sector">Grand Forks ADS</a> on March 1, 1963).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAGE_sites">SAGE sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: SAGE sites">edit</a>]</div> The SAGE system included a direction center (DC) assigned to air defense sectors as they were defined at the time. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"> <caption>SAGE Direction Centers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Site </th> <th>Country </th> <th>St/Pr </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Air Defense Sector </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>XD-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>MA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">MIT Lincoln Laboratory</a> Division 6 Building F in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>experimental SAGE subsector </td> <td>prototype completed in October 1955, except for displays.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>NJ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGuire_Air_Force_Base" title="McGuire Air Force Base">McGuire AFB</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=40_01_51_N_074_34_32_W_&title=SAGE+DC-01+%28NY+sector%29">40°01′51″N 074°34′32″W / 40.03083°N 74.57556°W / 40.03083; -74.57556 (SAGE DC-01 (NY sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Air Defense Sector">New York ADS</a> </td> <td>"June 26, 1958,…the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Air Defense Sector">New York sector</a> became operational"<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 207  </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>NY </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Air Force Base">Stewart AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=41_30_01_N_074_06_22_W_&title=SAGE+DC-02+%28Boston+sector%29">41°30′01″N 074°06′22″W / 41.50028°N 74.10611°W / 41.50028; -74.10611 (SAGE DC-02 (Boston sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Boston Air Defense Sector">Boston ADS</a> </td> <td>operational June 26, 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>NY </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Hancock Field Air National Guard Base">Hancock Field ANG Base</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=43_07_19_N_076_06_01_W_&title=SAGE+DC-02+%28Syracuse+sector%29">43°07′19″N 076°06′01″W / 43.12194°N 76.10028°W / 43.12194; -76.10028 (SAGE DC-02 (Syracuse sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Syracuse Air Defense Sector">Syracuse ADS</a> </td> <td>operational December 1, 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>VA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee_Air_Force_Station" title="Fort Lee Air Force Station">Fort Lee AFS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=37_15_09_N_077_19_21_W_&title=SAGE+DC-04+%28Washington+sector%29">37°15′09″N 077°19′21″W / 37.25250°N 77.32250°W / 37.25250; -77.32250 (SAGE DC-04 (Washington sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Washington Air Defense Sector">Washington ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>ME </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topsham_Air_Force_Station" title="Topsham Air Force Station">Topsham AFS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=43_56_42_N_069_57_46_W_&title=SAGE+DC-05+%28Bangor+sector%29">43°56′42″N 069°57′46″W / 43.94500°N 69.96278°W / 43.94500; -69.96278 (SAGE DC-05 (Bangor sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Bangor Air Defense Sector">Bangor ADS</a> (BaADS) </td> <td>blockhouse demolished 1985<a href="#cite_note-ColdWarRelics-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>MI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Custer_Air_Force_Station" title="Custer Air Force Station">Custer AFS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=42_19_18_N_085_16_00_W_&title=SAGE+DC-06+%28Detroit+sector%29">42°19′18″N 085°16′00″W / 42.32167°N 85.26667°W / 42.32167; -85.26667 (SAGE DC-06 (Detroit sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Detroit Air Defense Sector">Detroit Air Defense Sector</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>WI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Truax_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Truax Field Air National Guard Base">Truax Field ANG Base</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=43_07_36_N_089_20_06_W_&title=SAGE+DC-07+%28Chicago+sector%29">43°07′36″N 089°20′06″W / 43.12667°N 89.33500°W / 43.12667; -89.33500 (SAGE DC-07 (Chicago sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Chicago Air Defense Sector">Chicago ADS</a> </td> <td>blockhouse in use as of 2014 as <a href="/wiki/Covance" class="mw-redirect" title="Covance">Covance</a> labs<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-08 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>MO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richards-Gebaur_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base">Richards-Gebaur AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=38_50_47_N_094_32_50_W_&title=SAGE+DC-08+%28KC+sector%29">38°50′47″N 094°32′50″W / 38.84639°N 94.54722°W / 38.84639; -94.54722 (SAGE DC-08 (KC sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Kansas City Air Defense Sector">Kansas City ADS</a> </td> <td>blockhouse used by BTM Manufacturing </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>AL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunter Air Force Base">Gunter AFB</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunter_Annex" title="Gunter Annex">Gunter Annex</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=32_24_13_N_086_14_28_W_&title=SAGE+DC-09+%28Montgomery+sector%29">32°24′13″N 086°14′28″W / 32.40361°N 86.24111°W / 32.40361; -86.24111 (SAGE DC-09 (Montgomery sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Southeast Air Defense Sector">Southeast ADS</a> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Air Defense Sector">Montgomery ADS</a> </td> <td>blockhouse in use as Data Center Montgomery of the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), Department of Defense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>MN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duluth_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Duluth Air National Guard Base">Duluth ANG Base</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=46_50_10_N_092_12_26_W_&title=Sage+DCC-10+%28Duluth+sector%29">46°50′10″N 092°12′26″W / 46.83611°N 92.20722°W / 46.83611; -92.20722 (Sage DCC-10 (Duluth sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duluth_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Duluth Air Defense Sector">Duluth ADS</a> </td> <td>blockhouse repurposed for use as office and laboratory space in 1984 by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Research_Institute" title="Natural Resources Research Institute">Natural Resources Research Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Duluth" title="University of Minnesota Duluth">University of Minnesota Duluth</a><a href="#cite_note-Slater2014-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>ND </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks_Air_Force_Base" title="Grand Forks Air Force Base">Grand Forks AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=47_56_47_N_097_22_55_W_&title=SAGE+DC-11+%28Grand+Forks+sector%29">47°56′47″N 097°22′55″W / 47.94639°N 97.38194°W / 47.94639; -97.38194 (SAGE DC-11 (Grand Forks sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Grand Forks Air Defense Sector">Grand Forks ADS</a> </td> <td>blockhouse demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>WA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McChord_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="McChord Air Force Base">McChord AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=47_07_18_N_122_30_14_W_&title=SAGE+DC-12+%28Seattle+sector%29">47°07′18″N 122°30′14″W / 47.12167°N 122.50389°W / 47.12167; -122.50389 (SAGE DC-12 (Seattle sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Air Defense Sector">Seattle</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Western Air Defense Sector">Western ADS</a> or WADS) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>OR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Adair" title="Camp Adair">Adair AFS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=44_40_15_N_123_12_58_W_&title=SAGE+DC-13+%28Portland+sector%29">44°40′15″N 123°12′58″W / 44.67083°N 123.21611°W / 44.67083; -123.21611 (SAGE DC-13 (Portland sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Portland Air Defense Sector">Portland ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>MI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K._I._Sawyer_Air_Force_Base" title="K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base">K.I. Sawyer AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=46_20_47_N_087_23_00_W_&title=SAGE+DC-14+%28Sault+Ste+Marie+sector%29">46°20′47″N 087°23′00″W / 46.34639°N 87.38333°W / 46.34639; -87.38333 (SAGE DC-14 (Sault Ste Marie sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sault_Sainte_Marie_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Sault Sainte Marie Air Defense Sector">Sault Sainte Marie ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-15 ? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>WA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larson_Air_Force_Base" title="Larson Air Force Base">Larson AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=47_10_53_N_119_19_16_W_&title=SAGE+DC-15+%28Spokane+sector%29">47°10′53″N 119°19′16″W / 47.18139°N 119.32111°W / 47.18139; -119.32111 (SAGE DC-15 (Spokane sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Spokane Air Defense Sector">Spokane</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-15 ? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>ME </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Bangor Air National Guard Base">Bangor AFB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Bangor Air Defense Sector">Bangor ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-16 ? DC-17 ? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>CA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base" title="Norton Air Force Base">Norton AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=34_06_19_N_117_13_05_W_&title=SAGE+DC-16+%28LA+sector%29">34°06′19″N 117°13′05″W / 34.10528°N 117.21806°W / 34.10528; -117.21806 (SAGE DC-16 (LA sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Defense_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Air Defense Sector">Los Angeles ADS</a> </td> <td>blockhouse demolished 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-16 ? DC-17 ? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>NV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stead_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Stead Air Force Base">Stead AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=39_39_04_N_119_53_00_W_&title=SAGE+DC-17+%28Reno+sector%29">39°39′04″N 119°53′00″W / 39.65111°N 119.88333°W / 39.65111; -119.88333 (SAGE DC-17 (Reno sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reno_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Reno Air Defense Sector">Reno ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>CA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base" title="Beale Air Force Base">Beale AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=39_06_35_N_121_23_49_W_&title=SAGE+DC-18+%28San+Francisco+sector%29">39°06′35″N 121°23′49″W / 39.10972°N 121.39694°W / 39.10972; -121.39694 (SAGE DC-18 (San Francisco sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Air_Defense_Sector" title="San Francisco Air Defense Sector">San Francisco ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>ND </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minot_Air_Force_Base" title="Minot Air Force Base">Minot AFB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minot_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Minot Air Defense Sector">Minot ADS</a> </td> <td>site not completed; Minot's blockhouse never had a Q-7<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>MT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base" title="Malmstrom Air Force Base">Malmstrom AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=47_30_59_N_111_10_55_W_&title=SAGE+DC-20+%28Great+Falls+sector%29">47°30′59″N 111°10′55″W / 47.51639°N 111.18194°W / 47.51639; -111.18194 (SAGE DC-20 (Great Falls sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Great Falls Air Defense Sector">Great Falls ADS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>AZ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke AFB</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=33_32_34_N_112_21_27_W_&title=SAGE+DC-21+%28Phoenix+sector%29">33°32′34″N 112°21′27″W / 33.54278°N 112.35750°W / 33.54278; -112.35750 (SAGE DC-21 (Phoenix sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Phoenix Air Defense Sector">Phoenix ADS</a> </td> <td>programming center for all other SAGE sites<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>USA </td> <td>IA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux_City_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux City Air Force Station">Sioux City AFS</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=42_23_51_N_096_22_25_W_&title=SAGE+DC-22+%28Sioux+City+sector%29">42°23′51″N 096°22′25″W / 42.39750°N 96.37361°W / 42.39750; -96.37361 (SAGE DC-22 (Sioux City sector))</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux_City_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Sioux City Air Defense Sector">Sioux City ADS</a> </td> <td>operational December 1961, completing the SAGE system;<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> used AN/FSQ-8 that was retrofitted to have the LRI, GFI, and other components/software specific to the Q-7.<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-23* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-24* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-25* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-26* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-27* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-28* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-29* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-30* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a>Canada </td> <td>ON </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CFB_North_Bay" title="CFB North Bay">CFB North Bay</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&params=46_20_15_N_079_24_42_W_&title=SAGE+DC-31">46°20′15″N 079°24′42″W / 46.33750°N 79.41167°W / 46.33750; -79.41167 (SAGE DC-31)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goose_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Goose Air Defense Sector">Goose ADS</a> </td> <td>operational October 1, 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DC-32* </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>planned, never completed </td></tr> </tbody></table> *Some of the originally planned 32 DCs were never completed and DCs were planned at installations for additional sectors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calypso_Air_Force_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calypso Air Force Station (page does not exist)">Calypso</a>/<a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> NC, <a href="/wiki/England_Air_Force_Base" title="England Air Force Base">England</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shreveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shreveport">Shreveport</a> LA, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> KY, <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a> NM, <a href="/wiki/Robins_Air_Force_Base" title="Robins Air Force Base">Robins</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_Air_Defense_Sector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami Air Defense Sector (page does not exist)">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base" title="Scott Air Force Base">Scott</a>/<a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webb_Air_Force_Base" title="Webb Air Force Base">Webb</a>/<a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> TX. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The environment allowed radar station personnel to monitor the radar data and systems' status (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Tower" title="Arctic Tower">Arctic Tower</a> radome pressure) and to use the range height equipment to process height requests from Direction Center (DC) personnel. DCs received the Long Range Radar Input from the sector's radar stations, and DC personnel monitored the radar tracks and IFF data provided by the stations, requested height-finder radar data on targets, and monitored the computer's evaluation of which fighter aircraft or Bomarc missile site could reach the threat first. The DC's "NORAD sector commander's operational staff"<a href="#cite_note-FM44-63">[63]</a> could designate fighter intercept of a target or, using the Senior Director's keyed console<a href="#cite_note-SMECC-64">[64]</a> in the Weapons Direction room,<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">[3]</a> launch a Bomarc intercept with automatic Q-7 guidance of the surface-to-air missile to a final homing dive (equipped fighters eventually were automatically guided to intercepts). The "NORAD sector direction center (NSDC) [also had] <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Artillery_Branch" title="Air Defense Artillery Branch">air defense artillery</a> director (ADAD) consoles [and an Army] ADA battle staff officer", and the NSDC automatically communicated crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" to/from adjacent sectors' DCs and to 10 <a href="/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">Nike</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile_Master" title="Missile Master">Missile Master</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Defense_Command_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Defense Command Post">AADCPs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FM44-63">[63]</a> Forwardtelling automatically communicated data from multiple DCs to a 3-story Combat Center (CC) usually at one of the sector's DCs<a href="#cite_note-Intro-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> planned Hamilton AFB CC-05 near the Beale AFB DC-18) for coordinating the air battle in the NORAD region (multiple sectors) and which forwarded data to the NORAD Command Center (<a href="/wiki/Ent_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ent AFB">Ent AFB</a>, 1963 <a href="/wiki/Chidlaw_Building" title="Chidlaw Building">Chidlaw Building</a>, & 1966 <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_nuclear_bunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker">Cheyenne Mountain</a>). NORAD's integration of air warning data (at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Operations Center">ADOC</a>) along with space surveillance, intelligence, and other data allowed attack assessment of an <a href="/wiki/DEFCON" title="DEFCON">Air Defense Emergency</a> for alerting the SAC command centers (465L SACCS nodes at <a href="/wiki/Offutt_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Offutt AFB">Offutt AFB</a> & <a href="/wiki/Post-Attack_Command_and_Control_System_Facility,_Hadley" title="Post-Attack Command and Control System Facility, Hadley">The Notch</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex" title="Raven Rock Mountain Complex">Raven Rock</a> <a href="/wiki/NMCC" class="mw-redirect" title="NMCC">NMCC</a>/ANMCC, and the public via <a href="/wiki/CONELRAD" title="CONELRAD">CONELRAD</a> radio stations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAGE_Communication_Systems">SAGE Communication Systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SAGE Communication Systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/File:Sage_nomination.jpg">XD-1 consoles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/assets_c/2013/01/sage_situation-thumb-615x672-111531.jpg">Situation Display with SAM sites</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/assets_c/2013/01/sage_console-thumb-615x349-111527.jpg">operator with light gun</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/assets_c/2013/01/sage_blockhouse-thumb-615x761-111523.jpg">room diagrams for each DC floor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113035819/http://www.456fis.org/Radar_&_Avionics.htm">images of a radar scope during a SAGE intercept</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Burroughs 416L SAGE component (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_Systems_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Systems Division">ESD</a> Project 416L,<a href="#cite_note-Israel-65">[65]</a> Semi Automatic Ground Environment System)<a href="#cite_note-DelPapa-49">[49]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/System_of_systems" title="System of systems">network connecting IBM supplied computer system at the various DC and</a> that created the display and control environment for operation of the separate radars<a href="#cite_note-Israel-65">[65]</a> and to provide outbound <a href="/wiki/Command_guidance" title="Command guidance">command guidance</a> for ground-controlled interception by air defense aircraft in the "SAGE Defense System"<a href="#cite_note-YouTube1960-66">[66]</a> ("Air Defense <a href="/wiki/Weapons_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons System">Weapons System</a>").