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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Byzantine era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Turkish Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Earthquakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts_and_neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_and_neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Districts and neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_and_neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 European side </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Asian side </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_religious_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_religious_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic and religious groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_religious_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Leisure and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Public services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Public transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Ferries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Railroads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Istanbul</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 227 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-227" aria-hidden="true" > 227 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89seutamu" title="Éseutamu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Éseutamu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D" title="ኢስታንቡል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢስታንቡል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сҭампыл – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сҭампыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%98%DC%A0_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Իսթանպուլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսթանպուլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইষ্টানবুল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইষ্টানবুল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایستانبول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইস্তাম্বুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্তাম্বুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82ch%CA%BC%C4%AF%CA%BC_N%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%A1" title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Κωνσταντινούπολη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντινούπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Стамбул ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Стамбул ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulo" title="Istanbulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Istanbulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BBl" title="Istanbûl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Istanbûl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostanb%C3%BAl" title="Iostanbúl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iostanbúl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Истмале – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Истмале" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%84" title="ايستامبۊل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايستامبۊل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EB%B6%88" title="이스탄불 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스탄불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Ստամբուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամբուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BAl" title="Istanbúl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Istanbúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="איסטנבול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסטנבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitambuli" title="Isitambuli – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isitambuli" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztamb%C3%B9l" title="Sztambùl – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sztambùl" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%BB" title="Ыстанбұл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ыстанбұл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stembol" title="Stembol – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stembol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambol" title="Estambol – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estambol" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99" title="ອິສະຕັນບູນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອິສະຕັນບູນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stambula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambulas" title="Stambulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stambulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isztambul" title="Isztambul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isztambul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81nipuru" title="Itānipuru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Itānipuru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तंबूल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्तंबूल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استامبول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استامبول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तान्बुल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्तान्बुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="イスタンブール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスタンブール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Истмала – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Истмала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuel" title="Istanbuel – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Istanbuel" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coustantinobles" title="Coustantinobles – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Coustantinobles" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambol" title="Istambol – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istambol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istamboul" title="Istamboul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Istamboul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanpul" title="Istanpul – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Istanpul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Істанбул – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Істанбул" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambolli" title="Stambolli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stambolli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉස්තාන්බුල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්තාන්බුල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carigrad" title="Carigrad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carigrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%84%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Цѣсар҄ь Градъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Цѣсар҄ь Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuul" title="Istanbuul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Istanbuul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%B5" title="ئەستەمبوڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستەمبوڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுதான்புல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுதான்புல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇస్తాంబుల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్తాంబుల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="อิสตันบูล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิสตันบูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itambut" title="Itambut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Itambut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84" title="ئىستانبۇل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىستانبۇل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="伊斯坦布尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊斯坦布尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="סטאמבול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאמבול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯坦堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estamol" title="Estamol – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estamol" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambols" title="Stambols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stambols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯坦堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Istanbul" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Istanbul&params=41_00_49_N_28_57_18_E_region:TR-34_type:adm2nd">41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stanbul&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul">İstanbul</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest city in Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Istanbul (disambiguation)">Istanbul (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolitan municipality and province in Marmara, Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Istanbul</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="tr">İstanbul</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/268px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/402px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/536px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fatih,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih, Istanbul">Historical peninsula</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Blue Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg/85px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg/128px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg/170px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5005" data-file-height="5005" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Maiden%27s_Tower" title="Maiden's Tower">Maiden's Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:65px;max-width:65px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Galata_tower_01_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galata_tower_01_23.jpg/63px-Galata_tower_01_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galata_tower_01_23.jpg/95px-Galata_tower_01_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galata_tower_01_23.jpg/126px-Galata_tower_01_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3292" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg/112px-Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg/168px-Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg/224px-Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="2683" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nostalgic_tramways" title="Istanbul nostalgic tramways">its tram</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower,_Istanbul,_Turkey_001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="3226" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/164px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/246px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/328px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2106" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a> business district</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg/268px-Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg/402px-Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg/536px-Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5466" data-file-height="2169" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_July_Martyrs_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="15 July Martyrs Bridge">15 July Martyrs Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Istanbul"><img alt="Location of Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg/230px-Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg/345px-Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg/460px-Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_92fabc77b7ef93fe64436514597e9b24f8e3f4ac"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Istanbul&revid=1259858036&groups=_92fabc77b7ef93fe64436514597e9b24f8e3f4ac" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Istanbul&revid=1259858036&groups=_92fabc77b7ef93fe64436514597e9b24f8e3f4ac 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water"><img alt="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.234%;left:18.138%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Istanbul</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Turkey</div>Show map of Turkey</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water"><img alt="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.701%;left:68.994%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Istanbul</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water"><img alt="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.565%;left:10.434%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Istanbul</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Asia</div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Istanbul&params=41_00_49_N_28_57_18_E_region:TR-34_type:adm2nd">41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Marmara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Istanbul</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provincial seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu" title="Cağaloğlu">Cağaloğlu</a>, Fatih</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Istanbul" title="List of districts of Istanbul">39</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Council_of_Istanbul" title="Municipal Council of Istanbul">Municipal Council of Istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Turkey" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,576.85 km2 (994.93 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,343.22 km2 (2,063.03 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">537 m (1,762 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (31 December 2023)<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-4">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">province</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,655,924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,305,657</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,939/km2 (15,380/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,930/km2 (7,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Istanbulite (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: İstanbullu)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (nominal) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2022)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a> 4,564 billion <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 276 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">Per capita</a></th><td class="infobox-data">₺287,524 US$17,349</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">34000 to 34990</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>+90 212 (European side)</li><li>+90 216 (Asian side)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">TR-34</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.867<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> (very high) · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Turkish regions by Human Development Index">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">GeoTLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ist" class="mw-redirect" title=".ist">.ist</a>, <a href="/wiki/.istanbul" title=".istanbul">.istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibb.istanbul/en">ibb.istanbul</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.istanbul.gov.tr/">istanbul.gov.tr</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">Historic Areas of Istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356bis">356bis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 (9th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2017</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">765.5 ha (1,892 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Istanbul<a href="#cite_note-naming-10">[b]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, straddling the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Strait">Bosporus Strait</a>, the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is considered the country's economic, cultural and historic capital. The city has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-4">[3]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">most populous city in Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a> and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">sixteenth-largest city</a>. The city was founded as <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> in the 7th century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> settlers from <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrin2009-12">[9]</a> In 330 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> made it his imperial capital, renaming it first as <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Rhomē; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Nova Roma)<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Istanbul-13">[10]</a> and then finally as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (Constantinopolis) after himself.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Istanbul-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODB-14">[11]</a> In 1930, the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, the Turkish rendering of εἰς τὴν Πόλιν eis tḕn Pólin 'to the City', the appellation <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> speakers used since the 11th century to colloquially refer to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Istanbul-13">[10]</a> The city served as an imperial capital for almost 1600 years: during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> (330–1204), <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a> (1204–1261), <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">late Byzantine</a> (1261–1453), and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> (1453–1922) empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇelik1993xv-15">[12]</a> The city grew in size and influence, eventually becoming a beacon of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and one of the most important cities in history. The city played a key role in the advancement of Christianity during Roman/Byzantine times, hosting four of the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">first seven ecumenical councils</a> before its transformation to an Islamic stronghold following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453 CE—especially after becoming the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> in 1517.<a href="#cite_note-maag1145-16">[13]</a> In 1923, after the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> replaced the city as the capital of the newly formed Republic of Turkey. Istanbul was the 2010 <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>. The city has surpassed <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">most visited city</a> in the world, with more than 20 million foreign visitors in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-euromonitor-17">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">The historic centre of Istanbul</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, and the city hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish companies, accounting for more than thirty percent of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">the country's economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecd-19">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul" title="Names of Istanbul">Names of Istanbul</a></div> The first known name of the city is <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion), the name given to it at its foundation by <a href="/wiki/Megarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megarian">Megarian</a> colonists around 657 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Istanbul-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-roo177-20">[17]</a> Megarian colonists claimed a direct line back to the founders of the city, Byzas, the son of the god Poseidon and the nymph Ceroëssa.<a href="#cite_note-roo177-20">[17]</a> Modern excavations have raised the possibility that the name Byzantium might reflect the sites of native <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> settlements that preceded the fully-fledged town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgacas1947352ff-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> comes from the Latin name Constantinus, after <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, the Roman emperor who refounded the city in 324 CE.<a href="#cite_note-roo177-20">[17]</a> Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the 1930s, when Turkish authorities began to press for the use of Istanbul in foreign languages. Ḳosṭanṭīnīye (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: قسطنطينيه) and İstanbul were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecipoğlu2010262-22">[19]</a> The name İstanbul (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: استانبول; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[isˈtanbuɫ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Istanbul pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Istanbul pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>, colloquially <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[ɯsˈtambuɫ]</a>) is commonly held to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> phrase eis tḕn <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Pólin</a> (εἰς τὴν Πόλιν, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[is tim ˈbolin]</a>), literally 'to the city'<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its nickname Dersaadet (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: درساعدت) meaning the 'Gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from "Constantinople", with the first and third syllables dropped.