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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Derogatory term for foreign deities in Abrahamic religions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Taylor Swift song, see <a href="/wiki/False_God_(song)" title="False God (song)">False God (song)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG/220px-Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG/330px-Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG/440px-Nergal_gate_in_Nineveh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="3444" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Nergal_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nergal Gate">Nergal Gate</a> in Nineveh, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The phrase <i><b>false god</b></i> is a derogatory term used in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) to indicate <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> of non-Abrahamic <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan religions</a>, as well as other competing entities or objects to which particular importance is attributed.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, followers of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic religions</a> may regard the gods of various monotheistic religions as "false gods", because they do not believe that any real deity possesses the properties ascribed by monotheists to their sole deity. <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheists</a>, who do not believe in any deities, do not usually use the term <i>false god</i> even though that would encompass all deities from the atheist viewpoint. Usage of this term is generally limited to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theists</a>, who choose to worship some deity or deities, but not others.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, <i>false god</i> is used as a derogatory term to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">object of worship</a> besides the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic god</a> that is regarded as either illegitimate or non-functioning in its professed authority or capability, and this characterization is further used as a definition of "idol".<sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>false god</i> is often used throughout the Abrahamic scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) to single out <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a><sup id="cite_ref-JE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Alihat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a><sup id="cite_ref-EI_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>) as the only true <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> itself recognizes and reports that on multiple occasions, the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> were not monotheists but actively engaged in <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and worshipped many foreign, non-Jewish Gods besides Yahweh and/or instead of Him,<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl_2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>, and more), and continued to do so until their return from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a><sup id="cite_ref-JE_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hebrew religion">Ancient Hebrew religion</a>). </p><p>Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, eventually shifted into a strict, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive monotheism">exclusive monotheism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">sole veneration</a> of Yahweh,<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Toorn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gruber_2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber_2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic">rabbinic</a> tradition, the Evil Inclination for idolatry was eradicated in the early <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> period, and this is what led to the shift away from earlier Israelite polytheism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">vast majority of religions in history</a> have been and/or are still polytheistic, worshipping many diverse deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim to worship the "one and only true God" came to most of the world with the arrival of Abrahamic religions and is the distinguishing characteristic of their monotheistic worldview,<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas virtually all the other religions in the world have been and/or are still <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Hebrew_Bible">In the Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> refers to deities from other neighboring cultures as <i><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">shedim</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שֵׁדִים</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Greenbaum_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenbaum_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loan-word</a> from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> in which the word <i><a href="/wiki/Shedu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shedu">shedu</a></i> referred to a spirit which could be either protective or malevolent.<sup id="cite_ref-EliorSchäfer2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EliorSchäfer2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appear twice (always plural), at <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26a6.htm#37">106:37</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Moses" title="Song of Moses">Deuteronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0532.htm#17">32:17</a>. Both times it is mentioned in the context of sacrificing children or animals to them.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek</a>, the Hebrew term <i>shedim</i> was translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimones</a></i>, with implied negativity.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenbaum_2015_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenbaum_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave rise to a dualism between native spirits of the own religion's God, and the spirits of foreign origin as demons.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Gnosticism">In Gnosticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (Bible)">biblical serpent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> was praised and thanked for bringing knowledge (<i><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a></i>) to Adam and Eve and thereby freeing them from the <a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">malevolent</a> <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>'s control.<sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnostic Christian doctrines rely on a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic cosmology</a> that implies the eternal conflict between good and evil, and a conception of the serpent as the <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">liberating savior</a> and bestower of knowledge to humankind opposed to the Demiurge or <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator god</a>, identified with the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Hebrew God</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gnostic Christians considered the Hebrew God of the Old Testament as the evil, false god and creator of the material universe, and the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Unknown God</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and creator of the spiritual world, as the true, good God.<sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophite</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a> (Yahweh) is regarded as the malevolent Demiurge and false god of the Old Testament who sinned by claiming divinity for himself and generated the material universe and keeps the souls trapped in physical bodies, imprisoned in the world full of pain and suffering that he <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">created</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Litwa_2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litwa_2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer-Mueller_1990_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Mueller_1990-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arendzen4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arendzen4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all Gnostic movements regarded the creator of the material universe as inherently evil or malevolent.