<a href="#cite_note-IBM1959B-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a> was a prime contractor for SAGE network interface equipment which included 134 <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_AN/FST-2_Coordinate_Data_Transmitting_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs AN/FST-2 Coordinate Data Transmitting Set">Burroughs AN/FST-2 Coordinate Data Transmitting Sets</a> (CDTS) at radar stations and other sites, the IBM supplied <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central" title="AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central">AN/FSQ-7</a> at 23 Direction Centers, and the <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-8_Combat_Control_Central" title="AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central">AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Computers</a> at 8 Combat Centers. The 2 computers of each AN/FSQ-7 together weighing 275 short tons-force (2,450 kN)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">This quote needs a citation</a>] used about ⅓ of the DC's 2nd floor space<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">[3]</a> and at ~$50 per instruction had approximately 125,000 "computer instructions support[ing] actual operational air-defense mission" processing.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The AN/FSQ-7 at <a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke AFB</a> had additional memory (32K total) and was used as a "computer center for all other" DCs.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Project 416L was the USAF predecessor of NORAD, SAC, and other military organizations' "Big L" computer systems (e.g., 438L <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Intelligence_Data_Handling_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System (page does not exist)">Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System</a> & 496L <a href="/wiki/Space_Detection_and_Tracking_System" title="Space Detection and Tracking System">Space Detection and Tracking System</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Network communications: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Military_Command_and_Control_System" title="Worldwide Military Command and Control System">the 1958 "Alert Network Number 1" for NORAD to warn other commands (e.g., "flush" SAC bombers)</a>.</div> The SAGE network of computers connected by a "Digital Radar Relay"<a href="#cite_note-Edwards1996-71">[71]</a> (SAGE data system)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> used AT&T voice lines, microwave towers, switching centers (e.g., SAGE <a href="/w/index.php?title=NNX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNX (page does not exist)">NNX</a> 764 was at <a href="/wiki/Delta,_Utah" title="Delta, Utah">Delta, Utah</a><a href="#cite_note-Tim-73">[73]</a> & 759 at <a href="/wiki/Mounds,_Oklahoma" title="Mounds, Oklahoma">Mounds, Oklahoma</a><a href="#cite_note-message9092-74">[74]</a>), etc.; and AT&T's "main underground station" was in Kansas (Fairview) with other bunkers in Connecticut (Cheshire), California (Santa Rosa), Iowa (Boone)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and Maryland (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearthstone_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hearthstone Mountain (page does not exist)">Hearthstone Mountain</a>). CDTS <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a> at automated radar stations transmitted range and azimuth,<a href="#cite_note-FYQ47-76">[76]</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Movements_Identification_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Movements Identification Service (page does not exist)">Air Movements Identification Service</a> (AMIS) provided air traffic data to the SAGE System.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson-77">[77]</a> Radar tracks by telephone calls (e.g., from Manual Control Centers in the <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Albuquerque Air Defense Sector">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minot_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Minot Air Defense Sector">Minot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector">Oklahoma City</a> sectors) could be entered via consoles of the 4th floor "Manual Inputs" room adjacent to the "Communication Recording-Monitoring and VHF" room.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 1966, SAGE communications were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/AUTOVON" class="mw-redirect" title="AUTOVON">AUTOVON</a> Network.<a href="#cite_note-message9092-74">[74]</a> SAGE Sector Warning Networks (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> NORAD Division Warning Networks) provided the radar netting communications for each DC<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> and eventually also allowed transfer of <a href="/wiki/Command_guidance" title="Command guidance">command guidance</a> to autopilots of TDDL-equipped interceptors for vectoring to targets<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-43">[43]</a> via the Ground to Air Data Link Subsystem and the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Air_Transmit_Receive" title="Ground Air Transmit Receive">Ground Air Transmit Receive</a> (GATR) network of radio sites for "HF/VHF/UHF voice & TDDL"<a href="#cite_note-Tim-73">[73]</a> each generally co-located at a CDTS site. SAGE Direction Centers and Combat Centers were also nodes of NORAD's Alert Network Number 1, and SAC <a href="/wiki/Emergency_War_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency War Order">Emergency War Order</a> Traffic<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1959B-79">[79]</a> included "Positive Control/Noah's Ark instructions" through northern NORAD radio sites to confirm or recall SAC bombers if "SAC decided to launch the alert force before receiving an execution order from the JCS".<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> A SAGE System <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">ergonomic</a> test at <a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke AFB</a> in 1964 "showed conclusively that the wrong timing of human and technical operations was leading to frequent truncation of the flight path tracking system" (Harold Sackman).<a href="#cite_note-Hellige-51">[51]</a>: 9  SAGE software development was "grossly underestimated"<a href="#cite_note-RedmondSmith-22">[22]</a>: 370  (60,000 lines in September 1955):<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> "the biggest mistake [of] the SAGE computer program was [underestimating the] jump from the 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">[WWI]</a> instructions … to the more than 100,000 instructions on the" AN/FSQ-8.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> NORAD conducted a Sage/Missile Master Integration/ECM-ECCM Test in 1963,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and although SAGE used <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Movements_Identification_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Movements Identification Service (page does not exist)">AMIS</a> input of air traffic information, the 1959 plan developed by the July 1958 USAF <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Defense_Systems_Integration_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Defense Systems Integration Division (page does not exist)">Air Defense Systems Integration Division</a><a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Air_Traffic_Integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Air Traffic Integration (page does not exist)">SAGE Air Traffic Integration</a> (SATIN) was cancelled by the DoD.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar_stations">Radar stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radar stations">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/SAGE_radar_stations" title="SAGE radar stations">SAGE radar stations</a>, including 78 <a href="/wiki/DEW_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="DEW Line">DEW Line</a> sites in December 1961,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> provided radar tracks to DCs and had <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency_Diversity_Radar_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequency Diversity Radar Program (page does not exist)">frequency diversity (FD) radars</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Picket_ships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picket ships (page does not exist)">picket ships</a> also provided radar tracks, and seaward radar coverage was provided. By the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/EC-121_Warning_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="EC-121 Warning Star">EC-121 Warning Star</a> aircraft based at <a href="/wiki/Otis_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis AFB">Otis AFB</a> MA and <a href="/wiki/McClellan_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="McClellan AFB">McClellan AFB</a> CA provided radar tracks via automatic data link to the SAGE System.<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Aeronautics Administration (United States)">Civil Aeronautics Administration</a> radars were at some stations (e.g., stations of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Use_Site_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Use Site System (page does not exist)">Joint Use Site System</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/ARSR-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ARSR-1">ARSR-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Route_Surveillance_Radar" title="Air Route Surveillance Radar">Air Route Surveillance Radar</a> rotation rate had to be modified "for <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">SAGE [IFF/SIF] Modes III and IV</a>" ("antenna gear box modification" for compatibility with FSQ-7 & FSG-1 centrals.)<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958A-37">[37]</a>: 21  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interceptors">Interceptors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interceptors">edit</a>]</div> ADC aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/F-94_Starfire" class="mw-redirect" title="F-94 Starfire">F-94 Starfire</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-89_Scorpion" class="mw-redirect" title="F-89 Scorpion">F-89 Scorpion</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-101B_Voodoo" class="mw-redirect" title="F-101B Voodoo">F-101B Voodoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom">F-4 Phantom</a> were controlled by SAGE GCI. The <a href="/wiki/F-104_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighter</a> was "too small to be equipped with [SAGE] data link equipment" and used voice-commanded GCI,<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 229  but the <a href="/wiki/F-106_Delta_Dart" class="mw-redirect" title="F-106 Delta Dart">F-106 Delta Dart</a> was equipped for the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Data_Links" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical Data Links">automated data link (ADL)</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ADL was designed to allow Interceptors that reached targets to transmit real-time tactical friendly and enemy movements and to determine whether sector defence reinforcement was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_Laboratory-27">[27]</a> Familiarization flights allowed SAGE weapons directors to fly on two-seat interceptors to observe GCI operations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">Surface-to-air missile</a> installations for <a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">CIM-10 Bomarc</a> interceptors were displayed on SAGE consoles.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improvements">Improvements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Improvements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the "Improved SAGE environment"<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1959B-79">[79]</a>: 69  with underground SAGE bunkers (e.g., in the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Denver Air Defense Sector">Denver Air Defense Sector</a>) for the "<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistorized</a>, solid-state" <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-32" title="AN/FSQ-32">AN/FSQ-32</a> systems (never deployed), see <a href="/wiki/Super_Combat_Center" title="Super Combat Center">Super Combat Center</a>.</div> Partially solid-state AN/FST-2B and later AN/FYQ-47 computers replaced[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the AN/FST-2,<a href="#cite_note-FYQ47-76">[76]</a> and sectors without AN/FSQ-7 centrals requiring a "<a href="/wiki/Command,_control,_and_coordination_system" title="Command, control, and coordination system">weapon direction control device</a>" for USAF air defense used the solid-state <a href="/wiki/Martin_AN/GSG-5_Battery_Integration_and_Radar_Display_Equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment">AN/GSG-5</a> <a href="/wiki/Command,_control,_and_coordination_system" title="Command, control, and coordination system">CCCS</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_AN/GPA-73_Air_Weapons_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric AN/GPA-73 Air Weapons Control System">AN/GPA-73</a> recommended by ADC in June 1958. <a href="/wiki/Back-Up_Interceptor_Control" title="Back-Up Interceptor Control">Back-Up Interceptor Control</a> (BUIC)<a href="#cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">[26]</a> with <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_AN/GPA-37_Course_Directing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric AN/GPA-37 Course Directing Group">CCCS dispersed to radar stations</a> for survivability allowed a diminished but functional SAGE capability. In 1962, Burroughs "won the contract to provide a military version of its <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing#Mid-level_systems" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">D825" modular data processing system</a><a href="#cite_note-SMECC-64">[64]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_AN/GSA-51_Radar_Course_Directing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs AN/GSA-51 Radar Course Directing Group">BUIC II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winkler-7">[7]</a> BUIC II was first used at <a href="/wiki/North_Truro_Air_Force_Station" title="North Truro Air Force Station">North Truro Z-10</a> in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-Winkler-7">[7]</a> and the Hamilton AFB BUIC II was installed in the former <a href="/wiki/Manual_Air_Defense_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual Air Defense Control Center">MCC building</a> when it was converted to a SAGE Combat Center in 1966 (CC-05).<a href="#cite_note-Page-87">[87]</a> On June 3, 1963, the Direction Centers at Marysville CA, Marquette/K I Sawyer AFB (DC-14) MI,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] Stewart AFB NY (DC-02), and Moses Lake WA (DC-15) were planned for closing<a href="#cite_note-Hazlitt-52">[52]</a> and at the end of 1969, only 6 CONUS SAGE DCs remained (DC-03, -04, -10, -12, -20, & -21) all with the vacuum tube AN/FSQ-7 centrals.<a href="#cite_note-Winkler-7">[7]</a>: 47  In 1966, NORAD Combined Operations Center operations at Chidlaw transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center">Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center</a> (425L System) and in December 1963, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> approved solid state replacement of <a href="/wiki/Martin_AN/FSG-1_Antiaircraft_Defense_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System">Martin AN/FSG-1 centrals</a><a href="#cite_note-LeonardV2-88">[88]</a>: 317  with the AN/GSG-5 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hughes_AN/TSQ-51_Air_Defense_Command_and_Coordination_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System">Hughes AN/TSQ-51</a>. The "416L/M/N Program Office" at <a href="/wiki/Hanscom_Field" title="Hanscom Field">Hanscom Field</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel-65">[65]</a> had deployed the BUIC III by 1971 (e.g., to <a href="/wiki/Fallon_Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallon Naval Air Station">Fallon NAS</a>),<a href="#cite_note-IAODTE-89">[89]</a> and the initial BUIC systems were phased out 1974–5.<a href="#cite_note-SMECC-64">[64]</a> ADC had been renamed Aerospace Defense Command on January 15, 1968,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and its general surveillance radar stations transferred to <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense,_Tactical_Air_Command" title="Air Defense, Tactical Air Command">ADTAC</a> in 1979 when the ADC major command was broken up (space surveillance stations went to SAC and the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Center" title="Aerospace Defense Center">Aerospace Defense Center</a> was activated as a <a href="/wiki/Direct_Reporting_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Reporting Unit">DRU</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replacement_and_disposition">Replacement and disposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Replacement and disposition">edit</a>]</div> For airborne command posts, "as early as 1962 the Air Force began exploring possibilities for an <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Airborne Warning and Control System</a> (AWACS)",<a href="#cite_note-Schaffel-2">[2]</a>: 266  and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Defense_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Defense Architecture (page does not exist)">Strategic Defense Architecture</a> (SDA-2000) planned an integrated air defense and <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> network. The USAF declared <a href="/wiki/Full_operational_capability" class="mw-redirect" title="Full operational capability">full operational capability</a> of the first seven <a href="/wiki/Joint_Surveillance_System" title="Joint Surveillance System">Joint Surveillance System</a> ROCCs on December 23, 1980,<a href="#cite_note-DelPapa-49">[49]</a> with Hughes <a href="/wiki/AN/FYQ-93" title="AN/FYQ-93">AN/FYQ-93</a> systems,<a href="#cite_note-Equip-91">[91]</a> and many of the SAGE radar stations became <a href="/wiki/Joint_Surveillance_System" title="Joint Surveillance System">Joint Surveillance System</a> (JSS) sites (e.g., San Pedro Hill Z-39 became FAA <a href="/wiki/Ground_Equipment_Facility_J-31" title="Ground Equipment Facility J-31">Ground Equipment Facility J-31</a>.) The North Bay AN/FSQ-7 was dismantled and sent to <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Museum,_Boston" title="The Computer Museum, Boston">Boston's Computer Museum</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1996, AN/FSQ-7 components were moved to <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Federal Airfield</a> for storage and later moved[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] to the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>. The last AN/FSQ-7 centrals were demolished at McChord AFB (August 1983) and Luke AFB (February 1984).<a href="#cite_note-SMECC-64">[64]</a> Decommissioned AN/FSQ-7 equipment was also used as science fiction cinema and TV series props (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea" title="Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea">Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea</a>, amongst others). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> SAGE histories include a 1983 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_issue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special issue (page does not exist)">special issue</a> of the Annals of the History of Computing,<a href="#cite_note-Everett-92">[92]</a> and various personal histories were published, e.g., Valley in 1985<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and Jacobs in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1998, the SAGE System was identified as 1 of 4 "Monumental Projects",<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and a SAGE lecture presented the vintage film In Your Defense followed by anecdotal information from <a href="/wiki/Les_Earnest" title="Les Earnest">Les Earnest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Wong_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Wong (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Jim Wong</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_N._Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul N. Edwards (page does not exist)">Paul Edwards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SageTalk-32">[32]</a> In 2013, a copy of a 1950s cover girl image programmed for SAGE display was identified as the "earliest known figurative <a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">computer art</a>".<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">[3]</a> Company histories identifying employees' roles in SAGE include the 1981 System Builders: The Story of SDC<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and the 1998 Architects of Information Advantage: The MITRE Corporation Since 1958.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Display_Unit" title="Photographic Display Unit">Photographic Display Unit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coldwarpeacemuseum.org/blockhouse.html">The SAGE Blockhouse - Future Home of the Cold War / Peace Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015842/http://www.coldwarpeacemuseum.org/blockhouse.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Coldwarpeacemuseum.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaffel-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffel_2-13">n</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchaffel1991" class="citation book cs1">Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEmergingShield">The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960</a>. Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912799-60-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912799-60-5"><bdi>978-0-912799-60-5</bdi></a>. <q>A SAGE component, a 64 x 64 [4<a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">K</a>] magnetic core memory … SAGE direction center. This installation is located at Stewart Air Force Base in New York state. …[Hancock Field] combined direction-combat center was located at Syracuse, New York.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+Shield%3A+The+Air+Force+and+the+Evolution+of+Continental+Air+Defense%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History%2C+United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-912799-60-5&rft.aulast=Schaffel&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEmergingShield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> [captions of p. 198, 208, & 265 photos] NOTE: Schaffel's history uses the same name as "The Emerging Shield: The Air Defense Ground Environment," Air University Quarterly Review 8, no. 2 (spring 1956). </li> <li id="cite_note-EdwardsBenj-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsBenj_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsBenj_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsBenj_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsBenj_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsBenj_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsBenj_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2013" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Benj (January 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-never-before-told-story-of-the-worlds-first-computer-art-its-a-sexy-dame/267439/">"The Never-Before-Told Story of the World's First Computer Art (It's a Sexy Dame)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217134853/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-never-before-told-story-of-the-worlds-first-computer-art-its-a-sexy-dame/267439/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Never-Before-Told+Story+of+the+World%27s+First+Computer+Art+%28It%27s+a+Sexy+Dame%29&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Benj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2013%2F01%2Fthe-never-before-told-story-of-the-worlds-first-computer-art-its-a-sexy-dame%2F267439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IYD-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IYD_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IYD_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IYD_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonel_John_Morton_(narrator)" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Colonel John Morton (narrator). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg">In Your Defense</a> (digitized movie). Western Electric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703160549/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2012-04-03. <q>The <a href="/wiki/System_Development_Corporation" title="System Development Corporation">System Development Corporation</a>…in the design of massive computer programs … Burroughs…electronic equipment … Western Electric…assist the Air Force in coordinating and managing the entire effort…and design of buildings. …SAGE project office…Air Material Command</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Your+Defense&rft.pub=Western+Electric&rft.au=Colonel+John+Morton+%28narrator%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D06drBN8nlWg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/SageIntro.html">"Introduction"</a>. Ed-Thelen.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403032515/http://ed-thelen.org/SageIntro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-03. <q>The function of the Control Center in solving the air defense problem is to combine, summarize, and display the air battle picture for the supervision of the several sectors within the division. … The typical Control Center (CC) building housing the AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central is a 3-story structure of the same type construction as the DC building.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Ed-Thelen.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2FSageIntro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (p. 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkler-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinklerWebster1997" class="citation report cs1">Winkler, David F; Webster, Julie L (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA331231.pdf">Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program</a> (PDF) (Report). Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97020912">97020912</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201202922/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA331231">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-04-23. <q>"BUIC II radar sites would be capable of incorporating data feeds from other radar sectors directly onto their radar screens. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Searching+the+Skies%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+United+States+Cold+War+Defense+Radar+Program&rft.place=Champaign%2C+IL&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Construction+Engineering+Research+Laboratories&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97020912&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=David+F&rft.au=Webster%2C+Julie+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA331231.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mola2002-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Mola2002_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMola2002" class="citation news cs1">Mola, Roger A. (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/this-is-only-a-test-3119878/">"This Is Only a Test"</a>. Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 26 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+Is+Only+a+Test&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Mola&rft.aufirst=Roger+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fhistory-of-flight%2Fthis-is-only-a-test-3119878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1950" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Maj Gen Morris R. (June 12, 1950). "subj: Employment of an American Version of CDS" (letter). USAFHRC microfilm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=subj%3A+Employment+of+an+American+Version+of+CDS&rft.date=1950-06-12&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Maj+Gen+Morris+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) (cited by Schaffel pdf p. 311) </li> <li id="cite_note-valley-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valley_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valley_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valley_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valley_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valley_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valley_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/origins.html">"The Valley Committee"</a>. Lincoln Laboratory. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401230140/http://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/origins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Laboratory&rft.atitle=The+Valley+Committee&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ll.mit.edu%2Fabout%2FHistory%2Forigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarterly_Progress_Report-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quarterly_Progress_Report_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarterly_Progress_Report_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Quarterly Progress Report (Report). Lincoln Laboratories. June 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Progress+Report&rft.pub=Lincoln+Laboratories&rft.date=1952-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel p. 197) </li> <li id="cite_note-web.mit.edu-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.mit.edu_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.mit.edu_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/valley-1020.html">"Physicist George Valley Jr. is dead at 86"</a> (MITnews webpage). <a href="/wiki/MIT_Tech_Talk" title="MIT Tech Talk">MIT Tech Talk</a>. October 20, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018210958/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/valley-1020.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Physicist+George+Valley+Jr.+is+dead+at+86&rft.date=1999-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F1999%2Fvalley-1020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/afips/1951/50400070/12OmNBvkdmJ">"Project Whirlwind is a high-speed computer activity sponsored at the Digital Computer Laboratory, formerly a part of the Servomechanisms Laboratory, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by the US Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the United States Air Force. IEEE Computer Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Whirlwind+is+a+high-speed+computer+activity+sponsored+at+the+Digital+Computer+Laboratory%2C+formerly+a+part+of+the+Servomechanisms+Laboratory%2C+of+the+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+%28MIT%29+by+the+US+Office+of+Naval+Research+%28ONR%29+and+the+United+States+Air+Force.+IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fproceedings-article%2Fafips%2F1951%2F50400070%2F12OmNBvkdmJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charles-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charles_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charles_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charles_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charles_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/projectcharles.html">"Project Charles"</a>. Lincoln Laboratory. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224153432/http://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/projectcharles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Project+Charles&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ll.mit.edu%2Fabout%2FHistory%2Fprojectcharles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_C._Redmond-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_C._Redmond_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_C._Redmond_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent_C._RedmondThomas_M._Smith2000" class="citation book cs1">Kent C. Redmond & Thomas M. Smith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxZVbxcf_IoC">From Whirlwind to MITRE: The R&D Story of the SAGE Air Defense Computer</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26426-6"><bdi>978-0-262-26426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Whirlwind+to+MITRE%3A+The+R%26D+Story+of+the+SAGE+Air+Defense+Computer&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-26426-6&rft.au=Kent+C.+Redmond&rft.au=Thomas+M.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxZVbxcf_IoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988">(20th of April 1951 - p.1, National Security Act 1947 - p.12, April 1947 - p.13) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2015/06/23/167538/the-many-careers-of-jay-forrester/">"The Many Careers of Jay Forrester"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Many+Careers+of+Jay+Forrester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2015%2F06%2F23%2F167538%2Fthe-many-careers-of-jay-forrester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futrell-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Futrell_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFutrell1971" class="citation report cs1">Futrell, Robert Frank (June 1971). Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1964 (Report). Vol. 1. Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Ideas%2C+Concepts%2C+Doctrine%3A+A+History+of+Basic+Thinking+in+the+United+States+Air+Force+1907%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=Aerospace+Studies+Institute%2C+Air+University&rft.date=1971-06&rft.aulast=Futrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Volume I p. 187) </li> <li id="cite_note-McRee-18"><a href="#cite_ref-McRee_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRee1950" class="citation report cs1">McRee, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] (15 December 1950). …Electronic Air Defense Environment for 1954 (Report). Headquarters, Air Materiel Command.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%E2%80%A6Electronic+Air+Defense+Environment+for+1954&rft.pub=Headquarters%2C+Air+Materiel+Command&rft.date=1950-12-15&rft.aulast=McRee&rft.aufirst=Category%3AAll+articles+with+specifically+marked+weasel-worded+phrasesCategory%3AArticles+with+specifically+marked+weasel-worded+phrases+from+April+2013%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+title%3D%22The+material+near+this+tag+possibly+uses+too-vague+attribution+or+weasel+words.%26%2332%3B%28April+2013%29%22%3Ewho%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLappAlsop1953" class="citation news cs1">Lapp; Alsop (March 21, 1953). "We Can Smash the Red A-Bombers". Saturday Evening Post. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=We+Can+Smash+the+Red+A-Bombers&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1953-03-21&rft.au=Lapp&rft.au=Alsop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (citation 29 of Volume I, p. 25) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugh-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Pugh_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh1995" class="citation book cs1">Pugh (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc8BGhSOawgC&pg=PA210">Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>). MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16147-3"><bdi>978-0-262-16147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+IBM%3A+Shaping+an+Industry+and+Its+Technology&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16147-3&rft.au=Pugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBc8BGhSOawgC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VolumeI-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VolumeI_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VolumeI_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV1.pdf">History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945–1955</a> (Army.mil PDF). Retrieved 2011-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Strategic+Air+and+Ballistic+Missile+Defense%3A+Volume+I%3A+1945%E2%80%931955&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2Fbmd%2FBMDV1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedmondSmith-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedmondSmith_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedmondSmith_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedmondSmith_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedmondSmith_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmondSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Redmond, Kent C; Smith, Thomas Malcom (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxZVbxcf_IoC&q=sage">From Whirlwind to MITRE: The R&D Story of The SAGE Air Defense Computer</a> (Google Books). MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262264266" title="Special:BookSources/9780262264266"><bdi>9780262264266</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-05-02. <q>the "SAGE Red Book"--Operationa Plan, Semi-Automatic Ground Environment System for Air Defense (Formerly Designated The Transition System)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Whirlwind+to+MITRE%3A+The+R%26D+Story+of+The+SAGE+Air+Defense+Computer&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262264266&rft.aulast=Redmond&rft.aufirst=Kent+C&rft.au=Smith%2C+Thomas+Malcom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxZVbxcf_IoC%26q%3Dsage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (The Redmond & Smith citation for the operation plan identifies the date) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> quote from Schaffel p. 191; Condit p. 259 footnote 1 cites: "CCS 381 US (5-23-46) sec 37." </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh1956" class="citation report cs1">McVeigh, D. R. (January 1956). The Development of the Bomarc Guided Missile 1950–1953 (Report). Western Air Development Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Bomarc+Guided+Missile+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Western+Air+Development+Center&rft.date=1956-01&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Volume I p. 108 footnote 69: "Before the end of 1953, it was also decided that the Sage system being developed by Lincoln Laboratories would be used to control the Bomarc.69") </li> <li id="cite_note-Condit-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Condit_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Condit_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondit1992" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Condit, Kenneth W. (1992) [1971 classified vol]. "Chapter 15: Continental Defense". The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy: 1955–1956 (Report). Vol. VI of History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Joint Staff. <q>p. 268 Major elements to be developed to a high state of readiness by the beginning of 1957 included the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line and an air defense control system employing semiautomatic control centers.1 … At the beginning of 1955, the radar warning systems consisted of 83 permanent radars in the United States, 33 permanent radars of the Pine Tree system in Canada, 12 permanent radars in Alaska, and six shipborne radars stationed off the east coast of the United States. … To facilitate CONAD's job of absorbing data from warning radars and feeding the appropriate instructions to interceptor and antiaircraft forces, the Air Force had sponsored the development of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system by the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The SAGE system was adopted but was not to become operational until January 1959. … the DEW Line…became operational shortly afterward, on 13 Aug 57. … Chapter 15. Continental Defense 1. NSC 5408, 24 Feb 54, CCS 381 US (5-23-46) sec 37.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+and+National+Policy%3A+1955%E2%80%931956&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Historical+Office%2C+Joint+Staff&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Condit&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (Condit includes detailed numbers of 1954, 1956, and 1957 radar stations on p. 269 Table 13.) </li> <li id="cite_note-NORAD1958B-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958B_26-10">k</a> Preface by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss1959" class="citation report cs1">Buss, L. H. (Director) (14 April 1959). North American Air Defense Command and Continental Air Defense Command Historical Summary: July–December 1958 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=North+American+Air+Defense+Command+and+Continental+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary%3A+July%E2%80%93December+1958&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Command+History%3A+Office+of+Information+Services&rft.date=1959-04-14&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=L.+H.+%28Director%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> "USAF also set down a new schedule (see table preceding). This schedule was to be included in an entirely new SAGE schedule (Schedule A) to be prepared by the SAGE Project Office. The phasing was to be as follows. The last combat center, AN/FSQ-8, to be installed under SAGE Schedule 7 (Improved), was to be at McChord AFB (25th Air Division). Subsequent combat facilities and equipment were to be cancelled with the exception of (1) one AN/FSQ-8 that was to be converted to an AN/FSQ-7, using FY 1959 funds, to be installed at the Sioux City DC, and (2) the combat center building at Minot." (improved) On April 1, 1966, Combat Center CC-03 at McChord AFB, WA was inactivated in conjunction with the activation of Combat Center CC-05 at Hamilton AFB, CA, and the combining of 25th, 26th and 27th NORAD divisions into the new Headquarters Western NORAD Region at HAFB. CC-05 utilized a 3-String AN/GSA-51 computer system. CC-05 and Headquarters Western NORAD Region were inactivated at Hamilton AFB on December 31, 1969. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln_Laboratory-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_Laboratory_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_Laboratory_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln_Laboratory" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/SAGEairdefensesystem.html">The SAGE Air Defense System</a>. Lincoln Laboratory MIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190708/https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/SAGEairdefensesystem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Air+Defense+System&rft.pub=Lincoln+Laboratory+MIT&rft.au=Lincoln+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ll.mit.edu%2Fabout%2FHistory%2FSAGEairdefensesystem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988">(this source was also referenced at a time earlier than 2015-08-05, for info: ...ADL... - Interceptors) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/digitalcomputing_2.html">"MIT Lincoln Laboratory: History:Early Digital Computing (continued)"</a>. www.ll.mit.