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Scriptural references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hadith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_apostasy_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_apostasy_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Definition of apostasy in Islam </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_of_apostasy_in_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definition of apostasy in Islam subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_apostasy_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditions_of_apostasy_in_classical_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_of_apostasy_in_classical_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Conditions of apostasy in classical Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_of_apostasy_in_classical_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_in_defining_heresy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_in_defining_heresy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Issues in defining heresy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_in_defining_heresy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Punishment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Punishment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Who_qualifies_for_judgement_for_the_crime_of_apostasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Who_qualifies_for_judgement_for_the_crime_of_apostasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Who qualifies for judgement for the crime of apostasy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Who_qualifies_for_judgement_for_the_crime_of_apostasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Death penalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_classical_Islamic_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_classical_Islamic_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 In classical Islamic jurisprudence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_classical_Islamic_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vigilante_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vigilante_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Vigilante application </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vigilante_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_liabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_liabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Civil liabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_liabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporters_and_opponents_of_death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporters_and_opponents_of_death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Supporters and opponents of death penalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporters_and_opponents_of_death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale,_arguments,_criticism_for_and_against_killing_apostates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale,_arguments,_criticism_for_and_against_killing_apostates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Rationale, arguments, criticism for and against killing apostates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale,_arguments,_criticism_for_and_against_killing_apostates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Middle way </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_practice:_historical_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_practice:_historical_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In practice: historical impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_practice:_historical_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In practice: historical impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_practice:_historical_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 From the Middle Ages to the early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Colonial era and after </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_practice_in_the_recent_past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_practice_in_the_recent_past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In practice in the recent past </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_practice_in_the_recent_past-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In practice in the recent past subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_practice_in_the_recent_past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostate_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostate_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Apostate communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostate_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Universal Declaration of Human Rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Literature and film </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature and film subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_and_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Films and documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_by_ex-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_by_ex-Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Books by ex-Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_by_ex-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apostasy in Islam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الردة في الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الردة في الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97" title="ইসলামে ধর্মত্যাগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামে ধর্মত্যাগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B4" title="Иртидәд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иртидәд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasia_en_l%27islam" title="Apostasia en l'islam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apostasia en l'islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasie_im_Islam" title="Apostasie im Islam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apostasie im Islam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostas%C3%ADa_en_el_islam" title="Apostasía en el islam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apostasía en el islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ارتداد در اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتداد در اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasie_dans_l%27islam" title="Apostasie dans l'islam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apostasie dans l'islam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9anadh_creidimh_in_Ioslam" title="Séanadh creidimh in Ioslam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séanadh creidimh in Ioslam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="इस्लाम में धर्मत्याग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लाम में धर्मत्याग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasi_dalam_Islam" title="Apostasi dalam Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apostasi dalam Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda" title="Ridda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ridda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasie_am_Islam" title="Apostasie am Islam – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apostasie am Islam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF" title="مرتد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرتد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda" title="Ridda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ridda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%A3%84%E6%95%99" title="イスラム教における棄教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム教における棄教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="ارتداد په اسلام کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارتداد په اسلام کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda" title="Ridda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ridda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasia_no_Isl%C3%A3" title="Apostasia no Islã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apostasia no Islã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Иртидад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иртидад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostazia_n%C3%AB_fen%C3%AB_islame" title="Apostazia në fenë islame – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Apostazia në fenë islame" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apostasy in Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_(%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="ھەڵگەڕانەوە (ئیسلام) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵگەڕانەوە (ئیسلام)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasi_inom_islam" title="Apostasi inom islam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apostasi inom islam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="การละทิ้งศาสนาอิสลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การละทิ้งศาสนาอิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam%27da_dinden_%C3%A7%C4%B1kma" title="İslam'da dinden çıkma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam'da dinden çıkma" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a general description and examination of apostasy from Islam. For the situation of those accused of apostasy from Islam (ex-Muslims) by country, see <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a>. For the sociological perspectives of ex-Muslims, see <a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Sabians" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;"> Other religions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Pagan Sabianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;"> Islam and...</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;;padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #348017;border-bottom:1px solid #348017;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_templates" title="Category:Islam templates">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_and_other_religions" title="Template:Islam and other religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_and_other_religions" title="Template talk:Islam and 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ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Apostasy in Islam (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ردة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ridda or ارتداد, irtidād) is commonly defined as the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, in thought, word, or through deed. It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting to another religion</a><a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher_2020-1">[1]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">abandoning religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher_2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy</a> or heresy by those who consider themselves Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-21-4">[4]</a> through any action or utterance which implies unbelief, including those who deny a "fundamental tenet or <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">creed</a>" of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-peters-vries-2-4-5">[5]</a> An apostate from Islam is known as a murtadd (مرتدّ).<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher_2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> What statements or acts qualify as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> and whether and how they should be punished, are disputed among Islamic scholars.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friedmann-11">[11]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">liberal Islam</a> rejects physical punishment of apostasy,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">Islamic supremacism</a> calls for the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty</a> of those who refuse to repent of apostasy from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-13">[13]</a> The penalty of killing of apostates is in conflict with international human rights norms which provide for the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religions</a>, as demonstrated in human rights instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> provide for the freedom of religion.<a href="#cite_note-asmi-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brems-2001-210-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Until the late 19th century, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> jurists held the view that for adult men, apostasy from Islam was a crime as well as a sin, punishable by the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1995-229-18">[18]</a> but with a number of options for leniency (such as a waiting period to allow time for repentance<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-aromar-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-KEY-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnesposito-21">[21]</a> or enforcement only in cases involving politics),<a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin1-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton.Enc.2013-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-waelhallaq-24">[24]</a> depending on the era, the legal standards and the school of law. In the late 19th century, the use of legal criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, although civil penalties were still applied.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> As of 2021, there were ten <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> where apostasy from Islam was punishable by death,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> but legal executions are rare.<a href="#cite_note-27">[Note 1]</a> Most punishment is extra-judicial/vigilante,<a href="#cite_note-freedom2worship.org-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)-29">[28]</a> and most executions are perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">takfiri</a>" insurgents (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria#Antar_Zouabri_and_takfir" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban%27s_rise_to_power#Ethnic_massacres_and_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban's rise to power">Taliban</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badar-radical-2007-32">[31]</a> Another thirteen countries have penal or civil penalties for apostates<a href="#cite_note-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)-29">[28]</a> – such as imprisonment, the annulment of their marriages, the loss of their rights of inheritance and the loss of custody of their children.<a href="#cite_note-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)-29">[28]</a> In the contemporary Muslim world, public support for capital punishment varies from 78% in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to less than 1% in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-34">[Note 2]</a> among Islamic jurists, the majority of them continue to regard apostasy as a crime which should be <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">punishable by death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aromar-19">[19]</a> Those who disagree<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcsudan-35">[33]</a> argue that its punishment should be less than death, should occur in the afterlife,<a href="#cite_note-hassanibrahim-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-dforte2-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-smz-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-fkazemi-39">[37]</a> (human punishment being inconsistent with Quranic injunctions against compulsion in belief),<a href="#cite_note-GTWIFE-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-41">[39]</a> or should apply only in cases of public disobedience and disorder (<a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a>).<a href="#cite_note-43">[Note 3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology">edit</a>]</div> Apostasy is called irtidād (which means relapse or regress) or ridda in Islamic literature.<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-81-44">[41]</a> An apostate is called murtadd, which means 'one who turns back' from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-EI_Murtadd-45">[42]</a> (Another source – Oxford Islamic Studies Online – defines murtadd as "not just any <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāfir">kāfir</a> (non-believer)", but "a particularly heinous type".)<a href="#cite_note-OISO-46">[43]</a> Ridda can also refer to secession in a political context.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> A person born to a Muslim father who later rejects Islam is called a murtadd fitri, and a person who converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a murtadd milli.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (takfeer) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تكفير takfīr) is the act of one <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> excommunicating another, declaring them a kafir, an apostate. The act which precipitates takfir is termed mukaffir. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptural_references">Scriptural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scriptural references">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran">Quran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quran">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> references apostasy<a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-2020-51">[48]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=108">2:108</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=66">66</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/10?startingVerse=73">10:73</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=90">3:90</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=89">4:89</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=137">137</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=54">5:54</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=11">9:11</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=12">12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=66">66</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=6">16:06</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/88?startingVerse=22">88:22–24</a>) in the context of attitudes associated with impending punishment, divine anger, and the rejection of repentance for individuals who commit this act. Traditionally, these verses are thought to "appear to justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (according to <a href="/wiki/Dale_F._Eickelman" title="Dale F. Eickelman">Dale F. Eickelman</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Dale_F._Eickelman_2005_68-52">[49]</a> including the traditional capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-DeclanOSullivan-53">[50]</a> Other scholars, by contrast, have pointed to a lack of any Quranic passage requiring the implementation of force to return apostates to Islam, nor any specific corporal punishment to apply to apostates in <a href="/wiki/Dunya" title="Dunya">this world</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-juancampo-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[Note 4]</a> – let alone commands to kill apostates – either explicitly or implicitly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabir_Alalwani201132–33-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-jacb-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabir_Alalwani201135–39-62">[58]</a> Some verses have been cited as emphasizing mercy and a lack of compulsion with respect to religious belief (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=256">2:256</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=137">4:137</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/10?startingVerse=99">10:99</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/11?startingVerse=28">11:28</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/18?startingVerse=29">18:29</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/88?startingVerse=21">88:21–22</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SAFI-2006-63">[59]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">Al-Baqara 256</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Baqara_256&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The verse (<a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayah</a>) 256 of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a> is a famous verse in the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> scripture, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Baqara_256_MustansirM-64">[60]</a> The verse includes the phrase that "there is no compulsion in religion".<a href="#cite_note-Al-Baqara_256_qref|2|256-65">[61]</a> Immediately after making this statement, the Quran offers a rationale for it: Since the revelation has, through explanation, clarification, and repetition, clearly distinguished the path of guidance from the path of misguidance, it is now up to people to choose the one or the other path.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Baqara_256_MustansirM-64">[60]</a> This verse comes right after the <a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadith">Hadith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hadith">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Nuwayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Nuwayrah">Malik ibn Nuwayrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Hadith">Criticism of Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saad">Abdullah ibn Saad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubayd-Allah_ibn_Jahsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh">Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh</a></div> The classical shariah punishment for apostasy comes from <a href="/wiki/Sahih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih">Sahih</a> ("authentic") <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> rather than the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-sherazadhamit-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, Heffening holds that contrary to the Quran, "in traditions [i.e. hadith], there is little echo of these punishments in the next world... and instead, we have in many traditions a new element, the death penalty."<a href="#cite_note-EI_Murtadd-45">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and leaves the Muslims." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/083-sbt.php#009.083.017">9:83:17</a>, see also <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/016-smt.php#016.4152">16:4152</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/016-smt.php#016.4154">16:4154</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.'"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.260">4:52:260</a><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/084-sbt.php#009.084.057">9:84:57</a><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/089-sbt.php#009.089.271">9:89:271</a><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/084-sbt.php#009.084.058">9:84:58</a><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/084-sbt.php#009.084.064">9:84:64</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu'adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "What is wrong with this (man)?" Abu Musa replied, "He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism." Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the verdict of Allah and His Apostle."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/089-sbt.php#009.089.271">9:89:271</a></cite></div></blockquote> Other hadith give differing statements about the fate of apostates;<a href="#cite_note-smz-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> that they were spared execution by repenting, by dying of natural causes or by leaving their community (the last case sometimes cited as an example of open apostasy that was left unpunished).<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A man from among the Ansar accepted Islam, then he apostatized and went back to Shirk. Then he regretted that, and sent word to his people (saying): 'Ask the Messenger of Allah [SAW], is there any repentance for me?' His people came to the Messenger of Allah [SAW] and said: 'So and so regrets (what he did), and he has told us to ask you if there is any repentance for him?' Then the Verses: 'How shall Allah guide a people who disbelieved after their Belief up to His saying: Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful' was revealed. So he sent word to him, and he accepted Islam.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Sunan_al-Sughra" title="Al-Sunan al-Sughra">Al-Sunan al-Sughra</a> 37:103<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was a Christian who became Muslim and read the Baqarah and the Al Imran, and he used to write for the Prophet. He then went over to Christianity again, and he used to say, Muhammad does not know anything except what I wrote for him. Then Allah caused him to die and they buried him.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/056-sbt.php#004.056.814">4:56:814</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> A bedouin gave the Pledge of allegiance to Allah's Apostle for Islam and the bedouin got a fever where upon he said to the Prophet "Cancel my Pledge." But the Prophet refused. He came to him (again) saying, "Cancel my Pledge.' But the Prophet refused. Then (the bedouin) left (Medina). Allah's Apostle said: "Medina is like a pair of bellows (furnace): It expels its impurities and brightens and clears its good." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/089-sbt.php#009.089.316">9:89:316</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Imam Malik</a> offers a case were <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> (rightly guide) Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> admonishes a Muslim leader for not giving an apostate the opportunity to repent before being executed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Malik related to me from Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Qari that his father said, "A man came to Umar ibn al-Khattab from Abu Musa al-Ashari. Umar asked after various people, and he informed him. Then Umar inquired, 'Do you have any recent news?' He said, 'Yes. A man has become a kafir after his Islam.' Umar asked, 'What have you done with him?' He said, 'We let him approach and struck off his head.' Umar said, 'Didn't you imprison him for three days and feed him a loaf of bread every day and call on him to tawba that he might turn in tawba and return to the command of Allah?' Then Umar said, 'O Allah! I was not present and I did not order it and I am not pleased since it has come to me!'<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Al-Muwatta</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muwatta/036-mmt.php#036.36.18.16">36 18.16</a></cite></div></blockquote> The argument has been made (by the <a href="/wiki/Fiqh_Council_of_North_America" title="Fiqh Council of North America">Fiqh Council of North America</a>, among others) that the hadiths above – traditionally cited as proof that apostates from Islam should be punished by death – have been misunderstood. In fact (the council argues), the victims were executed for changing their allegiances to the armies fighting the Muslims (i.e. for treason), not for their personal beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> As evidence, they point to two hadith, each from a different "authentic" (<a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Sahih" title="Hadith terminology">sahih</a>) Sunni hadith collection<a href="#cite_note-74">[Note 5]</a> where Muhammad calls for the death of apostates or traitors. The wording of the hadith are almost identical, but in one, the hadith ends with the phrase "one who reverts from Islam and leaves the Muslims", and in the other it ends with "one who goes forth to fight Allah and His Apostle" (in other words, the council argues the hadith were likely reports of the same incident but had different wording because "reverting from Islam" was another way of saying "fighting Allah and His Apostle"): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and leaves the Muslims." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/083-sbt.php#009.083.017">9:83:17</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Allah's Apostle said: "The blood of a Muslim man who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle should not lawfully be shed except only for one of three reasons: a man who committed fornication after marriage, in which case he should be stoned; one who goes forth to fight Allah and His Apostle, in which case he should be killed or crucified or exiled from the land; or one who commits murder for which he is killed." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4339">38:4339</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_apostasy_in_Islam">Definition of apostasy in Islam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definition of apostasy in Islam">edit</a>]</div> Scholars of Islam differ as to what constitutes apostasy in that religion and under what circumstances an apostate is subject to the death penalty. [note?] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_of_apostasy_in_classical_Islam">Conditions of apostasy in classical Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conditions of apostasy in classical Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Takfir#Characteristics_of_apostasy_in_classical_Islam" title="Takfir">Takfir § Characteristics of apostasy in classical Islam</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> listed three necessary conditions to pass capital punishment on a Muslim for apostasy in his Kitab al-Umm. (In the words of Frank Griffel) these are: <ul><li>"first, the apostate had to once have had faith (which, according to Al-Shafi'i's definition, means publicly professing all tenets of Islam);</li> <li>secondly, there had to follow unbelief (meaning the public declaration of a breaking-away from Islam), (having done these two the Muslim is now an unbeliever but not yet an apostate and thus not eligible for punishment);<a href="#cite_note-76">[Note 6]</a></li> <li>"third, there had to be the omission or failure to repent after the apostate was asked to do so."<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-219-75">[70]</a></li></ul> Three centuries later, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> wrote that one group, known as "secret apostates" or "permanent unbelievers" (aka <a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">zandaqa</a>), should not be given a chance to repent, eliminating Al-Shafi'i's third condition for them although his view was not accepted by his Shafi'i madhhab.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-219-75">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Describing what qualifies as apostasy Christine Schirrmacher writes <blockquote> there is widespread consensus that apostasy undoubtedly exists where the truth of the Koran is denied, where blasphemy is committed against God, Islam, or Muhammad, and where breaking away from the Islamic faith in word or deed occurs. The lasting, willful non-observance of the five pillars of Islam, in particular the duty to pray, clearly count as apostasy for most theologians. Additional distinguishing features are a change of religion, confessing atheism, nullifying the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> as well as judging what is allowed to be forbidden and judging what is forbidden to be allowed. Fighting against Muslims and Islam (Arabic: muḥāraba) also counts as unbelief or apostasy;<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-81-2-79">[73]</a></blockquote> Kamran Hashemi classifies apostasy or unbelief in Islam into three different "phenomena":<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-23-80">[74]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Converting from Islam to another religion</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">abandoning religion altogether</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-23-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_2010_p.183-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> also described as "explicit" apostasy.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> (Hashemi gives the example of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_(convert)" title="Abdul Rahman (convert)">Abdul Rahman</a>, an Afghan who was arrested in February 2006 and threatened with the death penalty in a lower court in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> for converting to Christianity).<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blaspheming</a> (sabb)<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-23-80">[74]</a> (by a Muslim) against God, Islam, its laws or its prophet,<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-81-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-freedom2worship-84">[78]</a> which can be defined, in practice, as any objection to the authenticity of Islam, its laws or its prophet.<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-23-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a></li> <li>Heresy;<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-23-80">[74]</a> or "implicit" apostasy (by a Muslim),<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> where the alleged apostate does not formally renounce Islam,<a href="#cite_note-Morgan_2010_p.183-82">[76]</a> but has (in the eyes of their accusers) verbally denied some principle of belief prescribed by Qur'an or a Hadith; deviated from approved Islamic tenets (ilhad).<a href="#cite_note-Morgan_2010_p.183-82">[76]</a> (Accusations of heresy, or <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a>, often involve public thinkers and theologians – <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohammed_Taha" title="Mahmoud Mohammed Taha">Mahmoud Mohammed Taha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashem_Aghajari" title="Hashem Aghajari">Hashem Aghajari</a> – but can involve the collective takfir of a large group and mass killings<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-26-86">[80]</a> – <a href="/wiki/Takfir#GIA_in_Algeria" title="Takfir">takfir of Algerians who did not support the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria</a> in 1997, takfir of Shia by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> in 2005).