<a href="#cite_note-roo177-20">[17]</a> Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word Islambol (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: اسلامبول) on coinage was in 1730 during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel200557,_383-25">[22]</a> In modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the name is written as İstanbul, with a dotted İ, as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> distinguishes between a <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0" title="İ">dotted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dotless_I" title="Dotless I">dotless I</a>. In English, the stress is on the first or last syllable, but in Turkish it is on the second syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake200527-26">[23]</a> A person from the city is an İstanbullu (plural İstanbullular); Istanbulite is used in English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyder199995-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Istanbul" title="History of Istanbul">History of Istanbul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Istanbul_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Istanbul history">Timeline of Istanbul history</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG/220px-Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG/330px-Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG/440px-Keystone_Constantine_Forum_Istanbul.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>This large keystone might have belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Constantine" title="Forum of Constantine">Forum of Constantine</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F,_Fatih" title="Çemberlitaş, Fatih">Çemberlitaş</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Forum_of_Constantine-28">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-29">[26]</a> That early settlement, important in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Sarayburnu" title="Sarayburnu">Sarayburnu</a>), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym Lygos,<a href="#cite_note-janin-34">[31]</a> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Istanbul-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair20091-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-byz-date-42">[d]</a> when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. The settlers built an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇelik199311-43">[39]</a> The city experienced a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE, but the Greeks recaptured it during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Souza200388-44">[40]</a> Byzantium then continued as part of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenian League</a> and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a>, before gaining independence in 355 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely199620-45">[41]</a> Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 73 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely199622-46">[42]</a> Byzantium's decision to side with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurper</a> <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> against Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19968–10-47">[43]</a> Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimberis199411–12-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_era">Byzantine era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg/230px-Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg/345px-Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg/460px-Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Originally built by Constantine the Great in the 4th century and later rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a> in 532, the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> located in the outer courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in Istanbul. It is one of the few Byzantine era churches that were never converted into mosques; during the Ottoman period it served as Topkapı's principal armoury.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_(2216460729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/230px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/345px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/460px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2534" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Originally a church, later a mosque, the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian I was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a> (1507) in Spain.</div></div></div></div></div> Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">Nova Roma</a>; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the empire; during the following millennium of Roman history the state is commonly referred to as the "Byzantine Empire".<a href="#cite_note-ba222-51">[47]</a> The establishment of Constantinople was one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-ba222-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-gr63-52">[48]</a> Numerous churches were built across the city, including <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> which was built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-klwa171-53">[49]</a> Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a>; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the center of episodes of unrest, including the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-gr63-52">[48]</a> During most of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Christian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian civilization">Christian civilization</a>".<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> in 1025. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> was diverted from its purpose in 1204, and the city was sacked and pillaged by the crusaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010324–29-60">[56]</a> They established the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> in place of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010330–333-61">[57]</a> Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010340-62">[58]</a> Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010341–342-63">[59]</a> and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a million during the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-pop-figures-64">[e]</a> After the reconquest of 1261, however, some of the city's monuments were restored, and some, like the two <a href="/wiki/Deesis" title="Deesis">Deesis</a> mosaics in Hagia Sophia and Kariye, were created.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg/250px-Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg/375px-Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg/500px-Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The 6th century <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a>.</figcaption></figure> Various economic and military policies instituted by <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a>, such as the reduction of military forces, weakened the empire and left it vulnerable to attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002258–260-66">[61]</a> In the mid-14th-century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> began a strategy of gradually taking smaller towns and cities, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes194947-67">[62]</a> On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege during which the last Roman emperor, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a>, was killed, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> "the Conqueror" <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">captured Constantinople</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> Sultan Mehmed declared Constantinople the new capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Hours after the fall of the city, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city's refusal to surrender peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010394–399-68">[63]</a> Mehmed declared himself as the new <a href="/wiki/Kayser-i_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser-i Rûm">Kayser-i Rûm</a>, the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> of Rome, and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéhar199938-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries199871-70">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/220px-Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/330px-Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/440px-Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh_-_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Map of Istanbul in the 16th century by the Ottoman polymath <a href="/wiki/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh" title="Matrakçı Nasuh">Matrakçı Nasuh</a></figcaption></figure> Following the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city. Cognizant that revitalization would fail without the repopulation of the city, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a> welcomed everyone–foreigners, criminals, and runaways– showing extraordinary openness and willingness to incorporate outsiders that came to define Ottoman political culture.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> He also invited people from all over Europe to his capital, creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the Ottoman period.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Revitalizing Istanbul also required a massive program of restorations, of everything from roads to <a href="/wiki/Valens_Aqueduct#Ottoman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Valens Aqueduct">aqueducts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hughes2020-73">[68]</a> Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center.<a href="#cite_note-madden2020-74">[69]</a> There was a <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">huge new palace</a> to rival, if not overshadow, <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">the old one</a>, a new covered market (still standing as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a>), porticoes, pavilions, walkways, as well as more than a dozen new mosques.<a href="#cite_note-hughes2020-73">[68]</a> Mehmed II turned the ramshackle old town into something that looked like an imperial capital.<a href="#cite_note-madden2020-74">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a> was ignored by the rampant plague, which killed the rich and the poor alike in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-blackd-75">[70]</a> Money could not protect the rich from all the discomforts and harsher sides of Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-blackd-75">[70]</a> Although the Sultan lived at a safe remove from the masses, and the wealthy and poor tended to live side by side, for the most part Istanbul was not zoned as modern cities are.<a href="#cite_note-blackd-75">[70]</a> Opulent houses shared the same streets and districts with tiny hovels.<a href="#cite_note-blackd-75">[70]</a> Those rich enough to have secluded country properties had a chance of escaping the periodic epidemics of sickness that blighted Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-blackd-75">[70]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_(16293921746).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Istanbul_panorama_%2816293921746%29.jpg/250px-Istanbul_panorama_%2816293921746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Istanbul_panorama_%2816293921746%29.jpg/375px-Istanbul_panorama_%2816293921746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Istanbul_panorama_%2816293921746%29.jpg/500px-Istanbul_panorama_%2816293921746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7461" data-file-height="4162" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seraglio_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio Point">Seraglio Point</a> from <a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> claimed the status of <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> in 1517, with Constantinople remaining the capital of this <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">last caliphate</a> for four centuries.<a href="#cite_note-maag1145-16">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>'s reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="İznik pottery">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">miniature</a> flourished.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> The population of Constantinople was 570,000 by the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-chfo-77">[72]</a> A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period,<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> and Constantinople was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-ha251-80">[75]</a> Modern facilities, such as a water supply network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Constantinople over the following decades, although later than to other European cities.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> The modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">decline of the Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Rue_de_Pera,_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grand_Rue_de_Pera%2C_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Rue_de_Pera%2C_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grand_Rue_de_Pera%2C_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Rue_de_Pera%2C_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grand_Rue_de_Pera%2C_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Rue_de_Pera%2C_Constantinople_LCCN2004672935_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">Cadde-i Kebir</a> in 1912 (present-day <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a>). The entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anthony_of_Padua,_Istanbul" title="Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul">Church of St. Anthony of Padua</a> is seen at left. A <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> advertisement is visible on a building in the background.</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in 1908, the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Parliament</a>, closed since 14 February 1878, was reopened 30 years later on 23 July 1908, which marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tarihiolaylar-83">[78]</a> The civil strife and political uncertainties in the Ottoman Empire during the months after the revolution encouraged <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">annex Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">declare its independence</a> in a jointly coordinated move on 5 October 1908. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> was deposed in 1909, following the counter-revolution attempt known as the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March incident</a>. A series of wars in the early 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912) and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913), plagued the ailing empire's capital and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a>, which brought the regime of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> The Ottoman Empire joined <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and was ultimately defeated. The <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915</a> was among the major events which marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> during WWI.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Due to Ottoman and Turkish policies of <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, the city's <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christian</a> population declined from 450,000 to 240,000 between 1914 and 1927.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed on 30 October 1918 and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupied Constantinople</a> on 13 November 1918. The Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies on 11 April 1920 and the Ottoman delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a> was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> on 10 August 1920.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> (1919–1922), the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> in Ankara abolished the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, was declared <a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">persona non grata</a>. Leaving aboard the British warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Malaya" title="HMS Malaya">HMS Malaya</a> on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a>, Italy, on 16 May 1926. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg/220px-Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg/330px-Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg/440px-Bankalar_Caddesi_in_the_1920%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Bankalar_Caddesi" title="Bankalar Caddesi">Bankalar Caddesi</a> (Banks Street) in the late 1920s. Completed in 1892, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> headquarters is seen at left. In 1995 the <a href="/wiki/Borsa_Istanbul" title="Borsa Istanbul">Istanbul Stock Exchange</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stinye" title="İstinye">İstinye</a>, while numerous Turkish banks have moved to <a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maslak" title="Maslak">Maslak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> was signed on 24 July 1923, and the occupation of Constantinople ended with the departure of the last forces of the Allies from the city on 4 October 1923.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-of-istanbul-88">[83]</a> Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Naili_G%C3%B6kberk" title="Şükrü Naili Gökberk">Şükrü Naili Pasha</a> (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the "Liberation Day of Istanbul" (İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu), and has been commemorated annually since.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-of-istanbul-88">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_Republic">Turkish Republic</h3></div> On 29 October 1923 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Ankara as its capital. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> became the Republic's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">1942 wealth tax</a> assessed mainly on non-Muslims led to the transfer or liquidation of many businesses owned by religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> The state-sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">1955 Istanbul pogrom</a>, in which hundreds of Greek men, women and children were attacked and raped and dozens murdered, led to the emigration of most of the remaining Greeks in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-zayas-93">[88]</a> Government persecution of Greeks and religious minorities, especially <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christians</a>, intensified through the 1960s as part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>. Further <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">mass expulsions of Greeks</a> took place in 1964–1965.<a href="#cite_note-o112-94">[89]</a> As a result of these policies, the Greek population of Istanbul decreased from 110,000 in 1919 to 2,500 today.<a href="#cite_note-m310-95">[90]</a> From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> The overall population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of Istanbul as result of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography of Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite image showing a thin piece of land, densely populated on the south, bisected by a waterway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-09.jpg/220px-Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-09.jpg/330px-Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-09.jpg/440px-Istanbul_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7668" data-file-height="7020" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of Istanbul and the Bosporus</figcaption></figure> Istanbul is in north-western Turkey and straddles the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Strait">Bosporus Strait</a>, which provides the only passage from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Several picturesque islands—<a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Büyükada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heybeliada" title="Heybeliada">Heybeliada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgazada" title="Burgazada">Burgazada</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1nal%C4%B1ada" title="Kınalıada">Kınalıada</a>, and five smaller islands—are part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Istanbul's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Large sections of <a href="/wiki/Caddebostan" title="Caddebostan">Caddebostan</a> sit on areas of landfill, increasing the total area of the city to 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Despite the myth that <a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Istanbul" title="Seven hills of Istanbul">seven hills make up the city</a>, there are, in fact, more than 50 hills within the city limits. Istanbul's tallest hill, Aydos, is 537 meters (1,762 ft) high.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey#Earthquakes" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture of Turkey § Earthquakes</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">locked</a> just south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> This fault caused the earthquakes in <a href="/wiki/1766_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1766 Istanbul earthquake">1766</a> and <a href="/wiki/1894_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1894 Istanbul earthquake">1894</a>,<a href="#cite_note-econ1214-99">[94]</a> and a quake of at least <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a> 7.0 is very likely in the 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> though an earthquake with a magnitude above 7.5 is thought to be impossible.