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020231/http://www.ll.mit.edu/about/History/digitalcomputing_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2016-01-12. <q>To ensure continuous operation each computer was duplexed; it actually consisted of two machines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ll.mit.edu&rft.atitle=MIT+Lincoln+Laboratory%3A+History%3AEarly+Digital+Computing+%28continued%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ll.mit.edu%2Fabout%2FHistory%2Fdigitalcomputing_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmondSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Redmond, Kent; Smith, Thomas (2000). From Whirlwind to Mitre: The R&D Story of The SAGE Air Defense Computer. MIT Press. pp. 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262182010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262182010"><bdi>978-0262182010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Whirlwind+to+Mitre%3A+The+R%26D+Story+of+The+SAGE+Air+Defense+Computer&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0262182010&rft.aulast=Redmond&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft.au=Smith%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmondSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Redmond, Kent; Smith, Thomas (2000). From Whirlwind to Mitre: The R&D Story of The SAGE Air Defense Computer. MIT Press. pp. 437–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262182010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262182010"><bdi>978-0262182010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Whirlwind+to+Mitre%3A+The+R%26D+Story+of+The+SAGE+Air+Defense+Computer&rft.pages=437-438&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0262182010&rft.aulast=Redmond&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft.au=Smith%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Ulmann, Bernd (2014). AN/FSQ-7: The Computer That Shaped The Cold War. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486727661" title="Special:BookSources/9783486727661"><bdi>9783486727661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AN%2FFSQ-7%3A+The+Computer+That+Shaped+The+Cold+War&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783486727661&rft.aulast=Ulmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SageTalk-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SageTalk_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SageTalk_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SageTalk_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SageTalk_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/Sage-Talk.html">"Vigilance and Vacuum Tubes: The SAGE System 1956-63"</a> (SAGE Talk Transcript). Ed-Thelen.org. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330140132/http://www.ed-thelen.org/Sage-Talk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2013-02-16. <q>the Whirlwind computer, which was a digital version of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Airplane_Stability_and_Control_Analyzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airplane Stability and Control Analyzer (page does not exist)">ASCA</a>, was about five million dollars, in 1950s dollars … For the 1949 fiscal year, MIT requested 1.5 million dollars for the Whirlwind project. … one [SAGE computer] was at Lincoln Lab, …the XD-1, and the other one was at Kingston, the XD-2. So we used both those sites for development. … The XD-1 was a simplex system…not duplex … the original vacuum-tube computers—the last one was finally taken down in 1983, still operating. … IBM got…about 500 million dollars…to build the 56 computers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vigilance+and+Vacuum+Tubes%3A+The+SAGE+System+1956-63&rft.pub=Ed-Thelen.org&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2FSage-Talk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Navy_Mathematical_Computing_Advisory_Panel1956" class="citation journal cs1">United States Navy Mathematical Computing Advisory Panel (29 June 1956). "Symposium on advanced programming methods for digital computers". Washington, D.C.: Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10794738">10794738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Symposium+on+advanced+programming+methods+for+digital+computers&rft.date=1956-06-29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10794738&rft.au=United+States+Navy+Mathematical+Computing+Advisory+Panel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen1965" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McMullen, Richard F. (1965). The Birth of SAGE, 1951–1958 (Report). Vol. ADC Hist Study 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+SAGE%2C+1951%E2%80%931958&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel p. 207/312) </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM-35"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512051530/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/sage/">"Overview |"</a>. SAGE: The First [computerized] National Air Defense Network. IBM.com. 7 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/sage/">the original</a> on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-05-08. <q>the AN/FSQ-7…was developed, built and maintained by IBM. … In June 1956, IBM delivered the prototype of the computer to be used in SAGE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAGE%3A+The+First+%5Bcomputerized%5D+National+Air+Defense+Network&rft.atitle=Overview+%26%23124%3B&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fibm100%2Fus%2Fen%2Ficons%2Fsage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"SAGE: The New Aerial Defense System of the United States". The Military Engineer. Mar–Apr 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Engineer&rft.atitle=SAGE%3A+The+New+Aerial+Defense+System+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1956-03%2F1956-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel pp. 311, 332) </li> <li id="cite_note-NORAD1958A-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958A_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958A_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958A_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1958A_37-3">d</a> Preface by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss1958" class="citation report cs1">Buss, L. H. (Director) (1 October 1958). North American Air Defense Command Historical Summary: January–June 1958 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=North+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary%3A+January%E2%80%93June+1958&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Command+History%3A+Office+of+Information+Services&rft.date=1958-10-01&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=L.+H.+%28Director%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services; p. 21: "DC's, and CC's, which were to screen and evaluate the reports before forwarding to NORAD headquarters. ALERT NETWORK NUMBER 1 On 1 July 1958, a new Alert # 1 network was placed in operation (the old network was to remain in operation as a back-up until 1 August 1958). The new network connected NORAD on 1 July 1958 with 33 Stations that required air defense alert and warning information. This included such agencies as major commands, air divisions, regions, and the USAF Command Post. Only 29 of the stations operating on 1 July were both transmit and receive stations, the other four (<a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">TAC Headquarters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Base" title="Sandia Base">Sandia Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex" title="Raven Rock Mountain Complex">ADCC (Blue Ridge Summit)</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_at_San_Francisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidio at San Francisco (page does not exist)">Presidio at San Francisco</a>) were receive-only stations. …the new system…gave NORAD the ability to tell which station received its alert messages and which did not. The new system also had two master stations – <a href="/wiki/Ent_Air_Force_Base" title="Ent Air Force Base">NORAD [at Ent AFB]</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ALCOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALCOP (page does not exist)">ALCOP</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richards-Gebaur_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richards-Gebaur AFB">Richards-Gebaur AFB</a>. This feature permitted the ALCOP to continue operations of the network and carry on with the alert procedures should NORAD become a war casualty." </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/sage.htm">"Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402211322/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/sage.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment+%28SAGE%29&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Fsystems%2Fsage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fxsrAAAAIBAJ&pg=2577,369259&dq=mcchord+sage&hl=en">"Electronic Brain Slated To Arrive"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_News_Archive" title="Google News Archive">Google News Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Tri-City_Herald" title="Tri-City Herald">Tri-City Herald</a>. November 3, 1958. Retrieved 2012-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tri-City+Herald&rft.atitle=Electronic+Brain+Slated+To+Arrive&rft.date=1958-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DfxsrAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2577%2C369259%26dq%3Dmcchord%2Bsage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM1959B-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBM1959B_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM1959B_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFdIGwAACAAJ">The SAGE/Bomarc Air Defense Weapons System: An Illustrated Explanation of What it is and How it Works</a> (fact sheet) (Report). New York: International Business Machines Corporation. 1959. <q>BOMARC…Crew training was activated January 1, 1958. … The operator requests an "engagement prediction point" from the IBM computer. …missile guidance information is relayed via leased lines to Cape Canaveral, and via radio to the BOMARC missile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+SAGE%2FBomarc+Air+Defense+Weapons+System%3A+An+Illustrated+Explanation+of+What+it+is+and+How+it+Works&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Business+Machines+Corporation&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFdIGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/sage/SAGE_BOMARC_Defense_System_1958.pdf">Alt URL</a> (cited by Volume I p. 257) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolski2004" class="citation book cs1">Sokolski, Henry D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9mbWB_UnEy8C">Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice</a>. DIANE Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9mbWB_UnEy8C/page/n187">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1033-1"><bdi>978-1-4289-1033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+MAD%3A+Nuclear+Mutual+Assured+Destruction%2C+Its+Origins+and+Practice&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-1033-1&rft.aulast=Sokolski&rft.aufirst=Henry+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9mbWB_UnEy8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"> (NORAD message). North American Air Defense Command. June 30, 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.date=1958-06-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>); Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) (identified by NORAD Hist. Summary Jan–Jun '58 p. 7)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_43-1">b</a> compiled by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1980" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Mildred W (31 December 1980) [February 1973 original by Cornett, Lloyd H. Jr]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/handbookofadcorg.pdf">A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterson Air Force Base">Peterson Air Force Base</a>: Office of History, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Center" title="Aerospace Defense Center">Aerospace Defense Center</a>. p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123115752/http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/handbookofadcorg.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2006. Retrieved 2012-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Aerospace+Defense+Organization+1946%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Peterson+Air+Force+Base&rft.pages=Category%3AAll+pages+needing+factual+verificationCategory%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+factual+verification+from+April+2012%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3AVerifiability%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22The+material+near+this+tag+needs+to+be+fact-checked+with+the+cited+source%28s%29.%26%2332%3B%28April+2012%29%22%3Everification+needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Office+of+History%2C+Aerospace+Defense+Center&rft.date=1980-12-31&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mildred+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafpatches.com%2Fpubs%2Fhandbookofadcorg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NORAD1959A-44"><a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1959A_44-0">^</a> Preface by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss1959" class="citation report cs1">Buss, L. H. (Director) (1 November 1959). North American Air Defense Command and Continental Air Defense Command Historical Summary: January–June 1959 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=North+American+Air+Defense+Command+and+Continental+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary%3A+January%E2%80%93June+1959&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Command+History%3A+Office+of+Information+Services&rft.date=1959-11-01&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=L.+H.+%28Director%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM1959-45"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM1959_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/3-112-0_Theory_Of_Programming_Apr59.pdf">Theory of Programming for AN/FSQ-7 combat direction central and AN/FSQ-8 combat control central</a> (PDF) (Report). IBM Military Products Division. April 1, 1959. p. 149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503131031/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/3-112-0_Theory_Of_Programming_Apr59.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Programming+for+AN%2FFSQ-7+combat+direction+central+and+AN%2FFSQ-8+combat+control+central&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=IBM+Military+Products+Division&rft.date=1959-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2Fsage%2F3-112-0_Theory_Of_Programming_Apr59.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMullen1980-46"><a href="#cite_ref-McMullen1980_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen1980" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McMullen, R. F. (15 Feb 1980). History of Air Defense Weapons 1946–1962 (Report). Vol. ADC Historical Study No. 14. Historical Division, Office of information, HQ ADC. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=History+of+Air+Defense+Weapons+1946%E2%80%931962&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Historical+Division%2C+Office+of+information%2C+HQ+ADC&rft.date=1980-02-15&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Volume I p. 271 & Schaffel p. 325) </li> <li id="cite_note-ASD1961-47"><a href="#cite_ref-ASD1961_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4298/4/bab9742.0001.001.txt">A Survey and Summary of Mathematical and Simulation Models as Applied to Weapon System Evaluation</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Systems_Center" title="Aeronautical Systems Center">Aeronautical Systems Division</a>, USAF. December 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424020006/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4298/4/bab9742.0001.001.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-09-13. <q>Data from the Phase II and Phase III <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a> SAGE/ <a href="/wiki/Martin_AN/FSG-1_Antiaircraft_Defense_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System">Missile Master</a> … to validate the mathematical model [with] large-scale system tests employing <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">SAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Command" title="Aerospace Defense Command">ADC</a> aircraft [under] the NORAD Joint Test Force stationed at <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Stewart Air National Guard Base">Stewart Air Force Base</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Survey+and+Summary+of+Mathematical+and+Simulation+Models+as+Applied+to+Weapon+System+Evaluation&rft.pub=Aeronautical+Systems+Division%2C+USAF&rft.date=1961-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F4298%2F4%2Fbab9742.0001.001.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cites Miller 1961) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasmissilesilo.com/Documents/SquadronUnitHistory/AtlasF/579thSMS/AF-D-O-579-99-RO-00009_6thBombWing_UnitHistory_1962_09_September.pdf">"title tbd"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055807/http://www.atlasmissilesilo.com/Documents/SquadronUnitHistory/AtlasF/579thSMS/AF-D-O-579-99-RO-00009_6thBombWing_UnitHistory_1962_09_September.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=title+tbd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasmissilesilo.com%2FDocuments%2FSquadronUnitHistory%2FAtlasF%2F579thSMS%2FAF-D-O-579-99-RO-00009_6thBombWing_UnitHistory_1962_09_September.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> pdf p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-DelPapa-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DelPapa_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelPapa_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelPapa_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelPapa_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_PapaWarner1987" class="citation report cs1">Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P. (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a201708.pdf">A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986</a> (PDF) (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105532/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a201708.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2012-07-19. <q>Semi-Automatic Direction Center System, later known as…Semi-Automatic Ground Environment System, in essence, the Lincoln Transition System.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Chronology+of+the+Electronic+Systems+Division+1947%E2%80%931986&rft.date=1987-10&rft.aulast=Del+Papa&rft.aufirst=Dr.+E.+Michael&rft.au=Warner%2C+Mary+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa201708.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228051401/http://www.afspc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070814-023.pdf">"High Frontier : Volume 3, Number 4"</a> (PDF). Afspc.af.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afspc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070814-023.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2013-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Frontier+%3A+Volume+3%2C+Number+4&rft.pub=Afspc.af.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afspc.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-070814-023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellige-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hellige_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellige_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellige1993" class="citation report cs1">Hellige, Hans Dieter (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9A4BHAAACAAJ">Actors, Visions and Developments in the History of Computer Communications</a> (Report). "Work and Technology" Research Centre. Retrieved 2012-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Actors%2C+Visions+and+Developments+in+the+History+of+Computer+Communications&rft.pub=%22Work+and+Technology%22+Research+Centre&rft.date=1993-02&rft.aulast=Hellige&rft.aufirst=Hans+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9A4BHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazlitt-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hazlitt_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazlitt_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlitt1963" class="citation news cs1">Hazlitt, Tom—<a href="/wiki/Southam" title="Southam">Southam</a> News Services (June 5, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rWJkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1034,838096&dq=mcchord+sage&hl=en">"The Evolution In Air Defense: NORAD Looks For A Place To Hide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Calgary_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calgary Herald">The Calgary Herald</a>. Retrieved 2012-07-15. <q>The North Bay SAGE centre is the only one on the continent to be fully "hardened", or constructed underground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+In+Air+Defense%3A+NORAD+Looks+For+A+Place+To+Hide&rft.date=1963-06-05&rft.aulast=Hazlitt&rft.aufirst=Tom%E2%80%94Southam+News+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrWJkAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1034%2C838096%26dq%3Dmcchord%2Bsage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/networking/19/399">"Many People, One System"</a>. Computer History Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206113040/http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/networking/19/399">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2013-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Many+People%2C+One+System&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fnetworking%2F19%2F399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz,_Stephen_I.1998" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stephen I., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8droMxkxnDwC&pg=PA284">Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940</a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815722946" title="Special:BookSources/9780815722946"><bdi>9780815722946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Audit%3A+The+Costs+and+Consequences+of+U.S.