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Logan_2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinians</a> believed that the Demiurge is merely an ignorant and incompetent creator, trying to fashion the world as good as he can, but lacking the proper power to maintain its goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Logan_2002_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Gnostics were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">Early Church Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mythology" title="Islamic mythology">Islamic mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> refers to <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a></i> as entities who had a similar status to that of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">lesser deities in the pre-Islamic Arabian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Quran doesn't equate the jinn to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it reduces them to the same status as <a href="/wiki/Human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beings">human beings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their mortality and dependence on <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> (<i>ḳadar</i>), they would also be subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment#In_Islam" title="Last Judgment">final judgment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allāh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī</a>, the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">theologian</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">eponymous school of Islamic theology</a>, considered the jinn to be weaker than humans, and asserted that whenever humans act upon the jinn, they humiliate themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">ṭāġūt</a></i> may refer to idols, sometimes thought to be inhabited by one or more <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 210">: 210 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> don't necessarily deny the power of demons within the idol, but deny that they are worthy of worship. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Kitāb al-ʾAṣnām</a></i> ("Book of the Idols"), the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">Ibn al-Kalbī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 737–819</span> <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) tells how <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khālid ibn al-Walīd</a> to kill the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess <a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">al-ʿUzzā</a>, who was supposed to inhabit three trees. After cutting down all the trees, a woman with wild hair appears, identified with al-ʿUzzā. After battle, she is killed, and thus al-ʿUzzā considered to be defeated. </p><p>Similarly, the Arab Muslim geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 945/946–991</span> CE) wrote about <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Indian deities</a> (known in Middle Eastern folklore as <i><a href="/wiki/Div_(mythology)" title="Div (mythology)">dīv</a></i>), asserting that they have the power to enchant people, even Muslims, to worship them. A Muslim is said to have visited them and <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">abandoned Islam</a>. When he reached <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim land</a> again, he returned to his Islamic faith. The power of idols is not limited to enchantment alone, they could even grant wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other similar entities are the <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shurakāʼ</a></i> ("partners [of God]"), whose existence is not denied, however their relation to God is. They are regarded as powerless beings, who will be cast into <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Hell</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment#In_Islam" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>, along with evil jinn and fallen angels turned <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">devils</a> (<i>shayāṭīn</i>), for usurping the divine nature.<sup id="cite_ref-MagicAndDivination-2021_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Canaanite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_religion" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion">Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_God_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil God Challenge">Evil God Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God in the Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs#God" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Zoroastrianism" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Zoroastrianism">God in Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltheism">Maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_therapeutic_deism" title="Moralistic therapeutic deism">Moralistic therapeutic deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_religion" title="Natural religion">Natural religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_theology" title="Outline of theology">Outline of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic Neopaganism">Semitic Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">Ger toshav</a></i> (resident alien)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></i> (primitive monotheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in the Bible">Violence in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_the_Quran" title="Violence in the Quran">Violence in the Quran</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic god</a> <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> is indeed the most ancient predecessor to the Abrahamic god,<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl_2021_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Toorn_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this specifically refers to the ancient ideas <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> once encompassed in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hebrew religion">Ancient Hebrew religion</a>, such as being a <a href="/wiki/Storm_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm god">storm-</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_god" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war-god</a>, living on mountains, or controlling the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl_2021_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Toorn_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2003_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in this page's context, "Yahweh" is used to refer to God as conceived in the Ancient Hebrew religion, and should not be referenced when describing his later worship in today's Abrahamic religions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrohnLützenkirchen2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frohn, Elke Sophie; Lützenkirchen, H.-Georg (2007). "Idol". In <a href="/wiki/Kocku_von_Stuckrad" title="Kocku von Stuckrad">von Stuckrad, Kocku</a> (ed.). <i>The Brill Dictionary of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041">10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004124332" title="Special:BookSources/9789004124332"><bdi>9789004124332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240180055">240180055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idol&rft.btitle=The+Brill+Dictionary+of+Religion&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240180055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041&rft.isbn=9789004124332&rft.aulast=Frohn&rft.aufirst=Elke+Sophie&rft.au=L%C3%BCtzenkirchen%2C+H.-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelini_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelini, Anna (2021). "Les dieux des autres: entre «démons» et «idoles»". <i>L'imaginaire du démoniaque dans la Septante: Une analyse comparée de la notion de "démon" dans la Septante et dans la Bible Hébraïque</i>. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (in French). Vol. 197. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 184–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004468474_008">10.1163/9789004468474_008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4"><bdi>978-90-04-46847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+dieux+des+autres%3A+entre+%C2%ABd%C3%A9mons%C2%BB+et+%C2%ABidoles%C2%BB&rft.btitle=L%27imaginaire+du+d%C3%A9moniaque+dans+la+Septante%3A+Une+analyse+compar%C3%A9e+de+la+notion+de+%22d%C3%A9mon%22+dans+la+Septante+et+dans+la+Bible+H%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.pages=184-224&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004468474_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46847-4&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leone_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leone, Massimo (Spring 2016). Asif, Agha (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1561609/136254/Massimo%20Leone%202016%20-%20Smashing%20Idols.pdf">"Smashing Idols: A Paradoxical Semiotics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Signs and Society</i>. <b>4</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> on behalf of the Semiosis Research Center at <a href="/wiki/Hankuk_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Hankuk University of Foreign Studies">Hankuk University of Foreign Studies</a>: 30–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F684586">10.1086/684586</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4497">2326-4497</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1561609">2318/1561609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4489">2326-4489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53408911">53408911</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923020328/https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1561609/136254/Massimo%20Leone%202016%20-%20Smashing%20Idols.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs+and+Society&rft.atitle=Smashing+Idols%3A+A+Paradoxical+Semiotics&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-56&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1561609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53408911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2326-4497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F684586&rft.issn=2326-4489&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unito.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F2318%2F1561609%2F136254%2FMassimo%2520Leone%25202016%2520-%2520Smashing%2520Idols.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsLewis1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>, eds. (1971). "Idol, Idolatry". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a></i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_DUM_1900">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_1900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idol%2C+Idolatry&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_DUM_1900&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerBlau1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Blau">Blau, Ludwig</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15027-worship-idol">"Idol-Worship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504235442/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15027-worship-idol">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idol-Worship&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Blau%2C+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F15027-worship-idol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/idol">"Definition of idol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster.com">Merriam-Webster.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+idol&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fidol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahl_2021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl_2021_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl_2021_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl_2021_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl2021" class="citation book cs1">Stahl, Michael J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drMlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">"The "God of Israel" and the Politics of Divinity in Ancient Israel"</a>. <i>The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum: Supplements</a>. Vol. 187. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 52–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004447721_003">10.1163/9789004447721_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44772-1"><bdi>978-90-04-44772-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236752143">236752143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22God+of+Israel%22+and+the+Politics+of+Divinity+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+%22God+of+Israel%22+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Vetus+Testamentum%3A+Supplements&rft.pages=52-144&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236752143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004447721_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44772-1&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrMlEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Toorn_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Toorn_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Toorn_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Van der Toorn, Karel</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA352">"God (I)"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 352–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+%28I%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=352-365&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2000" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA916">"Monotheism"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 916–917. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053565035" title="Special:BookSources/9053565035"><bdi>9053565035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=916-917&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9053565035&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruber_2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gruber_2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber2013" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Mayer I. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1xbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">"Israel"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Barbette_Spaeth" title="Barbette Spaeth">Spaeth, Barbette Stanley</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 76–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCO9781139047784.007">10.1017/CCO9781139047784.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11396-0"><bdi>978-0-521-11396-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012049271">2012049271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Ancient+Mediterranean+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012049271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCO9781139047784.007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11396-0&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Mayer+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1xbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2000_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2000_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA384">"El"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 384–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053565035" title="Special:BookSources/9053565035"><bdi>9053565035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=384-386&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9053565035&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2003_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2003_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afkRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">"El, Yahweh, and the Original God of Israel and the Exodus"</a>. <i>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 133–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008">10.1093/019513480X.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195134803" title="Special:BookSources/9780195134803"><bdi>9780195134803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El%2C+Yahweh%2C+and+the+Original+God+of+Israel+and+the+Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism%3A+Israel%27s+Polytheistic+Background+and+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=133-148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008&rft.isbn=9780195134803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafkRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1995" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45">"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion: Methodological and Religio-Historical Aspects"</a>. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). <i>The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. pp. 45–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053565032" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053565032"><bdi>978-9053565032</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33819403">33819403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+YHWH+in+Judahite+and+Israelite+Religion%3A+Methodological+and+Religio-Historical+Aspects&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=45-72&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33819403&rft.isbn=978-9053565032&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2018" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">"The End of an Age: Idolatry as Obsolete Superstition"</a>. <i>God versus Gods: Judasim in the Age of Idolatry</i>. Mosaica Press. pp. 244–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946351463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1946351463"><bdi>978-1946351463</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27322748M">27322748M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+an+Age%3A+Idolatry+as+Obsolete+Superstition&rft.btitle=God+versus+Gods%3A+Judasim+in+the+Age+of+Idolatry&rft.pages=244-276&rft.pub=Mosaica+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27322748M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1946351463&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDx9xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) [26 July 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">"Polytheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205729/https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polytheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolytheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2012_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Hayes" title="Christine Hayes">Hayes, Christine</a> (2012). "Understanding Biblical Monotheism". <i>Introduction to the Bible</i>. The Open Yale Courses Series. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300181791" title="Special:BookSources/9780300181791"><bdi>9780300181791</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bxpm.6">j.ctt32bxpm.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Biblical+Monotheism&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=The+Open+Yale+Courses+Series&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bxpm.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780300181791&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Bernard" title="David K. Bernard">Bernard, David K.</a> (2019) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"Monotheism in Paul's Rhetorical World"</a>. <i>The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ: Deification of Jesus in Early Christian Discourse</i>. Journal of Pentecostal Theology: Supplement Series. Vol. 45. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 53–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7"><bdi>978-90-04-39721-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-7393">0966-7393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+in+Paul%27s+Rhetorical+World&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+God+in+the+Face+of+Jesus+Christ%3A+Deification+of+Jesus+in+Early+Christian+Discourse&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Journal+of+Pentecostal+Theology%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pages=53-82&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0966-7393&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39721-7&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AD1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenbaum_2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenbaum_2015_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenbaum_2015_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Greenbaum, Dorian G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnLsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">"Part 1: Daimon and Fortune – Hie Thee to Hell: The Place of the Bad Daimon"</a>. <i>The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence</i>. Ancient Magic and Divination. Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004306219_006">10.1163/9789004306219_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30621-9"><bdi>978-90-04-30621-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1566-7952">1566-7952</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015028673">2015028673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1%3A+Daimon+and+Fortune+%E2%80%93+Hie+Thee+to+Hell%3A+The+Place+of+the+Bad+Daimon&rft.btitle=The+Daimon+in+Hellenistic+Astrology%3A+Origins+and+Influence&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Ancient+Magic+and+Divination&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004306219_006&rft.issn=1566-7952&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015028673&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30621-9&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Dorian+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnLsCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EliorSchäfer2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EliorSchäfer2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_EliorPeter_Schäfer2005" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Elior; Peter Schäfer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Fg2TiVGRQ0C&pg=PA29"><i>על בריאה ועל יצירה במחשבה היהודית: ספר היובל לכבודו של יוסף דן במלאת לו שבעים שנה</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148714-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148714-9"><bdi>978-3-16-148714-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA%3A+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C+%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3+%D7%93%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148714-9&rft.au=Rachel+Elior&rft.au=Peter+Sch%C3%A4fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Fg2TiVGRQ0C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses</i>. Judika Illes. HarperCollins, Jan 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDr51XX_YjEC&dq=shedim&pg=PA902">p. 902</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology</i>. Rosemary Guiley. Infobase Publishing, May 12, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHosWhaeWDQC&dq=sedim%2C+assyrian+guard+spirits&pg=PA21">p. 21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Gunther Plaut, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>: A Modern Commentary</i> (Union for Reform Judaism, 2005), p. 1403 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCTfI2rpvXEC&dq=shedim&pg=PP1422">online</a>; Dan Burton and David Grandy, <i>Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization</i> (Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 120 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSWSSBU7EdwC&dq=%22The+Hebrew+term+for+demons%22&pg=PA120">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Dale Basil (Winter 2010). "When Did Angels Become Demons?". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i>. <b>129</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>: 657–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960">25765960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=When+Did+Angels+Become+Demons%3F&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=657-677&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25765960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25765960&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kvam_1999-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvamSchearingZiegler1999" class="citation book cs1">Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. 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In <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Mitchell, Margaret M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frances_Young" title="Frances Young">Young, Frances M.