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Istanbul Municipality's Directorate of Earthquake and Ground Research is responsible for analysing the methods to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Urban_seismic_risk" title="Urban seismic risk">urban seismic risk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> whereas the national government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency" title="Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency">Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency</a> is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake recovery">earthquake emergency response</a>, and will be helped by NGOs such as <a href="/wiki/IHH_(Turkish_NGO)" title="IHH (Turkish NGO)">İHH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development, with over 500,000 vulnerable buildings demolished and replaced since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-econ1214-99">[94]</a> According to ministry statements and geologist comments made in 2023, the city's infrastructure was in reasonably good shape, however, due to very high costs, buildings were not: over half a million flats were still vulnerable to collapse, and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_casualty_estimation" title="Earthquake casualty estimation">casualties largely depend</a> on how many collapse.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&action=edit">[update]</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Buildings_in_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Buildings in Istanbul">buildings in Istanbul</a> were built to a low seismic standard in the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> and residents think the city is not properly <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_preparedness" title="Earthquake preparedness">prepared for the earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Istanbul" title="Climate of Istanbul">Climate of Istanbul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg/220px-TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg/330px-TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg/440px-TuerkeiKilyosSchwarzeMeer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eile" title="Şile">Şile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilyos" title="Kilyos">Kilyos</a> are two seaside resorts on the Black Sea, the body of water which tempers Istanbul's climate.</figcaption></figure> Istanbul's climate is <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, and is often described as transitional between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> typical of the western and southern coasts of Turkey, and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> of the northwestern coasts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:4-109">[104]</a> Much divergence exists in the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Istanbul#Classification" title="Climate of Istanbul">terminology used to classify the city's climate</a>, however. The city's summers are warm to hot and moderately dry, with an average daytime temperature of about 28 °C (82 °F), and less than 7 days of precipitation per month. Despite the generally acceptable temperature range, mid-summer in Istanbul is considered moderately uncomfortable, due to high dew points and relative humidity.<a href="#cite_note-:3-110">[105]</a> Winters, meanwhile, are cool, quite rainy, and relatively snow-rich for a city with above-freezing average temperatures. Istanbul's precipitation is unevenly distributed, with winter months getting at least twice the level of precipitation of their summerly counterparts. The mode of precipitation also varies by season. Winter precipitation is generally light, persistent and often of mixed precipitation such as <a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">rain-snow mixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a>; while summer precipitation is generally abrupt and sporadic. Cloudiness, as with precipitation, varies greatly by season. Winters are quite cloudy, with around 20 percent of days being sunny or partly cloudy. Meanwhile, summers experience 60-70 percent of possible sunshine. Snowfall is sporadic, but accumulates virtually every winter; and when it does, it is highly disruptive to city infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Sea-effect snowstorms</a> with more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) of snowfall happen almost annually, most recently in <a href="/wiki/Storm_Elpis" title="Storm Elpis">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Kire%C3%A7burnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kireçburnu">Kireçburnu</a> (normals 1991–2020, precipitation days and sunshine 1981–2010; see <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Istanbul#Inland_from_the_Bosporus" title="Climate of Istanbul">the main article</a> for more information) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4 (58.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5 (52.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.1 (3.78) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.7 (3.45) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.8 (2.75) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1 (1.78) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (1.46) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7 (1.76) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (1.43) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.5 (1.71) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.3 (3.87) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.5 (3.96) </td> <td style="background: #45FF45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.8 (4.91) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">865.2 (34.06) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.5 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">131.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 cm) </th> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.3 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.1 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.0 </td> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,180.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-mgm2020-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_%282%29.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_%282%29.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_%282%29.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCze_Gazhane_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Hasanpa%C5%9Fa_Gasworks" title="Hasanpaşa Gasworks">Müze Gazhane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a> is the first climate change museum in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change in Turkey</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> has caused an increase in Istanbul's heatwaves,<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> droughts,<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> storms,<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> and flooding<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCTur-120">[115]</a> in Istanbul. Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> has been intensifying the effects of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:0-121">[116]</a> If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Kadıköy (Istanbul Metro)">Kadıkoy metro station</a> is threatened with flooding.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a> of green spaces has been suggested,<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> and Istanbul has a climate-change action plan.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ride_to_happiness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ride_to_happiness.jpg/220px-Ride_to_happiness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ride_to_happiness.jpg/330px-Ride_to_happiness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ride_to_happiness.jpg/440px-Ride_to_happiness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belgrad_Forest" title="Belgrad Forest">Belgrad Forest</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed broadleaf forest</a> to the north of Istanbul.</figcaption></figure> The natural vegetation of the province is made up of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_and_broad-leaf_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed and broad-leaf forests">mixed broadleaf forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-maquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-maquis">pseudo-maquis</a>, reflecting the city's transitional, Mediterranean-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humid_temperate_climate" title="Humid temperate climate">humid temperate</a> climate.<a href="#cite_note-:4-109">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robinia" title="Robinia">locust</a> comprise the most prominent temperate forest genera, while <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terebinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Terebinth">terebinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cercis_siliquastrum" title="Cercis siliquastrum">Cercis siliquastrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spartium_junceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartium junceum">broom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyracantha_coccinea" title="Pyracantha coccinea">red firethorn</a>, and oak species such as <a href="/wiki/Quercus_cerris" title="Quercus cerris">Quercus cerris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a> are the most important species of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="Life zones of the Mediterranean region">Submediterranean</a> distribution. Apart from the natural flora, <a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">Platanus orentalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesculus_hippocastanum" title="Aesculus hippocastanum">horse chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">cypress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">stone pine</a> make up the <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> that got <a href="/wiki/Acclimatized" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclimatized">acclimatized</a> to Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> In a study that examined urban flora in <a href="/wiki/Kartal" title="Kartal">Kartal</a>, a total of 576 plant taxa were recorded; of those 477 were natural and 99 were exotic and cultivated. The most prominent native taxa were in the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> family (50 species), while the most diverse exotic plant family was <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> (16 species).<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> and Sea of Marmara play a vital role for <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrating fish</a> and other marine animals between Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea. Bosporus hosts <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> and semipelagic fish species and more than 130 different taxa have been documented in the strait.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bluefish" title="Bluefish">Bluefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_bass" title="Sea bass">sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_mackerel" title="Horse mackerel">horse mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_anchovy" title="European anchovy">anchovies</a> compose the economically important species. Fish diversity in the waters of Istanbul has dwindled in the recent decades. From around 60 different fish species recorded in the 1970s only 20 of them still survive in the Bosporus.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Istanbul#Dubious" title="Talk:Istanbul">discuss</a>] <a href="/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Common bottlenose dolphin">Common bottlenose dolphin</a> (Turkish: afalina), <a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_common_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-beaked common dolphin">short-beaked common dolphin</a> (Turkish: tırtak) and <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbor porpoise</a> (Turkish: mutur) make up the marine mammals presently found in the Bosporus and surrounding waters, though since the 1950s the number of dolphin observations has become increasingly rare. <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seals</a> were present in Bosporus, and Princes' Islands and Tuzla shores were seal breeding areas during summer, but they have not been observed in Istanbul since the 1960s and thought to be extinct in the region.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> Water pollution, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and destruction of coastal habitats caused by urbanization are main threats to Istanbul's marine ecology. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Camii_Haziresi%27nde_bir_kedi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Street cats in the city</figcaption></figure> Apart from the wild land mammals Istanbul hosts a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Stray_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stray animal">stray animal</a> population. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Feral_cats_in_Istanbul" title="Feral cats in Istanbul">feral cats in Istanbul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: sokak kedisi) is noted to be very prevalent, with estimates ranging from a hundred thousand to over a million stray cats. The feral cats in the city have gained widespread media and public attention and are considered to be symbols of the city.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">Rose-ringed parakeet</a> colonies are present in urban areas, similar to other European cities as <a href="/wiki/Feral_parrot" title="Feral parrot">feral parrots</a>, and considered as <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution in Turkey</a> is acute in İstanbul with cars, buses and taxis causing frequent urban <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> as it is one of the few European cities without a <a href="/wiki/Low-emission_zone" title="Low-emission zone">low-emission zone</a>. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&action=edit">[update]</a> the city's mean <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">air quality</a> remains at a level so as to affect the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours,<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> and almost 200 days of pollution were measured by the <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution sensor">air pollution sensors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sultangazi" title="Sultangazi">Sultangazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecidiyek%C3%B6y" title="Mecidiyeköy">Mecidiyeköy</a>, Alibeyköy and <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1thane" title="Kağıthane">Kağıthane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> It is one of the 10 worst cities for <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide#Long-term" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> However a trial of congestion pricing is planned for the historic peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tides</a> were reported in the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus (especially in Golden Horn), and regularly happen in urban lakes such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece" title="Lake Büyükçekmece">Lake Büyükçekmece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece" title="Lake Küçükçekmece">Küçükçekmece</a>. In June 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Marine_mucilage" title="Marine mucilage">marine mucilage</a> wave allegedly caused by water pollution spread to Sea of Marmara.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts_and_neighborhoods">Districts and neighborhoods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">Historic Areas of Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_centers_in_Istanbul" title="List of urban centers in Istanbul">List of urban centers in Istanbul</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_side">European side</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a> district comprises the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">historical peninsula</a> of Istanbul</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a> district, which was named after Mehmed II (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Fatih Sultan Mehmed), corresponds to what was the whole of Constantinople until the Ottoman conquest; today it is the capital district and called the historic peninsula of Istanbul on the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>, across the medieval <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> citadel of <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the <a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a>, to make way for the northward expansion of the city.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Galata (<a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y" title="Karaköy">Karaköy</a>) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two- and three-story colored houses with docks and balconies, built directly on the edge of the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg/220px-Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg/330px-Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg/440px-Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="3238" /></a><figcaption>Originally outside the city, <a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">yalı</a> residences along the Bosporus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, the seat of government during the late Ottoman period, is in the <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Beşiktaş">Beşiktaş</a> district on the European shore of the Bosporus, to the north of Beyoğlu. The former village of <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a> is within Beşiktaş and gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a> on the Bosporus, near the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Bridge">Bosporus Bridge</a>. Lining both the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus are the historic <a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">yalıs</a>, luxurious chalet mansions built by Ottoman aristocrats and elites as summer homes.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Inland, north of Taksim Square is the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Central_Business_District" title="Istanbul Central Business District">Istanbul Central Business District</a>, a set of corridors lined with office buildings, residential towers, shopping centers, and university campuses, and over 2,000,000 m2 (22,000,000 sq ft) of class-A office space in total. <a href="/wiki/Maslak" title="Maslak">Maslak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bomonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomonti">Bomonti</a> are important nodes within the CBD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Business_Group2009105-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-property2021-143">[138]</a> The Atatürk Airport corridor is another such <a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">edge city</a>-style business, residential and shopping corridor with over 900,000 m2 (9,700,000 sq ft) of class-A office space.<a href="#cite_note-property2021-143">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_side">Asian side</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Levent_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3633" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kanl%C4%B1ca" title="Kanlıca">Kanlıca</a> across the Bosporus</figcaption></figure> During the Ottoman period, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a> (then Scutari) and <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a> were outside the scope of the urban area, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside yalıs and gardens. But in the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced major urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWCTR_SocietyUnʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004281-144">[139]</a> Much of the Asian side of the Bosporus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWCTR_SocietyUnʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004281-144">[139]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Kozyata%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kozyatağı">Kozyatağı</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ata%C5%9Fehir" title="Ataşehir">Ataşehir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altunizade" title="Altunizade">Altunizade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beykoz" title="Beykoz">Kavacık</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmraniye" title="Ümraniye">Ümraniye</a>, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space, are now important "<a href="/wiki/Edge_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge cities">edge cities</a>", i.e. corridors and nodes of business and shopping centers and of tall residential buildings.<a href="#cite_note-property2021-143">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion">Expansion</h4></div> As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of <a href="/wiki/Gecekondu" title="Gecekondu">gecekondus</a> (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings.<a href="#cite_note-kar7896-145">[140]</a> At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds.<a href="#cite_note-yavuz-146">[141]</a> Moreover, large scale <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects have been taking place,<a href="#cite_note-AtkinsonBridge2005-147">[142]</a> such as the one in <a href="/wiki/Tarlaba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Tarlabaşı">Tarlabaşı</a>;<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> some of these projects, like the one in <a href="/wiki/Sulukule" title="Sulukule">Sulukule</a>, have faced criticism.