+Nuclear+Weapons+Since+1940&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780815722946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8droMxkxnDwC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (the quotation is annotated with footnote 35) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radomes.org/museum/sagedocs.html">"SAGE Documents mapped"</a>. www.radomes.org. Retrieved 2020-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radomes.org&rft.atitle=SAGE+Documents+mapped&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fmuseum%2Fsagedocs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/40545/MC665_r15_M-3864.pdf?sequence=1">"MC 665"</a> (PDF). dome.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MC+665&rft.pub=dome.mit.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdome.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.3%2F40545%2FMC665_r15_M-3864.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColdWarRelics-57"><a href="#cite_ref-ColdWarRelics_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612085104/http://coldwarrelics.com/topsham_afs">"Topsham AFS"</a>. Cold War Relics. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarrelics.com/topsham_afs">the original</a> on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2013-02-19. <q>the SAGE block house was bulldozed in 1985.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topsham+AFS&rft.pub=Cold+War+Relics&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarrelics.com%2Ftopsham_afs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (image of entrance sign with arrow: "Bangor North American Air Defense Sector") </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/recent/TruaxFieldWI.html">"Recent Photos of Truax Field, WI (DC-7/CC-2)"</a>. radomes.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111005/http://www.radomes.org/museum/recent/TruaxFieldWI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radomes.org&rft.atitle=Recent+Photos+of+Truax+Field%2C+WI+%28DC-7%2FCC-2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fmuseum%2Frecent%2FTruaxFieldWI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slater2014-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Slater2014_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady_Slater2014" class="citation news cs1">Brady Slater (12 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/content/talk-shed-light-duluths-history-cold-war-defense-hub">"Talk to shed light on Duluth's history as a Cold War defense hub"</a>. Duluth News-Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416065438/http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/content/talk-shed-light-duluths-history-cold-war-defense-hub">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duluth+News-Tribune&rft.atitle=Talk+to+shed+light+on+Duluth%27s+history+as+a+Cold+War+defense+hub&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.au=Brady+Slater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluthnewstribune.com%2Fcontent%2Ftalk-shed-light-duluths-history-cold-war-defense-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radomes.org/cgi-bin/museum/acwinfo2x.cgi?site=%22Minot+AFS,+ND%22&key=MinotAFSND&pic=MinotAFSND&doc=MinotAFSND&www=MinotAFSND">"title tbd"</a>. Retrieved 2013-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=title+tbd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmuseum%2Facwinfo2x.cgi%3Fsite%3D%2522Minot%2BAFS%2C%2BND%2522%26key%3DMinotAFSND%26pic%3DMinotAFSND%26doc%3DMinotAFSND%26www%3DMinotAFSND&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (GATR R-19 "was located at Minot AFB" DC-19.) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Michael F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219033549/https://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fsq-7.html">"AN/FSQ7 SAGE Computer: Luke AFB"</a>. Radomes.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fsq-7.html">the original</a> (personal notes) on December 19, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2012. <q>Luke center was unique in the fact that it was the programming center for all other sage sites. This only meant that our computers…had more core memory, 32K total</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AN%2FFSQ7+SAGE+Computer%3A+Luke+AFB&rft.pub=Radomes.org&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fmuseum%2Fequip%2Ffsq-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen" class="citation web cs1">McMullen, Richard F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northcom.mil/Portals/28/Paper%20No%2035%20Command%20and%20Control%20Planning,%201958-1965%20Full%20Release.pdf?ver=2017-03-16-115751-207">"ADC Historical Study No. 35: Command and Control Planning 1958-1965"</a> (PDF). Retrieved April 24, 2020. <q>[T]he SAGE system was completed in December 1961 when the Sioux City Direction Center became operational.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADC+Historical+Study+No.+35%3A+Command+and+Control+Planning+1958-1965&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcom.mil%2FPortals%2F28%2FPaper%2520No%252035%2520Command%2520and%2520Control%2520Planning%2C%25201958-1965%2520Full%2520Release.pdf%3Fver%3D2017-03-16-115751-207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FM44-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FM44_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FM44_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Missile Master…" (field manual). FM44-1. United States Army. February 1963. <q><a href="/wiki/Martin_AN/FSG-1_Antiaircraft_Defense_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System">AN/FSG-1</a> … f. Utilizes reference track data from local radars and voice communications with the NORAD sector direction center (NSDC) or GC 1 station when SAGE data is unavailable. … 22. Normal Tracking The S & E officers and the trackers monitor the SAGE reference track data …at NORAD SAGE direction centers…personnel operate the air defense artillery director (ADAD) consoles … An Army field grade officer serves as the ADA battle staff officer on the NORAD sector commander's operational staff. … SAGE SELECTOR two-position switch: Selects SAGE 1 or SAGE 2 (primary or secondary SAGE DC) as the source of SAGE data. … 45. Range-Height Subsystem a. Equipment. The range-height equipment consists of two RHI consoles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Missile+Master%E2%80%A6&rft.volume=FM44-1&rft.date=1963-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SMECC-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMECC_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMECC_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMECC_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMECC_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/">SMECC - Home</a> (museum website: SMECC.org), Glendale, Arizona: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Museum_of_Engineering,_Communications_and_Computation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation (page does not exist)">Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524125949/http://smecc.org/">archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-24, retrieved 2013-05-08, <q>Archivist Ed Sharpe near some of the SAGE artifacts at SMECC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SMECC+-+Home&rft.place=Glendale%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Southwest+Museum+of+Engineering%2C+Communications+and+Computation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd>a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWerth" class="citation report cs1">DeWerth, John P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/sage_a_n_fsq-7.htm">…Sage Memories</a> (personal notes). SMECC.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327032502/http://www.smecc.org/sage_a_n_fsq-7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-04-03. <q>Senior Director's keyed console…fire button</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%E2%80%A6Sage+Memories&rft.pub=SMECC.org&rft.aulast=DeWerth&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2Fsage_a_n_fsq-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd>b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/burroughs_buic_-__an_gsa-51__sage_backup.htm">"[AN/GSA-51]"</a> (system description). SMECC.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003012005/http://www.smecc.org/burroughs_buic_-__an_gsa-51__sage_backup.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-03. <q>BUIC … Burroughs…D825 … McChord AFB…August 1983</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BAN%2FGSA-51%5D&rft.pub=SMECC.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2Fburroughs_buic_-__an_gsa-51__sage_backup.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd>c. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/sage-__phoenix_air_defense_sector_%26_4629_support_squadron.htm">"Phoenix Air Defense Sector"</a> (unit/sector description). SMECC.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103144548/http://www.smecc.org/sage-__phoenix_air_defense_sector_%26_4629_support_squadron.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-03. <q>Luke AFB…February 1984</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Air+Defense+Sector&rft.pub=SMECC.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2Fsage-__phoenix_air_defense_sector_%2526_4629_support_squadron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1965" class="citation report cs1">Israel, David. R. (January 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0610392">System Design and Engineering for Real-Time Military Data Processing Systems</a> (AD610392, Technical Documentary Report ESD-TDR-64-168, SR-124) (Report). Bedford, Massachusetts: The MITRE Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706164513/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0610392">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-20. <q>To be more specific, I have in mind something like the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_AN/GPA-73_Air_Weapons_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric AN/GPA-73 Air Weapons Control System">BADGE system</a>; in U.S. experience, examples would be SAGE, <a href="/wiki/To_be_determined" class="mw-redirect" title="To be determined">412L</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] or the NORAD COC … The early development of SAGE was hampered by the fact that the radars were not considered as a part of the system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=System+Design+and+Engineering+for+Real-Time+Military+Data+Processing+Systems&rft.place=Bedford%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MITRE+Corporation&rft.date=1965-01&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=David.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DAD0610392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YouTube1960-66"><a href="#cite_ref-YouTube1960_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCCL4INQcFo">IBM Sage Computer Ad</a> (digitized film at YouTube). 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200223/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCCL4INQcFo">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Sage+Computer+Ad&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiCCL4INQcFo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColon" class="citation journal cs1">Colon, Raul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/military/us_missile.htm">"Early Development of the United States Defensive Missile System"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeroflight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeroflight (page does not exist)">Aeroflight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106042708/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/military/us_missile.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeroflight&rft.atitle=Early+Development+of+the+United+States+Defensive+Missile+System&rft.aulast=Colon&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeroflight.co.uk%2Fmilitary%2Fus_missile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenington" class="citation report cs1">Benington, Herbert D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csse.usc.edu/csse/TECHRPTS/1983/usccse83-501/usccse83-501.pdf">Production of Large Computer Programs</a> (PDF) (adaptation of June 1956 presentation). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121174748/http://csse.usc.edu/csse/TECHRPTS/1983/usccse83-501/usccse83-501.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015. <q>The following paper is a description of the organization and techniques we used at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory in the mid-1950s to produce programs for the SAGE air-defense system. The paper appeared a year before the announcement of SAGE; no mention was made of the specific application other than to indicate that the program was used in a large control system. The programming effort was very large—eventually, close to half a million computer instructions. About one-quarter of these instructions supported actual operational air-defense missions. … In a letter to me on April 23, 1981 … A Lincoln Utility System of service routines containing 40,000 instructions has been prepared … the experience of the Lincoln Laboratory that a system of service programs equal in size to the main system program must be maintained to support preparation, testing, and maintenance of the latter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Production+of+Large+Computer+Programs&rft.aulast=Benington&rft.aufirst=Herbert+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsse.usc.edu%2Fcsse%2FTECHRPTS%2F1983%2Fusccse83-501%2Fusccse83-501.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Michael F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fsq-7.html">"AN/FSQ7 SAGE Computer: Luke AFB"</a> (personal notes). Radomes.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322033104/http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/fsq-7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-04-02. <q>Luke center was unique [as] the programming center for all other sage sites [and] had more core memory, 32K total</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AN%2FFSQ7+SAGE+Computer%3A+Luke+AFB&rft.pub=Radomes.org&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fmuseum%2Fequip%2Ffsq-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1997" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul N (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu00edwa">The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America</a>. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu00edwa/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262550284" title="Special:BookSources/9780262550284"><bdi>9780262550284</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>SAGE—Air Force project 416L—became the pattern for at least twenty-five other major military command-control systems… These were the so-called "Big L" systems [and] included 425L, the NORAD system; 438L, the Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System; and 474L, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). … Project 465L, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAC_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAC Control System (page does not exist)">SAC Control System</a> (SACCS) [with] over a million lines, reached four times the size of the SAGE code and consumed 1,400 man-years of programming; SDC invented a major computer language, <a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a>, specifically for this project.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closed+World%3A+Computers+and+the+Politics+of+Discourse+in+Cold+War+America&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780262550284&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclosedworldcompu00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards1996-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards1996_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1996" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul N (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011116023240/http://www.si.umich.edu/~pne/cw.htm">"Chapter 3: SAGE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.umich.edu/~pne/cw.htm">The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America</a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011116023240/http://www.si.umich.edu/~pne/PDF/cw.ch3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2001-11-16. Retrieved 2013-04-23. <q>SAGE – Air Force project 416L – became the pattern for at least twenty-five other major military command-control systems … the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Cambridge_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Cambridge Research Center">Air Force Cambridge Research Center</a> (AFCRC) [had] recently developed methods for digital transmission of data over telephone lines [with] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Radar_Relay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital Radar Relay (page does not exist)">Digital Radar Relay</a> (DRR). …was the key issue.55 The DRR research, begun just after World War II, had taken four years to complete. Its availability solved one of the many analog-to-digital conversion problems faced by the eventual SAGE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+SAGE&rft.btitle=The+Closed+World%3A+Computers+and+the+Politics+of+Discourse+in+Cold+War+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20011116023240%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.umich.edu%2F~pne%2FPDF%2Fcw.ch3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (Edwards footnote 55 cites Harrington p. 370) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnticknapSchuster1958" class="citation journal cs1">Enticknap, R. G.; Schuster, E. F. (1958). "SAGE Data System Considerations". AIEE Transactions. 77 (pt I): 824–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftce.1959.6372899">10.1109/tce.1959.6372899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51659466">51659466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIEE+Transactions&rft.atitle=SAGE+Data+System+Considerations&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=pt+I&rft.pages=824-32&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftce.1959.6372899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51659466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Enticknap&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+E.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCategory:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrasesCategory:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2013[who?],_Tim2007" class="citation web cs1">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>], Tim (Sep 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130412054503/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/coldwarcomms/message/12368">"Re: Speaking of AUTOVON"</a>. Yahoo.com (coldwarcomms newsgroup). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/coldwarcomms/message/12368">the original</a> (personal notes) on April 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-18. <q>A previously referenced AT&T training manual on SAGE/BUIC/AUTOVON phone systems does list all the AUTOVON/SAGE Switching Centers & includes their General Purpose (AUTOVON) NNX, their SAGE NNX, and … For example, <a href="/wiki/Delta,_Utah" title="Delta, Utah">Delta, Utah</a> had 890 for AUTOVON, 764 for SAGE</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Speaking+of+AUTOVON&rft.pub=Yahoo.com+%28coldwarcomms+newsgroup%29&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft.au=Category%3AAll+articles+with+specifically+marked+weasel-worded+phrasesCategory%3AArticles+with+specifically+marked+weasel-worded+phrases+from+February+2013%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+title%3D%22The+material+near+this+tag+possibly+uses+too-vague+attribution+or+weasel+words.%26%2332%3B%28February+2013%29%22%3Ewho%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdir.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Fcoldwarcomms%2Fmessage%2F12368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-message9092-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-message9092_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-message9092_74-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130412051918/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/coldwarcomms/message/9092">Yahoo! Groups</a>. Dir.groups.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"CONUS AUTOVON Switching Centers". <q>CO Cheyenne Mountain 1 July 1966…underground (inside mountain) … CO Lamar 1 Jan. 1967</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CONUS+AUTOVON+Switching+Centers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FYQ47-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FYQ47_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FYQ47_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/radarequip.php?link=fyq-47.html">"AN/FYQ-47 Radar Data Processing System"</a>. Radomes.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325045206/http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip/radarequip.php?link=fyq-47.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2013-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AN%2FFYQ-47+Radar+Data+Processing+System&rft.pub=Radomes.