<a href="#cite_note-Zarqawi's-hudson-2006-87">[81]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_in_defining_heresy">Issues in defining heresy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Issues in defining heresy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg/230px-Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg/345px-Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg/460px-Ismail_Gasprinski_of_Crimea._Molla_Nasreddin_%E2%84%96_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> educator and intellectual <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Gasprinsky" title="Ismail Gasprinsky">Ismail Gasprinsky</a> (on the right), leader of the <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid movement</a>, depicted holding the newspaper Terjuman ("The Translator") and the textbook Khoja-i-Sübyan ("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim clerics</a>, are threatening him with <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʿah</a> decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine Molla Nasreddin, N. 17, 28 April 1908, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> (illustrator: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schmerling" title="Oskar Schmerling">Oskar Schmerling</a>).</figcaption></figure> While identifying someone who publicly converted to another religion as an apostate was straightforward, determining whether a diversion from orthodox doctrine qualified as heresy, blasphemy, or something permitted by God could be less so. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurists</a> did not formulate general rules for establishing unbelief, instead, compiled sometimes lengthy lists of statements and actions which in their view implied apostasy or were incompatible with Islamic "theological consensus".<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> for example, devoting "chapters to dealing with takfir and the reasons for which one can be accused of unbelief" in his work Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa ("The Criterion of Distinction between Islam and Clandestine Unbelief").<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-220-90">[84]</a> Some heretical or blasphemous acts or beliefs listed in classical manuals of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> and other scholarly works (i.e. works written by Islamic scholars) that allegedly demonstrate apostasy include: <ul><li>to deny the obligatory character of something considered obligatory by <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a> (legal consensus of Islamic scholars);<a href="#cite_note-relianceA1-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-relianceA2-92">[86]</a></li> <li>revile, question, wonder, doubt, mock, and/or deny the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, or that Muhammad was sent by God;<a href="#cite_note-relianceA1-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-relianceA2-92">[86]</a></li> <li>belief that things in themselves or by their nature have a cause independent of the will of God;<a href="#cite_note-relianceA1-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-relianceA2-92">[86]</a></li> <li>to assert the <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">createdness of the Quran</a> and/or to translate the Quran in any language other than <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-shaykhzadeh-93">[87]</a></li> <li>According to some to ridicule Islamic scholars or address them in a derisive manner, to reject the validity of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʿah</a> courts;<a href="#cite_note-shaykhzadeh-93">[87]</a></li> <li>Some also say to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> the Iranian New Year;<a href="#cite_note-shaykhzadeh-93">[87]</a></li> <li>Though disputed to express uncertainty such as "'I do not know why God mentioned this or that in the Quran'...";<a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-10-94">[88]</a></li> <li>Some also say include for the wife of an Islamic scholar to curse her husband;<a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-10-94">[88]</a></li> <li>to make a declaration of <a href="/wiki/Prophethood" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophethood">prophethood</a>; i.e., for someone to declare that they are a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet or messenger</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muhammad">Muhammad's death</a>, this act was automatically deemed to be proof of apostasy—because Islam teaches Muhammad was the last prophet, there could be no more after him.<a href="#cite_note-Siddiq_1995_pp._275-328-95">[89]</a> This view is alleged to be the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">rejection of Ahmadi Muslims as apostates from Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siddiq_1995_pp._275-328-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burhani_A._N._2013_pp._285-301-97">[91]</a></li></ul> While there are numerous requirements for a Muslim to avoid being an apostate, it is also an act of apostasy, in <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shāfiʿī te doctrine</a> and other schools of Islamic jurisprudence, for a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">to accuse or describe another devout Muslim of being an unbeliever</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rottrav-98">[92]</a> based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is right."<a href="#cite_note-sunnah-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> writes that in "religious polemic" of early Islamic times, it was common for one scholar to accuse another of apostasy, but attempts to bring an alleged apostate to justice (have them executed) were very rare.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-229-101">[95]</a> The tension between desire to cleanse Islam of heresy and fear of inaccurate takfir is suggested in the writings of some of the leading Islamic scholars. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> "is often credited with having persuaded theologians", in his Fayal al-tafriqa, "that takfir is not a fruitful path and that utmost caution is to taken in applying it", but in other writing, he made sure to condemn as beyond the pale of Islam "philosophers and Ismaili esotericists". <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> also "warned against unbridled takfir" while takfiring "specific categories" of theological opponents as "unbelievers".<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-2008-8-102">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> writes that "used wrongly or unrestrainedly, this sanction would quickly lead to discord and sedition in the ranks of the faithful. Muslims might resort to mutually excommunicating one another and thus propel the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> to complete disaster."<a href="#cite_note-KepelJihad-103">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL), for example, takfired all those who opposed its policy of <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL#Sexual_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">exterminating and enslaving</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidi religion</a>. According to one source, Jamileh Kadivar, the majority of the "27,947 terrorist deaths" ISIL has been responsible for (as of 2020) have been Muslims it regards "as kafir",<a href="#cite_note-105">[Note 7]</a> as ISIL gives fighting alleged apostates a higher priority than fighting self-professed non-Muslims—Jews, Christians, Hindus, etc.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> An open letter to ISIL by 126 Islamic scholars includes as one of its points of opposition to ISIL: "It is forbidden in Islam to declare people non-Muslim unless he (or she) openly declares disbelief".<a href="#cite_note-open-letter-by-scholars-2014-107">[100]</a> There is general agreement among Muslims that the takfir and mass killings of alleged apostates perpetrated not only by ISIL but also by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria#Antar_Zouabri_and_takfir" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group of Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>'s jihadis<a href="#cite_note-Zarqawi's-hudson-2006-87">[81]</a> were wrong, but there is less unanimity in other cases, such as what to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) – post-modernist academic <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement – disagree with their accusers on an important doctrinal point. (Ahmadi quote a Muslim journalist, Abdul-Majeed Salik, claiming that, "all great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside the pale of Islam according to one or the other group of religious leaders".)<a href="#cite_note-109">[Note 8]</a> In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> – who are accused by mainstream Sunni and Shia of denying the basic tenet of <a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">the Finality of Prophethood</a> (Ahmadis state they believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">mahdi</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Promised_Messiah-110">[102]</a> – the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has declared in <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_XX" title="Ordinance XX">Ordinance XX</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Second Amendment to its Constitution</a>, that Ahmadis are non-Muslims and deprived them of religious rights. Several large riots (<a href="/wiki/1953_Lahore_riots" title="1953 Lahore riots">1953 Lahore riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974_Anti-Ahmadiyya_riots" title="1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots">1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots</a>) and a bombing (<a href="/wiki/2010_Ahmadiyya_mosques_massacre" title="2010 Ahmadiyya mosques massacre">2010 Ahmadiyya mosques massacre</a>) have killed hundreds of Ahmadis in that country. Whether this is unjust takfir or applying sharia to collective apostasy is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Musa-2016-111">[103]</a> <dl><dt>Overlap with blasphemy</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Islam and blasphemy</a></div> The three types (conversion, blasphemy and heresy) of apostasy may overlap – for example some "heretics" were alleged not to be actual self-professed Muslims, but (secret) members of another religion, seeking to destroy Islam from within. (Abdullah ibn Mayun al-Qaddah, for example, "fathered the whole complex development of the Ismaili religion and organisation up to Fatimid times," was accused by his different detractors of being (variously) "a Jew, a Bardesanian and most commonly as an Iranian dualist")<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1953-43-112">[104]</a> In Islamic literature, the term "blasphemy" sometimes also overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kufr</a> ("unbelief"), fisq (depravity), isa'ah (insult), and ridda (apostasy).<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-lutz-wiederhold-1997-114">[106]</a> Because blasphemy in Islam included rejection of fundamental doctrines,<a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-2020-51">[48]</a> blasphemy has historically been seen as an evidence of rejection of Islam, that is, the religious crime of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>. Some jurists believe that blasphemy automatically implies a Muslim has left the fold of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeedSaeed200438–39-115">[107]</a> A Muslim may find himself accused of being a blasphemer, and thus an apostate on the basis of one action or utterance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeedSaeed200448-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Religion-117">[109]</a> <dl><dt>Collective apostasy</dt></dl> In collective apostasy, a self-proclaimed Islamic group/sect are declared to be heretics/apostates. Groups treated as collective apostates include <a href="/wiki/Zindiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindiq">zindiq</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Ahmadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadi">Ahmadis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-52-3-118">[110]</a> As described above, the difference between legitimate Muslim sects and illegitimate apostate groups can be subtle and Muslims have not agreed on where the line dividing them lies. According to Gianluca Parolin, "collective apostasy has always been declared on a case-by-case basis".<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-52-3-118">[110]</a> <dl><dt>Fetri and national apostates</dt></dl> Among Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Ja'fari fiqh</a>, a distinction is made between "fetri" or "innate" apostates who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty until converting to another religion, and "national apostates" – essentially people who grew up non-Muslim and converted to Islam. "National apostates" are given a chance to repent, but "innate apostates are not.<a href="#cite_note-IaRF-2014-Khomeini-119">[111]</a> <dl><dt>Children raised in apostasy</dt></dl> Orthodox apostasy fiqh can be problematic for someone who was raised by a non-Muslim (or non-Muslims) but has an absentee Muslim parent, or was raised by an apostate (or apostates) from Islam. A woman born to a Muslim parent is considered an apostate if she marries a non-Muslim,<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> even if her Muslim parent did not raise her and <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Yahia_Ibrahim_Ishag" title="Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag">she has always practiced another religion</a>; and whether or not they know anything about Islam, by simply practicing the (new) religion of their parent(s) they become apostates (according to the committee of fatwa scholars at Islamweb.net).<a href="#cite_note-child_of_an_apostate-122">[114]</a> <dl><dt>Contemporary issues of defining apostasy</dt></dl> In the 19th, 20th and 21 century issues affecting shariʿah on apostasy include modern norms of freedom of religion,<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> the status of members of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí</a> (considered unbeliever/apostates in Iran) and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadi</a> faiths (considered appostates from Islam in Pakistan and elsewhere),<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> those who "refuse to judge or be judged according to the shariʿah,"<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> and more recently the status of Muslims authorities and governments that do not implement classical shariʿah law in its completeness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punishment">Punishment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Punishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg/220px-Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg/330px-Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg/440px-Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Execution of a Moroccan Jewess (<a href="/wiki/Sol_Hachuel" title="Sol Hachuel">Sol Hachuel</a>) a painting by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dehodencq" title="Alfred Dehodencq">Alfred Dehodencq</a></figcaption></figure> There are differences of opinion among Islamic scholars about whether, when and especially how apostasy in Islam should be punished.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI_Murtadd-45">[42]</a> From 11th century onwards, apostasy of Muslims from Islam was forbidden by Islamic law, earlier apostasy law was only applicable if a certain number of witnesses testify which for the most past was impossible.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito_1996_p72-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hackett_2008-125">[117]</a> Apostasy was punishable by death and also by civil liabilities such as seizure of property, children, annulment of marriage, loss of inheritance rights.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> (A subsidiary law, also applied throughout the history of Islam, forbade non-Muslims from proselytizing Muslims to leave Islam and join another religion,<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito_1996_p72-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hackett_2008-125">[117]</a> because it encouraged Muslims to commit a crime). Starting in the 19th century the legal code of many Muslim states no longer included apostasy as a capital crime, and to compensate some Islamic scholars called for vigilante justice of <a href="/wiki/Hisbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbah">hisbah</a> to execute the offenders (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Colonial_era_and_after">Apostasy in Islam#Colonial era and after</a>). In contemporary times the majority of Islamic jurists still regard apostasy as a crime deserving the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty</a>, (according to Abdul Rashied Omar),<a href="#cite_note-aromar-19">[19]</a> although "a growing body of Islamic jurists" oppose this,<a href="#cite_note-128">[Note 9]</a> (according to Javaid Rehman)<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcsudan-35">[33]</a> as inconsistent with "freedom of religion" as expressed in the Quranic injunctions <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D88%3Averse%3D21">88:21</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D88%3Averse%3D22">88:22</a><a href="#cite_note-GTWIFE-40">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D256">2:256</a> ("there is no compulsion in religion");<a href="#cite_note-ELLIOTT-3-26-2006-26">[26]</a> and a relic of the early Islamic community when apostasy was desertion or treason.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-41">[39]</a> Still others support a "centrist or moderate position" of executing only those whose apostasy is "unambiguously provable" such as if two just Muslim eyewitnesses testify; and/or reserving the death penalty for those who make their apostacy public. According to Christine Schirrmacher, "a majority of theologians" embrace this stance.<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-86-129">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Who_qualifies_for_judgement_for_the_crime_of_apostasy">Who qualifies for judgement for the crime of apostasy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Who qualifies for judgement for the crime of apostasy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Takfir#Exemptions_and_extenuating_circumstances" title="Takfir">Takfir § Exemptions_and_extenuating_circumstances</a></div> As mentioned <a href="#Issues_in_defining_heresy">above</a>, there are numerous doctrinal fine points outlined in fiqh manuals whose violation should render the violator an apostate, but there are also hurdles and exacting requirements that spare (self-proclaimed) Muslims conviction for apostasy in classical <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>. One motive for caution is that it is an act of apostasy (in Shafi'i and other fiqh) for a Muslim to accuse or describe another innocent Muslim of being an unbeliever,<a href="#cite_note-rottrav-98">[92]</a> based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is right."<a href="#cite_note-sunnah2-130">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-4-2017-danger-CTTaA-131">[122]</a> According to sharia, to be found guilty the accused must at the time of apostasizing be exercising free will, an adult, and of sound mind,<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> and have refused to repent when given a time period to do so (not all schools include this last requirement). The free will requirement excludes from judgement those who embraced Islam under conditions of duress and then went back to their old religion, or Muslims who converted to another religion involuntarily, either force or as concealment (<a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiyya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitman">Kitman</a>) out of fear of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">persecution</a> or during <a href="/wiki/War_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Islam">war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-R._Ibrahim_2009-132">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-J.T._Munroe_2004-133">[124]</a> Some of these requirements have served as "loopholes" to exonerate apostates (apostasy charges against <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_(convert)" title="Abdul Rahman (convert)">Abdul Rahman</a>, were dropped on the grounds he was "mentally unfit").<a href="#cite_note-Afghan_convert1-134">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death penalty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Capital punishment in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in Islam">Violence in Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_classical_Islamic_jurisprudence">In classical Islamic jurisprudence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In classical Islamic jurisprudence">edit</a>]</div> Traditional Sunnī and Shīʿa <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> (fiqh) and their respective <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> (maḏāhib) agree on some issues—that male apostates should be executed, and that most but not all perpetrators should not be given a chance to repent; among the excluded are those who practice <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">sorcery</a> (subhar), <a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">treacherous heretics</a> (zanādiqa), and "recidivists".<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> They disagree on issues such as whether <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">women</a> can be executed,<a href="#cite_note-fgriffel-135">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-dforte-137">[128]</a> whether apostasy is a violation of "the rights of God",<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-meap168-138">[129]</a> whether apostates who were born Muslims may be spared if they repent,<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> whether conviction requires the accused be a practicing Muslim,<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> or whether it is enough to simply intend to commit apostasy rather than actually doing it.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> school – recommends three days of <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">execution</a>, although the delay before killing the apostates is not mandatory. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> crime.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-55-139">[130]</a> Unlike in other schools, it is not obligatory to call on the apostate to repent.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> Apostate males are to be killed, while apostate females are to be held in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">beaten every three days</a> till they recant and return to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-rudolph_p65-140">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty for apostasy from Islam</a> is limited for those who cause <a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">aggravated robbery or grand larceny</a> (ḥirābah) after leaving Islam, not for converting to another religion.<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Mālikī</a> school – allows up to ten days for recantation, after which the apostates must be killed. Apostasy from Islam is considered a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> crime.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-55-139">[130]</a> Both male and female apostates deserve the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty for leaving Islam</a>, according to the traditional view of the Mālikī school.<a href="#cite_note-dforte-137">[128]</a> Unlike other schools, the apostates must have a history of being "good" (i.e., practicing) Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a> school – waiting period of three days is required to allow the apostates time to repent and return to Islam. Failing repentance, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">death penalty is the recommended form of punishment</a> for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam.<a href="#cite_note-dforte-137">[128]</a> Apostasy from Islam is not considered a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> crime.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-55-139">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a> school – waiting period not necessary, but may be granted. Apostasy from Islam is considered a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> crime.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-55-139">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty is the traditional form of punishment</a> for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam.<a href="#cite_note-dforte-137">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Jaʿfari</a> or Imāmī school – Male apostates must be executed, while female apostates must be held in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> until they repent and return to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-dforte-137">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-rudolph_p65-140">[131]</a> Apostasy from Islam is considered a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> crime.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-55-139">[130]</a> The "mere intention of unbelief" without expression qualifies as apostasy.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> Unlike the other schools, repentance will not save a defendant from <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">execution</a>, unless they are "national apostates" who were not born Muslims but converted to Islam before apostasizing, although it is disputed by some <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a>. "Innate" apostates, who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty and until converting to another religion, should be executed.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-IaRF-2014-Khomeini-119">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vigilante_application">Vigilante application</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vigilante application">edit</a>]</div> In contemporary situations where apostates, (or alleged apostates), have ended up being killed, it is usually not be through the formal criminal justice system, especially when "a country's law does not punish apostasy." It is not uncommon in some countries for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt to kill apostates or alleged apostates (or force them to flee the country).<a href="#cite_note-Brems-2001-210-15">[15]</a> In at least one case, the high profile execution of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Muhammad_Taha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Muhammad Taha">Mahmud Muhammad Taha</a>, the victim was legally executed and the government made clear he was being executed for apostasy, but the technical "legal basis" for his killing was another crime or crimes,<a href="#cite_note-Brems-2001-210-15">[15]</a> namely "heresy, opposing the application of Islamic law, disturbing public security, provoking opposition against the government, and re-establishing a banned political party."<a href="#cite_note-wright-2003-142">[133]</a> When post-modernist professor <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a> was found to be an apostate by an Egyptian court, it meant only an involuntary divorce from his wife (who did not want to divorce), but it put the proverbial target on his back and he fled to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Brems-2001-210-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-obit-abuzaid-143">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_liabilities">Civil liabilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civil liabilities">edit</a>]</div> In Islam, apostasy has traditionally had both criminal and civil penalties. In the late 19th century, when the use of criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, civil penalties were still applied.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> The punishment for the criminal penalties such as murder includes death or prison, while <a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-emon-2012-229-144">[135]</a> In all <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a> of Islam, the civil penalties include: <dl><dd>(a) the property of the apostate is seized and distributed to his or her Muslim relatives;</dd> <dd>(b) his or her marriage <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulled</a> (faskh) (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a>); <dl><dd>(1) if they were not married at the time of apostasy they could not get married<a href="#cite_note-Brems-2001-209-145">[136]</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>(c) any children removed and considered ward of the Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a></dd> <dd>(d) In case the entire family has left Islam, or there are no surviving Muslim relatives recognized by Sharia, the apostate's inheritance rights are lost and property is liquidated by the Islamic state (part of fay, الْفيء).</dd> <dd>(e) In case the apostate is not executed – such as in case of women apostates in Hanafi school – the person also loses all inheritance rights.<a href="#cite_note-smz-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-fkazemi-39">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] Hanafi Sunni school of jurisprudence allows waiting till execution, before children and property are seized; other schools do not consider this wait as mandatory but mandates time for repentance.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Social liabilities</dt></dl> The conversion of a Muslim to another faith is often considered a "disgrace" and "scandal" as well as a sin,<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-85-146">[137]</a> so in addition to penal and civil penalties, loss of employment,<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-85-146">[137]</a> ostracism and proclamations by family members that they are "dead", is not at all "unusual".<a href="#cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-277-147">[138]</a> For those who wish to remain in the Muslim community but who are considered unbelievers by other Muslims, there are also "serious forms of ostracism". These include the refusal of other Muslims to pray together with or behind a person accused of kufr, the denial of the prayer for the dead and burial in a Muslim cemetery, boycott of whatever books they have written, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-14-148">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporters_and_opponents_of_death_penalty">Supporters and opponents of death penalty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Supporters and opponents of death penalty">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Support among contemporary preachers and scholars</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg/220px-Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg/330px-Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg/440px-Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Legal opinion on apostasy by the <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwa</a> committee at <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, concerning the case of a man who <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>: "Since he left Islam, he will be invited to express his regret. If he does not regret, he will be killed according to rights and obligations of the Islamic law." The Fatwa also mentions that the same applies to his <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">children</a> if they entered Islam and left it after they reach <a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">maturity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a></figcaption></figure> "The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present" consider apostasy "a crime deserving the death penalty", according to Abdul Rashided Omar, writing circa 2007.<a href="#cite_note-aromar-19">[19]</a> Some notable contemporary proponents include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> (1903–1979), who "by the time of his death had become the most widely read Muslim author of our time", according to one source.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ghazali" title="Mohammed al-Ghazali">Mohammed al-Ghazali</a> (1917–1996), considered an Islamic "moderate"<a href="#cite_note-brown-108-150">[141]</a> and "preeminent" faculty member of Egypt's preeminent Islamic institution – <a href="/wiki/Al_Azhar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azhar University">Al Azhar University</a> − as well as a valuable ally of the Egyptian government in its struggle against the "growing tide of Islamic fundamentalism",<a href="#cite_note-murphy-1993-151">[142]</a> was "widely credited" with contributing to the 20th century Islamic revival in the largest Arabic country, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTGhazali-152">[143]</a> (Al-Ghazali was on record as declaring all those who opposed the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law to be apostates who should ideally be punished by the state, but "when the state fails to punish apostates, somebody else has to do it".<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTGhazali-152">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> (b. 1926), another "moderate" Islamist,<a href="#cite_note-Halverson-OBib-154">[145]</a> chairman of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Muslim_Scholars" title="International Union of Muslim Scholars">International Union of Muslim Scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chair-155">[146]</a> who as of 2009 was "considered one of the most influential" Islamic scholars living.<a href="#cite_note-Influential_500-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Islamic_televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic televangelist">Islamic televangelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">preacher</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shukla-159">[150]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Peace_TV" title="Peace TV">Peace TV</a> channel, reaches a reported 100 million viewers,<a href="#cite_note-AFP-1-3-15-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-news-161">[152]</a> and whose debates and talks are widely distributed,<a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-news-161">[152]</a> supports the death penalty only for those apostates who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" as he considers it treason.