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a>, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yildiz_Park_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yildiz_Park_02.jpg/220px-Yildiz_Park_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yildiz_Park_02.jpg/330px-Yildiz_Park_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yildiz_Park_02.jpg/440px-Yildiz_Park_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Park" title="Yıldız Park">Yıldız Park</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a> to <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace" title="Çırağan Palace">Çırağan Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClhane_Park" title="Gülhane Park">Gülhane Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Park" title="Yıldız Park">Yıldız Park</a> were originally included within the grounds of two of Istanbul's palaces — Topkapı Palace and <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a>—but they were repurposed as public parks in the early decades of the Turkish Republic.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Another park, <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Pa%C5%9Fa_Korusu" title="Fethi Paşa Korusu">Fethi Paşa Korusu</a>, is on a hillside adjacent to the Bosphorus Bridge in Anatolia, opposite Yıldız Palace in Europe. Along the European side, and close to the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Emirgan_Park" title="Emirgan Park">Emirgan Park</a>, which was known as the Kyparades ('Cypress Forest') during the Byzantine period. In the Ottoman period, it was first granted to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Nişancı</a> <a href="/wiki/Feridun_Ahmed_Bey" title="Feridun Ahmed Bey">Feridun Ahmed Bey</a> in the 16th century, before being granted by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> emir Gûne Han in the 17th century, hence the name Emirgan. The 47-hectare (120-acre) park was later owned by Khedive <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> in the 19th century. Emirgan Park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> festival is held there since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> government's decision to replace <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Gezi_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksim Gezi Park">Taksim Gezi Park</a> with a replica of the Ottoman era <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Military_Barracks" title="Taksim Military Barracks">Taksim Military Barracks</a> (which was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Stadium" title="Taksim Stadium">Taksim Stadium</a> in 1921, before being demolished in 1940 for building Gezi Park) sparked a series of <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">nationwide protests in 2013</a> covering a wide range of issues. Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is <a href="/wiki/Belgrad_Forest" title="Belgrad Forest">Belgrad Forest</a>, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Istanbul from the confluence of the Bosporus and Sea of Marmara. Several landmarks—including Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the Hagia Sophia, Topkapı Palace, and Dolmabahçe Palace—can be seen along their shores."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/800px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1200px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1600px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1123" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" title="File:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of Istanbul from the confluence of the Bosporus and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. Several landmarks—including <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a>, the Hagia Sophia, <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>—can be seen along their shores.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Istanbul" title="Architecture of Istanbul">Architecture of Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg/170px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg/255px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg/340px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4321" data-file-height="6482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a> dominates the skyline of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Genoese citadel</a> at the north of the Golden Horn.</figcaption></figure> Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. Despite its development as a Turkish city since 1923, it contains many ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish monuments. The Neolithic settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Yenikap%C4%B1" title="Yenikapı">Yenikapı</a> quarter on the European side, which dates back to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6500 BCE and predates the formation of the Bosporus by approximately a millennium, when the Sea of Marmara was still a lake,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] was discovered during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a> railway tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-29">[26]</a> It is the oldest known human settlement on the European side of the city.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-29">[26]</a> The oldest known human settlement on the Asian side is the Fikirtepe Mound near Kadıköy, with relics dating to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5500 – c. 3500 BCE. There are numerous ancient monuments in the city.<a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> The most ancient is the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">Obelisk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a>).<a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> Built of red granite, 31 m (100 ft) high, it came from the <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, and was erected there by <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> Thutmose III (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1479 – 1425 BCE) to the south of the seventh <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> The Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 337–361 CE– ) had it and another obelisk transported along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> for commemorating his ventennalia or 20 years on the throne in 357. The other obelisk was erected on the <a href="/wiki/Spina_(Roman_circus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spina (Roman circus)">spina</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a>. The obelisk that would become the Obelisk of Theodosius remained in Alexandria until 390, when Theodosius I (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 379–395) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the spina of the Hippodrome there.<a href="#cite_note-Habachi-156">[151]</a> When re-erected at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, the obelisk was mounted on a decorative base, with <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> that depict Theodosius I and his courtiers.<a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> The lower part of the obelisk was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport to Alexandria in 357 CE or during its re-erection at the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 390 CE. As a result, the current height of the obelisk is only 18.54 meters, or 25.6 meters if the base is included. Between the four corners of the obelisk and the pedestal are four bronze cubes, used in its transportation and re-erection.<a href="#cite_note-Wallis-157">[152]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG/200px-Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG/300px-Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG/400px-Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3973" data-file-height="1786" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG/200px-Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG/300px-Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG/400px-Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg/200px-Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg/300px-Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg/400px-Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1805" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg/200px-Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg/300px-Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg/400px-Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Built by Ottoman sultans <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire">Abdülaziz</a>, the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace" title="Çırağan Palace">Çırağan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Pavilion" title="Küçüksu Pavilion">Küçüksu</a> palaces on the Bosporus were designed by members of the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Balyan_family" title="Balyan family">Balyan family</a> of court architects.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Next in age is the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Column" title="Serpent Column">Serpent Column</a>, from 479 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> It was brought from <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> in 324 CE, during the reign of Constantine the Great, and also erected at the spina of the Hippodrome.<a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> It was originally part of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">sacrificial tripod</a> in Delphi that was erected to commemorate the Greeks who fought and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> in 479 BCE. The three serpent heads of the 8-meter (26 ft) high column remained intact until the end of the 17th century (one is on display at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul Archaeology Museums</a>).<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> Built in <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> and erected at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Constantine" title="Forum of Constantine">Forum of Constantine</a> in 330 CE to mark the founding of the new Roman capital, the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Constantine" title="Column of Constantine">Column of Constantine</a> was originally adorned with a sculpture of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great depicted as the solar god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> on its top, which fell in 1106 and was later replaced by a cross during the reign of Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Komnenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Komnenos">Manuel Komnenos</a> (r. 1143–1180).<a href="#cite_note-Forum_of_Constantine-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-coaot-155">[150]</a> There are traces of the Byzantine era throughout the city, from ancient churches that were built over early Christian meeting places like the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Monastery of Stoudios</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Monastery of the Pantocrator</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eski_Imaret_Mosque" title="Eski Imaret Mosque">Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Hagia Theodosia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Monastery of Constantine Lips</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Mosque" title="Bodrum Mosque">Church of Myrelaion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church-Mosque_of_Vefa" title="Church-Mosque of Vefa">Hagios Theodoros</a>, etc.; to palaces like the Great Palace of Constantinople and its <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum" title="Great Palace Mosaic Museum">Mosaic Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Porphyrogenitus" title="Palace of the Porphyrogenitus">Palace of the Porphyrogenitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boukoleon_Palace" title="Boukoleon Palace">Boukoleon Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Palace of Blachernae</a>; and other public places and buildings like the Hippodrome, the <a href="/wiki/Augustaion" title="Augustaion">Augustaion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Cistern" title="Theodosius Cistern">Theodosius Cistern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Philoxenos" title="Cistern of Philoxenos">Cistern of Philoxenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_the_Hebdomon" title="Cistern of the Hebdomon">Cistern of the Hebdomon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens" title="Aqueduct of Valens">Aqueduct of Valens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Walls of Constantinople</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Aurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Porta Aurea">Porta Aurea</a> (Golden Gate), among numerous others. The 4th century <a href="/wiki/Harbour_of_Eleutherios" title="Harbour of Eleutherios">Harbor of Theodosius</a> in Yenikapı, once the busiest port in Constantinople, was among the numerous archeological discoveries that took place during the excavations of the Marmaray tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-29">[26]</a> However, it is the Hagia Sophia that fully conveys the period of Constantinople as a city without parallel in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. The Hagia Sophia, topped by a dome 31 meters (102 ft) in diameter over a square space defined by four arches, is the pinnacle of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mangocyril-160">[155]</a> The Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest cathedral in the world until it was converted into a mosque in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-mangocyril-160">[155]</a> The minarets date from that period.<a href="#cite_note-mangocyril-160">[155]</a> Because of its historical significance, it was reopened as a museum in 1935. However, it was re-converted into a mosque in July 2020. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanahmet_Camii,_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/220px-Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/330px-Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/440px-Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="2319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> is known as the Blue Mosque due to the blue <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="İznik tiles">İznik tiles</a> which adorn its interior.<a href="#cite_note-bluemosque-161">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">Obelisk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a>) is seen in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with a vast building scheme that included the construction of towering mosques and ornate palaces. The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> (Blue Mosque), another landmark of the city, faces the Hagia Sophia at Sultanahmet Square (Hippodrome of Constantinople). The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, built by Suleiman the Magnificent, was designed by his chief architect Mimar Sinan, the most illustrious of all Ottoman architects, who designed many of the city's renowned mosques and other types of public buildings and monuments.<a href="#cite_note-sinan-britannica-162">[157]</a> Among the oldest surviving examples of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> in Istanbul are the <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a> fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/220px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/330px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/440px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, the inner core of which was built in 1459–1465, from across the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> Topkapı Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. Mehmed II built the original palace as his main residence and the seat of government.<a href="#cite_note-freely-164">[159]</a> The present palace grew over the centuries as a series of additions enfolding four courtyards and blending <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> architectural forms.<a href="#cite_note-wharton-165">[160]</a> In 1639, Murad IV made some of the most lavish additions, including the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Kiosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Kiosk">Baghdad Kiosk</a>, to commemorate his <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">conquest of Baghdad</a> the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-necipoglu-166">[161]</a> Government meetings took place here until 1786, when the seat of government was moved to the Sublime Porte.<a href="#cite_note-freely-164">[159]</a> After several hundred years of royal residence, it was abandoned in 1853 in favor of the baroque Dolmabahçe Palace.<a href="#cite_note-wharton-165">[160]</a> Topkapı Palace became public property following the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolition of monarchy</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-wharton-165">[160]</a> After extensive renovation, it became one of Turkey's first national museums in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-freely-164">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">imperial mosques</a> include <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Mosque">Fatih Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayezid Mosque">Bayezid Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Selim_Mosque" title="Yavuz Selim Mosque">Yavuz Selim Mosque</a>, Süleymaniye Mosque, Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the Blue Mosque), and <a href="/wiki/New_Mosque_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mosque (Istanbul)">Yeni Mosque</a>, all of which were built at the peak of the Ottoman Empire, in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the following centuries, and especially after the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms, Ottoman architecture was supplanted by European styles.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> An example of which is the imperial <a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</a>. Areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoğlu—including churches, stores, and theaters—and official buildings such as Dolmabahçe Palace.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Istanbul" title="List of districts of Istanbul">List of districts of Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_of_Istanbul" title="List of neighbourhoods of Istanbul">List of neighbourhoods of Istanbul</a></div> Since 2004, the municipal boundaries of Istanbul have been coincident with the boundaries of its province.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The city, considered capital of the larger Istanbul Province, is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a> (IMM, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, IBB), which oversees the <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Istanbul" title="List of districts of Istanbul">39 districts</a> of the city-province. The current city structure can be traced back to the Tanzimat period of reform in the 19th century, before which <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Islamic judges</a> and imams led the city under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>. Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups (<a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>) across the city. Pera (now Beyoğlu) was the first area of the city to have its own director and council, with members instead being longtime residents of the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> Laws enacted after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a> aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">arrondissements of Paris</a>, but they were not fully implemented until 1908 when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> This system continued beyond the founding of the Turkish Republic, with the province renamed a belediye (municipality), but the municipality was disbanded in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg/300px-BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg/450px-BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg/600px-BuyukadaMainSquare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Büyükada</a>, the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a> to the southeast of Istanbul, which collectively form the Adalar district of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Province">Istanbul Province</a></figcaption></figure> Small settlements adjacent to major population centers in Turkey, including Istanbul, were merged into their respective primary cities during the early 1980s, resulting in metropolitan municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> The main decision-making body of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is the Municipal Council, with members drawn from district councils. The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Council_of_Istanbul" title="Municipal Council of Istanbul">Municipal Council of Istanbul</a> is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers.<a href="#cite_note-kapa1535-176">[171]</a> Since the government operates under a "powerful mayor, weak council" approach, the council's leader—the metropolitan mayor—has the authority to make swift decisions, often at the expense of transparency.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> The Municipal Council is advised by the Metropolitan Executive Committee, although the committee also has limited power to make decisions of its own.<a href="#cite_note-kapa156-178">[173]</a> All representatives on the committee are appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the council, with the mayor—or someone of his or her choosing—serving as head.<a href="#cite_note-kapa156-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-mmi-mec-179">[174]</a> District councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. They each maintain their own budgets, although the metropolitan mayor reserves the right to review district decisions. One-fifth of all district council members, including the district mayors, also represent their districts in the Municipal Council.