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fmuseum%2Fequip%2Fradarequip.php%3Flink%3Dfyq-47.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williamson-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu22.htm">"AN/FST-2, RADAR Data Processor/Network System: Gallery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123054630/http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu22.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-23. <q>Air Movements Identification Service (AMIS) AMIS is responsible for sending [Air Route Traffic Control Center] data on flight plans, weapons status, weather, and aircraft tracks to the Direction and Combat Centers over teletype and voice grade telephone circuits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AN%2FFST-2%2C+RADAR+Data+Processor%2FNetwork+System%3A+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamson-labs.com%2F480_cpu22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/sage_blockhouse.jpg">"[floor-by-floor diagram of SAGE DC]"</a> (copy of military diagram in "<a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">the Atlantic</a>"). publisher tbd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218005343/http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/sage_blockhouse.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2013-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5Bfloor-by-floor+diagram+of+SAGE+DC%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.theatlantic.com%2Fstatic%2Fmt%2Fassets%2Fscience%2Fsage_blockhouse.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NORAD1959B-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1959B_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORAD1959B_79-1">b</a> Preface by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss1960" class="citation report cs1">Buss, L. H. (Director) (1 May 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcom.mil/FOIA/docs/1959%20NORAD%20CONAD%20History%20Jul-Dec.pdf">North American Air Defense Command and Continental Air Defense Command Historical Summary: July–December 1959</a> (PDF) (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=North+American+Air+Defense+Command+and+Continental+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary%3A+July%E2%80%93December+1959&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Command+History%3A+Office+of+Information+Services&rft.date=1960-05-01&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=L.+H.+%28Director%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcom.mil%2FFOIA%2Fdocs%2F1959%2520NORAD%2520CONAD%2520History%2520Jul-Dec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA158">The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945–1965</a>. DIANE. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2"><bdi>978-1-4289-9027-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Air+Force+and+the+culture+of+innovation+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-9027-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HgQp6f9yGQC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenington" class="citation report cs1">Benington, Herbert D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csse.usc.edu/csse/TECHRPTS/1983/usccse83-501/usccse83-501.pdf">Foreword: Production of Large Computer Programs</a> (PDF) (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121174748/http://csse.usc.edu/csse/TECHRPTS/1983/usccse83-501/usccse83-501.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Foreword%3A+Production+of+Large+Computer+Programs&rft.aulast=Benington&rft.aufirst=Herbert+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsse.usc.edu%2Fcsse%2FTECHRPTS%2F1983%2Fusccse83-501%2Fusccse83-501.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (Foreword is part of pdf that includes "<a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Editor's Note</a>" and a transcript of Benington's 1956 symposium paper beginning with the Introduction—"This paper looks ahead at some programming problems that are likely to arise during Forrester's 1960–1965 period of real-time control applications."—through Summary: "The techniques that have been developed for automatic programming over the past five years have mostly aimed at simplifying the part of programming that, at first glance, seems toughest—program input, or conversion from programmer language to machine code.") </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Phase III: Sage/Missile Master Integration/ECM-ECCM Test (Deep River) (Report). Ent AFB, Colorado: North America Air Defense Command. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Phase+III%3A+Sage%2FMissile+Master+Integration%2FECM-ECCM+Test+%28Deep+River%29&rft.place=Ent+AFB%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=North+America+Air+Defense+Command&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Missile Master Plan <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19590612&id=tbkcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DmUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7467,1893666">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzY_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7VAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3193,5546728&dq=missile-master-plan&hl=en">[2]</a>; identified by Schaffel p. 260: "…the Defense Department to issue, on June 19, 1959, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_Air_Defense_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental Air Defense Program (page does not exist)">Master Air Defense Plan</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] Key features of the plan included a reduction in BOMARC squadrons, cancellation of plans to upgrade the interceptor force, and a new austere SAGE program. In addition, funds were deleted for gap-filler and frequency-agility radars.21 [1959 NORAD/CONAD Hist Summary: Jan–Jun]" </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlong1974" class="citation journal cs1">Furlong, R. D. M. (Jun 1974). "NORAD—A Study in Evolution". International Defense Review. 7 (3): 317–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Defense+Review&rft.atitle=NORAD%E2%80%94A+Study+in+Evolution&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-9&rft.date=1974-06&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=R.+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (Schaffel p. 268 citation 39) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Project LAMPLIGHT (Final Report). copy in AF/CHO. 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Project+LAMPLIGHT&rft.place=copy+in+AF%2FCHO&rft.date=1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (Schaffel Ch 8 footnote 64 cites this report on pp. 223/312) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101030939/http://comptrollerlegal2002.tpub.com/d02658/d026580062.htm">"Appendix II: Results of Our Analysis 603 Randonmly Selected NDAI Properties Cont"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comptrollerlegal2002.tpub.com/d02658/d026580062.htm">the original</a> on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+II%3A+Results+of+Our+Analysis+603+Randonmly+Selected+NDAI+Properties+Cont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomptrollerlegal2002.tpub.com%2Fd02658%2Fd026580062.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Formerly_Used_Defense_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Formerly Used Defense Site">Formerly Used Defense Site</a> C02NY0714 </li> <li id="cite_note-Page-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Page_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2009" class="citation web cs1">Page, Thomas E. (June 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html">"title tbd"</a> (anecdotal message post). Ed-Thelen.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303150239/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=title+tbd&rft.pub=Ed-Thelen.org&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2Fcomp-hist%2Fvs-ibm-sage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeonardV2-88"><a href="#cite_ref-LeonardV2_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2011" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Barry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf">History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956–1972</a> (Army.mil PDF - also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HoxycYhoKZkC&pg=PA320">available at Google Books</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921214933/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-09-01. <q>The missile and space surveillance and warning system currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] consists of five systems and a space computational center located in the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain complex. The five systems are: the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System; the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a> (DSP) formerly called Project 647; the <a href="/wiki/Over-the-horizon_radar#OTH_systems" title="Over-the-horizon radar">Forward Scatter over the Horizon Radar</a> (440L system); the <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile Warning System</a>; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Detection_and_Warning_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Detection and Warning System (page does not exist)">Space Detection and Warning System</a>. … 20 April The 425L system portion of the NORAD <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a> (NCMC) became fully operational.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Strategic+and+Ballistic+Missile+Defense%3A+Volume+II%3A+1956%E2%80%931972&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2Fbmd%2FBMDV2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|format=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-IAODTE-89"><a href="#cite_ref-IAODTE_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Proposed IAO/DTE Resource Availability (Report). 1970 [circa]. <q>An <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Air_Force_Station" title="Tonopah Air Force Station">Air Force radar facility at Tonopah, Nevada</a> is being released by the Air Force to the Federal Aviation Agency. … ADC has a BUIC III radar facility installed and operating at <a href="/wiki/Fallon_Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallon Naval Air Station">Fallon</a>. This semi-automated ground environment system permits several other radars to be tied into it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Proposed+IAO%2FDTE+Resource+Availability&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen1973" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McMullen, Richard F (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&oq=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&gs_l=serp.3…4665.10015.0.10346.22.22.0.0.0.1.1219.4653.0j18j2j0j1j7-1.22.0…0.0…1c.1.11.psy-ab.PtW1PnDduyg&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=94c1fca23fa8c111&biw=1600&bih=793">The Aerospace Defense Command Anti-Bomber Defense, 1946–1962</a> (Report). Vol. ADC Hist Study 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050720082857/http://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&oq=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&gs_l=serp.3…4665.10015.0.10346.22.22.0.0.0.1.1219.4653.0j18j2j0j1j7-1.22.0…0.0…1c.1.11.psy-ab.PtW1PnDduyg&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=94c1fca23fa8c111&biw=1600&bih=793">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Aerospace+Defense+Command+Anti-Bomber+Defense%2C+1946%E2%80%931962&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=Richard+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%23hl%3Den%26sclient%3Dpsy-ab%26q%3D%25EF%25BB%25BFNorth%2BAmerican%2BAir%2BDefense%2BCommand%2BHistorical%2BSummary%3A%2BJanuary%2B-%2BJune%2B1958%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bsite%253Awww.northcom.mil%26oq%3D%25EF%25BB%25BFNorth%2BAmerican%2BAir%2BDefense%2BCommand%2BHistorical%2BSummary%3A%2BJanuary%2B-%2BJune%2B1958%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bsite%253Awww.northcom.mil%26gs_l%3Dserp.3%E2%80%A64665.10015.0.10346.22.22.0.0.0.1.1219.4653.0j18j2j0j1j7-1.22.0%E2%80%A60.0%E2%80%A61c.1.11.psy-ab.PtW1PnDduyg%26pbx%3D1%26bav%3Don.2%2Cor.r_qf.%26fp%3D94c1fca23fa8c111%26biw%3D1600%26bih%3D793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel) </li> <li id="cite_note-Equip-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Equip_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip.php">"USAF Air Defense Radar Equipment"</a>. Online Radar Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128202438/http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2013-02-22. <q><a href="/wiki/AN/FPS-24" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/FPS-24">AN/FPS-24</a>…Frequency-diverse search radar designed for SAGE [also:] <a href="/wiki/AN/FPS-26" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/FPS-26">AN/FPS-26</a>…<a href="/wiki/AN/FPS-27" title="AN/FPS-27">AN/FPS-27</a>…<a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/FPS-28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/FPS-28 (page does not exist)">AN/FPS-28</a>…Field tested at <a href="/wiki/Houma_AFS" class="mw-redirect" title="Houma AFS">Houma AFS</a>, LA</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAF+Air+Defense+Radar+Equipment&rft.pub=Online+Radar+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radomes.org%2Fmuseum%2Fequip.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everett-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Everett_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington,_Jacobs,_Tropp1983" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, Jacobs, Tropp; et al. (1983). Everett, Robert R (ed.). "Special Issue: SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Special+Issue%3A+SAGE+%28Semi-Automatic+Ground+Environment%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Jacobs%2C+Tropp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>). Articles include: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1983" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, John V. (1983). "Radar Data Transmission". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 370–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1983.10100">10.1109/MAHC.1983.10100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7227862">7227862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Radar+Data+Transmission&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=370-374&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1983.10100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7227862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Edwards, 1996)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1983" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, John B (Oct 1983). "SAGE Overview". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 323–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.1983.10101">10.1109/mahc.1983.10101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154313">154313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=SAGE+Overview&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=323-329&rft.date=1983-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.1983.10101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=John+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel 310)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroppEverett1983" class="citation journal cs1">Tropp, Henry S. (moderator); Everett, Robert R.; et al. (1983). "A Perspective on SAGE: Discussion". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 375–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.1983.10091">10.1109/mahc.1983.10091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7490741">7490741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=A+Perspective+on+SAGE%3A+Discussion&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-98&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.1983.10091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7490741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tropp&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.+%28moderator%29&rft.au=Everett%2C+Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (citation 15 of Edwards, 1996)</dd> <dd>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstrahanJacobs1983" class="citation journal cs1">Astrahan, Morton M.; Jacobs, John F. (1983). "History of the Design of the SAGE Computer, the AN-FSQ-7". Annals of Computing. 5 (4): 341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.1983.10098">10.1109/mahc.1983.10098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14273110">14273110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Computing&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Design+of+the+SAGE+Computer%2C+the+AN-FSQ-7&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.1983.10098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14273110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Astrahan&rft.aufirst=Morton+M.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel p. 310)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValley_Jr.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Valley Jr., George E. (1985). "How the SAGE Development Began". Annals of the History of Computing. 7 (3): 196–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1985.10030">10.1109/MAHC.1985.10030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30320780">30320780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=How+the+SAGE+Development+Began&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=196-226&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1985.10030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30320780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Valley+Jr.&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, John F[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] (1986). "The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History". <a href="/wiki/MITRE" class="mw-redirect" title="MITRE">MITRE</a> Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+SAGE+Air+Defense+System%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=John+FCategory%3AAll+pages+needing+factual+verificationCategory%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+factual+verification+from+April+2013%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+title%3D%22The+middle+initial+needs+verified+since+the+SAGE+John+Jacobs+had+middle+initial+%26quot%3BB%26quot%3B.%26%2332%3B%28April+2013%29%22%3Everification+needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1998" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas P. Hughes (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibDuAAAAMAAJ&q=sage">"SAGE"</a> (Google Books). Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World. Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679411512" title="Special:BookSources/9780679411512"><bdi>9780679411512</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SAGE&rft.btitle=Rescuing+Prometheus%3A+Four+Monumental+Projects+That+Changed+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780679411512&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibDuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1981" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Claud (1981). System Builders: The Story of SDC. Santa Monica: System Development Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=System+Builders%3A+The+Story+of+SDC&rft.place=Santa+Monica&rft.pub=System+Development+Corporation&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Claud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> (cited by Schaffel p. 205/311: "Although technically a Lincoln unit, SDC did much of its work at RAND Headquarters in Santa Monica, California. RAND designers developed the Model I software that allowed realistic training for [SAGE] technicians scheduled to operate the first direction center.") </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyerDennis1998" class="citation report cs1">Dyer, Davis; Dennis, Michael Aaron (December 1998). Architects of Information Advantage: The MITRE Corporation Since 1958 (Report). Community Communications Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1581920121" title="Special:BookSources/1581920121"><bdi>1581920121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Architects+of+Information+Advantage%3A+The+MITRE+Corporation+Since+1958&rft.pub=Community+Communications+Corp&rft.date=1998-12&rft.isbn=1581920121&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Davis&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Michael+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-Automatic+Ground+Environment" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnticknapSchuster1959" class="citation journal cs1">Enticknap, R. G.; Schuster, E. F. (1959). "Sage data system considerations". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics. 77 (6): 824–832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCE.1959.6372899">10.1109/TCE.1959.6372899</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-2452">0097-2452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51659466">51659466</a>.