<a href="#cite_note-hp10-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-162">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid</a>, a Syrian Islamic scholar, considered a respected scholar in the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> movement (according to <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>);<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> website <a href="/wiki/IslamQA.info" title="IslamQA.info">IslamQA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> one of the most popular Islamic websites, and (as of November 2015 and according to Alexa.com) the world's most popular website on the topic of Islam generally (apart from the website of an Islamic bank).<a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gauvain-168">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-DWSlave-169">[160]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Opposing the death penalty for apostasy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Imam of Al-Azhar">Grand Imam of Al-Azhar</a> (1958–1963).<a href="#cite_note-Kamali-170">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Imam of Al-Azhar">Grand Imam of Al-Azhar</a> (2010–Present) and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> of Egypt (2002–2003). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> of Egypt (2003–2013).<a href="#cite_note-Gomaa-171">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Kadivar" title="Mohsen Kadivar">Mohsen Kadivar</a>, Director of Department of Philosophy and Theology - Center of Scientific and Cultural Publishing, Tehran (1998–2003) and <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> Duke University (2009–).<a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein-Ali_Montazeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein-Ali Montazeri">Hossein-Ali Montazeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Deputy Supreme Leader of Iran</a> (1985-1989).<a href="#cite_note-Jami-175">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Esmaeel_al-Sadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr">Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Jabir_Alalwani" title="Taha Jabir Alalwani">Taha Jabir Alalwani</a> (1935–2016), founder and former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Fiqh_Council_of_North_America" title="Fiqh Council of North America">Fiqh Council of North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a></li> <li>Intisar Rabb, faculty director of the Program in Islamic Law at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> theologian, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> scholar. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGhamidi2023" class="citation cs2">Ghamidi, Javed (26 March 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGjfnEFvYCg">ارتداد اور توہین رسالت کا قانون</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA+%DA%A9%D8%A7+%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86&rft.date=2023-03-26&rft.aulast=Ghamidi&rft.aufirst=Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmGjfnEFvYCg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor_(highest_academic_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (highest academic rank)">Professor</a> of contemporary Islamic studies at <a href="/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Antony's College, Oxford">St Antony's College, Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Theology_and_Religion,_University_of_Oxford" title="Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford">Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>, an Iranian-American scholar of religious studies and writer. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">Jonathan A.C. Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">Associate professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service">Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alwaleed_Philanthropies" title="Alwaleed Philanthropies">Alwaleed bin Talal</a> Chair of Islamic Civilization at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_F._Peters" title="Rudolph F. Peters">Rudolph F. Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor_(highest_academic_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (highest academic rank)">Professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Law">Islamic Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a>, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Rahman" title="S. A. Rahman">S. A. Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">5th Chief Justice of Pakistan</a> (1968). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor_(highest_academic_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (highest academic rank)">Professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a> (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖztürk2023" class="citation cs2">Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri (26 March 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altinicizdiklerim.com/resimler/AllahIleAldatmak.pdf">Allah ile Aldatmak</a> (PDF)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah+ile+Aldatmak&rft.date=2023-03-26&rft.aulast=%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk&rft.aufirst=Ya%C5%9Far+Nuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altinicizdiklerim.com%2Fresimler%2FAllahIleAldatmak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationale,_arguments,_criticism_for_and_against_killing_apostates">Rationale, arguments, criticism for and against killing apostates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rationale, arguments, criticism for and against killing apostates">edit</a>]</div> The question of whether apostates should be killed, has been "a matter for contentious dispute throughout Islamic history".<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-121-178">[169]</a> <dl><dt>For the death penalty</dt></dl> Throughout Islamic history the Muslim community, scholars, and schools of fiqh have agreed that scripture prescribes this penalty; scripture must take precedence over reason or modern norms of human rights, as Islam is the one true religion; "no compulsion in religion" (Q.2:256) does not apply to this punishment; apostasy is "spiritual and cultural" treason; it hardly ever happens and so is not worth talking about. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> said that among early Muslims, among the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of fiqh</a> both <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Sunni" title="Madhhab">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Shia" title="Madhhab">Shia</a>, among scholars of shari'ah "of every century ... available on record", there is unanimous agreement that the punishment for apostate is death, and that "no room whatever remains to suggest" that this penalty has not "been continuously and uninterruptedly operative" through Islamic history; evidence from early texts that Muhammad called for apostates to be killed, and that companions of the Prophet and early caliphs ordered beheadings and crucifixions of apostates and has never been declared invalid over the course of the history of Islamic theology (Christine Schirrmacher).<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-85-146">[137]</a> <ul><li>"Many <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>", not just "one or two", call for the killing of apostates (<a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-youtube-al-Qaradawi-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-180">[171]</a></li> <li>Verse Q.2:217 – "hindering ˹others˺ from the Path of Allah, rejecting Him, and expelling the worshippers from the Sacred Mosque is ˹a˺ greater ˹sin˺ in the sight of Allah" – indicates the punishment for apostasy from Islam is death (Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi),<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> Quranic verses in general "appear to justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (<a href="/wiki/Dale_F._Eickelman" title="Dale F. Eickelman">Dale F. Eickelman</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dale_F._Eickelman_2005_68-52">[49]</a></li> <li>If this doctrine is called into question, what's next? Ritual prayer (<a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a>)? Fasting (<a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">sawm</a>)? Even Muhammad's mission? (Abul A'la Maududi).<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2014-69-182">[173]</a></li></ul></li> <li>It "does not merit discussion" because [the advocates maintain] apostasy from Islam is so rare (Ali Kettani),<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> (Mahmud Brelvi);<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> before the modern era, there was virtually no apostasy from Islam (Syed Barakat Ahmad).<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> <ul><li>The punishment is "rarely invoked" because there are numerous qualifications or ways for the apostate to avoid death (to be found guilty they must openly reject Islam, have made their decision without coercion, be aware of the nature of their statements, be an adult, be completely sane, refused to repent, etc.) (Religious Tolerance website).<a href="#cite_note-RelTor-187">[178]</a></li> <li>The verse only forbids compulsion to believe "things that are wrong", when it comes to accepting the truth, compulsion is allowed (Peters and Vries explaining a traditional view).<a href="#cite_note-189">[Note 10]</a></li> <li>Others maintain that verse Q.2:256 has been "<a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">abrogated</a>", i.e. according to classical Quranic scholars it has been overruled/cancelled by verses of Quran revealed later, (in other words, compulsion was not allowed in the very earliest days of Islam but this was changed by divine revelation a few years later) (Peters and Vries explaining traditional view).<a href="#cite_note-pdv2256-190">[180]</a></li> <li>Because "the social order of every Moslem society is Islam", apostasy constitutes "an offense" against that social order, "that may lead in the end to the destruction of this order" (Muhammad Muhiy al-Din al-Masiri).<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a></li> <li>Apostasy is usually "a psychological pretext for rebellion against worship, traditions and laws and even against the foundations of the state", and so "is often synonymous with the crime of high treason ... " (Muhammad al-Ghazali).<a href="#cite_note-192">[182]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Against death penalty</dt></dl> Arguments against the death penalty include: that some scholars throughout Islamic history have opposed that punishment for apostasy; that it constitutes a form of compulsion in faith, which the Quran explicitly forbids in Q.2.256 and other verses, and that these override any other scriptural arguments; and especially that the death penalty in hadith and applied by Muhammad was for treasonous/seditious behavior, not for a change in personal belief. <ul><li>How can it be claimed that there was a consensus among scholars or community (<a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a>) from the beginning of Islam in favor of capital punishment when a number of <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions of Muhammad</a> and early Islamic scholars (Ibn al-Humam, al-Marghinani, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, Sarakhsi, Ibrahim al-Nakh'i) opposed the execution of murtadd? (<a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">Mirza Tahir Ahmad</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ahmad-2005-139-142-193">[183]</a> <ul><li>In addition there have been a number of prominent <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> (though a minority) over the centuries who argued against the death penalty for apostasy in some way, such as ... <ul><li>The Maliki jurist <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a> (d. 474 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) held that apostasy was liable only to a discretionary punishment (known as <a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir">ta'zir</a>) and so might not require execution.<a href="#cite_note-Kamali-170">[161]</a></li> <li>The Hanafi jurist <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a> (d. 483 AH/ 1090 CE)<a href="#cite_note-Saeed-194">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-QAE-195">[185]</a> and Imam Ibnul Humam (d. 681 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>/ 1388 CE)<a href="#cite_note-ahmad-2005-139-196">[186]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Awza%27i" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i">Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i</a> (707–774 CE),<a href="#cite_note-asmi-2012-169-197">[187]</a> all distinguished between non-seditious religious apostasy on the one hand and treason on the other, with execution reserved for treason.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_al-Nakha%CA%BF%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim al-Nakhaʿī (page does not exist)">Ibrahim al-Nakhaʿī</a> (50 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>/670 – 95/96 AH/717 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (97 AH/716 CE – 161 AH/778 CE) as well as the Hanafi jurist <a href="/wiki/Sarakhsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarakhsi">Sarakhsi</a> (d. 1090), believed that an apostate should be asked to repent indefinitely (which would be incompatible with being sentenced to death).<a href="#cite_note-Kamali-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saeed122-198">[188]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>There are problems with the scriptural basis for sharia commanding the execution of apostates. <ul><li>Quran (see <a href="#Quran">Quran above</a>) <ul><li>Compulsion in faith is "explicitly" forbidden by the Quran ('Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi);<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> Quranic statements on freedom of religion – 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right path has been distinguished from error' (Q.2:256) (and also 'Whoever wants, let him believe, and whoever wants, let him disbelieve,' (Q.18:29) – are "absolute and universal" statement(s) (Jonathan A.C. Brown),<a href="#cite_note-jacb-60">[56]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Gomaa-171">[162]</a> "general, overriding principle(s)" (Khaled Abou El Fadl)<a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> of Islam, and not abrogated by hadith or the <a href="/wiki/Sword_Verse" title="Sword Verse">Sword Verse</a> (Q.9:5), and there can be little doubt capital punishment for apostasy is incompatible with this principle – after all, if someone has the threat of death hanging over their head in a matter of faith, it cannot be said that there is "no compulsion or coercion" in their belief (Tariq Ramadan).<a href="#cite_note-tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy-201">[191]</a></li> <li>Neither verse Q.2:217, (Mirza Tahir Ahmad),<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> nor any other Quranic verse say anything to indicate an apostate should be punished in the temporal world, aka <a href="/wiki/Dunya" title="Dunya">dunyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/S._A._Rahman" title="S. A. Rahman">S. A. Rahman</a>),<a href="#cite_note-pakrahman-203">[193]</a> (W. Heffening),<a href="#cite_note-:2-204">[194]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a>),<a href="#cite_note-EoQ-205">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-57">[54]</a> (Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Jami-175">[166]</a> the verses only indicate that dangerous, aggressive apostates should be killed (<a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Kamali-170">[161]</a> (e.g. "If they do not withdraw from you, and offer you peace, and restrain their hands, take them and kill them wherever ye come upon them" Q.4:90), (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists).<a href="#cite_note-peters-apostasy-14-206">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zwemer-1916-485-207">[197]</a></li> <li>Another verse condemning apostasy – Q.4:137, "Those who believe then disbelieve, then believe again, then disbelieve and then increase in their disbelief – God will never forgive them nor guide them to the path" – makes no sense if apostasy is punished by death, because killing apostates "would not permit repeated conversion from and to Islam" (Louay M. Safi),<a href="#cite_note-SAFI-2006-63">[59]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sisters_in_Islam" title="Sisters in Islam">Sisters in Islam</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SiI-208">[198]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hadith and Sunnah (see <a href="#Hadith">hadith above</a>) <ul><li>"According to most established juristic schools, a hadith can limit the application of a general Qur'anic statement, but can never negate it", so the hadith calling for execution cannot abrogate the "There is no compulsion in religion" verse (Q.2:256) (Louay M. Safi).<a href="#cite_note-209">[Note 11]</a></li> <li>The Prophet Muhammad did not call for the deaths of contemporaries who left Islam (Mohamed Ghilan)<a href="#cite_note-Ghilan-2014-210">[199]</a> – for example, apostates like "Hishâm and 'Ayyash", or converts to Christianity, such as "Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh" – and since what The Prophet did is by definition part of the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> of Islam, this indicates "that one who changes her/his religion should not be killed" (<a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy-201">[191]</a></li> <li>another reason not to use the hadith(s) stating “whoever changes his religion kill him” as the basis for law is that it is not among the class of hadith eligible to be used as the basis for "legal rulings binding upon all Muslims for all times" (Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">al-Shawkani</a> (1759–1834 CE));<a href="#cite_note-Ghilan-2014-210">[199]</a> as their authenticity is not certain (<a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a>);<a href="#cite_note-EoQ-205">[195]</a> the hadith are in a category relying "on only one authority (khadar al-ahad) and were not widely known amongst the Companions of the Prophet," and so ought not abrogate Quranic verses of tolerance (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists).<a href="#cite_note-peters-apostasy-15-211">[200]</a></li> <li>The hadith(s) "calling for apostates to be killed" are actually referring to "what can be considered in modern terms political treason", not change in personal belief (Mohamed Ghilan),<a href="#cite_note-Ghilan-2014-210">[199]</a> (Adil Salahi),<a href="#cite_note-213">[Note 12]</a> or collective conspiracy and treason against the government (Enayatullah Subhani),<a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a>);<a href="#cite_note-215">[Note 13]</a> and in fact, translating the Islamic term ridda as simply "apostasy" – a standard practice – is really an error, as ridda should be defined as "the public act of political secession from the Muslim community" (Jonathan Brown).<a href="#cite_note-Brown-issue-216">[203]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The punishment or lack for apostasy should reflect the circumstances of the Muslim community which is very different now then when the death penalty was established; <ul><li>Unlike some other sharia laws, those on how to deal with apostates from Islam are not set in stone but should be adjusted according to circumstances based on what best serves the interests of society. In the past, the death penalty for leaving Islam "protected the integrity of the Muslim community", but today this goal is no longer met by punishing apostasy (Jonathan Brown).<a href="#cite_note-Brown-issue-216">[203]</a></li> <li>The "premise and reasoning underlying the sunna rule of death penalty for apostasy were valid in the historical context" where 'disbelief is equated with high treason' because citizenship was 'based on belief in Islam', but doesn't apply today (Abdullahi An-Na'im, et al.);<a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brems-2001-212-218">[205]</a> the prescription of death penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state (<a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Kamali-170">[161]</a> it's a man-made rule enacted in the early Islamic community to prevent and punish the equivalent of desertion or treason (John Esposito);<a href="#cite_note-auto3-41">[39]</a> it is probable that the punishment was prescribed by Muhammad during early Islam to combat political conspiracies against Islam and Muslims, those who desert Islam out of malice and enmity towards the Muslim community, and is not intended for those who simply change their belief, converting to another religion after investigation and research (Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jami-175">[166]</a></li> <li>The concept of apostasy as treason is not so much part of Islam, as part of the pre-modern era when classical Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> was developed, and when "every religion was a 'religion of the sword'" (<a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Aslan-81-219">[206]</a> and every religion "underpinned the political and social order within ... the states they established" (Jonathan Brown);<a href="#cite_note-Brown-issue-216">[203]</a> "This was also an era in which religion and the state were one unified entity. ... no Jew, Christian, Zoroastrian, or Muslim of this time would have considered his or her religion to be rooted in the personal confessional experiences of individuals. ... Your religion was your ethnicity, your culture, and your social identity... your religion was your citizenship."<a href="#cite_note-Aslan-81-219">[206]</a> <ul><li>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of Christianity; the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>; in China at that time, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> rulers fought <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> rulers for political ascendancy (<a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Aslan-81-219">[206]</a> Jews who abandoned the God of Israel to worship other deities "were condemned to stoning" (Jonathan Brown).<a href="#cite_note-Brown-issue-216">[203]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transcending tribalism with religious (Islamic) unity could mean prevention of civil war in Muhammad's era, so to violate religious unity meant violating civil peace (Mohamed Ghilan).<a href="#cite_note-Ghilan-2014-210">[199]</a></li> <li>Capital punishment for apostasy is a time-bound command, applying only to those Arabs who denied the truth even after having Muhammad himself explain and clarify it to them (<a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ghamidi-220">[207]</a></li> <li>Now the only reason to kill an apostate is to eliminate the danger of war, not because of their disbelief (<a href="/wiki/Al-Kamal_ibn_al-Humam" title="Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam">Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam</a> 861 AH/1457 CE);<a href="#cite_note-ahmad-2005-139-196">[186]</a> these days, the number of apostates is small, and does not politically threaten the Islamic community (Christine Schirrmacher describing the "liberal" position on apostasy);<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-86-129">[120]</a> it should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (<a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a>) (Ahmet Albayrak).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated526-42">[40]</a></li></ul></li> <li>In Islamic history, laws calling for severe penalties against apostasy (and blasphemy) have not been used to protect Islam, but "almost exclusively" to either eliminate "political dissidents" or target "vulnerable religious minorities" (Javaid Rehman),<a href="#cite_note-Rehman-3-2010-4-221">[208]</a> which is hardly something worthy of imitating.</li> <li>Executing apostates is a violation of the human right to freedom of religion, and somewhat hypocritical for a religion that enthusiastically encourages non-Muslims to apostatize from their current faith and convert to Islam (Non-Muslims and liberal Muslims).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_way">Middle way</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle way">edit</a>]</div> At least some conservative jurists and preachers have attempted to reconcile following the traditional doctrine of death for apostasy while addressing the principle of freedom of religion. Some of whom argue apostasy should have a lesser penalty than death.<a href="#cite_note-hassanibrahim-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-dforte2-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-smz-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-fkazemi-39">[37]</a> At a 2009-human rights conference at Mofid University in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, Iran, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Araki" title="Mohsen Araki">Mohsen Araki</a>, stated that "if an individual doubts Islam, he does not become the subject of punishment, but if the doubt is openly expressed, this is not permissible." As one observer (<a href="/wiki/Sadakat_Kadri" title="Sadakat Kadri">Sadakat Kadri</a>) noted, this "freedom" has the advantage that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to".<a href="#cite_note-kadri-249-222">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Islamic_televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic televangelist">Islamic televangelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">preacher</a><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-159">[150]</a> takes a less strict line (mentioned above), stating that only those Muslims who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" after converting from Islam should be put to death.<a href="#cite_note-hp10-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-162">[153]</a> While not speaking to the issue of executing apostates, <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta_al-Misriyyah" title="Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah">Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah</a>, an Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body, issued a fatwa in the case of an Egyptian Christian convert to Islam but "sought to return to Christianity", stating: "Those who embraced Islam voluntarily and without coercion cannot later deviate from the public order of society by revealing their act of apostasy because such behavior would discourage other people from embracing Islam." (The Egyptian court followed the fatwa.)<a href="#cite_note-Ezzat-2020-223">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice:_historical_impact">In practice: historical impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In practice: historical impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_early_modern_period">From the Middle Ages to the early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: From the Middle Ages to the early modern period">edit</a>]</div> The charge of apostasy has often been used by religious authorities to condemn and punish skeptics, dissidents, and minorities in their communities.<a href="#cite_note-juancampo-55">[52]</a> From the earliest times of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>, the crime of apostasy and execution for apostasy has driven major events in the development of the Islamic religion. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a> (civil wars of apostasy) shook the Muslim community in 632–633 AD, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muhammad">death of Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-juancampo-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a> These <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">sectarian wars</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">split between the two major sects of Islam</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a>, and numerous deaths on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a> Sunni and Shia sects of Islam have long accused each other of apostasy.<a href="#cite_note-227">[214]</a> The charge of apostasy dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a> with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> in the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-228">[215]</a> The original schism between <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a> among <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> was disputed over the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">political and religious succession</a> to the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (Ummah) after the death of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-228">[215]</a> From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-228">[215]</a> Shias believe <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shias and the Sunnis during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (the first Islamic Civil War);<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-228">[215]</a> they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a> (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunni and Shia Muslims to be either <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidels</a> (kuffār) or <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">false Muslims</a> (munāfiḳūn), and therefore deemed them <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">worthy of death</a> for their perceived apostasy (ridda).<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-228">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg/270px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg/405px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg/540px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Roderick" title="Saint Roderick">Roderick</a> is venerated in Christianity as one of the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Martyrs of Córdoba">Martyrs of Córdoba</a></figcaption></figure> Modern historians recognize that the Christian populations living in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies</a> between the 7th and 10th centuries AD suffered <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">religious persecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Christianity">martyrdom</a> multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers;<a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1987-231">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fierro_2008-233">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trombley_1996-234">[221]</a> many <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">were executed under the Islamic death penalty</a> for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">reconversion to Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fierro_2008-233">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trombley_1996-234">[221]</a> Notable Christian converts to Islam who reportedly reverted to Christianity and were executed under the Islamic death penalty for this reason include "Kyros", who was <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">executed by burning</a> in 769 CE, “Holy Elias” in 795 CE, and “Holy Bacchus” in 806 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Khoury_1994:_101–192-235">[222]</a> The martyrdoms of forty-eight Christian martyrs that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a> between 850 and 859 CE<a href="#cite_note-Graves_1964-236">[223]</a> are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographical treatise</a> written by the Iberian Christian and Latinist scholar <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Eulogius of Córdoba">Eulogius of Córdoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fierro_2008-233">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trombley_1996-234">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Martyrs of Córdoba">Martyrs of Córdoba</a> were executed under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman II">Abd al-Rahman II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Muhammad I of Córdoba">Muhammad I</a>, and Eulogius' hagiography describes in detail the executions of the martyrs for capital violations of Islamic law, including apostasy and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fierro_2008-233">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trombley_1996-234">[221]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">David Cook</a> writes that "it is only with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">'Abbasi</a> caliphs al-Mu'taṣim (218–28 AH/833–42 CE) and al-Mutawakkil (233–47 /847–61) that we find detailed accounts" of apostates and what was done with them. Prior to that, in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and early Abbasid periods, measures to defend Islam from apostasy "appear to have mostly remained limited to intellectual debates"<a href="#cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-256-276-277-237">[224]</a> He also states that "the most common category of apostates" – at least of apostates who converted to another religion – "from the very first days of Islam" were "Christians and Jews who converted to Islam and after some time" reconverted back to their former faith.<a href="#cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-256-238">[225]</a> Some sources emphasize that executions of apostates have been "rare in Islamic history".<a href="#cite_note-ELLIOTT-3-26-2006-26">[26]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, in "religious polemic" in the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy were not unusual", but the accused were seldom prosecuted, and "some even held high offices in the Muslim state". Later, "as the rules and penalties of the Muslim law were systematized and more regularly enforced, charges of apostasy became rarer."<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-229-101">[95]</a> When action was taken against an alleged apostate, it was much more likely to be "quarantine" than execution, unless the innovation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive".<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-229-101">[95]</a> Another source, legal historian <a href="/wiki/Sadakat_Kadri" title="Sadakat Kadri">Sadakat Kadri</a>, argues execution was rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a> [...] had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day. This principle was upheld "even in extreme situations", such as when an offender adopted Islam "only for fear of death" and their sincerity seemed highly implausible. It was based on the hadith that Muhammad had upbraided a follower for killing a raider who had uttered the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[Note 14]</a> The New Encyclopedia of Islam also states that after the early period, with some notable exceptions, the practice in Islam regarding atheism or various forms of heresy, grew more tolerant as long as it was a private matter. However heresy and atheism expressed in public may well be considered a scandal and a menace to a society; in some societies they are punishable, at least to the extent the perpetrator is silenced. In particular, blasphemy against God and insulting <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> are major crimes.