<a href="#cite_note-kapa1535-176">[171]</a> All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Representing the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Istanbul" title="List of mayors of Istanbul">Mayor of Istanbul</a> since <a href="/wiki/June_2019_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="June 2019 Istanbul mayoral election">27 June 2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. Like the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making body—the Provincial Parliament—and an appointed Executive Committee. Mirroring the executive committee at the municipal level, the Provincial Executive Committee includes a secretary-general and leaders of departments that advise the Provincial Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-mmi-mec-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The Provincial Administration's duties are largely limited to the building and maintenance of schools, residences, government buildings, and roads, and the promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Davut_G%C3%BCl" title="Davut Gül">Davut Gül</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Istanbul Province">Governor of Istanbul Province</a> since 5 June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Istanbul" title="Demographics of Istanbul">Demographics of Istanbul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Istanbul_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Istanbul population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours" style="clear: right; float: right; border-spacing: 0; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Historical populations </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:0.2em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Pre-Republic</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:auto">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 100</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 361</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">300,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">400,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 7th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">150–350,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 8th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">125–500,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 9th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50–250,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">150–300,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1100</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1200</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">150,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire#Decline_and_fall" title="Latin Empire">1261</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">100,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1350</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">1453</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">45,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1550</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">660,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">700,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1815</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1860</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">715,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">874,000</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">942,900</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-left:solid 1px black; padding-left:0.2em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Republic</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">881,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1927</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">691,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">740,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.87%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">793,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.39%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">845,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">983,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,459,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,743,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.61%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,132,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,547,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.62%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,853,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.30%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,494,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.00%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,620,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.80%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1994</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,615,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.56%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1997</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">8,260,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,831,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2007</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,174,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.42%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,657,434</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,804,116</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.00%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">15,029,231</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,067,724</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,519,267</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.00%</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center">Sources: Jan Lahmeyer 2004, <a href="#CITEREFChandler1987">Chandler 1987</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMorris2010">Morris 2010</a>,<a href="#CITEREFTuran2010">Turan 2010</a><a href="#cite_note-mfa-185">[180]</a> Pre-Republic figures estimated<a href="#cite_note-pop-figures-64">[e]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">world's largest city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> for the position of the world's largest city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_European_cities_in_history" title="List of largest European cities in history">largest city</a> in Europe from 1500 to 1750, when it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cha463-188">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 15,519,267 at the end of 2019, hosting 19 percent of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-tuikpop-189">[184]</a> 64.4% of the residents live on the European side and 35.6% on the Asian side.<a href="#cite_note-tuikpop-189">[184]</a> Istanbul ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities proper by population">seventh-largest city proper</a> in the world, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">second-largest urban agglomeration</a> in Europe, after <a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> The city's annual population growth of 1.5 percent ranks as one of the highest among the seventy-eight largest metropolises in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. The high population growth mirrors an urbanization trend across the country, as the second and third fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> metropolises are the Turkish cities of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> and Ankara.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-19">[16]</a> Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-tu224-192">[187]</a> This growth was fueled by internal and international migration. Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from 43,000 in 2007<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> to 856,377 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-immig-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigft-195">[190]</a> According to 2020 TÜİK data around 2.1 million people in a population of over 15.4 million have been registered<a href="#cite_note-196">[f]</a> in Istanbul, meanwhile the vast majority of the residents ultimately originate from Anatolian provinces, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a> regions due to internal migration since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> People registered in <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a> provinces represent the biggest population groups in Istanbul, meanwhile people registered in <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> has the highest percentage with more than 760 thousand residents in the city.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> A 2019 survey found that only 36% of the Istanbul's population was born in the province.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_religious_groups">Ethnic and religious groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Istanbul" title="Religion in Istanbul">Religion in Istanbul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrians in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Istanbul" title="Kurds in Istanbul">Kurds in Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Turkey" title="Bosniaks in Turkey">Bosniaks in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Armenians in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Jews in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Albanians in Turkey</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups among Turkish citizens in Istanbul (2019 KONDA survey)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:78%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">78%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Istanbul" title="Kurds in Istanbul">Kurds</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:17%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Turkey" title="Arabs in Turkey">Arabs</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:turquoise; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. The dominant ethnic group in the city is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, which also forms the majority group in Turkey. According to survey data 78% of the voting-age Turkish citizens in Istanbul state "Turkish" as their ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[193]</a> With estimates ranging from 2 to 4 million, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Istanbul" title="Kurds in Istanbul">Kurds</a> form one of the largest ethnic minorities in Istanbul and are the biggest group after Turks among Turkish citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Karadaghi1995-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tirman1997-201">[195]</a> According to a 2019 <a href="/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA</a> study, Kurds constituted around 17% of Istanbul's adult total population who were Turkish citizens.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[193]</a> Although the initial Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period,<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> the majority of Kurds in the city originate from villages in eastern and southeastern Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-BaserToivanen2018-203">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a> are also present in the city and constitute around 1% of the total voting-age population.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> form the city's other largest ethnic minority, with an estimated population of more than 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2020-204">[198]</a> Following Turkey's support for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>), Syria, and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic2013-205">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytarabs-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist2018-207">[201]</a> As of August 2019, the number of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey">refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey</a> residing in Istanbul was estimated to be around 1 million.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Turkey" title="Arabs in Turkey">Native Arab population in Turkey</a> who are Turkish citizens are found to be making up less than 1% of city's total adult population.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[193]</a> As of August 2023, there were more than 530,000 refugees of the Syrian civil war in Istanbul, the highest number in any Turkish city.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG/220px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG/330px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG/440px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_exterior_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Built by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> (1550–1557) was designed by his chief architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, the most illustrious of all <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sinan-britannica-162">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2019 survey study by KONDA that examined the religiosity of the voting-age adults in Istanbul showed that 57% of the surveyed had a religion and were trying to practise its requirements. This was followed by nonobservant people with 26% who identified with a religion but generally did not practise its requirements. 11% stated they were fully devoted to their religion, meanwhile 6% were <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">non-believers</a> who did not believe the rules and requirements of a religion. 24% of the surveyed also identified themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatives">religious conservatives</a>". Around 90% of Istanbul's population are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> forms the second biggest religious group.<a href="#cite_note-:2-199">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> or Catholic <a href="/wiki/Levantines_(Latin_Christians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantines (Latin Christians)">Levantines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Istanbul" title="Armenians in Istanbul">Armenians</a> form the largest Christian population in the city. While Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">1955 anti-Greek pogrom</a> prompted <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Istanbul_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Istanbul Greeks">thousands to leave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greek-212">[206]</a> Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000.<a href="#cite_note-greek-212">[206]</a> There are today 50,000 to 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Istanbul" title="Armenians in Istanbul">Armenians in Istanbul</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> down from a peak of 164,000 in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Christian <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> live in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4289" data-file-height="5147" /></a><figcaption>There are 234 active churches and chapels in the city,<a href="#cite_note-heper2018-216">[210]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anthony_of_Padua,_Istanbul" title="Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul">Church of St. Anthony of Padua</a> on <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu (Pera)</a>.</figcaption></figure> The majority of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Levantine" title="Turkish Levantine">Levantines</a> (Turkish: Levanten) in Istanbul and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations</a> from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italo-Levantine writer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Scognamillo" title="Giovanni Scognamillo">Giovanni Scognamillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karaköy, Beyoğlu and <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Nişantaşı">Nişantaşı</a>), and İzmir (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka" title="Karşıyaka">Karşıyaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bornova" title="Bornova">Bornova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buca" title="Buca">Buca</a>). Istanbul became one of the world's most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-epstein-219">[213]</a> Romaniote and Ashkenazi communities existed in Istanbul before the conquest of Istanbul, but it was the arrival of Sephardic Jews that ushered a period of cultural flourishing. Sephardic Jews settled in the city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497.<a href="#cite_note-epstein-219">[213]</a> Sympathetic to the plight of Sephardic Jews, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> sent out the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> under the command of admiral <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a> to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands.<a href="#cite_note-epstein-219">[213]</a> In marked contrast to <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Europe">Jews in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Ottoman Jews</a> were allowed to work in any profession.<a href="#cite_note-makovetsky-220">[214]</a> Ottoman Jews in Istanbul excelled in commerce and came to particularly dominate the medical profession.<a href="#cite_note-makovetsky-220">[214]</a> By 1711, using the printing press, books came to be published in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>, Yiddish, and Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-nassigad-221">[215]</a> In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population in the city dropped from 100,000 in 1950<a href="#cite_note-solomon-222">[216]</a> to 15,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-pop2021-225">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. In the run-up to <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">local elections in 2019</a>, Erdoğan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/March_2019_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="March 2019 Istanbul mayoral election">contest in Istanbul</a> carried deep political, economic and symbolic significance for Erdoğan, whose <a href="/wiki/1994_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="1994 Istanbul mayoral election">election of mayor of Istanbul in 1994</a> had served as his launchpad.<a href="#cite_note-inglebylove-227">[221]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a>, winning the mayoralty of Istanbul was a huge moral victory, but for Erdoğan it had practical ramifications: His party, AKP, lost control of the $4.8 billion municipal budget, which had sustained patronage at the point of delivery of many public services for 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-pitel2019-228">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Imamoglu_press_conference_April_3%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> is the 32nd and current <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Istanbul">Mayor of Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/June_2019_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="June 2019 Istanbul mayoral election">first elected in 2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="2024 Istanbul mayoral election">re-elected in 2024</a>.</figcaption></figure> More recently, Istanbul and many of Turkey's metropolitan cities are following a trend away from the government and their right-wing ideology. In 2013 and 2014, large scale <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">anti-AKP government protests</a> began in İstanbul and spread throughout the nation. This trend first became evident electorally in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="2014 Istanbul mayoral election">2014 mayoral election</a> where the center-left opposition candidate won an impressive 40% of the vote, despite not winning. The first government defeat in Istanbul occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017 constitutional referendum</a>, where Istanbul voted 'No' by 51.4% to 48.6%. The AKP government had supported a 'Yes' vote and won the vote nationally due to high support in rural parts of the country. A major turning point for the government came in the 2019 local elections, where their candidate for Mayor, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a>, was defeated by a very narrow margin by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu. İmamoğlu won the vote with 48.77% of the vote, against Yıldırım's 48.61%, but the elections were controversially annulled by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Council_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Electoral Council (Turkey)">Supreme Electoral Council</a> due to AKP's claim of electoral fraud. In the re-run İmamoğlu gathered 54.22% of the total vote and widened his margin of victory.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> Following the 2019 election, a trend towards the CHP has persisted across the city. In the <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2023 Turkish presidential election">2023 presidential election</a> the CHP candidate, <a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a>, received 48.56% of the city's vote, while the incumbent president and AKP candidate, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, received 46.68%. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_mayoral_election" title="2024 Istanbul mayoral election">2024 local elections</a>, Ekrem İmamoğlu was re-elected by a 12-point margin. İmamoğlu won 51.15% of the vote, while the AKP's candidate <a href="/wiki/Murat_Kurum" title="Murat Kurum">Murat Kurum</a> received 39.59%. Additionally, the CHP won the mayoralties in 26 of İstanbul's 39 districts.