</cite><span 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id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OnGuard1956">On Guard: The Story of SAGE</a> (1956) IBM Corporation, Military Products Division</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg">In Your Defense</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Cold War Computing: The SAGE System, Computer Museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_system_codes" title="Template:USAF system codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_system_codes" title="Template talk:USAF system codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_system_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF system codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Air_Force_system_numbers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> system numbers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100–199</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">101</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-62_Snark" title="SM-62 Snark">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">105</a></li> <li>1061</li> <li>107 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-68_Titan" title="SM-68 Titan">A-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1081</li> <li>1091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">110</a></li> <li>1111</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-63_RASCAL" title="GAM-63 RASCAL">112</a></li> <li>1131</li> <li>1141</li> <li>1151</li> <li>1161</li> <li>117 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconnaissance_Satellite_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconnaissance Satellite System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>118 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGM-118_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118 Peacekeeper">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KA-27_(camera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KA-27 (camera) (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypersonic_Reconnaissance_Manned_Boost-Glide_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypersonic Reconnaissance Manned Boost-Glide Rocket (page does not exist)">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter" title="Boeing C-135 Stratolifter">119</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">C/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFM_International_CFM56" title="CFM International CFM56">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Photo-Reconnaissance_Balloon_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Photo-Reconnaissance Balloon System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EC-135" title="Boeing EC-135">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGM-75_AICBM" title="BGM-75 AICBM">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-67_Crossbow" title="GAM-67 Crossbow">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSM-73_Goose" title="XSM-73 Goose">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-124A_Flying_Cloud" title="WS-124A Flying Cloud">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-125" title="WS-125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomber_Defense_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomber Defense Missile (page does not exist)">126</a></li> <li>1271</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-128A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-128A (page does not exist)">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-130A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-130A (page does not exist)">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">131</a></li> <li>132 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomber_Defense_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomber Defense Missile (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-132B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-132B (page does not exist)">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">133</a></li> <li>1341</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-135A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-135A (page does not exist)">135</a></li> <li>1361</li> <li>1371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM" title="AGM-69 SRAM">140</a></li> <li>1411</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popeye_(missile)" title="Popeye (missile)">142</a></li> <li>143–1971</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-198A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-198A (page does not exist)">198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-199" title="WS-199">199</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bold_Orion" title="Bold Orion">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Virgo" title="High Virgo">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Draco" title="Alpha Draco">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-199Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-199Y (page does not exist)">Y</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200–299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">200</a></li> <li>201 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">A/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">B/W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J75" title="Pratt & Whitney J75">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">202</a></li> <li>2031</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-103" title="Republic XF-103">204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">206</a></li> <li>2071</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-26_Falcon" title="AIM-26 Falcon">208</a></li> <li>2091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">210</a></li> <li>2111</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Weapons_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Weapons Control System (page does not exist)">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_Early_Warning_Line" title="Distant Early Warning Line">213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-121_Constellation" title="Lockheed C-121 Constellation">214</a></li> <li>2151</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">218</a></li> <li>2191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">221</a></li> <li>222 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Wizard" title="Project Wizard">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Electro-Optical_Countermeasures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Electro-Optical Countermeasures (page does not exist)">G</a></li></ul></li> <li>2231</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Zeus" title="Nike Zeus">224</a></li> <li>2251</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-7_Sparrow" title="AIM-7 Sparrow">226</a></li> <li>227–2381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">239</a></li> <li>240–2781</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">279</a></li> <li>280–2981</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-299A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-299A (page does not exist)">299</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300–399</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">300</a></li> <li>3011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-68" title="Martin XB-68">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">303</a></li> <li>3041</li> <li>3051</li> <li>306 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">A/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">309</a></li> <li>3101</li> <li>3111</li> <li>3121</li> <li>3131</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-62_Walleye" title="AGM-62 Walleye">314</a></li> <li>315 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">A-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">316</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Tank_Guided_Air_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Tank Guided Air Rocket (page does not exist)">317</a></li> <li>3181</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">319</a></li> <li>3201</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-12_Bullpup" title="AGM-12 Bullpup">321</a></li> <li>3221</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Strike/Reconnaissance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Strike/Reconnaissance System (page does not exist)">323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">324</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Grumman_EF-111A_Raven" title="General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_TF30" title="Pratt & Whitney TF30">M/N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Medium_Range_Ballistic_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile Medium Range Ballistic Missile (page does not exist)">325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">327</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J79" title="General Electric J79">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">328</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">329</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_TF34" title="General Electric TF34">F</a></li></ul></li> <li>3301</li> <li>3311</li> <li>3321</li> <li>3331</li> <li>3341</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly" title="Cessna A-37 Dragonfly">335</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II" title="LTV A-7 Corsair II">337</a></li> <li>338–3791</li> <li>380 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_F100" title="Pratt & Whitney F100">A/B/E/F/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_F110" title="General Electric F110">P</a></li></ul></li> <li>381–3971</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theater_Ballistic_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theater Ballistic Missile (page does not exist)">398</a></li> <li>399 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-399A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-399A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-399B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-399B (page does not exist)">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">400–499</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">400</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">B/C/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_T56" title="Allison T56">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_MC-130" title="Lockheed MC-130">G/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_RC-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed RC-130 Hercules">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-132" title="Douglas C-132">401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster" title="Douglas C-133 Cargomaster">402</a></li> <li>4031</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Traffic_Control_And_Landing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Traffic Control And Landing System (page does not exist)">404</a></li> <li>405 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaceborne_Laser_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaceborne Laser Communications System (page does not exist)">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_405C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 405C (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_405D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 405D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li>4061</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Theater_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Theater Air Control System (page does not exist)">407</a></li> <li>4081</li> <li>4091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">410</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_TF39" title="General Electric TF39">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Area_Surveillance_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Area Surveillance Control System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry" title="Boeing E-3 Sentry">411</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_Warning_And_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Warning And Control System">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Weapons_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Weapons Control System (page does not exist)">412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_Early_Warning_Line" title="Distant Early Warning Line">413</a></li> <li>414 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_Early_Warning_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric Early Warning System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-414M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-414M (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command_Integrated_Management_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Airlift Command Integrated Management System (page does not exist)">415</a></li> <li>416 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-Up_Interceptor_Control" title="Back-Up Interceptor Control">M (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sands_Missile_Range_Surveillance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Sands Missile Range Surveillance System (page does not exist)">M (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seek_Dawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seek Dawn (page does not exist)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Digitizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Digitizer (page does not exist)">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-417L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-417L (page does not exist)">417</a></li> <li>418 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryukyu_Air_Defense_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryukyu Air Defense System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Air_Defense_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiian Air Defense System (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>4191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">420</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">L/W</a></li></ul></li> <li>4211</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Digital_Network" title="Automatic Digital Network">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet" title="Cessna T-37 Tweet">424</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">425</a></li> <li>426 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_AQM-35" title="Northrop AQM-35">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-426M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-426M (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>427 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AQM-60_Kingfisher" title="Lockheed AQM-60 Kingfisher">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Airlift_Command_Integrated_Management_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Airlift Command Integrated Management System (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>428 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Air_Ground_Intelligence_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Air Ground Intelligence System (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/URC-117_Ground_Wave_Emergency_Network" title="AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Firebee" title="Ryan Firebee">429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_Processing_and_Interpretation_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic Processing and Interpretation Facility (page does not exist)">430</a></li> <li>431 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_431G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 431G (page does not exist)">G (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_Control_And_Landing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traffic Control And Landing System (page does not exist)">G (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crash_Locator_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crash Locator System (page does not exist)">432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=METRO_Weather_Observation_and_Forecasting_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="METRO Weather Observation and Forecasting System (page does not exist)">433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Surveillance_System" title="Air Force Space Surveillance System">434</a></li> <li>435 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navy_Navigational_Satellite_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navy Navigational Satellite System (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EC-135" title="Boeing EC-135">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Automated_Command_and_Control_System" title="Strategic Automated Command and Control System">436</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear-Armed_Unguided_Satellite_Inspection_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear-Armed Unguided Satellite Inspection System (page does not exist)">437</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIDS_Intelligence_Data_Handling_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIDS Intelligence Data Handling System (page does not exist)">438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Coastal_Cable_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea Coastal Cable Communications System (page does not exist)">439</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forward_Scatter_Over-the-Horizon_Radar_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forward Scatter Over-the-Horizon Radar System (page does not exist)">440</a></li> <li>441 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_Mist" title="Cobra Mist">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobra_Talon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobra Talon (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Satellite_Communications" title="Air Force Satellite Communications">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_X-7" title="Lockheed X-7">442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">443</a></li> <li>4441</li> <li>445 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-445L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-445L (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-445M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-445M (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">447</a></li> <li>4481</li> <li>4491</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">450</a></li> <li>451 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spain_Air_Defense_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spain Air Defense System (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Information_Distribution_System" title="Joint Tactical Information Distribution System">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">453</a></li> <li>4541</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HYWARDS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HYWARDS (page does not exist)">455</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrajector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrajector (page does not exist)">456</a></li> <li>4571</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wideband_Transmission_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wideband Transmission System (page does not exist)">458</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-459L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-459L (page does not exist)">459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS" title="Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS">460</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_WC-135_Constant_Phoenix" title="Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-Altitude_Balloon_Reconnaissance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-Altitude Balloon Reconnaissance System (page does not exist)">461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_AQM-37_Jayhawk" title="Beechcraft AQM-37 Jayhawk">462</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/463L_master_pallet" title="463L master pallet">463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_465L_Strategic_Air_Command_Control_System" title="ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System">465</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=466L_Electromagnetic_Intelligence_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="466L Electromagnetic Intelligence System (page does not exist)">466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Navigational_Training_Support_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Navigational Training Support System (page does not exist)">467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_JetStar" title="Lockheed JetStar">468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_Of_Range_Telemetry_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversion Of Range Telemetry Systems (page does not exist)">469</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_470L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 470L (page does not exist)">470</a></li> <li>471 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">L (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Support_System_Test_Aircraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Support System Test Aircraft (page does not exist)">472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USAF_Command_and_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USAF Command and Control System (page does not exist)">473</a></li> <li>474 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Early_Warning_System" title="Ballistic Missile Early Warning System">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/FPS-26_Radar" title="AN/FPS-26 Radar">N</a></li></ul></li> <li>4751</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter" title="Lockheed C-141 Starlifter">476</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT3D">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_477L_Nuclear_Detection_and_Reporting_System" title="GE 477L Nuclear Detection and Reporting System">477</a></li> <li>478 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTV_XC-142" title="LTV XC-142">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri-Service_Tactical_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri-Service