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-242">[228]</a> In contrast, historian David Cook maintains the issue of apostasy and punishment for it was not uncommon in Islamic history. However, he also states that prior to 11th century execution seems rare he gives an example of a Jew who had converted to Islam and used the threat of reverting to Judaism in order to gain better treatment and privilege.<a href="#cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-243">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindīq">Zindīq</a> (often a "blanket phrase" for "intellectuals" under suspicion of having abandoned Islam" or <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>, atheist or heretic who conceal their religion),<a href="#cite_note-244">[230]</a> experienced a wave of persecutions from 779 to 786. A history of those times states:<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-242">[228]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Tolerance is laudable", the Spiller (the Caliph <a href="/wiki/As-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Saffah">Abu al-Abbās</a>) had once said, "except in matters dangerous to religious beliefs, or to the Sovereign's dignity."<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-242">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">Al-Mahdi</a> (d. 169/785) persecuted Freethinkers, and executed them in large numbers. He was the first Caliph to order composition of polemical works to in refutation of Freethinkers and other heretics; and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely, hunting them down throughout all provinces and putting accused persons to death on mere suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-242">[228]</a></blockquote> The famous Sufi mystic of 10th-century Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">Mansur Al-Hallaj</a> was officially executed for possessing a heretical document suggesting <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrimage was not required of a pure Muslim (i.e. killed for heresy which made him an apostate), but it is thought he would have been spared execution except that the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> at the time <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">Al-Muqtadir</a> wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj.<a href="#cite_note-kadri-237-245">[231]</a> (Previously al-Hallaj had been punished for talking about being at one with God by being shaved, pilloried and beaten with the flat of a sword. He was not executed because the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ite</a> judge had ruled that his words were not "proof of disbelief."<a href="#cite_note-kadri-237-245">[231]</a>) In 12th-century Iran, <a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">al-Suhrawardi</a> along with followers of Ismaili sect of Islam were killed on charges of being apostates;<a href="#cite_note-juancampo-55">[52]</a> in 14th-century Syria, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> declared Central Asian Turko-Mongol Muslims as apostates due to the invasion of Ghazan Khan;<a href="#cite_note-246">[232]</a> in 17th-century India, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> and other sons of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> were captured and executed on charges of apostasy from Islam by his brother Aurangzeb although historians agree it was more political than a religious execution.<a href="#cite_note-247">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_and_after">Colonial era and after</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Colonial era and after">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian sentiment in the Middle East">Anti-Christian sentiment in the Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Muslim_places_of_worship_into_mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians by ISIL">Persecution of Christians by ISIL</a></div> From around 1800 up until 1970, there were only a few cases of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">executions of apostates in the Muslim world</a>, including the strangling of a woman in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> (sometime between 1825 and 1835), and the beheading of an Armenian youth in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a> campaigned intensely for a prohibition on the execution of apostates in the Ottoman Empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] British envoy to the court of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> (1839–1861), Stratford Canning, led diplomatic representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France in a "tug of war" with the Ottoman government.<a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-83-248">[234]</a> In the end (following the execution of the Armenian), the Sublime Porte agreed to allow "complete freedom of Christian missionaries" to try to convert Muslims in the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> The death sentence for apostasy from Islam was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Toleration_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Toleration 1844">Edict of Toleration</a>, and substituted with other forms of punishment by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman government</a> in 1844. The implementation of this ban was resisted by religious officials and proved difficult.<a href="#cite_note-selimderingi-249">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[236]</a> A series of edicts followed during the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Ottoman Reformist period</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">1856 Reform Edict</a>. This was also the time that Islamic modernists like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> (d. 1905) argued that to be executed, it was not enough to be an apostate, the perpetrator had to pose a real threat to public safety.<a href="#cite_note-Parolin-2009-121-178">[169]</a> Islamic scholars like <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935) and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ghazali" title="Mohammed al-Ghazali">Muhammad al-Ghazzali</a> (d. 1996), on the other hand, asserted that public, explicit apostasy automatically tened public order, and hence, punishable by death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These scholars reconciled the Qur'anic verse <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">"There is no compulsion in religion"</a> by arguing that freedom of religion in Islam doesn't extend for Muslims who seek to change their religion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other authors like 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi, <a href="/wiki/S._A._Rahman" title="S. A. Rahman">S. A. Rahman</a>, etc. assert that capital punishment for apostasy is contradictory to freedom of religion and need to be banished.<a href="#cite_note-251">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic,_Nov._1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg/280px-Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg/420px-Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kharput_Christian_refugees_-_C.D.Morris_-_National_Geographic%2C_Nov._1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Christians</a> in 1922, fleeing from their homes in <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Kharput</a> and moving to <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>. In the 1910s and 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seyfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyfo">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history#Ottoman_Empire/Turkey" title="Genocides in history">genocides</a> were perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[246]</a></figcaption></figure> Efforts to convert Muslims to other religions were extremely unpopular with the Muslim community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite these edicts on apostasy, there was constant pressure on non-Muslims to convert to Islam, and apostates from Islam continued to be persecuted, punished and threatened with execution, particularly in eastern and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> parts of the then <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-selimderingi-249">[235]</a> The Edict of Toleration ultimately failed when Sultan Abdul Hamid II assumed power, re-asserted pan-Islamism with sharia as Ottoman state philosophy, and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">late Ottoman genocides</a> in 1894 against Christians,<a href="#cite_note-261">[247]</a> particularly the <a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history#Ottoman_Empire/Turkey" title="Genocides in history">genocides of</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">crypto-Christian</a> apostates from Islam in Turkey (Stavriotes, Kromlides).<a href="#cite_note-262">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[251]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] In the colonial era, the death penalty for apostasy was abolished in Islamic countries that had come under Western rule or in places, such as the Ottoman Empire, Western powers could apply enough pressure to abolish it.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> Writing in the mid 1970s, Rudolph Peters and Gert J. J. De Vries stated that "apostasy no longer falls under criminal law"<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> in the Muslim world, but that some Muslims (such as 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) were preaching that "the killing of an apostate" had "become a duty of individual Moslems" (rather than a less important collective duty in <a href="/wiki/Hisbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbah">hisbah</a> doctrine) and giving advice on how to plead in court after being arrested for such a murder to avoid punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Apostasy_in_Islam-266">[252]</a> Some (Louay M. Safi), have argued that this situation, with the adoption of "European legal codes ... enforced by state elites without any public debate", created an identification of tolerance with foreign/alien control in the mind of the Muslim public, and rigid literalist interpretations (such as the execution of apostates), with authenticity and legitimacy. Autocratic rulers "often align themselves with traditional religious scholars" to deflect grassroots discontent, which took the form of angry pious traditionalists.<a href="#cite_note-SAFI-2006-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice_in_the_recent_past">In practice in the recent past</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In practice in the recent past">edit</a>]</div> While as of 2004 apostasy from Islam is a capital offence in only eight majority-Muslim states,<a href="#cite_note-locapo-267">[253]</a> in other states that do not directly execute apostates, apostate killing is sometimes facilitated through <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">extrajudicial killings performed by the apostate's family</a>, particularly if the apostate is vocal.<a href="#cite_note-269">[Note 15]</a> In some countries, it is not uncommon for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt to kill apostates or alleged apostates, in the belief they are enforcing sharia law that the government has failed to. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/350px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/525px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/700px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Penalties for apostasy in Muslim-majority countries as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-locapo-267">[253]</a> Many other Muslim countries impose a prison term for apostasy or they prosecute it under <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">blasphemy</a> or other laws.<a href="#cite_note-270">[255]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> More than 20 Muslim-majority states have laws that punish apostasy by Muslims to be a crime some de facto other de jure.<a href="#cite_note-locapo-267">[253]</a> As of 2014, apostasy was a capital offense in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-locapo-267">[253]</a> Executions for religious conversion have been infrequent in recent times, with four cases reported since 1985: one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-locapo-267">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELLIOTT-3-26-2006-26">[26]</a> In Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Yemen apostasy laws have been used to charge persons for acts other than conversion.<a href="#cite_note-locapo-267">[253]</a> In addition, some predominantly Islamic countries without laws specifically addressing apostasy have prosecuted individuals or minorities for apostasy using broadly-defined blasphemy laws.<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-271">[256]</a> In many nations, the <a href="/wiki/Hisbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbah">Hisbah</a> doctrine of Islam has traditionally allowed any Muslim to accuse another Muslim or ex-Muslim for beliefs that may harm Islamic society, i.e. violate the norms of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Islamic law). This principle has been used in countries such as Egypt, Pakistan and others to bring blasphemy charges against apostates.<a href="#cite_note-272">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[258]</a> The source of most violence or threats of violence against apostate has come from outside of state judicial systems in the Muslim world in recent years, either from extralegal acts by government authorities or from other individuals or groups operating unrestricted by the government.<a href="#cite_note-marshall20080410-274">[259]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There has also been social persecution for Muslims converting to Christianity. For example, the Christian organisation <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnabas Fund">Barnabas Fund</a> reports: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The field of apostasy and blasphemy and related "crimes" is thus obviously a complex syndrome within all Muslim societies which touches a raw nerve and always arouses great emotional outbursts against the perceived acts of treason, betrayal and attacks on Islam and its honour. While there are a few brave dissenting voices within Muslim societies, the threat of the application of the apostasy and blasphemy laws against any who criticize its application is an efficient weapon used to intimidate opponents, silence criticism, punish rivals, reject innovations and reform, and keep non-Muslim communities in their place.<a href="#cite_note-275">[260]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</blockquote> Similar views are expressed by the non-theistic <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[261]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Hamid" title="Mohsin Hamid">Mohsin Hamid</a> points out that the logic of widely accepted claim that anyone helping an apostate is themselves an apostate, is a powerful weapon in spreading fear among those who oppose the killings (in at least the country of Pakistan). It means that a doctor who agrees to treat an apostate wounded by attacker(s), or a police officer who has agreed to protect that doctor after they have been threatened is also an apostate – "and on and on".<a href="#cite_note-fear-277">[262]</a> Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">reformist/liberal Muslims</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Subhy_Mansour" title="Ahmed Subhy Mansour">Ahmed Subhy Mansour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-278">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edip_Yuksel" class="mw-redirect" title="Edip Yuksel">Edip Yuksel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahrour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Shahrour">Mohammed Shahrour</a> have suffered from accusations of apostasy and demands to execute them, issued by Islamic clerics such as Mahmoud Ashur, Mustafa Al-Shak'a, Mohammed Ra'fat Othman and Yusif Al-Badri.<a href="#cite_note-279">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostate_communities">Apostate communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Apostate communities">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Christian apostates from Islam</dt></dl> Regarding Muslim converts to Christianity, Duane Alexander Miller (2016) identified two different categories: <ol><li>'Muslims followers of Jesus Christ', 'Jesus Muslims' or 'Messianic Muslims' (analogous to <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Jews</a>), who continue to self-identify as 'Muslims', or at least say Islam is (part of) their 'culture' rather than religion, but "understand themselves to be following Jesus as he is portrayed in the Bible".</li> <li>'Christians from a Muslim background' (abbreviated CMBs), also known as 'ex-Muslim Christians', who have completely abandoned Islam in favour of Christianity.</li></ol> Miller introduced the term 'Muslim-background believers' (MBBs) to encompass both groups, adding that the latter group are generally regarded as apostates from Islam, but orthodox Muslims' opinions on the former group is more mixed (either that 'Muslim followers of Jesus' are '<a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> Muslims', '<a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> Muslims' or '<a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">crypto-Christian</a> liars').<a href="#cite_note-280">[265]</a> <dl><dt>Atheist apostates from Islam</dt></dl> Writing in 2015, Ahmed Benchemsi argued that while Westerners have great difficulty even conceiving of the existence of an Arab atheist, "a generational dynamic" is underway with "large numbers" of young people brought up as Muslims "tilting away from ... rote religiosity" after having "personal doubts" about the "illogicalities" of the Quran and Sunnah.<a href="#cite_note-TNR-Benchemsi-2015-281">[266]</a> Immigrant apostates from Islam in Western countries "converting" to Atheism have often gathered for comfort in <a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">groups</a> such as Women in Secularism, <a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims_of_North_America" title="Ex-Muslims of North America">Ex-Muslims of North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ex-Muslims_of_Britain" title="Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain">Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leaving_Oppenheimer_NYT_23-5-2014-282">[267]</a> sharing tales of the tension and anxieties of "leaving a close-knit belief-based community" and confronting "parental disappointment", "rejection by friends and relatives", and charges of "trying to assimilate into a Western culture that despises them", often using terminology first uttered by the LGBT community – "'coming out,' and leaving 'the closet'".<a href="#cite_note-Leaving_Oppenheimer_NYT_23-5-2014-282">[267]</a> Atheists in the Muslim world maintain a lower profile, but according to the Editor-in-chief of FreeArabs.com: <blockquote> When I recently searched Facebook in both Arabic and English, combining the word ‘atheist’ with names of different Arab countries I turned up over 250 pages or groups, with memberships ranging from a few individuals to more than 11,000. And these numbers only pertain to Arab atheists (or Arabs concerned with the topic of atheism) who are committed enough to leave a trace online.<a href="#cite_note-TNR-Benchemsi-2015-281">[266]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> A survey based on face-to-face interviews conducted in 80 languages by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> between 2008 and 2012 among thousands of Muslims in many countries, found varied views on the death penalty for those who leave Islam to become an atheist or to convert to another religion.<a href="#cite_note-pew2013apo-33">[32]</a> In some countries (especially in Central Asia, Southeast Europe, and Turkey), support for the death penalty for apostasy was confined to a tiny fringe; in other countries (especially in the Arab world and South Asia) majorities and large minorities support the death penalty. In the survey, Muslims who favored making <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> the law of the land were asked for their views on the death penalty for apostasy from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-pew2013apo-33">[32]</a> The results are summarized in the table below. (Note that values for Group C have been derived from the values for the other two groups and are not part of the Pew report.)<a href="#cite_note-pew2013apo-33">[32]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:31%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <caption>Middle East and North Africa </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Group A: % Muslims support sharia </th> <th>Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A </th> <th>Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>74</td> <td>86</td> <td>63.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestine</a></td> <td>89</td> <td>66</td> <td>58.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td>71</td> <td>82</td> <td>58.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>91</td> <td>42</td> <td>38.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td>56</td> <td>29</td> <td>16.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>29</td> <td>46</td> <td>13.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:31%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <caption>South and Southeast Asia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Group A: % Muslims support sharia </th> <th>Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A </th> <th>Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>99</td> <td>79</td> <td>78.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>84</td> <td>76</td> <td>63.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>86</td> <td>62</td> <td>53.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>82</td> <td>44</td> <td>36.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>77</td> <td>27</td> <td>20.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>72</td> <td>18</td> <td>13.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:38%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <caption>Southeast Europe and Central Asia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Group A: % Muslims support sharia </th> <th>Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A </th> <th>Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>42</td> <td>15</td> <td>6.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td>27</td> <td>22</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>14</td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>11</td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>17</td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>8</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_(Pew_Research_Center_2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_%28Pew_Research_Center_2013%29.svg/220px-Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_%28Pew_Research_Center_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_%28Pew_Research_Center_2013%29.svg/330px-Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_%28Pew_Research_Center_2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_%28Pew_Research_Center_2013%29.svg/440px-Muslim_beliefs_on_death_penalty_for_leaving_Islam_%28Pew_Research_Center_2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Visualisation of the total % of Muslims per country who support the death penalty for apostasy according to the 2013 Pew report's values.</figcaption></figure> Overall, the figures in the 2012 survey suggest that the percentage of Muslims in the countries surveyed who approve the death penalty for Muslims who leave Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion varies widely, from 0.4% (in Kazakhstan) to 78.2% (in Afghanistan).<a href="#cite_note-pew2013apo-33">[32]</a> The Governments of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait) did not permit Pew Research to survey nationwide public opinion on apostasy in 2010 or 2012. The survey also did not include <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, or <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></div> The situation for apostates from Islam varies markedly between Muslim-minority and Muslim-majority regions. In Muslim-minority countries "any violence against those who abandon Islam is already illegal". But in Muslim-majority countries, violence is sometimes "institutionalised", and (at least in 2007) "hundreds and thousands of closet apostates" live in fear of violence and are compelled to live lives of "extreme duplicity and mental stress."<a href="#cite_note-Eteraz-supporting-guardian-13-2-2021-283">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Universal Declaration of Human Rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">Human rights in Muslim-majority countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></div> Laws prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a> run contrary<a href="#cite_note-284">[269]</a> to Article 18 of the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, which states the following: <blockquote>Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.<a href="#cite_note-Un.org-285">[270]</a></blockquote> Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Syria voted in favor of the Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-Un.org-285">[270]</a> The governments of other Muslim-majority countries have responded by criticizing the Declaration as an attempt by the non-Muslim world to impose their values on Muslims, with a presumption of cultural superiority,<a href="#cite_note-286">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[272]</a> and by issuing the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a>—a joint declaration of the member states of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of the Islamic Conference">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a> made in 1990 in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Brems-288">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cismas_p254-289">[274]</a> The Cairo Declaration differs from the Universal Declaration in affirming <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> as the sole source of rights, and in limits of equality and behavior<a href="#cite_note-290">[275]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-291">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[277]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">sexuality</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Cismas_p254-289">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[278]</a> Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Rashid Rida in Tafsir al-Minar, argue that the "freedom to apostatize", is different from <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> on the grounds that apostasy from Islam infringes on the freedom of others and the <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">respect due the religion of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literature and film">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_documentaries">Films and documentaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Films and documentaries">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Leaving the Faith – Former Muslims (2014) – for <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></li> <li>Ex-Muslim: Leaving Religion (2015) – Benjamin Zand for <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam%27s_Non-Believers" title="Islam's Non-Believers">Islam's Non-Believers</a> (2016) – <a href="/wiki/Deeyah_Khan" title="Deeyah Khan">Deeyah Khan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fuuse" title="Fuuse">Fuuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Among_Nonbelievers" title="Among Nonbelievers">Among Nonbelievers</a> (2015) – Dorothée Forma for <a href="/wiki/Humanistische_Omroep" title="Humanistische Omroep">HUMAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-believers:_Freethinkers_on_the_Run" title="Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run">Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run</a> (2016) – Dorothée Forma for <a href="/wiki/Humanistische_Omroep" title="Humanistische Omroep">HUMAN</a></li> <li>Rescuing Ex-Muslims: Leaving Islam (2016) – Poppy Begum for <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></li> <li>Diary of a Pakistani Atheist (2017) – Mobeen Azhar for <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[279]</a></li> <li>Becoming Ex-Muslim: The secret group for Aussies who've left their faith (2017) – Patrick Abboud for <a href="/wiki/The_Feed_(Australian_TV_series)" title="The Feed (Australian TV series)">The Feed</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_by_ex-Muslims">Books by ex-Muslims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Books by ex-Muslims">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(author)" title="Nabeel Qureshi (author)">Qureshi, Nabeel</a> (2014). Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus: A Devout Muslim Encounters Christianity. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310515029" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310515029"><bdi>978-0310515029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Allah%2C+Finding+Jesus%3A+A+Devout+Muslim+Encounters+Christianity&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0310515029&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Nabeel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_van_der_Ham" title="Boris van der Ham">Ham, Boris van der</a>; Benhammou, Rachid (2018). Nieuwe Vrijdenkers: 12 voormalige moslims vertellen hun verhaal (New Freethinkers: 12 Former Muslims Tell Their Story). Amsterdam: Prometheus. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9044636840" title="Special:BookSources/978-9044636840"><bdi>978-9044636840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nieuwe+Vrijdenkers%3A+12+voormalige+moslims+vertellen+hun+verhaal+%28New+Freethinkers%3A+12+Former+Muslims+Tell+Their+Story%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9044636840&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Boris+van+der&rft.au=Benhammou%2C+Rachid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Hirsi Ali, Ayaan</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life" title="Infidel: My Life">Infidel: My Life (Mijn Vrijheid)</a>. Simon & Schuster UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743295031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743295031"><bdi>978-0743295031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infidel%3A+My+Life+%28Mijn+Vrijheid%29&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0743295031&rft.aulast=Hirsi+Ali&rft.aufirst=Ayaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2011). <a href="/wiki/Nomad:_From_Islam_to_America" title="Nomad: From Islam to America">Nomad: From Islam to America</a>. Simon & Schuster UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847398185" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847398185"><bdi>978-1847398185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomad%3A+From+Islam+to+America&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1847398185&rft.aulast=Hirsi+Ali&rft.aufirst=Ayaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waleed_Al-Husseini" title="Waleed Al-Husseini">Al-Husseini, Waleed</a> (2017). The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam (Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah). New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628726756" title="Special:BookSources/978-1628726756"><bdi>978-1628726756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blasphemer%3A+The+Price+I+Paid+for+Rejecting+Islam+%28Blasph%C3%A9mateur+%21+%3A+les+prisons+d%27Allah%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1628726756&rft.aulast=Al-Husseini&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Jami" title="Ehsan Jami">Jami, Ehsan</a> (2007). Het recht om ex-moslim te zijn (The Right to Be an Ex-Muslim). Kampen: Uitgeverij Ten Have. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9025958367" title="Special:BookSources/978-9025958367"><bdi>978-9025958367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+recht+om+ex-moslim+te+zijn+%28The+Right+to+Be+an+Ex-Muslim%29&rft.place=Kampen&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Ten+Have&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9025958367&rft.aulast=Jami&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yasmine_Mohammed" title="Yasmine Mohammed">Mohammed, Yasmine</a> (2019). From Al Qaeda to Atheism: The Girl Who Would Not Submit. Free Hearts Free Minds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1724790804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1724790804"><bdi>978-1724790804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Al+Qaeda+to+Atheism%3A+The+Girl+Who+Would+Not+Submit&rft.pub=Free+Hearts+Free+Minds&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1724790804&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_A._Rizvi" title="Ali A. Rizvi">Rizvi, Ali Amjad</a> (2016). The Atheist Muslim: A Journey from Religion to Reason. New York: St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250094445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250094445"><bdi>978-1250094445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atheist+Muslim%3A+A+Journey+from+Religion+to+Reason&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1250094445&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Ali+Amjad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Saleem" title="Aliyah Saleem">Saleem, Aliyah</a>; Mughal, Fiyaz (2018). Leaving Faith Behind: The journeys and perspectives of people who have chosen to leave Islam. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0232533644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0232533644"><bdi>978-0232533644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaving+Faith+Behind%3A+The+journeys+and+perspectives+of+people+who+have+chosen+to+leave+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+%26+Todd&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0232533644&rft.aulast=Saleem&rft.aufirst=Aliyah&rft.au=Mughal%2C+Fiyaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sultan, Harris (2018). The Curse of God: Why I Left Islam. Gordon Centre, Australia: Xilbris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1984502124" title="Special:BookSources/978-1984502124"><bdi>978-1984502124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+God%3A+Why+I+Left+Islam&rft.place=Gordon+Centre%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Xilbris&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1984502124&rft.aulast=Sultan&rft.aufirst=Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-295">[280]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Warraq" title="Ibn Warraq">Warraq, Ibn</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Leaving_Islam:_Apostates_Speak_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out">Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out</a>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591020684" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591020684"><bdi>978-1591020684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaving+Islam%3A+Apostates+Speak+Out&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1591020684&rft.aulast=Warraq&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">Al-Baqara 256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">Apostasy in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">Apostasy in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims_of_North_America" title="Ex-Muslims of North America">Ex-Muslims of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Islam and blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shaikh_(critic_of_Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar Shaikh (critic of Islam)">Anwar Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">Zandaqa</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> From 1985 to 2006, only four individuals were officially executed for apostasy from Islam by governments, "one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992."<a href="#cite_note-ELLIOTT-3-26-2006-26">[26]</a> These were sometimes charged with unrelated political crimes. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> taken from 2008 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-pew2013apo-33">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ahmet Albayrak writes in The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of <a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">intolerance of other religions</a>, and it is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or one's freedom to leave Islam and embrace another faith, on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is imposed as a safety precaution when conditions warrant the imposition of it, for example, the punishment is imposed if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (<a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated526-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Legal historian <a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a> writes that "nothing in the law governing apostates and apostasy derives from the letter" of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-auto-57">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> (two of the <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> or the six most important collections of hadith for Sunni Muslims) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> for example <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> wrote "not everyone who falls into unbelief becomes an unbeliever" Laysa kull man waqaʿa fi l-kufr ṣāra kāfir.<a href="#cite_note-Adang-2015-219-75">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> killings have been directly by ISIL or through affiliated groups, from its inception in 2014 to 2020 according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014; 2015<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-104">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> according to one "well known Muslim journalist of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik", "All great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside the pale of Islam according to one or the other group of religious leaders. In the realm of the Shariah [religious law] and tariqat [path of devotion], not a single sect or a single family has been spared the accusations of apostasy."<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> More recently, a growing body of Islamic jurists have relied on Quranic verses which advocate absolute freedom of religion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> "Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way." Footnote 38: "According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth"<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> See for example al-Shatibi, al-Muafaqat (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma'rifah, n.d.), vol. 3, pp. 15–26; quoted in <a href="#cite_note-SAFI-2006-63">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> "The sunnah, which is consistent with the Qur’an, reserves the death penalty for those who apostatised and treasonously fought against the Muslims"<a href="#cite_note-212">[201]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> the prescription of death penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state<a href="#cite_note-Kamali-170">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Muhammad had been unimpressed by claims that the dead man had adopted Islam only for fear of death. 'Who will absolve you, Usama,` he asked the killer repeatedly, for ignoring the confession of faith?`" source: ibn Ishaq, Life of Muhammad, p. 667; al-Bukhari, 5.59.568; Muslim 1.176<a href="#cite_note-239">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-kadri-239-240">[227]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> examples of countries where the government does not facilitate extra-judicial killings are <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[254]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher_2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher_2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher_2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher_2020_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000008.xml?body=pdf-43180">"Chapter 7: Leaving Islam"</a>. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 81–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004331471_008">10.1163/9789004331471_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004330924" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004330924"><bdi>978-9004330924</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212521/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000008.xml?body=pdf-43180">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=81-95&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004331471_008&rft.isbn=978-9004330924&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004331471%2FBP000008.xml%3Fbody%3Dpdf-43180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21567059-ex-muslim-atheists-are-becoming-more-outspoken-tolerance-still-rare-no-god-not">"No God, not even Allah"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=No+God%2C+not+even+Allah&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21567059-ex-muslim-atheists-are-becoming-more-outspoken-tolerance-still-rare-no-god-not&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor-1570336-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor-1570336_3-34">ai</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>. <q>By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashemi-2008-21-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Hashemi-2008-21_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashemi2008" class="citation book cs1">Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047431534/Bej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml">Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States</a>. Brill. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047431534" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047431534"><bdi>978-9047431534</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123013512/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047431534/Bej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+A.+Apostasy+%28IRTIDAD%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Legal+Traditions%2C+International+Human+Rights+Law+and+Muslim+States&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9047431534&rft.aulast=Hashemi&rft.aufirst=Kamran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047431534%2FBej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peters-vries-2-4-5"><a href="#cite_ref-peters-vries-2-4_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". 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"Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a>. 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The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840">978-0691134840</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Diane Morgan (2009), Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313360251" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313360251">978-0313360251</a>, pp. 182–183 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhali2006" class="citation web cs1">Ghali, Hebatallah (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/3405/GHALI%20000710037%20RIGHTS%20OF%20CONVERTS%20UPDATE%20FEB%202013.pdf?sequence=3">"Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity"</a> (PhD Thesis). Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The American University in Cairo, Egypt. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904065937/http://dar.aucegypt.edu/bitstream/handle/10526/3405/GHALI%20000710037%20RIGHTS%20OF%20CONVERTS%20UPDATE%20FEB%202013.pdf?sequence=3">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2014. <q>Whereas an apostate (murtad) is the person who commits apostasy ('rtidad), that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance or ... renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Law%2C+School+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rights+of+Muslim+Converts+to+Christianity&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Ghali&rft.aufirst=Hebatallah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdar.aucegypt.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10526%2F3405%2FGHALI%2520000710037%2520RIGHTS%2520OF%2520CONVERTS%2520UPDATE%2520FEB%25202013.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelhadi2006" class="citation news cs1">Abdelhadi, Magdi (27 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm">"What Islam says on religious freedom"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211123527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+Islam+says+on+religious+freedom&rft.date=2006-03-27&rft.aulast=Abdelhadi&rft.aufirst=Magdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F4850080.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedmann-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedmann_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-RVkw_fad4C&pg=121">"Chapter 4: Apostasy"</a>. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139440790" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139440790"><bdi>978-1139440790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Apostasy&rft.btitle=Tolerance+and+Coercion+in+Islam%3A+Interfaith+Relations+in+the+Muslim+Tradition&rft.pages=121-159&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1139440790&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-RVkw_fad4C%26pg%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27433241">"Sudan death penalty reignites Islam apostasy debate"</a>. BBC News. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudan+death+penalty+reignites+Islam+apostasy+debate&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-27433241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoljarevic2021" class="citation book cs1">Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 485–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_026">10.1163/9789004435544_026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004435544" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004435544"><bdi>978-9004435544</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theology+of+Violence-oriented+Takfirism+as+a+Political+Theory%3A+The+Case+of+the+Islamic+State+in+Iraq+and+Syria+%28ISIS%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=485-512&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_026&rft.isbn=978-9004435544&rft.aulast=Poljarevic&rft.aufirst=Emin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asmi-14"><a href="#cite_ref-asmi_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2012" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13">Freedom of Religion under Bills of Rights</a>. University of Adelaide Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0987171801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0987171801"><bdi>978-0987171801</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13">10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114033301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. 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Springer. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041116185" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041116185"><bdi>978-9041116185</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407085134/https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&dq=apostasy+and+human+rights&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+%3A+Universality+and+Diversity&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9041116185&rft.aulast=Brems&rft.aufirst=Evams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINlkqsHpIFEC%26dq%3Dapostasy%2Band%2Bhuman%2Brights%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47810">"UN rights office deeply concerned over Sudanese woman facing death for apostasy"</a>. UN News Centre. 16 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417115144/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47810">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News+Centre&rft.atitle=UN+rights+office+deeply+concerned+over+Sudanese+woman+facing+death+for+apostasy&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D47810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/13/saudi-arabia-writer-faces-apostasy-trial">"Saudi Arabia: Writer Faces Apostasy Trial"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 13 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417114956/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/13/saudi-arabia-writer-faces-apostasy-trial">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Writer+Faces+Apostasy+Trial&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F02%2F13%2Fsaudi-arabia-writer-faces-apostasy-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-1995-229-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1995-229_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1995" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ajwK7ejowwC&pg=PT234">The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years</a>. Touchstone Books. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684807126" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684807126"><bdi>978-0684807126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%2C+a+Brief+History+of+the+Last+2000+Years&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Touchstone+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0684807126&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ajwK7ejowwC%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aromar-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aromar_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aromar_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aromar_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aromar_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar2009" class="citation book cs1">Omar, Abdul Rashied (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvrDWka4iRgC&pg=186">"The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization"</a>. In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians. Lexington Books. pp. 179–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739135235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739135235"><bdi>978-0739135235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+religious+conversion%3A+Between+apostasy+and+proselytization&rft.btitle=Peace-Building+by%2C+between%2C+and+beyond+Muslims+and+Evangelical+Christians&rft.pages=179-194&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0739135235&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rashied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvrDWka4iRgC%26pg%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KEY-20"><a href="#cite_ref-KEY_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKecia_AliOliver_Leaman2008" class="citation book cs1">Kecia Ali; Oliver Leaman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5-CdzqmuXsC&pg=PA10">Islam: the key concepts</a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415396387" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415396387"><bdi>978-0415396387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+the+key+concepts&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415396387&rft.au=Kecia+Ali&rft.au=Oliver+Leaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5-CdzqmuXsC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnesposito-21"><a href="#cite_ref-johnesposito_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004" class="citation book cs1">John L. 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Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195125597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195125597"><bdi>978-0195125597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195125597&rft.au=John+L.+Esposito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VeCWQfVNjkC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afsaruddin1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin1_22-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Asma Afsaruddin</a> (2013), Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought, p. 242. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199730938" title="Special:BookSources/0199730938">0199730938</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton.Enc.2013-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton.Enc.2013_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Bowering2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Bowering, ed. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111010040/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/weekinreview/26elliott.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Kabul%2C+a+Test+for+Shariah&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2Fweekinreview%2F26elliott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedom2worship.org-28"><a href="#cite_ref-freedom2worship.org_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedom2worship.org/images/docs/map-laws-jan2020r.pdf">"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws in Islam are applied"</a> (PDF). Set My People Free. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101021818/http://freedom2worship.org/images/docs/map-laws-jan2020r.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Set+My+People+Free&rft.atitle=Countries+where+apostasy+and+blasphemy+laws+in+Islam+are+applied&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreedom2worship.org%2Fimages%2Fdocs%2Fmap-laws-jan2020r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-(Marshall_and_Shea_2011:_61)_29-2">c</a> Marshall, Paul; Shea, Nina. 2011. Silenced. How Apostasy & Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide. 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Sage Publications: 706–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X19868494">10.1177/0261927X19868494</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F37355">10871/37355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-6526">1552-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195448888">195448888</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103011030/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/37355/ConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%20.pdf;jsessionid=FA9C1098E9A1945CFC0E8C9E8F4D9FC0?sequence=2">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Conspiratorial+Narratives+in+Violent+Political+Actors%27+Language&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=706-734&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F37355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195448888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1552-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0261927X19868494&rft.aulast=Baele&rft.aufirst=Stephane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2F10871%2F37355%2F2%2FConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickenbacher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080483">"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religions_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions (journal)">Religions</a>. 10 (8: The Return of Religious Antisemitism?). <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>: <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a>: 483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080483">10.3390/rel10080483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Centrality+of+Anti-Semitism+in+the+Islamic+State%27s+Ideology+and+Its+Connection+to+Anti-Shiism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8%3A+%27%27The+Return+of+Religious+Antisemitism%3F%27%27&rft.pages=483&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10080483&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Rickenbacher&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10080483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badar-radical-2007-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Badar-radical-2007_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadaraNagataTueni2017" class="citation journal cs1">Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geopoldia.org/images/bedas-tueni2.pdf">"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Arab_Law_Quarterly" title="Arab Law Quarterly">Arab Law Quarterly</a>. 31 (2). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 134–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15730255-31020044">10.1163/15730255-31020044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0255">1573-0255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711093513/https://www.geopoldia.org/images/bedas-tueni2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Application+of+the+Islamist+Concept+of+Takfir&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-162&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15730255-31020044&rft.issn=1573-0255&rft.aulast=Badara&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft.au=Nagata%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Tueni%2C+Tiphanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopoldia.org%2Fimages%2Fbedas-tueni2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew2013apo-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pew2013apo_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew2013apo_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew2013apo_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew2013apo_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew2013apo_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/">"Beliefs about Sharia"</a>. Pew Research Center. 30 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830232031/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beliefs+about+Sharia&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2013%2F04%2F30%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcsudan-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcsudan_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcsudan_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27424064">"Sudan woman faces death for apostasy"</a>. BBC News. 15 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519054610/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27424064">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2014. <q>There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say that apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan (...).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudan+woman+faces+death+for+apostasy&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-27424064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hassanibrahim-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassanibrahim_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassanibrahim_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2006" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Hassan (2006). Abu-Rabi', Ibrahim M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00abur_835">The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought</a>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00abur_835/page/n181">167</a>–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405121743" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405121743"><bdi>978-1405121743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Contemporary+Islamic+Thought&rft.pages=167-169&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1405121743&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwellcompani00abur_835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dforte2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dforte2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dforte2_37-1">b</a> Forte, D. F. (1994), Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan, Conn. Journal of Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 27–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-smz-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smz_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smz_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smz_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smz_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwemer" class="citation journal cs1">Zwemer, Samuel M. "The Law of Apostasy". The Muslim World. 14 (4): 36–37, chapter 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4909">0027-4909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=The+Law+of+Apostasy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=36-37%2C+chapter+2&rft.issn=0027-4909&rft.aulast=Zwemer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fkazemi-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fkazemi_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fkazemi_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fkazemi_39-2">c</a> Kazemi F. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020909222846/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/HST451/Readings/Kazemi1.html">"Gender, Islam, and politics"</a>, Social Research, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 453–474 </li> <li id="cite_note-GTWIFE-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GTWIFE_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GTWIFE_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061189036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061189036"><bdi>978-0061189036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0061189036&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Esposito2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA74">What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199794133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199794133"><bdi>978-0199794133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+About+Islam&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199794133&rft.au=John+Esposito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated526-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated526_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated526_42-1">b</a> Ahmet Albayrak writes in The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of intolerance of other religions, and is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or to leave Islam and embrace another faith, but that on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is enforced as a safety precaution when warranted if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (<a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a>). Oliver Leaman, The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia, pp. 526–527. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-81-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-81_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-81_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Handbook of Leaving Religion</a> (PDF). Brill. p. 81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155642/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F43466%2Fexternal_content.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI_Murtadd-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_Murtadd_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_Murtadd_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_Murtadd_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffening,_W.1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heffening, W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5554">"Murtadd"</a>. In C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Vol. 7. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 635–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5554">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5554</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004094192" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004094192"><bdi>978-9004094192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murtadd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=635-636&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5554&rft.isbn=978-9004094192&rft.au=Heffening%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OISO-46"><a href="#cite_ref-OISO_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsReinhart" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Charles; Reinhart, A. Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322140305/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0467">"Kufr"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0467">the original</a> on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Kufr&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Reinhart%2C+A.+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindholm" class="citation book cs1">Lindholm, Charles. The Islamic Middle East. p. xxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Middle+East&rft.pages=xxvi&rft.aulast=Lindholm&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Mousavian, S. A. A. (2005), "A Discussion on the Apostate's Repentance in Shi'a Jurisprudence", Modarres Human Sciences, 8, Tome 37, pp. 187–210, Mofid University (Iran), quote: "Shi'a jurisprudence makes a distinction between an apostate who is born to Muslim parents (murtad-i fitri) and an apostate who is born to non-Muslim parents (murtad-i milli)." (section 1.3) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovar-vocab.com/english/islamic-vocab/fitri-murtad-8925398.html">Advanced Islamic English dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822170043/http://slovar-vocab.com/english/islamic-vocab/fitri-murtad-8925398.html">Archived</a> 22 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Fitri Murtad </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovar-vocab.com/english/islamic-vocab/milli-murtadd-8925677.html">Advanced Islamic English dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022151442/http://slovar-vocab.com/english/islamic-vocab/milli-murtadd-8925677.html">Archived</a> 22 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Milli Murtad </li> <li id="cite_note-McAuliffe-2020-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe-2020_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe-2020_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2020" class="citation book cs1">McAuliffe, Jane (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDLNDwAAQBAJ&dq=connection+between+blasphemy+and+apostasy&pg=PT215">"What does the Quran say about Blasphemy?"</a>. The Qur'an: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190867706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190867706"><bdi>978-0190867706</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407085135/https://books.google.com/books?id=SDLNDwAAQBAJ&dq=connection+between+blasphemy+and+apostasy&pg=PT215">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+does+the+Quran+say+about+Blasphemy%3F&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know%C2%AE&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190867706&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDLNDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconnection%2Bbetween%2Bblasphemy%2Band%2Bapostasy%26pg%3DPT215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale_F._Eickelman_2005_68-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dale_F._Eickelman_2005_68_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale_F._Eickelman_2005_68_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_F._Eickelman2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dale F. Eickelman (2005). "Social sciences". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 5. p. 68. <q>Other verses nonetheless appear to justify coercion and severe punishment for apostates, renegades and unbelievers...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+sciences&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Dale+F.+Eickelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeclanOSullivan-53"><a href="#cite_ref-DeclanOSullivan_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2001" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Declan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers"</a>. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 3 (2): 63–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63">10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">25728038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418172136/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Interpretation+of+Qur%27anic+Text+to+Promote+or+Negate+the+Death+Penalty+for+Apostates+and+Blasphemers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-93&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (2004). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004123557" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004123557"><bdi>978-9004123557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27an%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Leiden%3A+Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9004123557&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Jane+Dammen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-juancampo-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juancampo_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-juancampo_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-juancampo_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-juancampo_55-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 48, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054541"><bdi>978-0816054541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=48%2C+174&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816054541&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Asma Afsaruddin</a> (2013), Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought, p. 242. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199730938" title="Special:BookSources/0199730938">0199730938</a>. Quote: "He [Al-Banna] notes that the Qur'ān itself does not mandate any this-worldly punishment for religious apostasy but defers punishment until the next (cf. Qur'ān 2:217)." </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWael_Hallaq2004" class="citation book cs1">Wael Hallaq (2004). "Apostasy". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">Jane Dammen McAuliffe</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004123557" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004123557"><bdi>978-9004123557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apostasy&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Leiden%3A+Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9004123557&rft.au=Wael+Hallaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabir_Alalwani201132–33-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJabir_Alalwani201132–33_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJabir_Alalwani2011">Jabir Alalwani 2011</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-jacb-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jacb_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacb_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.C._Brown2014" class="citation book cs1">A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/186">Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy</a>. Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/186">186–89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744209" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780744209"><bdi>978-1780744209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Muhammad%3A+The+Challenge+and+Choices+of+Interpreting+the+Prophet%27s+Legacy&rft.pages=186-89&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780744209&rft.aulast=A.C.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingmuhamm0000brow%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Taha_Jabir_Alalwani" title="Taha Jabir Alalwani">Taha Jabir Alalwani</a> (2003), La 'ikraha fi al-din: 'ichkaliyat al-riddah wa al-murtaddin min sadr al-Islam hatta al-yawm, pp. 93–94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9770909963" title="Special:BookSources/9770909963">9770909963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabir_Alalwani201135–39-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJabir_Alalwani201135–39_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJabir_Alalwani2011">Jabir Alalwani 2011</a>, pp. 35–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-SAFI-2006-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAFI-2006_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAFI-2006_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAFI-2006_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAFI-2006_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafi2006" class="citation web cs1">Safi, Louay M. (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicity.org/2845/apostasy-and-religious-freedom/">"Apostasy and Religious Freedom"</a>. Islamicity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014253/https://www.islamicity.org/2845/apostasy-and-religious-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamicity&rft.atitle=Apostasy+and+Religious+Freedom&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.aulast=Safi&rft.aufirst=Louay+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicity.org%2F2845%2Fapostasy-and-religious-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Baqara_256_MustansirM-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Baqara_256_MustansirM_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Baqara_256_MustansirM_64-1">b</a> Mustansir Mir (2008), Understanding the Islamic Scripture, p. 54. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321355737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321355737">978-0321355737</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Baqara_256_qref|2|256-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Baqara_256_qref|2|256_65-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=256">2:256</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berque" title="Jacques Berque">Jacques Berque</a> (1995), Le Coran : Essai de traduction, p.63, note v.256, éditions Albin Michel, Paris. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=255">"Surah Al-Baqarah - 255-256"</a>. Quran.com. Retrieved 13 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Baqarah+-+255-256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F2%3FstartingVerse%3D255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sherazadhamit-68"><a href="#cite_ref-sherazadhamit_68-0">^</a> Sherazad Hamit (2006), "Apostasy and the Notion of Religious Freedom in Islam", Macalester Islam Journal, Volume 1, Spring 2006 Issue 2, pp. 32–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> David Forte (1994), "Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan", Conn. Journal Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 43–45, 27–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Frank Griffel (2007), Apostasy, in Encyclopedia of Islam, 3rd Edition, Leiden: Brill, Eds: Gudrun Kramer et al, Vol. 1, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Dr. M. E. Subhani (2005), Apostasy in Islam, pp. 23–24. New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications. Quote: "This was an open case of apostasy. But the Prophet neither punished the Bedouin nor asked anyone to do it. He allowed him to leave Madina. Nobody harmed him." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001645/https://sunnah.com/nasai/37/103">"Sunan an-Nasa'i 4068 – The Book of Fighting [The Prohibition of Bloodshed]"</a>. Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). 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Brill. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004307834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004307834"><bdi>978-9004307834</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133820/https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accusations+of+Unbelief+in+Islam%3A+A+Diachronic+Perspective+on+Takf%C4%ABr&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004307834&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Fierro%2C+Maribel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnf_dCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtakfir%2Bin%2Bislam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Griffel, Frank, Toleration and exclusion: al-Shāfi'ī and al-Ghazālī on the treatment of apostates, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Al-Ghazali, Fayasl al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-zandaqa, p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-81-2-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-81-2_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). 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Apostasy (IRTIDAD)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047431534/Bej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml">Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States</a>. Brill. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047431534" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047431534"><bdi>978-9047431534</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123013512/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047431534/Bej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+A.+Apostasy+%28IRTIDAD%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Legal+Traditions%2C+International+Human+Rights+Law+and+Muslim+States&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9047431534&rft.aulast=Hashemi&rft.aufirst=Kamran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047431534%2FBej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21567059-ex-muslim-atheists-are-becoming-more-outspoken-tolerance-still-rare-no-god-not">"No God, not even Allah"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+Case+Against+Christian+Convert+Falters&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.aulast=Munadi&rft.aufirst=Sultan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2Finternational%2Fasia%2F26cnd-afghan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedom2worship-84"><a href="#cite_ref-freedom2worship_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedom2worship.org/images/docs/map-laws-jan2020r.pdf">"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws are applied"</a> (PDF). 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The Muhammad Cartoon Crisis as Transitional Drama"</a> (PDF). Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge. 2. VIII. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194639/http://www.okcir.com/Articles%20VIII%202/Henkel-FM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Architecture%3A+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Self-knowledge&rft.atitle=Fundamentally+Danish%3F+The+Muhammad+Cartoon+Crisis+as+Transitional+Drama&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=VIII&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Henkel&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okcir.com%2FArticles%2520VIII%25202%2FHenkel-FM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashemi-2008-26-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Hashemi-2008-26_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashemi2008" class="citation book cs1">Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. 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Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+A.+Apostasy+%28IRTIDAD%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Legal+Traditions%2C+International+Human+Rights+Law+and+Muslim+States&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9047431534&rft.aulast=Hashemi&rft.aufirst=Kamran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047431534%2FBej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarqawi's-hudson-2006-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zarqawi's-hudson-2006_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarqawi's-hudson-2006_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/9908-zarqawi-s-anti-shi-a-legacy-original-or-borrowed">"Zarqawi's Anti-Shi'a Legacy: Original or Borrowed?"</a>. Hudson Institute. 1 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207074831/https://www.hudson.org/research/9908-zarqawi-s-anti-shi-a-legacy-original-or-borrowed">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Institute&rft.atitle=Zarqawi%27s+Anti-Shi%27a+Legacy%3A+Original+or+Borrowed%3F&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9908-zarqawi-s-anti-shi-a-legacy-original-or-borrowed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEss2006" class="citation book cs1">Ess, Josef (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floweringofmusli00essj/page/40">The flowering of Muslim theology</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floweringofmusli00essj/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674022089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674022089"><bdi>978-0674022089</bdi></a>. <q>But, added al-Ghazali, that applies only to Muslim apostates, and one commits apostasy only when one denies the essential dogmas: monotheism, Muhammad's prophecy, and the Last Judgment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+flowering+of+Muslim+theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0674022089&rft.aulast=Ess&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffloweringofmusli00essj%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Al-Ghazali, Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa, pp. 53–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Adang-2015-220-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Adang-2015-220_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdangAnsariFierro2015" class="citation book cs1">Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr</a>. Brill. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004307834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004307834"><bdi>978-9004307834</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133820/https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accusations+of+Unbelief+in+Islam%3A+A+Diachronic+Perspective+on+Takf%C4%ABr&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004307834&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Fierro%2C+Maribel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnf_dCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtakfir%2Bin%2Bislam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relianceA1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relianceA1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relianceA1_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relianceA1_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri,_Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri">Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> (1368). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf">"Reliance of the Traveller"</a> (PDF). Amana Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819082808/http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amana+Publications&rft.atitle=Reliance+of+the+Traveller&rft.date=1368&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+Naqib+al-Misri%2C+Nuh+Ha+Mim+Keller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catheyallison.com%2FReliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relianceA2-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relianceA2_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relianceA2_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-relianceA2_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri,_Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri">Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> (1368). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf">"A Classic Manual of Islamic Scared Law"</a> (PDF). Shafiifiqh.com. p. Chapter O8.0: Apostasy from Islam (Ridda). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710183042/http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shafiifiqh.com&rft.atitle=A+Classic+Manual+of+Islamic+Scared+Law&rft.pages=Chapter+O8.0%3A+Apostasy+from+Islam+%28Ridda%29&rft.date=1368&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+Naqib+al-Misri%2C+Nuh+Ha+Mim+Keller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailyrollcall.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2Fthe-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaykhzadeh-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shaykhzadeh_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaykhzadeh_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaykhzadeh_93-2">c</a> Shaykhzadeh, Madjma' al-anhur (1, pp. 629–637); cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adang-2015-10-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adang-2015-10_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adang-2015-10_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdangAnsariFierro2015" class="citation book cs1">Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Accusations of Unbelief in Islam</a>. Brill. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004307834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004307834"><bdi>978-9004307834</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133820/https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accusations+of+Unbelief+in+Islam&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004307834&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Fierro%2C+Maribel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnf_dCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtakfir%2Bin%2Bislam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiq_1995_pp._275-328-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siddiq_1995_pp._275-328_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siddiq_1995_pp._275-328_95-1">b</a> Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, Volume 14, pp. 275–289, 321–324 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6, 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598846591" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598846591"><bdi>978-1598846591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=6%2C+8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1598846591&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burhani_A._N._2013_pp._285-301-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Burhani_A._N._2013_pp._285-301_97-0">^</a> Burhani A. N. (2013), Treating minorities with fatwas: a study of the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia, Contemporary Islam, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp. 286–288, 285–301 </li> <li id="cite_note-rottrav-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rottrav_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rottrav_98-1">b</a> Nuh Ha Mim Keller (1997), Umdat as-Salik by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0915957729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0915957729">978-0915957729</a>, pp. 596–598, Section O-8.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-sunnah-99"><a href="#cite_ref-sunnah_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/riyadussaliheen/18/222">"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222"</a>. Sunnah.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133856/http://sunnah.com/riyadussaliheen/18/222">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. <q>The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'When a person calls his brother (in Islam) a disbeliever, one of them will certainly deserve the title. If the addressee is so as he has asserted, the disbelief of the man is confirmed, but if it is untrue, then it will revert to him.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+the+Prohibited+actions.+Sunnah.com+reference%3A+Book+18%2C+Hadith+222&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Friyadussaliheen%2F18%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> In Saheeh al-Bukhaari (6104) and Saheeh Muslim (60) it is narrated from ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Umar ... that the Prophet ... said: “If a man declares his brother to be a kaafir, it will apply to one of them.” According to another report: “Either it is as he said, otherwise it will come back to him.” </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-229-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-229_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-229_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-229_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1995" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Middle East: a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years. Touchstone. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684832807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684832807"><bdi>978-0684832807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+a+Brief+History+of+the+Last+2000+Years&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0684832807&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashemi-2008-8-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Hashemi-2008-8_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashemi2008" class="citation book cs1">Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047431534/Bej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml">Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States</a>. Brill. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047431534" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047431534"><bdi>978-9047431534</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123013512/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047431534/Bej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+A.+Apostasy+%28IRTIDAD%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Legal+Traditions%2C+International+Human+Rights+Law+and+Muslim+States&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9047431534&rft.aulast=Hashemi&rft.aufirst=Kamran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047431534%2FBej.9789004165557.vii-286_003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KepelJihad-103"><a href="#cite_ref-KepelJihad_103-0">^</a> Kepel, Gilles; Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam, London: I.B. Tauris, 2002, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadivar-2020-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (18 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a>. Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2347798920921706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> This is our aqidah and this is our methodology [Hazih Aqidatuna Wa Haza Manhajuna] . (2015). Al-Himmah Publications; cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (18 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a>. Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2347798920921706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-open-letter-by-scholars-2014-107"><a href="#cite_ref-open-letter-by-scholars-2014_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operationpakistan.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/letter-to-baghdadi.pdf">"Open Letter to 'Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi', To the fighters and followers of the self-declared 'Islamic State' ..."</a> (PDF). operation pakistan. 4 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413212546/https://operationpakistan.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/letter-to-baghdadi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=operation+pakistan&rft.atitle=Open+Letter+to+%27Abu+Bakr+Al-Baghdadi%27%2C+To+the+fighters+and+followers+of+the+self-declared+%27Islamic+State%27+...&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperationpakistan.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fletter-to-baghdadi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> (Musalmanon ki Takfir ka Mas‘alah, by Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik, pp. 7–8, printed by Naqoosh Press Lahore, Anjuman Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan Lahore); quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusa2016" class="citation book cs1">Musa, A.S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/library/books/Are-Ahmadis-Not-True-Muslims.pdf">Are Ahmadis Not True Muslims?</a> (PDF). Islam International Publications LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848800700" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848800700"><bdi>978-1848800700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164300/https://www.alislam.org/library/books/Are-Ahmadis-Not-True-Muslims.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2021. 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Fordham University Press (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823227242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823227242">978-0823227242</a>. pp. 589–592 </li> <li id="cite_note-lutz-wiederhold-1997-114"><a href="#cite_ref-lutz-wiederhold-1997_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiederhold1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wiederhold, Lutz (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jss/article-abstract/XLII/1/39/1629341?redirectedFrom=PDF">"Blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions (sabb al-rasul, sabb al-sahabah): The introduction of the topic into shafi'i legal literature and its relevance for legal practice under Mamluk rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Semitic_Studies" title="Journal of Semitic Studies">Journal of Semitic Studies</a>. 42 (1): 39–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2FXLII.1.39">10.1093/jss/XLII.1.39</a>. 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September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019141717/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/marriage/interfaith-prohibition.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Prohibition+of+Interfaith+Marriage&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fmarriage%2Finterfaith-prohibition.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27424064">"Sudan woman faces death for apostasy"</a>. 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Proselytization revisited. London: Routledge. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845532284" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845532284"><bdi>978-1845532284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proselytization+revisited&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845532284&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> J. Sperber (2000), Christians and Muslims: The Dialogue Activities, Theologische Bibliothek Topelmann, Walter de Gruyter, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kerr_(religion_scholar)" title="David Kerr (religion scholar)">David Kerr</a> (2000), "Islamic Da 'wa and Christian Mission: Towards a comparative analysis", International Review of Mission, Volume 89, Issue 353, pp. 150–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-86-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-86_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-86_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Handbook of Leaving Religion</a> (PDF). Brill. p. 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155642/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F43466%2Fexternal_content.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunnah2-130"><a href="#cite_ref-sunnah2_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1732">"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222"</a>. Sunnah.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220175628/https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1732">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021. <q>The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'When a person calls his brother (in Islam) a disbeliever, one of them will certainly deserve the title. If the addressee is so as he has asserted, the disbelief of the man is confirmed, but if it is untrue, then it will revert to him.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+the+Prohibited+actions.+Sunnah.com+reference%3A+Book+18%2C+Hadith+222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Friyadussalihin%3A1732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan-4-2017-danger-CTTaA-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan-4-2017-danger-CTTaA_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Muhammad Haniff (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351508">"The Danger of Takfir (Excommunication): Exposing IS' Takfiri Ideology"</a>. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 9 (4): 3–12. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351508">26351508</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902085553/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351508">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Counter+Terrorist+Trends+and+Analyses&rft.atitle=The+Danger+of+Takfir+%28Excommunication%29%3A+Exposing+IS%27+Takfiri+Ideology&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26351508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Haniff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26351508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Ibrahim_2009-132"><a href="#cite_ref-R._Ibrahim_2009_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2009" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, R. (2009). Gallagher, J.; Patterson, E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aS_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Debating the War of Ideas</a>. Springer. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230101982" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230101982"><bdi>978-0230101982</bdi></a>. <q>Muslims who were forced to choose between recanting Islam or suffering persecution were, and still are, permitted to lie by feigning apostasy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+War+of+Ideas&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230101982&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aS_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.T._Munroe_2004-133"><a href="#cite_ref-J.T._Munroe_2004_133-0">^</a> J.T. Munroe (2004), Hispano-Arabic Poetry, Gorgias Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593331153" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593331153">978-1593331153</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Afghan_convert1-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Afghan_convert1_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4851666.stm">"Afghan convert freed from prison"</a>. BBC News. 28 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418072720/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4851666.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Afghan+convert+freed+from+prison&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F4851666.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fgriffel-135"><a href="#cite_ref-fgriffel_135-0">^</a> Frank Griffel (2001), "Toleration and exclusion: al-Shafi 'i and al-Ghazali on the treatment of apostates", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 64(03), pp. 348–349 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwemer" class="citation journal cs1">Zwemer, Samuel M. "The Law of Apostasy". The Muslim World. 14 (4): 41–42, Chapter 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4909">0027-4909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=The+Law+of+Apostasy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=41-42%2C+Chapter+2&rft.issn=0027-4909&rft.aulast=Zwemer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dforte-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dforte_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dforte_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dforte_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dforte_137-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dforte_137-4">e</a> David F Forte (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepos.eu/pdf/revista%20de%20stiinte%20politice%20nr%2029.pdf">Islam’s Trajectory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903101606/http://www.cepos.eu/pdf/revista%20de%20stiinte%20politice%20nr%2029.pdf">Archived</a> 3 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Revue des Sciences Politiques, No. 29, pp. 93, 97–98, 92–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-meap168-138"><a href="#cite_ref-meap168_138-0">^</a> Mohamed El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892591428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892591428">978-0892591428</a>, pp. 53–54, 1–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parolin-2009-55-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-55_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-55_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-55_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-55_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-55_139-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParolin2009" class="citation book cs1">Parolin, Gianluca P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSDE7LgTFvUC&q=apostasy">Citizenship in the Arab World</a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089640451" title="Special:BookSources/978-9089640451"><bdi>978-9089640451</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406221920/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSDE7LgTFvUC&q=apostasy">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9089640451&rft.aulast=Parolin&rft.aufirst=Gianluca+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSDE7LgTFvUC%26q%3Dapostasy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudolph_p65-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rudolph_p65_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudolph_p65_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2005" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmenti00pete_738">Crime and punishment in Islamic law</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmenti00pete_738/page/n76">64</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796705"><bdi>978-0521796705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+punishment+in+Islamic+law&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521796705&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimepunishmenti00pete_738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Marie-Luisa Frick, Andreas Th. Müller Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004233362" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004233362">978-9004233362</a> p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-2003-142"><a href="#cite_ref-wright-2003_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robin. Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Rage%3A+The+Wrath+of+Militant+Islam&rft.pages=203&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-abuzaid-143"><a href="#cite_ref-obit-abuzaid_143-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-nasr-hamed-abu-zaid-modernist-islamic-philosopher-who-was-forced-into-exile-by-fundamentalists-2025754.html">Professor Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid: Modernist islamic philosopher who was forced into exile by fundamentalists </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115825/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-nasr-hamed-abu-zaid-modernist-islamic-philosopher-who-was-forced-into-exile-by-fundamentalists-2025754.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>|By Adel Darwish | 14 July 2010 |The Independent </li> <li id="cite_note-emon-2012-229-144"><a href="#cite_ref-emon-2012-229_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmon2012" class="citation book cs1">Emon, Anver (2012). 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Springer. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041116185" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041116185"><bdi>978-9041116185</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407085134/https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&dq=apostasy+and+human+rights&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights%3A+Universality+and+Diversity&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9041116185&rft.aulast=Brems&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINlkqsHpIFEC%26dq%3Dapostasy%2Band%2Bhuman%2Brights%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-85-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-85_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-85_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-85_146-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Handbook of Leaving Religion</a> (PDF). Brill. p. 85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155642/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F43466%2Fexternal_content.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-277-147"><a href="#cite_ref-cook-2006-JSAI-277_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 31: 277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203830/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Apostasy+from+Islam+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=277&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F10180565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adang-2015-14-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Adang-2015-14_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdangAnsariFierro2015" class="citation book cs1">Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr</a>. Brill. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004307834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004307834"><bdi>978-9004307834</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133820/https://books.google.com/books?id=nf_dCgAAQBAJ&q=takfir+in+islam">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accusations+of+Unbelief+in+Islam%3A+A+Diachronic+Perspective+on+Takf%C4%ABr&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004307834&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Fierro%2C+Maribel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnf_dCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtakfir%2Bin%2Bislam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg">"English: This Fatawa describes how an Egyptian man turned apostate and the subsequent punishment prescribed for him by the Al-Azhr Fatawa council"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117101115/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English%3A+This+Fatawa+describes+how+an+Egyptian+man+turned+apostate+and+the+subsequent+punishment+prescribed+for+him+by+the+Al-Azhr+Fatawa+council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ARechtsgutachten_betr_Apostasie_im_Islam.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> Description Section </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-108-150"><a href="#cite_ref-brown-108_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DWBRTMIT1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown">Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521570778" title="Special:BookSources/0521570778"><bdi>0521570778</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033206/https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+tradition+in+modern+Islamic+thought&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521570778&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F116836545%2FRethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murphy-1993-151"><a href="#cite_ref-murphy-1993_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1993" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Caryle (22 July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/07/22/killing-apostates-condoned/68d0d42a-958f-4f42-8ad2-666a1629e2a0/">"Killing Apostates Condoned"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014956/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/07/22/killing-apostates-condoned/68d0d42a-958f-4f42-8ad2-666a1629e2a0/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Killing+Apostates+Condoned&rft.date=1993-07-22&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caryle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F07%2F22%2Fkilling-apostates-condoned%2F68d0d42a-958f-4f42-8ad2-666a1629e2a0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTGhazali-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTGhazali_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTGhazali_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Jehl1996" class="citation news cs1">Douglas Jehl (14 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/14/world/mohammed-al-ghazali-78-an-egyptian-cleric-and-scholar.html">"Mohammed al-Ghazali, 78, An Egyptian Cleric and Scholar"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130408201816/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/14/world/mohammed-al-ghazali-78-an-egyptian-cleric-and-scholar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mohammed+al-Ghazali%2C+78%2C+An+Egyptian+Cleric+and+Scholar&rft.date=1996-03-14&rft.au=Douglas+Jehl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F03%2F14%2Fworld%2Fmohammed-al-ghazali-78-an-egyptian-cleric-and-scholar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rubincenter.org/2007/06/soage-2007-06-03/#_edn63">"Faraj Fawda, or the cost of Freedom of Expression"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314002158/http://www.rubincenter.org/2007/06/soage-2007-06-03/#_edn63">Archived</a> 14 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halverson-OBib-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Halverson-OBib_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2018" class="citation web cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R. (24 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0098.xml">"Yusuf al-Qaradawi"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130414173455/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0098.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Yusuf+al-Qaradawi&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195390155%2Fobo-9780195390155-0098.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chair-155"><a href="#cite_ref-chair_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP_(news_agency)2014" class="citation news cs1">AFP (news agency) (11 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/qatar-based-cleric-calls-egypt-vote-boycott-192234858.html#9K9eVKw">"Qatar-based cleric calls for Egypt vote boycott"</a>. Yahoo News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140616031315/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/qatar-based-cleric-calls-egypt-vote-boycott-192234858.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Qatar-based+cleric+calls+for+Egypt+vote+boycott&rft.date=2014-05-11&rft.au=AFP+%28news+agency%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fqatar-based-cleric-calls-egypt-vote-boycott-192234858.html%239K9eVKw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Influential_500-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Influential_500_156-0">^</a> No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009", Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Product Description: The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Paperback)by Bettina Graf (Author, Editor), Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen (Editor) C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1850659397">1850659397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Product+Description%3A+The+Global+Mufti%3A+The+Phenomenon+of+Yusuf+Al-Qaradawi+%28Paperback%29by+Bettina+Graf+%28Author%2C+Editor%29%2C+Jakob+Skovgaard-Petersen+%28Editor%29+C+Hurst+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Raymond William Baker, Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists (2003), p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shukla-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_159-1">b</a> Shukla, Ashutosh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_muslim-group-welcomes-ban-on-preacher_1399601">"Muslim group welcomes ban on preacher"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113101139/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_muslim-group-welcomes-ban-on-preacher_1399601">Archived</a> 13 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a>. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 7 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-1-3-15-160"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP-1-3-15_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/02/saudi-arabia-gives-top-prize-to-cleric-who-blames-george-bush-for-911">"Saudi Arabia gives top prize to cleric who blames George Bush for 9/11"</a>. Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150713/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/02/saudi-arabia-gives-top-prize-to-cleric-who-blames-george-bush-for-911">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+gives+top+prize+to+cleric+who+blames+George+Bush+for+9%2F11&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fmar%2F02%2Fsaudi-arabia-gives-top-prize-to-cleric-who-blames-george-bush-for-911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bad-news-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bad-news_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bad-news_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniyal2015" class="citation web cs1">Daniyal, Shoaib (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/712341/why-a-saudi-award-for-televangelist-zakir-naik-is-bad-news-for-indias-muslims">"Why a Saudi award for televangelist Zakir Naik is bad news for India's Muslims"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401045229/http://scroll.in/article/712341/why-a-saudi-award-for-televangelist-zakir-naik-is-bad-news-for-indias-muslims">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+a+Saudi+award+for+televangelist+Zakir+Naik+is+bad+news+for+India%27s+Muslims&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=Daniyal&rft.aufirst=Shoaib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F712341%2Fwhy-a-saudi-award-for-televangelist-zakir-naik-is-bad-news-for-indias-muslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazumdar-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_162-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/30405">"Maldivian renounces Islam, gets attacked by Zakir Naik audience"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827113937/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/30405">Archived</a> 27 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810011235/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/english/details/30855">Archived</a> 7 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minivannews.com/files/2010/05/Dr_Zakir_Naik_and_Nazim-1.pdf">Minivan News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908221122/http://minivannews.com/files/2010/05/Dr_Zakir_Naik_and_Nazim-1.pdf">Archived</a> 8 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 's response to Mohamed Nazim; Location: Maafaanu stadium, Male', 10:30 pm Friday 28 May 2010, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-hp10-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hp10_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hp10_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffington_Post2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a> (7 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/07/zakir-naik_n_10851550.html">"10 Times Zakir Naik Proved That He Promoted Anything But Peace"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720061722/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/07/zakir-naik_n_10851550.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Times+Zakir+Naik+Proved+That+He+Promoted+Anything+But+Peace&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.au=Huffington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.in%2F2016%2F07%2F07%2Fzakir-naik_n_10851550.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2014/12/10/2014121095530494580Arab-World-Journalism.pdf">Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323195238/http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2014/12/10/2014121095530494580Arab-World-Journalism.pdf">Archived</a> 23 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2013 |"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafist movement)." </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 355. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710313560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710313560">978-0710313560</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303024243/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/category">"Alexa – Top Sites by Category: Top"</a>. www.alexa.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/topsites/category">the original</a> on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alexa.com&rft.atitle=Alexa+%E2%80%93+Top+Sites+by+Category%3A+Top&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Ftopsites%2Fcategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauvain-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Gauvain_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvain2012" class="citation book cs1">Gauvain, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC&q=al-Munajjid&pg=PA335">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a>. Routledge. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710313560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710313560"><bdi>978-0710313560</bdi></a>. <q>...participants generally refer to the established Saudi scholars. In this case, the most common source of reference was Muhammad Salih al-Munajid's well-known website: Islam Question and Answer which provides normative Saudi Arabian Salafi responses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi+Ritual+Purity%3A+In+the+Presence+of+God&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0710313560&rft.aulast=Gauvain&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCL5fElYbnYC%26q%3Dal-Munajjid%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWSlave-169"><a href="#cite_ref-DWSlave_169-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/women-in-islam-behind-the-veil-and-in-front-of-it/a-18969819">Deutsche Welle: "Women in Islam: Behind the veil and in front of it"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505000449/http://www.dw.com/en/women-in-islam-behind-the-veil-and-in-front-of-it/a-18969819">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved September 2, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamali-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_170-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_170-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_170-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamali1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hashim_Kamali" title="Mohammad Hashim Kamali">Kamali, Mohammad Hashim</a> (1998). "Punishment in Islamic Law: a Critique of The Hudud Bill of Kelantan, Malaysia". <a href="/wiki/Arab_Law_Quarterly" title="Arab Law Quarterly">Arab Law Quarterly</a>. 13 (3): 203–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F026805598125826102">10.1163/026805598125826102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3382008">3382008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Punishment+in+Islamic+Law%3A+a+Critique+of+The+Hudud+Bill+of+Kelantan%2C+Malaysia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-234&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F026805598125826102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3382008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kamali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hashim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gomaa-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gomaa_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomaa_171-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/muslims_speak_out/2007/07/gomaas_statement_on_apostasy.html">Gomaa's Statement on Apostasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224161053/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/muslims_speak_out/2007/07/gomaas_statement_on_apostasy.html">Archived</a> 24 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 25 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908111441/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2007/857/eg9.htm">"Whosoever will, let him disbelieve"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2007/857/eg9.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>...the essential question before us is can a person who is Muslim choose a religion other than Islam? The answer is yes, they can because the Quran says, 'Unto you your religion, and unto me my religion,' [Quran, 109:6], and, 'Whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve,' [Quran, 18:29], and, 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is distinct from error,' [Quran, 2:256].... [thus] the matter is left until the Day of Judgement, and it is not to be dealt with in the life of this world. It is an issue of conscience, and it is between the individual and Allah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whosoever+will%2C+let+him+disbelieve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2FArchive%2F2007%2F857%2Feg9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar" class="citation web cs1">Kadivar, Mohsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kadivar.com/biography-mohsen-kadivar/">"Biography"</a>. Kadivar.com English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021140123/https://english.kadivar.com/biography-mohsen-kadivar/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kadivar.com+English&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kadivar.com%2Fbiography-mohsen-kadivar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadīvar2021" class="citation book cs1">Kadīvar, Moḥsen (2021). Blasphemy and apostasy in Islam: debates on Shi'a jurisprudence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474457576" title="Special:BookSources/9781474457576"><bdi>9781474457576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blasphemy+and+apostasy+in+Islam%3A+debates+on+Shi%27a+jurisprudence&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781474457576&rft.aulast=Kad%C4%ABvar&rft.aufirst=Mo%E1%B8%A5sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jami-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jami_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jami_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jami_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJami2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jami, Mahdi (2 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade.shtml"><bdi lang="fa">آيت الله منتظری: هر تغيير مذهبی ارتداد نيست</bdi></a> [Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: 'Not Every Conversion is Apostasy']. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Persian" title="BBC Persian">BBC Persian</a> (in Persian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528113827/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%3A+%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.aulast=Jami&rft.aufirst=Mahdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Firan%2Fstory%2F2005%2F02%2F050202_mj-montzari-renegade.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.shafaqna.com/report-definition-of-islamic-law-and-the-crime-of-apostasy-in-islam/">"REPORT – Definition of Islamic Law and the Crime of Apostasy in Islam"</a>. 19 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908112725/https://en.shafaqna.com/report-definition-of-islamic-law-and-the-crime-of-apostasy-in-islam/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Sadr, a Shi'a cleric based in Iraq, has also stated that Verse 2:256 was revealed to the Prophet Mohammad regarding Muslims who had converted to Christianity, and that the Prophet Mohammad advised against forcing them to return to Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+Islamic+Law+and+the+Crime+of+Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.shafaqna.com%2Freport-definition-of-islamic-law-and-the-crime-of-apostasy-in-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908111140/http://www.iiit.org/uploads/4/9/9/6/49960591/books-in-brief_apostasy_in_islam_a_historical_and_scriptural_analysis.pdf">"Apostasy in Islam"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiit.org/uploads/4/9/9/6/49960591/books-in-brief_apostasy_in_islam_a_historical_and_scriptural_analysis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>"Freedom of belief is protected and preserved in the Qur'an. Moreover, given that this is the stance of the Qur'an, it is likewise the stance of the Sunnah. The Qur'an makes clear that the punishment for a change in belief is one that will take effect in the life to come, while the Sunnah likewise makes clear that although a change in belief unaccompanied by anything else may have been interpreted to imply hostility against the Ummah and as a threat to its citizens and interests, there is, never-theless, no prescribed punishment for it in this earthly life</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiit.org%2Fuploads%2F4%2F9%2F9%2F6%2F49960591%2Fbooks-in-brief_apostasy_in_islam_a_historical_and_scriptural_analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parolin-2009-121-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-121_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parolin-2009-121_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParolin2009" class="citation book cs1">Parolin, Gianluca P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSDE7LgTFvUC&q=apostasy">Citizenship in the Arab World</a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089640451" title="Special:BookSources/978-9089640451"><bdi>978-9089640451</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406221920/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSDE7LgTFvUC&q=apostasy">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9089640451&rft.aulast=Parolin&rft.aufirst=Gianluca+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSDE7LgTFvUC%26q%3Dapostasy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube-al-Qaradawi-179"><a href="#cite_ref-youtube-al-Qaradawi_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huMu8ihDlVA">Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Killing Of Apostates Is Essential For Islam To Survive</a> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212002151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huMu8ihDlVA">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yusuf+al-Qaradawi%3A+Killing+Of+Apostates+Is+Essential+For+Islam+To+Survive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhuMu8ihDlVA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-180"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendal2016" class="citation book cs1">Kendal, Elizabeth (2016). "Hasten to Success". After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East. 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Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 3 (2): 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63">10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">25728038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418172136/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. 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In Anderson, Matthew; Taliaferro, Karen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/publications/islam-and-religious-freedom-a-sourcebook-of-scriptural-theological-and-legal-texts">Islam and Religious Freedom : A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological and Legal Texts</a>. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 69–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228154925/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/publications/islam-and-religious-freedom-a-sourcebook-of-scriptural-theological-and-legal-texts">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. 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London. pp. 10, 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Minorities+in+the+World+Today&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10%2C+113&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Kettani&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrelvi1968" class="citation book cs1">Brelvi, Mahmud (1968). Islam on the March. Karachi. p. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+on+the+March&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=ix&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Brelvi&rft.aufirst=Mahmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 31: 249. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203830/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Apostasy+from+Islam+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=249&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F10180565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Syed Barakat Ahmad, "Conversion from Islam," in C.E. Bosworth, ed. The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in honor of Bernard Lewis (Princeton, 1989), pp. 3–25; cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 31: 250. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203830/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Apostasy+from+Islam+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=250&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F10180565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RelTor-187"><a href="#cite_ref-RelTor_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_apos3.htm">"Arguments for and against the death penalty"</a>. Religious Tolerance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303050704/http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_apos3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religious+Tolerance&rft.atitle=Arguments+for+and+against+the+death+penalty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fisl_apos3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Allah Ibn al-'Arabi, Ahkam al-Qura'an. Tahqiq 'Ali Muhammad al-Badjawi, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: 'Isa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1387–88/1967–68, 4 volumes; v. 1 p. 233; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 15, note 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=15%2C+note+38&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdv2256-190"><a href="#cite_ref-pdv2256_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>. <q>Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way. Footnote 38: According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" (p. 15).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Muhammad Muhiy al-Din al-Masiri, al-Nuzum allati yaqum 'alayha kiyan al-mudhtama' al-Islami. Madjallat al-Azhar, 1374, pp. 859–868; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Muhammad al-Ghazali, Huquq al-Insan bayn ta'alim al-ISlam wa-i'lan al-Umam al-Muttahidah. al-Qahirah: al-Maktabah al-Tidjariyyah. 1383/1963, 272 p. 102; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmad-2005-139-142-193"><a href="#cite_ref-ahmad-2005-139-142_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza_Tahir_Ahmad2005" class="citation book cs1">Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnHnLcw_OQsC&pg=PA139">The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam</a>. Islam International. pp. 139–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853728501" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853728501"><bdi>978-1853728501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+the+Alleged+Punishment+for+Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.pages=139-142&rft.pub=Islam+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1853728501&rft.au=Mirza+Tahir+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnHnLcw_OQsC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saeed-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Saeed_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeedHassan_Saeed2004" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, Abdullah; Hassan Saeed (2004). Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754630838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754630838"><bdi>978-0754630838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+religion%2C+apostasy+and+Islam&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0754630838&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft.au=Hassan+Saeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QAE-195"><a href="#cite_ref-QAE_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Saeed, Abdullah (2005). "Ridda and the case for decriminalization of apostasy". In Oliver Leaman; et al. (eds.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415775298" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415775298"><bdi>978-0415775298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ridda+and+the+case+for+decriminalization+of+apostasy&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=551&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415775298&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmad-2005-139-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahmad-2005-139_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmad-2005-139_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza_Tahir_Ahmad2005" class="citation book cs1">Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnHnLcw_OQsC&pg=PA139">The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam</a>. Islam International. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853728501" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853728501"><bdi>978-1853728501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+the+Alleged+Punishment+for+Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Islam+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1853728501&rft.au=Mirza+Tahir+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnHnLcw_OQsC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asmi-2012-169-197"><a href="#cite_ref-asmi-2012-169_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2012" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13">Freedom of Religion under Bills of Rights</a>. University of Adelaide Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0987171801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0987171801"><bdi>978-0987171801</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13">10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114033301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Apostasy+in+Islam+and+the+Freedom+of+Religion+in+International+Law&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+under+Bills+of+Rights&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.20851%2Fj.ctt1t3051j.13%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0987171801&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Asmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.20851%2Fj.ctt1t3051j.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saeed122-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Saeed122_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeedHassan_Saeed2004" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, Abdullah; Hassan Saeed (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrhBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122">Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754630838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754630838"><bdi>978-0754630838</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201505/https://books.google.com/books?id=MrhBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+religion%2C+apostasy+and+Islam&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0754630838&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft.au=Hassan+Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrhBDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi, al-Hurriyyah al-diniyyah fi al-Islam, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, [circa 1955–1959], pp. 158–160; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061189036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061189036"><bdi>978-0061189036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0061189036&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy_201-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/quotes/tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy">Tariq Ramadan on Apostasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615020040/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/quotes/tariq-ramadan-on-apostasy">Archived</a> 15 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (25 July 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Mazhab ke Nam per Khoon (Bloodshed in the Name of Religion), circa late 1950s, English Translation entitled Murder in the Name of Allah, translated by Syed Barakat Ahmad (Lutterworth Press, Cambridge: 1989) p. 75; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2001" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Declan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers"</a>. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 3 (2): 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63">10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">25728038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418172136/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Interpretation+of+Qur%27anic+Text+to+Promote+or+Negate+the+Death+Penalty+for+Apostates+and+Blasphemers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pakrahman-203"><a href="#cite_ref-pakrahman_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._A._Rahman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._A._Rahman" title="S. A. Rahman">S. A. Rahman</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4fsYtFf5AoC">"Summary and Conclusions"</a>. Punishment of Apostasy in Islam. The Other Press. pp. 132–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9839541496" title="Special:BookSources/978-9839541496"><bdi>978-9839541496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+and+Conclusions&rft.btitle=Punishment+of+Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.pages=132-142&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9839541496&rft.au=S.+A.+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4fsYtFf5AoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-204"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_204-0">^</a> Muhammad S. Al-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, p. 51. US American Trust Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892591428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892591428">978-0892591428</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2001" class="citation book cs1">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2001). "Apostasy". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</a>. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004114654" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004114654"><bdi>978-9004114654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apostasy&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004114654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peters-apostasy-14-206"><a href="#cite_ref-peters-apostasy-14_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zwemer-1916-485-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Zwemer-1916-485_207-0">^</a> 1 Samuel M. Zwemer, The Law of Apostasy in Islam: Answering the Question Why There are so Few Moslem Converts, and Giving Examples of Their Moral Courage and Martyrdom, (Amarko Book Agency, New Delhi: 1975. First edn. published by Marshall Bros. Ltd., London: 1924) p. 9. Zwemer cites from 'Apostasy and its Consequences under Islam and Christianity' in Islamic Review, November 1916, pp. 485ff, in his own Bibliography p.163. cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2001" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Declan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers"</a>. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 3 (2): 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63">10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">25728038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418172136/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728038">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Interpretation+of+Qur%27anic+Text+to+Promote+or+Negate+the+Death+Penalty+for+Apostates+and+Blasphemers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.2.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiI-208"><a href="#cite_ref-SiI_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisters_in_Islam" class="citation web cs1">Sisters in Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_apos3.htm">"Arguments for and against the death penalty"</a>. religious tolerance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128044438/http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_apos3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=religious+tolerance&rft.atitle=Arguments+for+and+against+the+death+penalty&rft.au=Sisters+in+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fisl_apos3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghilan-2014-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghilan-2014_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghilan-2014_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghilan-2014_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghilan-2014_210-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhilan2014" class="citation news cs1">Ghilan, Mohamed (10 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/5/10/islam-saudi-and-apostasy/">"Islam, Saudi and apostasy"</a>. aljazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022743/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/5/10/islam-saudi-and-apostasy/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Saudi+and+apostasy&rft.date=2014-05-10&rft.aulast=Ghilan&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2014%2F5%2F10%2Fislam-saudi-and-apostasy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peters-apostasy-15-211"><a href="#cite_ref-peters-apostasy-15_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersVries1976" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". 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New Delhi: Global Media. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8188869114" title="Special:BookSources/978-8188869114"><bdi>978-8188869114</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201538/https://books.google.com/books?id=K9awNGOO9QoC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. 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Religious Human Rights in global perspective: religious perspectives. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. pp. 356–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041116184" title="Special:BookSources/9041116184"><bdi>9041116184</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201506/https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&q=premise+and+reasoning+underlying+the+sunna+rule+of+death+penalty+for+apostasy&pg=PA212#v=snippet&q=premise%20and%20reasoning%20underlying%20the%20sunna%20rule%20of%20death%20penalty%20for%20apostasy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Foundations+of+Religious+Human+Rights&rft.btitle=Religious+Human+Rights+in+global+perspective%3A+religious+perspectives&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=356-357&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9041116184&rft.aulast=An-Na%27im&rft.aufirst=Abdullahi+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINlkqsHpIFEC%26q%3Dpremise%2Band%2Breasoning%2Bunderlying%2Bthe%2Bsunna%2Brule%2Bof%2Bdeath%2Bpenalty%2Bfor%2Bapostasy%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brems-2001-212-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Brems-2001-212_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrems2001" class="citation book cs1">Brems, Eva (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&dq=apostasy+and+human+rights&pg=PA210">Human Rights: Universality and Diversity</a>. Springer. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041116185" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041116185"><bdi>978-9041116185</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407085134/https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&dq=apostasy+and+human+rights&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights%3A+Universality+and+Diversity&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9041116185&rft.aulast=Brems&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINlkqsHpIFEC%26dq%3Dapostasy%2Band%2Bhuman%2Brights%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslan-81-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan-81_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan-81_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan-81_219-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2011" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmSGOjiE2oC">No god but God (Updated Edition): The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</a>. Random House. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679643777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679643777"><bdi>978-0679643777</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201507/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmSGOjiE2oC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/novsps966.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance&rft.atitle=The+Punishment+for+Apostasy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1996-11&rft.aulast=Ghamidi&rft.aufirst=Javed+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaissance.com.pk%2Fnovsps966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehman-3-2010-4-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Rehman-3-2010-4_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rehman, Javaid (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/09627250903569841.pdf">"Freedom of expression, apostasy, and blasphemy within Islam: Sharia, criminal justice systems, and modern Islamic state practices"</a> (PDF). 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Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691179100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691179100"><bdi>978-0691179100</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017956010">2017956010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201512/https://books.google.com/books?id=TZqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. 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Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Apostasy+from+Islam+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=256%2C+276-277&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F10180565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-256-238"><a href="#cite_ref-cook-2006-JSAI-256_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 31: 256. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203830/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Apostasy+from+Islam+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=256&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F10180565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnah.org/aqida/forty_hadith_merits_tahlil.htm#_ftnref28">Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045814/http://www.sunnah.org/aqida/forty_hadith_merits_tahlil.htm">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-'Adni, Abu 'Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.) </li> <li id="cite_note-kadri-239-240"><a href="#cite_ref-kadri-239_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia</a>. Macmillan. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099523277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099523277"><bdi>978-0099523277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201507/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_242-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril_GlasséHuston_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Cyril Glassé; <a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA492">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_Altamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman Altamira">Rowman Altamira</a>. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759101906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759101906"><bdi>978-0759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0759101906&rft.au=Cyril+Glass%C3%A9&rft.au=Huston+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26pg%3DPA492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-2006-JSAI-243"><a href="#cite_ref-cook-2006-JSAI_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). J Studies Arabic Islam. 31: 254–255, 267–268, 277, 248–279. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203830/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10180565.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Studies+Arabic+Islam&rft.atitle=Apostasy+from+Islam+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=254-255%2C+267-268%2C+277%2C+248-279&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F10180565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroumsa1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stroumsa" title="Sarah Stroumsa">Stroumsa, Sarah</a> (1999). Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr Al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004452848">10.1163/9789004452848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004315471" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004315471"><bdi>978-9004315471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freethinkers+of+Medieval+Islam%3A+Ibn+Al-R%C4%81wand%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB+Bakr+Al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB%2C+and+Their+Impact+on+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004452848&rft.isbn=978-9004315471&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadri-237-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-237_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadri-237_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia</a>. Macmillan. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223201507/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Robert Burns (2011), Christianity, Islam, and the West, University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761855590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761855590">978-0761855590</a>, pp. 61–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054541"><bdi>978-0816054541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816054541&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-83-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-83_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Handbook of Leaving Religion</a> (PDF). Brill. p. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155642/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F43466%2Fexternal_content.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-selimderingi-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selimderingi_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-selimderingi_249-1">b</a> Selim Deringi (2012), Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107004559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107004559">978-1107004559</a>, Chapter 1 and 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/54">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek, California</a>: AltaMira. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759101890" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759101890"><bdi>978-0759101890</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48553252">48553252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48553252&rft.isbn=978-0759101890&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_J._J._De_Vries1976–1977" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, J. J. De Vries, Rudolph, Gert (1976–1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">"Apostasy in Islam"</a>. Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4). Brill Publishers: 21–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1570336">10.2307/1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312104058/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2014 – via JSTOR. <q>The first method is used by those who are of the opinion that freedom of religion, as guaranteed by Islam, is embodied in the right of unbelievers to practise their religion freely without being forced to give it up or change it, excluding,....the freedom for Moslems to change their religion. Muhammad Rashid Rida excludes freedom to apostatize expressis verbis with the argument that apostasy infringes on the freedom of others and on the respect due to the religion of the State. Muhammad al-Ghazali does the same, using the reductio ad absurdum as an argument: "Must Islam allow rebellion against itself? No religion of a similar nature will readily answer in the affirmative... 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi and S.A. Rahman, follow the other method of escaping from the contradiction. They state unequivocally that capital punishment for the apostate is not compatible with freedom of religion and... must therefore be abolished</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1976%2F1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1570336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peters%2C+J.+J.+De+Vries&rft.aufirst=Rudolph%2C+Gert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulut_2024-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2024_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2024_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulut_2024_252-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulut2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Bulut, Uzay (30 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/analysis/turkey-ongoing-violations-against-greek-christians/">"Turkey: Ongoing Violations against Greek Christians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_European_Conservative" title="The European Conservative">The European Conservative</a>. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_European_Renewal" title="Center for European Renewal">Center for European Renewal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2590-2008">2590-2008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830090504/https://europeanconservative.com/articles/analysis/turkey-ongoing-violations-against-greek-christians/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Conservative&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Ongoing+Violations+against+Greek+Christians&rft.date=2024-08-30&rft.issn=2590-2008&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=Uzay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fanalysis%2Fturkey-ongoing-violations-against-greek-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-Zeevi_2021-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-Zeevi_2021_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-Zeevi_2021_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-Zeevi_2021_253-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a> (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-then-came-the-chance-the-turks-have-been-waiting-for-to-get-rid-of-christians-1.10354739">"Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104172307/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-then-came-the-chance-the-turks-have-been-waiting-for-to-get-rid-of-christians-1.10354739">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. 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Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 49–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498284165" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498284165"><bdi>978-1498284165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+among+the+Breakage%3A+Contextual+Theology-Making+and+Ex-Muslim+Christians&rft.pages=49-52&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1498284165&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWeE3DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNR-Benchemsi-2015-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TNR-Benchemsi-2015_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNR-Benchemsi-2015_281-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenchemsi2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Benchemsi, Ahmed (24 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/121559/rise-arab-atheists">"Invisible Atheists"</a>. The New Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218034511/https://newrepublic.com/article/121559/rise-arab-atheists">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Invisible+Atheists&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft.aulast=Benchemsi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F121559%2Frise-arab-atheists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaving_Oppenheimer_NYT_23-5-2014-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaving_Oppenheimer_NYT_23-5-2014_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaving_Oppenheimer_NYT_23-5-2014_282-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2014" class="citation news cs1">Oppenheimer, Mark (23 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/24/us/leaving-islam-for-atheism-and-finding-a-much-needed-place-among-peers.html">"Leaving Islam for Atheism, and Finding a Much-Needed Place Among Peers"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223202036/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/24/us/leaving-islam-for-atheism-and-finding-a-much-needed-place-among-peers.html?searchResultPosition=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaving+Islam+for+Atheism%2C+and+Finding+a+Much-Needed+Place+Among+Peers&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F24%2Fus%2Fleaving-islam-for-atheism-and-finding-a-much-needed-place-among-peers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eteraz-supporting-guardian-13-2-2021-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Eteraz-supporting-guardian-13-2-2021_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEteraz2007" class="citation news cs1">Eteraz, Ali (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/17/supportingislamsapostates">"Supporting Islam's apostates"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223202025/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/17/supportingislamsapostates">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supporting+Islam%27s+apostates&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.aulast=Eteraz&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2007%2Fsep%2F17%2Fsupportingislamsapostates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International Comparative Law, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905221417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905221417">978-1905221417</a>, pp. 25–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Un.org-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Un.org_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Un.org_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a18">"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084554/http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a18">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fudhr%2Findex.shtml%23a18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteiro2014" class="citation book cs1">Monteiro, A (2014). Ethics of human rights. Springer. pp. 414–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319035666" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319035666"><bdi>978-3319035666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+of+human+rights&rft.pages=414-416&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3319035666&rft.aulast=Monteiro&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1979" class="citation journal cs1">Said, Abdul Aziz (1979). "Precept and Practice of Human Rights in Islam". Universal Human Rights. 1 (1): 63–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F761831">10.2307/761831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/761831">761831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universal+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Precept+and+Practice+of+Human+Rights+in+Islam&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-79&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F761831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F761831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Aziz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brems-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Brems_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrems2001" class="citation book cs1">Brems, E (2001). "Islamic Declarations of Human Rights". Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 241–242, 259, 260–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041116185" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041116185"><bdi>978-9041116185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Declarations+of+Human+Rights&rft.btitle=Human+rights%3A+universality+and+diversity%3A+Volume+66+of+International+studies+in+human+rights&rft.pages=241-242%2C+259%2C+260-263&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9041116185&rft.aulast=Brems&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cismas_p254-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cismas_p254_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cismas_p254_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCismas2014" class="citation book cs1">Cismas, Ioana (2014). Religious actors and international law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 254, 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198712824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198712824"><bdi>978-0198712824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+actors+and+international+law&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=254%2C+258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0198712824&rft.aulast=Cismas&rft.aufirst=Ioana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> David Boersema, Philosophy of Human Rights: Theory and Practice, Westview Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813344928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813344928">978-0813344928</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Denny F. M. (2005)," Muslim ethical trajectories in the contemporary period", in The Blackwell companion to religious ethics (Editor: William Schweiker), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405177580" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405177580">978-1405177580</a>, Chapter 28, pp. 268–269, 272–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Monshipouri (1998), "Muslim World Half a Century after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Progress and Obstacles", The Netherlands Quarterly Hum. Rts., 16(3), pp. 289–290, 287–314 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotran2006" class="citation book cs1">Cotran, Eugene (2006). Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law, Volume 10. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004144446" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004144446"><bdi>978-9004144446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Islamic+and+Middle+Eastern+law%2C+Volume+10&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9004144446&rft.aulast=Cotran&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaisal_Devji2017" class="citation news cs1">Faisal Devji (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/opinion/islam-conversions.html">"Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816111621/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/opinion/islam-conversions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Conversions+From+Islam+in+Europe+and+Beyond&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.au=Faisal+Devji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fislam-conversions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsgram.com/harris-sultan-know-why-he-left-islam">"Harris Sultan: Know Why He Left Islam"</a>. 3 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028081847/https://www.newsgram.com/harris-sultan-know-why-he-left-islam">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harris+Sultan%3A+Know+Why+He+Left+Islam&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgram.com%2Fharris-sultan-know-why-he-left-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">Ahmad, Mirza Tahir</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/mna/index.html">Murder in the Name of Allah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutterworth Press">Lutterworth Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718828059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718828059"><bdi>978-0718828059</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243438689">243438689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+in+the+Name+of+Allah&rft.place=Guildford&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243438689&rft.isbn=978-0718828059&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Mirza+Tahir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Fmna%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cottee, Simon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/apostates/">The Apostates: When Muslims Leave Islam</a>. Hurst. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849044691" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849044691"><bdi>978-1849044691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostates%3A+When+Muslims+Leave+Islam&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1849044691&rft.aulast=Cottee&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurstpublishers.com%2Fbook%2Fapostates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 3–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Research+on+Religion&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Rudolph; De Vries, Gert J. J. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1472322/95409_apostasy_in_islam.pdf">"Apostasy in Islam"</a> (PDF). Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006076X00017">10.1163/157006076X00017</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570336">1570336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162376591">162376591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162376591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1570336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006076X00017&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+Gert+J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F1472322%2F95409_apostasy_in_islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000008.xml?body=pdf-43180">"Chapter 7: Leaving Islam"</a>. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 81–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004331471_008">10.1163/9789004331471_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004330924" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004330924"><bdi>978-9004330924</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=81-95&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004331471_008&rft.isbn=978-9004330924&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004331471%2FBP000008.xml%3Fbody%3Dpdf-43180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabir_Alalwani2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taha_Jabir_Alalwani" title="Taha Jabir Alalwani">Jabir Alalwani, Taha</a> (2011). Apostasy in Islam: A Historical and Scriptural Analysis. Translated by Nancy Roberts. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Islamic_Thought" title="International Institute of Islamic Thought">International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565643635" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565643635"><bdi>978-1565643635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostasy+in+Islam%3A+A+Historical+and+Scriptural+Analysis&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought+%28IIIT%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1565643635&rft.aulast=Jabir+Alalwani&rft.aufirst=Taha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Subhani, M. E. Asad (2005). Apostasy in Islam. Global Media. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8188869114" title="Special:BookSources/978-8188869114"><bdi>978-8188869114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostasy+in+Islam&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Global+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8188869114&rft.aulast=Subhani&rft.aufirst=M.+E.+Asad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeedSaeed2004" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, Abdullah; Saeed, Hassan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjQKAQAAMAAJ">Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam</a>. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754630838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754630838"><bdi>978-0754630838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion%2C+Apostasy+and+Islam&rft.place=Burlington+VT&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0754630838&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft.au=Saeed%2C+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjQKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostasy_in_Islam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Apostasy_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apostasy_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1514019">Apostasy, Freedom and Da'wah: Full Disclosure in a Business-Like Manner</a> by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Al-Munajjid, Sheikh Muhammed Salih. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/12406">"Why should a person who disbelieves after becoming Muslim be executed?"</a>. Retrieved 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+should+a+person+who+disbelieves+after+becoming+Muslim+be+executed%3F&rft.aulast=Al-Munajjid&rft.aufirst=Sheikh+Muhammed+Salih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam-qa.com%2Fen%2Fref%2F12406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Eltahawy" title="Mona Eltahawy">Eltahawy, Mona</a> (20 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/20/1">"Lives torn apart in battle for the soul of the Arab world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lives+torn+apart+in+battle+for+the+soul+of+the+Arab+world&rft.date=1999-10-20&rft.aulast=Eltahawy&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Foct%2F20%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101164342/http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.aspx?type=question&qid=286">"Punishment for Apostasy"</a>. Understanding Islam. 6 December 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.aspx?type=question&qid=286">the original</a> on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punishment+for+Apostasy&rft.pub=Understanding+Islam&rft.date=1998-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understanding-islam.com%2Frelated%2Ftext.aspx%3Ftype%3Dquestion%26qid%3D286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostasy+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVtE60LlujAC">Apostasy: Oxford Bibliographies, Islamic Studies</a> Andrew March (2010), Oxford University Press</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/811477/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006049">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294032005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ridde">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFS._A._Rahman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeed2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeedHassan_Saeed2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaeedSaeed2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchirrmacher2020\"] = 8,\n [\"CITEREFSisters_in_Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroumsa1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubhani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrombley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWael_Hallaq2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiederhold1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWright\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwemer\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFÖztürk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİçduyguToktaşAli_Soner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"DWBRTMIT1996\"] = 1,\n [\"Punishment_for_apostasy\"] = 1,\n [\"Retaliation_for_apostasy\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 11,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Quran\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 107,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Essay-like\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Hadith-usc\"] = 14,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 24,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam and other religions\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Nonspecific\"] = 2,\n [\"Original research section\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 17,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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