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> Administratively, Istanbul is divided into 39 districts, more than any other <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">province</a> in Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Province">Istanbul Province</a> sends 98 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which has a total of 600 seats. For the purpose of parliamentary elections, Istanbul is divided into <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_(electoral_districts)" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul (electoral districts)">three electoral districts</a>; two on the European side and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_(1st_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul (1st electoral district)">one on the Asian side</a>, electing 28, 35 and 35 MPs respectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Istanbul" title="Economy of Istanbul">Economy of Istanbul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Levent_Financial_Center_-_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5619" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a> is one of the main business districts in Istanbul, together with <a href="/wiki/Maslak" title="Maslak">Maslak</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli</a> on the European side and <a href="/wiki/Ata%C5%9Fehir" title="Ataşehir">Ataşehir</a> on the Asian side</figcaption></figure> Istanbul had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">eleventh-largest economy</a> among the world's urban areas in 2018, and is responsible for 30 percent of Turkey's industrial output,<a href="#cite_note-oecd2020-231">[225]</a> 31 percent of GDP,<a href="#cite_note-oecd2020-231">[225]</a> and 47 percent of tax revenues.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2020-231">[225]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> adjusted by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> stood at US$537.507 billion in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> with manufacturing and services accounting for 36 percent and 60 percent of the economic output respectively.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2020-231">[225]</a> Istanbul's productivity is 110 percent higher than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2020-231">[225]</a> Trade is economically important, accounting for 30 percent of the economic output in the city.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> In 2019, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth $83.66 billion and received imports totaling $128.34 billion; these figures were equivalent to 47 percent and 61 percent, respectively, of the national totals.<a href="#cite_note-wbtrade-233">[227]</a> Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus strait, houses international ports that link Europe and Asia. The Bosporus, providing the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, is the world's busiest and narrowest <a href="/wiki/Strait_used_for_international_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait used for international navigation">strait used for international navigation</a>, with more than 200 million tons of oil passing through it each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Business_Group2009112-234">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">International conventions</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">guarantee passage</a> between the Black and the Mediterranean seas,<a href="#cite_note-canalguardian-235">[229]</a> even when tankers carry oil, natural gas, chemicals, and other flammable or explosive materials as cargo. In 2011, as a workaround solution, the then Prime Minister Erdoğan presented <a href="/wiki/Canal_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Istanbul">Canal Istanbul</a>, a project to open a new strait between the Black and Marmara seas.<a href="#cite_note-canalguardian-235">[229]</a> While the project was still on Turkey's agenda in 2020, there has not been a clear date set for it.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirkeciBanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SirkeciBanks.jpg/170px-SirkeciBanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SirkeciBanks.jpg/255px-SirkeciBanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SirkeciBanks.jpg/340px-SirkeciBanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Deutsche Orientbank AG (1909) in <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a></figcaption></figure> Shipping is a significant part of the city's economy, with 73.9 percent of exports and 92.7 percent of imports in 2018 executed by sea.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Istanbul has three major shipping ports – the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa" title="Port of Haydarpaşa">Port of Haydarpaşa</a>, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu – as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Haydarpaşa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-lloyds-236">[230]</a> Since then operations were shifted to Ambarlı, with plans to convert Haydarpaşa into a tourism complex.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> In 2019, Ambarlı, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of 3,104,882 <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEUs</a>, making it the third-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin.<a href="#cite_note-lloyds-236">[230]</a> Istanbul has been an international banking hub since the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> and is home to the only active <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">stock exchange</a> in Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Borsa_Istanbul" title="Borsa Istanbul">Borsa Istanbul</a>, which was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-bnf-237">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg/170px-Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg/255px-Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg/340px-Ottoman_Banks_Archives_and_Research_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman Central Bank Head Office (1892) on <a href="/wiki/Bankalar_Caddesi" title="Bankalar Caddesi">Bankalar Caddesi</a></figcaption></figure> In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters (which was originally located on <a href="/wiki/Bankalar_Caddesi" title="Bankalar Caddesi">Bankalar Caddesi</a>, the financial center of the Ottoman Empire,<a href="#cite_note-bnf-237">[231]</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_4th_Vak%C4%B1f_Han" title="Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han">4th Vakıf Han</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a>) to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stinye" title="İstinye">İstinye</a>, in the vicinity of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish banks.<a href="#cite_note-bist-238">[232]</a> Since 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Ata%C5%9Fehir" title="Ataşehir">Ataşehir</a> district on the Asian side of the city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Financial_Center" title="Istanbul Financial Center">Istanbul Financial Center</a> (IFC), where the new headquarters of the state-owned Turkish banks, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Turkish Central Bank</a>, are located.<a href="#cite_note-ifm-aa-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-ifm-1-240">[234]</a> As of 2023, the five <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Istanbul" title="List of tallest buildings in Istanbul">tallest skyscrapers in Istanbul</a> and Turkey are the 352 m (1,154 ft 10 in) tall Turkish Central Bank Tower<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> in the Ataşehir district on the Asian side of the city; <a href="/wiki/Metropol_Istanbul_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropol Istanbul Tower">Metropol Istanbul Tower A</a> (70 floors / 301 metres including its twin spires)<a href="#cite_note-GAP_Insaat-244">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-aremas-245">[239]</a> also in the Ataşehir district; <a href="/wiki/Skyland_%C4%B0stanbul" title="Skyland İstanbul">Skyland Istanbul Towers 1 and 2</a> (2 x 284 metres)<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> located adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Nef_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nef Stadium">Nef Stadium</a> in the Huzur neighbourhood of the <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Sarıyer">Sarıyer</a> district on the European side, and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Sapphire" title="Istanbul Sapphire">Istanbul Sapphire</a> (54 floors / 238 metres; 261 metres including its spire)<a href="#cite_note-Sapphire-247">[241]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a> on the European side. 13.4 million foreign tourists visited the city in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city in that year.<a href="#cite_note-statista.com-248">[242]</a> Istanbul and <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> are Turkey's two largest international gateways, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. Istanbul has more than fifty museums, with the Topkapı Palace, the most visited museum in the city, bringing in more than $30 million in revenue each year.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a> Istanbul expects 1 million tourists from cruise companies after the renovation of its cruise port, also known as <a href="/wiki/Galataport" title="Galataport">Galataport</a> in Karaköy district.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Dolmabahçe Palace and the skyscrapers of Levent financial district in the background. Providing the only sea route to the Black Sea, the Bosporus is the world's busiest waterway that is used for international navigation."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG/750px-Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG" decoding="async" width="750" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG/1125px-Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG/1500px-Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="1307" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Skyline_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli.JPG" title="File:Istanbul Skyline Beşiktaş Şişli.JPG"> </a></div>A view of <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> and the skyscrapers of Levent financial district in the background.<a href="#cite_note-Istanbul-panoramic1-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-levent-sporcular-park-251">[245]</a> Providing the only sea route to the Black Sea, the Bosporus is the world's busiest waterway that is used for international navigation.<a href="#cite_note-hisdic-18">[15]</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Istanbul" title="Culture of Istanbul">Culture of Istanbul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus,_Turkey_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/220px-Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/330px-Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/440px-Zarif_Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_in_Kanl%C4%B1ca_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">Yalı</a> houses on the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> are among the frequently used settings in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">Turkish television drama</a>.</figcaption></figure> Istanbul was historically known as a cultural hub, but its cultural scene stagnated after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> The new national government established programs that served to orient Turks toward musical traditions, especially those originating in Europe, but musical institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-gosotu2213-255">[249]</a> When additional universities and art journals were founded in Istanbul during the 1980s, artists formerly based in Ankara moved in.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbularcheology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The façade of a masonry building, with four Greek adorning its entrance, under a clear blue sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbularcheology.jpg/220px-Istanbularcheology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbularcheology.jpg/330px-Istanbularcheology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbularcheology.jpg/440px-Istanbularcheology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul Archaeology Museums</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Hamdi_Bey" title="Osman Hamdi Bey">Osman Hamdi Bey</a> in 1891, form Turkey's oldest modern museum.<a href="#cite_note-kultur-257">[251]</a></figcaption></figure> Beyoğlu has been transformed into the artistic center of the city, with young artists and older Turkish artists formerly residing abroad finding footing there. Modern art museums, including <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum">İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Palaces_Painting_Museum" title="National Palaces Painting Museum">National Palaces Painting Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Modern">İstanbul Modern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pera_Museum" title="Pera Museum">Pera Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum" title="Sakıp Sabancı Museum">Sakıp Sabancı Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arter_(art_center)" title="Arter (art center)">Arter</a> and <a href="/wiki/SantralIstanbul" title="SantralIstanbul">SantralIstanbul</a>, opened in the 2000s to complement the exhibition spaces and auction houses that have already contributed to the cosmopolitan nature of the city.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> These museums have yet to attain the popularity of older museums on the historic peninsula, including the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, which ushered in the era of modern museums in Turkey, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kultur-257">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_Paket_Postanesi_(Parcel_post_office)_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Restored_Paket_Postanesi_%28Parcel_post_office%29_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg/220px-Restored_Paket_Postanesi_%28Parcel_post_office%29_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Restored_Paket_Postanesi_%28Parcel_post_office%29_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg/330px-Restored_Paket_Postanesi_%28Parcel_post_office%29_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Restored_Paket_Postanesi_%28Parcel_post_office%29_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg/440px-Restored_Paket_Postanesi_%28Parcel_post_office%29_is_now_a_symbol_of_Galataport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>The restored Paket Postanesi (Parcel Post Office) building is now a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Galataport" title="Galataport">Galataport</a>. The district is also home to Museums Square.</figcaption></figure> The first film screening in Turkey was at Yıldız Palace in 1896, a year after the technology publicly debuted in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> Movie theaters rapidly cropped up in Beyoğlu, with the greatest concentration of theaters being along the street now known as İstiklal Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> Istanbul also became the heart of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey's nascent film industry</a>, although Turkish films were not consistently developed until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film <a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">Turkish dramas and comedies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> The Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, and with <a href="/wiki/Uzak" title="Uzak">Uzak</a> (2002) and <a href="/wiki/My_Father_and_My_Son" title="My Father and My Son">My Father and My Son</a> (2005), both filmed in Istanbul, the nation's movies began to see substantial international success.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including <a href="/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_(film)" title="From Russia with Love (film)">From Russia with Love</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_(film)" title="Topkapi (film)">Topkapi</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Not_Enough" title="The World Is Not Enough">The World Is Not Enough</a> (1999), and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Istaanbul" title="Mission Istaanbul">Mission Istaanbul</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. From this flagship festival came the <a href="/wiki/International_Istanbul_Film_Festival" title="International Istanbul Film Festival">International Istanbul Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Jazz_Festival" title="Istanbul Jazz Festival">Istanbul Jazz Festival</a> in the early 1980s. With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Music_Festival" title="Istanbul International Music Festival">Istanbul International Music Festival</a> since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial" title="Istanbul Biennial">Istanbul Biennial</a>, held every two years since 1987. Its early incarnations were aimed at showcasing Turkish visual art, and it has since opened to international artists and risen in prestige to join the elite <a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">biennales</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial" title="São Paulo Art Biennial">São Paulo Art Biennial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_entertainment">Leisure and entertainment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg/220px-Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg/330px-Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg/440px-Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul_-_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> in Beyoğlu</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Street" title="Abdi İpekçi Street">Abdi İpekçi Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Nişantaşı">Nişantaşı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galataport" title="Galataport">Galataport</a> Shopping Area in <a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y" title="Karaköy">Karaköy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdat_Avenue" title="Bağdat Avenue">Bağdat Avenue</a> on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> Other focal points for shopping, leisure and entertainment include Nişantaşı, <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebek,_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Bebek, Beşiktaş">Bebek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> The city has <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Istanbul" title="List of shopping malls in Istanbul">numerous shopping centers</a>, from the historic to the modern. Istanbul also has an active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries, if not millennia. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a>, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-kos9192-271">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmutpasha_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Mahmutpasha Bazaar, Istanbul">Mahmutpasha Bazaar</a> is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Bazaar" title="Spice Bazaar">Spice Bazaar</a>, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660. <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Atak%C3%B6y" title="Galleria Ataköy">Galleria Ataköy</a> ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> Since then, malls have become major shopping centers outside the historic peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Akmerkez" title="Akmerkez">Akmerkez</a> was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers" title="International Council of Shopping Centers">International Council of Shopping Centers</a> in 1995 and 1996; <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Cevahir" title="Istanbul Cevahir">Istanbul Cevahir</a> has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; and <a href="/wiki/Kanyon_Shopping_Mall" title="Kanyon Shopping Mall">Kanyon</a> won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-kos9192-271">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zorlu_Center" title="Zorlu Center">Zorlu Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stinye_Park" title="İstinye Park">İstinye Park</a> are among the other upscale <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Istanbul" title="List of shopping malls in Istanbul">malls in Istanbul</a> which include the stores of the world's top fashion brands. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3951" data-file-height="2861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House" title="Süreyya Opera House">Süreyya Opera House</a> is situated on the Asian side of Istanbul and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Cultural_Center" title="Atatürk Cultural Center">Atatürk Cultural Center</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> on the European side.</figcaption></figure> Along <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> is the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Pasaj%C4%B1" title="Çiçek Pasajı">Çiçek Pasajı</a> ('Flower Passage'), a 19th-century shopping gallery which is today home to winehouses (known as meyhanes), pubs and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> İstiklal Avenue, originally known for its taverns, has shifted toward shopping, but the nearby Nevizade Street is still lined with winehouses and pubs.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue have been revamped to cater to Beyoğlu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg/220px-EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg/330px-EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg/440px-EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zorlu_Center" title="Zorlu Center">Zorlu Center</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Emre_Arolat" title="Emre Arolat">EAA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabanl%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu_Architects" title="Tabanlıoğlu Architects">Tabanlıoğlu Architects</a>, includes <a href="/wiki/Zorlu_PSM" title="Zorlu PSM">Zorlu PSM</a>, the city's largest performing arts theatre and concert hall.