Tactical Communications System (page does not exist)">T</a></li></ul></li> <li>4791</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-480L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-480L (page does not exist)">480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-4" title="Boeing E-4">481</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Attack_Command_and_Control_System" title="Post-Attack Command and Control System">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion">482</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T64" title="General Electric T64">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Theater_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Theater Air Control System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_MH-53" title="Sikorsky MH-53">M/Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air/Ground_Digital_Secure_Teletype_Communication_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air/Ground Digital Secure Teletype Communication System (page does not exist)">483</a></li> <li>484 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Frequency_Global_Communication_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Frequency Global Communication System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Build_Back&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Build Back (page does not exist)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_Wash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wet Wash (page does not exist)">N</a></li></ul></li> <li>485 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Theater_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Theater Air Control System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-61R" title="Sikorsky S-61R">Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediterranean Communications System (page does not exist)">486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivable_Low_Frequency_Communications_System" title="Survivable Low Frequency Communications System">487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Pine_(communications)" title="Green Pine (communications)">488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Area_Command_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Area Command System (page does not exist)">489</a></li> <li>490 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Voice_Network_of_the_Defense_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Voice Network of the Defense Communications System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Attack_Intercontinental_Link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post Attack Intercontinental Link (page does not exist)">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>4911</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Strike_Command_and_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Strike Command and Control (page does not exist)">492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Secure_Voice_Communications_Network" title="Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network">493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/DRC-8_Emergency_Rocket_Communications_System" title="AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System">494</a></li> <li>495 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFF_Mark_XII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFF Mark XII (page does not exist)">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Command_and_Control_Information_Processing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Command and Control Information Processing System (page does not exist)">L (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">496</a></li> <li>497 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-497A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-497A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Digital_Switching_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Digital Switching System (page does not exist)">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>498 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-498A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-498A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Communications_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic Communications System (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milstar" title="Milstar">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>499 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-499A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-499A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-499C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-499C (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-499D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-499D (page does not exist)">D</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500–599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_Communication_Product_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground Communication Product Group (page does not exist)">500</a></li> <li>501–5191</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-520B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-520B (page does not exist)">520</a></li> <li>521–5291</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-530A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-530A (page does not exist)">530</a></li> <li>531–5411</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_542N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 542N (page does not exist)">542</a></li> <li>543–5491</li> <li>550 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-550A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-550A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-550E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-550E (page does not exist)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li>551–5591</li> <li>560 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-560A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-560A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-560F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-560F (page does not exist)">F</a></li></ul></li> <li>561–5691</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-570A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-570A (page does not exist)">570</a></li> <li>571–5791</li> <li>580 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-580A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-580A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS-580E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS-580E (page does not exist)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li>581–5891</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_590K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 590K (page does not exist)">590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBU-15" title="GBU-15">591</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_592K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 592K (page does not exist)">592</a></li> <li>593–5991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">600–699</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-600A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-600A (page does not exist)">600</a></li> <li>601 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_X-7" title="Lockheed X-7">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Aerospace_Offensive_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Aerospace Offensive System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>602 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XV-3" title="Bell XV-3">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Aerospace_Defensive_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Aerospace Defensive System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li>603 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_X-13_Vertijet" title="Ryan X-13 Vertijet">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Forces_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Forces System (page does not exist)">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-604A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-604A (page does not exist)">604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiller_X-18" title="Hiller X-18">607</a></li> <li>6081</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">609</a></li> <li>6101</li> <li>6111</li> <li>6121</li> <li>6131</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-614A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-614A (page does not exist)">614</a></li> <li>6151</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Essential_Emergency_Communications_Network" title="Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network">616</a></li> <li>6171</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-618A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-618A (page does not exist)">618</a></li> <li>6191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">620</a></li> <li>621 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_SAINT" title="Project SAINT">A/B (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_NavSat/Inertial_Test_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated NavSat/Inertial Test System (page does not exist)">B (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">622</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Solid-Propellant_Launch_Vehicle_Rocket_Motor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Solid-Propellant Launch Vehicle Rocket Motor (page does not exist)">623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">624</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-625A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-625A (page does not exist)">625</a></li> <li>6261</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Ballistic_Reentry_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Ballistic Reentry System (page does not exist)">627</a></li> <li>6281</li> <li>6291</li> <li>6301</li> <li>6311</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/AAR-44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/AAR-44 (page does not exist)">632</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_Inertial_Doppler_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellar Inertial Doppler System (page does not exist)">633</a></li> <li>634 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_Dane" title="Cobra Dane">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Information_Distribution_System" title="Joint Tactical Information Distribution System">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALE-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALE-24 (page does not exist)">635</a></li> <li>6361</li> <li>6371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">638</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALE-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALE-40 (page does not exist)">639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALE-45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALE-45 (page does not exist)">640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/ALE-47" title="AN/ALE-47">641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seek_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seek Point (page does not exist)">642</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-184&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-184 (page does not exist)">643</a></li> <li>6441</li> <li>6451</li> <li>6461</li> <li>6471</li> <li>648 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RM-81_Agena" title="RM-81 Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_648D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 648D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-99" title="AN/ALQ-99">P</a></li></ul></li> <li>649 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-649A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-649A (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-649B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-649B (page does not exist)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WS-649C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WS-649C (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-649D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-649D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Counterweapons_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Counterweapons System (page does not exist)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_Inspection_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satellite Inspection System (page does not exist)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Combat_Weapon_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Combat Weapon System (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Dash 10">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-650A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-650A (page does not exist)">650</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_651A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 651A (page does not exist)">651</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-122 (page does not exist)">652</a></li> <li>6531</li> <li>6541</li> <li>655 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-655A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-655A (page does not exist)">A (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Altutude_Short_Range_Missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Altutude Short Range Missile (page does not exist)">A (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-131 (page does not exist)">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-135" title="AN/ALQ-135">656</a></li> <li>6571</li> <li>6581</li> <li>6591</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-155&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-155 (page does not exist)">660</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-161 (page does not exist)">661</a></li> <li>6621</li> <li>6631</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-172 (page does not exist)">664</a></li> <li>665 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-665A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-665A (page does not exist)">A (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-Sensor_Airborne_Reconnaissance/Strike_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-Sensor Airborne Reconnaissance/Strike System (page does not exist)">A (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li>666 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_NavSat/Inertial_Test_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated NavSat/Inertial Test System (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALQ-184&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALQ-184 (page does not exist)">C/P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_667A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 667A (page does not exist)">667</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_668A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 668A (page does not exist)">668</a></li> <li>6691</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_670B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 670B (page does not exist)">670</a></li> <li>6711</li> <li>672 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_ICBM_Technology_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced ICBM Technology Program (page does not exist)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALR-56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALR-56 (page does not exist)">M/P</a></li></ul></li> <li>6731</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALR-69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALR-69 (page does not exist)">674</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-675A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-675A (page does not exist)">675</a></li> <li>6761</li> <li>6771</li> <li>6781</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_679A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 679A (page does not exist)">679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survivable_Flight_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survivable Flight Control System (page does not exist)">680</a></li> <li>681 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_681D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 681D (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_Installation_Security_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base Installation Security System (page does not exist)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li>6821</li> <li>683 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Air_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Air Control System (page does not exist)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">V</a></li></ul></li> <li>6841</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-685A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-685A (page does not exist)">685</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Flight_Simulation_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aircraft Flight Simulation Complex (page does not exist)">686</a></li> <li>687 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TACSATCOM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TACSATCOM (page does not exist)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">P</a></li></ul></li> <li>6881</li> <li>6891</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_690K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 690K (page does not exist)">690</a></li> <li>691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_691X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 691X (page does not exist)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Military_Command_and_Control_System" title="Worldwide Military Command and Control System">Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>6921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_X-13_Vertijet" title="Ryan X-13 Vertijet">693</a></li> <li>6941</li> <li>695 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSER" title="ANSER">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itek" title="Itek">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-68_Titan" title="SM-68 Titan">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">S (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">S (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li>6961</li> <li>6971</li> <li>6981</li> <li>6991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">700–799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>700–7351</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/APR-46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/APR-46 (page does not exist)">736</a></li> <li>7371</li> <li>7381</li> <li>7391</li> <li>7401</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Electronic_Warfare_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Electronic Warfare System (page does not exist)">741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LANTIRN" title="LANTIRN">742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LANTIRN" title="LANTIRN">743</a></li> <li>7441</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Satellite_Communications_Directorate" title="Military Satellite Communications Directorate">745</a></li> <li>746–7531</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AN/ALM-234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AN/ALM-234 (page does not exist)">754</a></li> <li>755–7991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800–899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>8001</li> <li>8011</li> <li>802 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_802L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 802L (page does not exist)">L (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Frequency_Global_Communication_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Frequency Global Communication System (page does not exist)">L (II)</a></li></ul></li> <li>8031</li> <li>8041</li> <li>8051</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Range_Threat_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Range Threat System (page does not exist)">806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">807</a></li> <li>808–8161</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_Sensor_Collection_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technical Sensor Collection Systems (page does not exist)">817</a></li> <li>8181</li> <li>8191</li> <li>8201</li> <li>8211</li> <li>8221</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_823L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System 823L (page does not exist)">823</a></li> <li>824–8311</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">832</a></li> <li>8331</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">834</a></li> <li>835–8451</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Range_Threat_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Range Threat System (page does not exist)">846</a></li> <li>847–8991</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>900–9511</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">952</a></li> <li>8531</li> <li>8541</li> <li>8551</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">956</a></li> <li>957–9671</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacer_Harmony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacer Harmony (page does not exist)">968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Unknown or not assigned</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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