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 434–451, 452–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.026">10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139054836" title="Special:BookSources/9781139054836"><bdi>9781139054836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+V%3A+The+Shaping+of+Christian+Theology+-+Monotheism+and+creation&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+1%3A+Origins+to+Constantine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=434-451%2C+452-456&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.026&rft.isbn=9781139054836&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UTfmw_zStsC%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousset,_Wilhelm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Bousset, Wilhelm</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valentinus and the Valentinians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Valentinus_and_the_Valentinians">"Valentinus and the Valentinians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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(ed.). <i>The Early Christian World</i>. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 923–925. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032199344" title="Special:BookSources/9781032199344"><bdi>9781032199344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IX%3A+Internal+Challenges+%E2%80%93+Gnosticism&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=923-925&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781032199344&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Alastair+H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakke2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brakke" title="David Brakke">Brakke, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EQ1XwHg0o0C&pg=PA18"><i>The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 18–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066038" title="Special:BookSources/9780674066038"><bdi>9780674066038</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjnrvhh.6">j.ctvjnrvhh.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169308502">169308502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostics%3A+Myth%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Diversity+in+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=18-51&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169308502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvjnrvhh.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780674066038&rft.aulast=Brakke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EQ1XwHg0o0C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Azmeh2017" class="citation book cs1">al-Azmeh, Aziz (2017) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnU3DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA294">"Chapter 5 – Allāh"</a>. <i>The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity: Allāh and His People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 294–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139410854.007">10.1017/CBO9781139410854.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139410854" title="Special:BookSources/9781139410854"><bdi>9781139410854</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013023226">2013023226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+%E2%80%93+All%C4%81h&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Islam+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+All%C4%81h+and+His+People&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=294-295&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013023226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139410854.007&rft.isbn=9781139410854&rft.aulast=al-Azmeh&rft.aufirst=Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnU3DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFel-Zein2009" class="citation book cs1">el-Zein, Amira (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjTctEZXHCQC&pg=PA52">"Beings of Light and of Fire"</a>. <i>Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn</i>. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815650706" title="Special:BookSources/9780815650706"><bdi>9780815650706</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1j5d836.6">j.ctt1j5d836.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009026745">2009026745</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785782984">785782984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beings+of+Light+and+of+Fire&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Intelligent+World+of+the+Jinn&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.series=Contemporary+Issues+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785782984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1j5d836.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009026745&rft.isbn=9780815650706&rft.aulast=el-Zein&rft.aufirst=Amira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjTctEZXHCQC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeWebb2016" class="citation book cs1">Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B., eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA526">"Jinn"</a>. <i>American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore</i>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. pp. 526–527. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610695671" title="Special:BookSources/9781610695671"><bdi>9781610695671</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015050529">2015050529</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/954734705">954734705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jinn&rft.btitle=American+Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Tall+Tales%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+American+Folklore&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=526-527&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F954734705&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015050529&rft.isbn=9781610695671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXnEDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDüzgün2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Düzgün, Şaban Ali (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/179828">"Dinsel ve Mitolojik Yönleriyle Cin ve Şeytan Algımız (Our Conception of Djin and Satan with Their Religious and Mythological Dimensions)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>KADER: Kelam Araştırmaları Dergisi</i> (in Turkish). <b>10</b> (2): 11–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1309-2030">1309-2030</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KADER%3A+Kelam+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Dinsel+ve+Mitolojik+Y%C3%B6nleriyle+Cin+ve+%C5%9Eeytan+Alg%C4%B1m%C4%B1z+%28Our+Conception+of+Djin+and+Satan+with+Their+Religious+and+Mythological+Dimensions%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11-30&rft.date=2012-07&rft.issn=1309-2030&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCzg%C3%BCn&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eaban+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F179828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNünlist2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nünlist, Tobias (2015). "Zur Liminalität: Die Dämonen als Grenzwesen". In Nünlist, Tobias (ed.). <i>Dämonenglaube im Islam</i>. Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East (in German). Vol. 28. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 192–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110331684-007">10.1515/9783110331684-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4"><bdi>978-3-110-33168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zur+Liminalit%C3%A4t%3A+Die+D%C3%A4monen+als+Grenzwesen&rft.btitle=D%C3%A4monenglaube+im+Islam&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=192-246&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110331684-007&rft.isbn=978-3-110-33168-4&rft.aulast=N%C3%BCnlist&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elias, J. J. (2014). Key Themes for the Study of Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Oneworld Publications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagicAndDivination-2021_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenninger2021" class="citation book cs1">Henninger, Joseph (2021) [2004]. "Beliefs in Spirits Among the Pre-Islamic Arabs". In Savage-Smith, Emilie (ed.). <i>Magic and Divination in Early Islam</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315250090">10.4324/9781315250090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315250090" title="Special:BookSources/9781315250090"><bdi>9781315250090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beliefs+in+Spirits+Among+the+Pre-Islamic+Arabs&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Divination+in+Early+Islam&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315250090&rft.isbn=9781315250090&rft.aulast=Henninger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_god&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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