</figcaption></figure> Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosporus (particularly in neighborhoods like <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebek,_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Bebek, Beşiktaş">Bebek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnavutk%C3%B6y" title="Arnavutköy">Arnavutköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Yeniköy, Sarıyer">Yeniköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi" title="Beylerbeyi">Beylerbeyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y" title="Çengelköy">Çengelköy</a>). <a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Kumkapı</a> along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a>, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. Because of their restaurants, historic summer mansions, and tranquil, car-free streets, the Princes' Islands are a popular vacation destination among Istanbulites and foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman cuisine</a>. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a> taking an important place in the food scene. Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Beşiktaş">Beşiktaş</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a> districts. Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cemil_Topuzlu_Open-Air_Theatre" title="Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre">Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Harbiye</a>, Paraf Kuruçeşme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in <a href="/wiki/Kuru%C3%A7e%C5%9Fme" title="Kuruçeşme">Kuruçeşme</a>, and Parkorman in the forest of <a href="/wiki/Maslak" title="Maslak">Maslak</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Jazz_Festival" title="Istanbul Jazz Festival">Istanbul Jazz Festival</a> has been held every year since 1994. Organized between 2003 and 2013, <a href="/wiki/Rock%27n_Coke" title="Rock'n Coke">Rock'n Coke</a> was the biggest open-air rock festival in Turkey, sponsored by Coca-Cola. It was traditionally held at the <a href="/wiki/Hezarfen_Airfield" title="Hezarfen Airfield">Hezarfen Airfield</a> in Istanbul. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg/220px-Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg/330px-Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg/440px-Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1_Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Abdi İpekçi Street in <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Nişantaşı">Nişantaşı</a>, one of Istanbul's premier shopping streets</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Music_Festival" title="Istanbul International Music Festival">Istanbul International Music Festival</a> has been held annually since 1973, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Istanbul_Film_Festival" title="International Istanbul Film Festival">International Istanbul Film Festival</a> has been held annually since 1982. The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial" title="Istanbul Biennial">Istanbul Biennial</a> is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially since 1987. The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Shopping_Fest" title="Istanbul Shopping Fest">Istanbul Shopping Fest</a> is an annual shopping festival held since 2011, and <a href="/wiki/Teknofest" title="Teknofest">Teknofest</a> is an annual festival of aviation, aerospace and technology, held since 2018. When it was held for the first time in 2003, the annual <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Pride" title="Istanbul Pride">Istanbul Pride</a> became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> Since 2015, all types of parades at <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> (where, in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a> took place) have been denied permission by the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> government, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact due to ideological reasons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sport_facilities_in_Istanbul" title="List of sport facilities in Istanbul">List of sport facilities in Istanbul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg/200px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg/300px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg/400px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Olimpiyat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg/200px-Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg/300px-Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg/400px-Turktelekomarenaskgalatasaray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukrusaracoglu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sukrusaracoglu.jpg/200px-Sukrusaracoglu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sukrusaracoglu.jpg/300px-Sukrusaracoglu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sukrusaracoglu.jpg/400px-Sukrusaracoglu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:20220606-L1000240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/20220606-L1000240.jpg/200px-20220606-L1000240.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/20220606-L1000240.jpg/300px-20220606-L1000240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/20220606-L1000240.jpg/400px-20220606-L1000240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2113" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Olympic_Stadium" title="Atatürk Olympic Stadium">Atatürk Olympic Stadium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nef_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nef Stadium">Nef Stadium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu_Stadium" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium">Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Park">Vodafone Park</a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></div> Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest <a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">sports clubs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K." title="Beşiktaş J.K.">Beşiktaş J.K.</a>, established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs. Due to its initial status as Turkey's only club, Beşiktaş occasionally represented the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic in international sports competitions, earning the right to place the Turkish flag inside its team logo.<a href="#cite_note-fifa-bes-280">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K." title="Galatasaray S.K.">Galatasaray S.K.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K." title="Fenerbahçe S.K.">Fenerbahçe S.K.</a> have fared better in international competitions and have won more <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="Süper Lig">Süper Lig</a> titles, at 24 and 19 times, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-fifa-gal-282">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe have a long-standing rivalry, with Galatasaray based in the European part and Fenerbahçe based in the Anatolian part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-fifa-gal-282">[276]</a> Istanbul has seven basketball teams—<a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Efes_S.K." title="Anadolu Efes S.K.">Anadolu Efes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K._(men%27s_basketball)" title="Beşiktaş J.K. (men's basketball)">Beşiktaş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%BC%C5%9F%C5%9Fafaka_S.K." class="mw-redirect" title="Darüşşafaka S.K.">Darüşşafaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Men%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenerbahçe Men's Basketball">Fenerbahçe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(men%27s_basketball)" title="Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball)">Galatasaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyespor_(basketball)" title="İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor (basketball)">İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece_Basketbol" title="Büyükçekmece Basketbol">Büyükçekmece</a>—that play in the premier-level <a href="/wiki/Basketbol_S%C3%BCper_Ligi" title="Basketbol Süper Ligi">Basketbol Süper Ligi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Olympic_Stadium" title="Atatürk Olympic Stadium">Atatürk Olympic Stadium</a>, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed in 2002 as an <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Athletics Federations">IAAF</a> first-class venue for <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> The stadium hosted the <a href="/wiki/2005_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 UEFA Champions League Final">2005 UEFA Champions League Final</a>, and was selected by the <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> to host the CL Final games of <a href="/wiki/2020_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 UEFA Champions League Final">2020</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UEFA Champions League Final">2021</a>, which were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (2020) and <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> (2021) due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu_Stadium" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium">Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium</a>, Fenerbahçe's home field, hosted the <a href="/wiki/2009_UEFA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 UEFA Cup Final">2009 UEFA Cup Final</a> three years after its completion. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Türk Telekom Arena">Türk Telekom Arena</a> opened in 2011 to replace <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sami_Yen_Stadium" title="Ali Sami Yen Stadium">Ali Sami Yen Stadium</a> as Galatasaray's home turf,<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Park">Vodafone Park</a>, opened in 2016 to replace <a href="/wiki/BJK_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Stadium" title="BJK İnönü Stadium">BJK İnönü Stadium</a> as the home turf of Beşiktaş, hosted the <a href="/wiki/2019_UEFA_Super_Cup" title="2019 UEFA Super Cup">2019 UEFA Super Cup</a> game. All four stadiums are elite <a href="/wiki/UEFA_stadium_categories" title="UEFA stadium categories">Category 4</a> (formerly five-star) UEFA stadiums.<a href="#cite_note-uefa-category-292">[g]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Erdem_Dome" title="Sinan Erdem Dome">Sinan Erdem Dome</a>, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIBA_World_Championship" title="2010 FIBA World Championship">2010 FIBA World Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2012_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships" title="2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships">2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Euroleague" title="2011–12 Euroleague">2011–12 Euroleague</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EuroLeague" title="2016–17 EuroLeague">2016–17 EuroLeague</a> Final Fours.<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Arena" title="Abdi İpekçi Arena">Abdi İpekçi Arena</a> was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2001" title="EuroBasket 2001">EuroBasket 2001</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> Several other indoor arenas, including the <a href="/wiki/BJK_Akatlar_Arena" title="BJK Akatlar Arena">Beşiktaş Akatlar Arena</a>, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clker_Sports_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ülker Sports Arena">Ülker Sports Arena</a>, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> Despite the construction boom, five bids for the Summer Olympics—in <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>—and national bids for <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a> have ended unsuccessfully.<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> The city will host the <a href="/wiki/2027_European_Games" title="2027 European Games">2027 edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/TVF_Burhan_Felek_Sport_Hall" title="TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall">TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall</a> is one of the major volleyball arenas in the city and hosts clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1ba%C5%9F%C4%B1_VitrA" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczacıbaşı VitrA">Eczacıbaşı VitrA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fbank_S.K." class="mw-redirect" title="Vakıfbank S.K.">Vakıfbank SK</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Women%27s_Volleyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenerbahçe Women's Volleyball">Fenerbahçe</a> who have won numerous <a href="/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League" title="CEV Women's Champions League">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship">World Championship</a> titles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Between the 2005–2011 seasons,<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> and in the 2020 season,<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Park" title="Istanbul Park">Istanbul Park</a> racing circuit hosted the Formula One <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_Prix" title="Turkish Grand Prix">Turkish Grand Prix</a>. The 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix was initially cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic,<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> but on 25 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix will take place on 3 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a> Istanbul Park was also a venue of the <a href="/wiki/World_Touring_Car_Championship" title="World Touring Car Championship">World Touring Car Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Le_Mans_Series" title="European Le Mans Series">European Le Mans Series</a> in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then.<a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> It also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Motorcycle_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Motorcycle Grand Prix">Turkish Motorcycle Grand Prix</a> between 2005 and 2007. Istanbul was occasionally a venue of the <a href="/wiki/F1_Powerboat_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 Powerboat World Championship">F1 Powerboat World Championship</a>, with the last race on the Bosporus strait on 12–13 August 2000.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The last race of the <a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing#UIM_Powerboat_GPS_World_Championship" title="Offshore powerboat racing">Powerboat P1 World Championship</a> on the Bosporus took place on 19–21 June 2009.<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> Istanbul Sailing Club, established in 1952, hosts races and other sailing events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year.<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg/170px-%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg/255px-%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg/340px-%C3%87aml%C4%B1caTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_TV_Radio_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower">Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower</a> (369 m (1,211 ft)) is the tallest structure in the city.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a></figcaption></figure> Most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, but Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. The industry has its roots in the former Ottoman capital, where the first Turkish newspaper, Takvim-i Vekayi (Calendar of Affairs), was published in 1831. The <a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu" title="Cağaloğlu">Cağaloğlu</a> street on which the newspaper was printed, Bâb-ı Âli Street, rapidly became the center of Turkish print media, alongside Beyoğlu across the Golden Horn.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> Istanbul now has a wide variety of periodicals. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions.<a href="#cite_note-loc-pro-309">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)" title="Sabah (newspaper)">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posta_(newspaper)" title="Posta (newspaper)">Posta</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6zc%C3%BC" title="Sözcü">Sözcü</a>, the country's top four papers, are all headquartered in Istanbul, boasting more than 275,000 weekly sales each.<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> Hürriyet's English-language edition, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a>, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language <a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>, first published by Sabah in 2014, has overtaken it in circulation. Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like <a href="/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milliyet" title="Milliyet">Milliyet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habert%C3%BCrk" title="Habertürk">Habertürk</a> are also based in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-loc-pro-309">[302]</a> Istanbul also has long-running <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a> newspapers, notably the dailies <a href="/wiki/Marmara_(newspaper)" title="Marmara (newspaper)">Marmara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamanak" title="Jamanak">Jamanak</a> and the bilingual weekly <a href="/wiki/Agos" title="Agos">Agos</a> in Armenian and Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> Radio broadcasts in Istanbul date back to 1927, when Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminönü. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">Turkish Radio and Television Corporation</a> (TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990.<a href="#cite_note-trt-radio-312">[305]</a> Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 90 percent of the country's population, but only Radio 2 is based in Istanbul. Offering a range of content from educational programming to coverage of sporting events, Radio 2 is the most popular radio station in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-trt-radio-312">[305]</a> Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. One of the exceptions, offering both, is <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_Radyo" title="Açık Radyo">Açık Radyo</a> (94.9 FM). Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Metro_FM_(Turkey)" title="Metro FM (Turkey)">Metro FM</a> (97.2 FM). The state-run Radio 3, although based in Ankara, also features English-language popular music, and English-language news programming is provided on NTV Radyo (102.8 FM).<a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> Istanbul is home to the headquarters of several Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. Istanbul-based <a href="/wiki/Star_TV_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star TV (Turkey)">Star TV</a> was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and <a href="/wiki/Show_TV" title="Show TV">Show TV</a> (also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series.<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanal_D" title="Kanal D">Kanal D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atv_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atv (Turkey)">ATV</a> are other stations in Istanbul that offer a mix of news and series; <a href="/wiki/NTV_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="NTV (Turkey)">NTV</a> (partnered with American media outlet <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Turk_360" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Turk 360">Sky Turk</a>—both based in the city—are mainly just known for their news coverage in Turkish. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, and the American news channel <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> established the Turkish-language <a href="/wiki/CNN_T%C3%BCrk" title="CNN Türk">CNN Türk</a> there in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the monthly publication: <a href="/wiki/Mostar_(magazine)" title="Mostar (magazine)">Mostar (magazine)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A triumphal arch adjacent to a Turkish flag and in front of an open plaza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg/220px-Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg/330px-Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg/440px-Beyaz%C4%B1tMeydan%C4%B12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance gate of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>, the city's oldest Turkish institution, established in 1453</figcaption></figure> As of 2019, excluding universities more than 3.1 million students attended <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in Istanbul">7,437 schools</a> in Istanbul, about half of the schools being <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[310]</a> The average class size was 30 for primary education institutes, 27 for vocational schools and 23 for general high schools.<a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[310]</a> Of the 842 public high schools, 263 are <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational schools</a>, another 263 are <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_High_School" title="Anatolian High School">Anatolian high schools</a>, 207 are religiously oriented <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mam_Hatip_school" title="İmam Hatip school">İmam Hatip schools</a>, and 14 are <a href="/wiki/STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a>-oriented <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science high schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School" title="Galatasaray High School">Galatasaray High School</a> was established in 1481 and is the oldest public high school in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-educationheper-319">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabata%C5%9F_Erkek_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabataş Erkek Lisesi">Kabataş Erkek Lisesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Lisesi">Istanbul Lisesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu_Anatolian_High_School" title="Cağaloğlu Anatolian High School">Cağaloğlu Anatolian High School</a> are among other public high schools in the city. Istanbul also contains high schools established by the European and American expatriates and missionaries in the 19th century that currently offer secular, foreign-language education such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_College" title="Robert College">Robert College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Schule_Istanbul" title="Deutsche Schule Istanbul">Deutsche Schule Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Austrian_High_School" title="St. George's Austrian High School">Sankt Georgs-Kolleg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Joseph,_Istanbul" title="Lycée Saint-Joseph, Istanbul">Lycée Saint-Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liceo_Italiano_di_Istanbul" title="Liceo Italiano di Istanbul">Liceo Italiano di Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> Furthermore <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Turkish citizens of Jewish, Armenian, Greek and Assyrian descent</a> are allowed to establish and attend their respective schools as granted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phanar_Greek_Orthodox_College" title="Phanar Greek Orthodox College">Phanar Greek Orthodox College</a> being an example.<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey#Secondary_education" title="Education in Turkey">high schools</a> are highly selective and demand high scores from the national standardized <a href="/w/index.php?title=LGS_exam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGS exam (page does not exist)">LGS exam</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liselere_Ge%C3%A7i%C5%9F_Sistemi" class="extiw" title="tr:Liselere Geçiş Sistemi">tr</a>] for admission, with Galatasaray and Robert College only accepting the top 0.1% to 0.01% of the exam takers.<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> Istanbul contains almost a third of all <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">universities in Turkey</a>. As of 2019 Istanbul has 61 colleges and universities, with more than 1.8 million students enrolled according to official figures. Of those, fourteen are state-owned, 44 are "foundation-owned" <a href="/wiki/Private_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Private universities">private universities</a> and three are foundation-owned <a href="/wiki/Vocational_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational universities">vocational universities</a> of higher education. There are also military academies, including the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force_Academy" title="Turkish Air Force Academy">Turkish Air Force Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Academy" title="Turkish Naval Academy">Turkish Naval Academy</a> as well as four foundation-owned vocational universities of higher education which are not affiliated with any university.<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg/180px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg/270px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg/360px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img69_Ma%C3%A7ka_Armory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5218" data-file-height="4348" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg/240px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg/360px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg/480px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img09_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5849" data-file-height="3656" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka,_Istanbul" title="Maçka, Istanbul">Maçka</a> (left) and Taşkışla (right) campuses of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a></div></div></div></div> Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in Turkey are in Istanbul. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, dates back to 1453 and its dental, law, medical schools were founded in the 19th century.The city's largest private universities include <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_University" title="Sabancı University">Sabancı University</a>, with its main campus in <a href="/wiki/Tuzla,_Istanbul" title="Tuzla, Istanbul">Tuzla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7_University" title="Koç University">Koç University</a> in Sarıyer, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zye%C4%9Fin_%C3%9Cniversitesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Özyeğin Üniversitesi">Özyeğin Üniversitesi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Altunizade" title="Altunizade">Altunizade</a>. Istanbul's first private university, Koç University, was founded as late as 1992, because private universities were not allowed in Turkey before the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">1982 amendment</a> to the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-educationheper-319">[312]</a> Istanbul is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan_Fine_Arts_University" title="Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University">Mimar Sinan Academy of Fine Arts</a>, founded in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-finearts-324">[317]</a> Public universities with a major presence in the city, such as Istanbul University, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a> (the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering, established in 1773), and <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a> (formerly the higher education section of Robert College until 1971) provide education in English as the primary foreign language, while the primary foreign language of education at <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_University" title="Galatasaray University">Galatasaray University</a> is French.<a href="#cite_note-educationheper-319">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utilities_in_Istanbul" title="Utilities in Istanbul">Utilities in Istanbul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care in Turkey</a></div> Istanbul's first <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> systems date back to the city's early history, when <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Valens_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Valens Aqueduct">Valens Aqueduct</a>) deposited the water in the city's numerous <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iskitarihce-325">[318]</a> At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 158 sites each day.<a href="#cite_note-iskitarihce-325">[318]</a> In later years, in response to increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to public fountains, like the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III" title="Fountain of Ahmed III">Fountain of Ahmed III</a>, by means of supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a> Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi, İSKİ).<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brick factory stands in front of a park, with open green space, a reflecting pool, and benches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Sunset_at_Santral_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Silahtara%C4%9Fa_Power_Station" title="Silahtarağa Power Station">Silahtarağa Power Station</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/SantralIstanbul" title="SantralIstanbul">SantralIstanbul</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Bilgi_University" title="Istanbul Bilgi University">Istanbul Bilgi University</a>, was Istanbul's sole source of power between 1914 and 1952</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Silahtara%C4%9Fa_Power_Station" title="Silahtarağa Power Station">Silahtarağa Power Station</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a> along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952.<a href="#cite_note-silah-328">[321]</a> Following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the plant underwent renovations to accommodate the city's increasing demand; its capacity grew from 23 megawatts in 1923 to a peak of 120 megawatts in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-silah-328">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-teias-329">[322]</a> Capacity declined until the power station reached the end of its economic life and shut down in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-silah-328">[321]</a> The state-run Turkish Electrical Authority (TEK) briefly—between its founding in 1970 and 1984—held a monopoly on the generation and distribution of electricity, but now the authority—since split between the Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Company (TEAŞ) and the Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ)—competes with private <a href="/wiki/Electric_utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric utilities">electric utilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-teias-329">[322]</a> The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in 1840 and the first post office, the Imperial Post Office, opened near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established.<a href="#cite_note-PTT-330">[323]</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> his first official honor for the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a> in 1847, and construction of the first telegraph line—between Istanbul and <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>—finished in time to announce the end of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An arched neoclassical building with hanging PTT banners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Main_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Main Post Office">Grand Post Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a>, Istanbul, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Vedat_Tek" title="Vedat Tek">Vedat Tek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey#1920s_to_early_1930s:_First_national_architectural_movement" title="Architecture of Turkey">Turkish neoclassical style</a> of the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a></figcaption></figure> A nascent telephone system began to emerge in Istanbul in 1881 and after the first manual <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> became operational in Istanbul in 1909, the Ministry of Post and Telegraph became the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.<a href="#cite_note-PTT-330">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service.<a href="#cite_note-turkt-334">[327]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> service is provided by private companies, after <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom" title="Türk Telekom">Türk Telekom</a>, which split from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone in 1995, was privatized in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-PTT-330">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-turkt-334">[327]</a> Postal services remain under the purview of what is now the Post and Telegraph Organization (retaining the acronym PTT).<a href="#cite_note-PTT-330">[323]</a> In 2000, Istanbul had 137 hospitals, of which 100 were private.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-loc-pro-309">[302]</a> As public hospitals tend to be overcrowded or otherwise slow, private hospitals are preferable for those who can afford them. Their prevalence has increased significantly over the last decade, as the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals increased from 6 percent to 23 percent between 2005 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-loc-pro-309">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Business_Group2009197-336">[329]</a> Many of these private hospitals, as well as some of the public hospitals, are equipped with high-tech equipment, including <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> machines, or associated with medical research centers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Business_Group2009198-337">[330]</a> Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the United States–based <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission</a> than any other country in the world, with most concentrated in its big cities. The high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals, has contributed to a recent upsurge in <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> to Turkey (with a 40 percent increase between 2007 and 2008).<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> Laser <a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">eye surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair transplant">hair transplant</a> surgery is particularly common among medical tourists, as Turkey is known for specializing in the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a> at the Bosporus</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/210px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/315px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/420px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1161" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">15 July Martyrs Bridge</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28cropped%29.jpg/315px-Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Fatih_sultan_mehmet_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1542" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_(47470304532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_%2847470304532%29.jpg/210px-Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_%2847470304532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_%2847470304532%29.jpg/315px-Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_%2847470304532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_%2847470304532%29.jpg/420px-Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge-1642_%2847470304532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4927" data-file-height="3285" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a></div></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul" title="Public transport in Istanbul">Public transport in Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul Metro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Istanbul" title="Ferries in Istanbul">Ferries in Istanbul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Turkey">Roads in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Rail transport in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> Istanbul's motorways network are the <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_1" title="Otoyol 1">O-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_2" title="Otoyol 2">O-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_3" title="Otoyol 3">O-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_4" title="Otoyol 4">O-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_7" title="Otoyol 7">O-7</a>. The total length of Istanbul Province's network of <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll roads</a> is 543 km (337 mi) (2023) and the state highways network (devlet yollari) is 353 km (219 mi) (2021), totaling 896 km (557 mi) of expressway roads (minimum 2x2 lanes), excluding secondary roads and urban streets.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otoyollar1-342">[335]</a> The density of expressway network is 16.8 km/100 km2. The O-1 forms the city's inner <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a>, traversing the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">Bosphorus Bridge</a>, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a>. The O-2 continues west to Edirne and the O-4 continues east to Ankara. The O-2, O-3, and O-4 are part of <a href="/wiki/European_route_E80" title="European route E80">European route E80</a> (the Trans-European Motorway) between Portugal and the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Iran–Turkey border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-googma-343">[336]</a> In 2011, the first and second bridges on the Bosphorus carried 400,000 vehicles each day.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> The O-7<a href="#cite_note-Otoyollar1-342">[335]</a> or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. The O-7 motorway from Kinali Gişeleri to Istanbul Park Service has 139.2 km (86.5 mi), with 8 lanes (4x4), and from Odayeri-K10 to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Atatürk Airport">Istanbul Atatürk Airport</a> has 30.4 km (18.9 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Otoyollar1-342">[335]</a> The completed section of highway crosses the Bosporus via the <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim (Third Bosphorus) Bridge</a>, entered service on 26 August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> The O-7 motorway connects Istanbul Atatürk Airport with Istanbul Airport. Environmentalist groups worry that the third bridge will endanger the remaining green areas to the north of Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-eib-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-let-347">[340]</a> Apart from the three Bosphorus Bridges, the dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel" title="Eurasia Tunnel">Eurasia Tunnel</a> (which entered service on 20 December 2016) under the Bosphorus strait also provides road crossings for motor vehicles between the Asian and European sides of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> Road transport emits significant carbon dioxide, estimated at 7 million tons in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3></div> Istanbul's local public transportation system is a network of <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funiculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_(rapid_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro (rapid transit)">metro</a> lines, buses, <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Istanbul" title="Ferries in Istanbul">ferries</a>. Fares across modes are integrated, using the <a href="/wiki/Contactless_smart_card" title="Contactless smart card">contactless</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbulkart" title="Istanbulkart">Istanbulkart</a>, introduced in 2009, or the older <a href="/wiki/Akbil_(smart_ticket)" title="Akbil (smart ticket)">Akbil</a> electronic ticketing device.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Istanbul" title="Trams in Istanbul">Trams in Istanbul</a> date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-iett-history-351">[344]</a> Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnels General Management (İETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nostalgic_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul nostalgic tram">Istanbul nostalgic tram</a> and a faster <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_modern_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul modern tram">modern tram line</a>, which now carries 265,000 passengers each day.<a href="#cite_note-iett-history-351">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> The <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCnel" title="Tünel">Tünel</a> opened in 1875 as the world's second-oldest subterranean rail line, after the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-iett-history-351">[344]</a> It still carries passengers between Karaköy and İstiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880 ft) track; a more modern funicular between Taksim Square and <a href="/wiki/Kabata%C5%9F,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabataş, Istanbul">Kabataş</a> began running in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul Metro</a> comprises ten lines (the <a href="/wiki/M1_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 (Istanbul)">M1</a>, <a href="/wiki/M2_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M2 (Istanbul Metro)">M2</a>, <a href="/wiki/M3_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M3 (Istanbul Metro)">M3</a>, <a href="/wiki/M6_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M6 (Istanbul Metro)">M6</a>, <a href="/wiki/M7_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M7 (Istanbul Metro)">M7</a>, <a href="/wiki/M9_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M9 (Istanbul Metro)">M9</a> and <a href="/wiki/M11_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M11 (Istanbul Metro)">M11</a> on the European side, and the <a href="/wiki/M4_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M4 (Istanbul Metro)">M4</a>, <a href="/wiki/M5_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M5 (Istanbul Metro)">M5</a> and <a href="/wiki/M8_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M8 (Istanbul Metro)">M8</a> on the Asian side) with several other lines (<a href="/wiki/M12_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M12 (Istanbul Metro)">M12</a> and <a href="/wiki/M14_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="M14 (Istanbul Metro)">M14</a>) and extensions under construction.<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the <a href="/wiki/Marmaray_Tunnel" title="Marmaray Tunnel">Marmaray Tunnel</a>, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5 km (8.4 mi) length.<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a> The Marmaray tunnel together with the suburban railways lines along the Sea of Marmara, form the intercontinental commuter rail line in Istanbul, named officially B1, from <a href="/wiki/Halkal%C4%B1_railway_station" title="Halkalı railway station">Halkalı</a> on the European side to <a href="/wiki/Gebze" title="Gebze">Gebze</a> on the Asian side. This rail line has 76.6 km (47.6 mi), and the full line opened on 12 March 2019.<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a> Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two-halves of the city, accommodating 2.2 million passenger trips each day.<a href="#cite_note-359">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(Istanbul)" title="Metrobus (Istanbul)">Metrobus</a>, a form of bus rapid transit, crosses the Bosphorus Bridge, with dedicated lanes leading to its termini.<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul nostalgic tram"><img alt="Istanbul nostalgic tram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg/200px-Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg/300px-Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg/400px-Nostalgic_tram_on_Istiklal_Avenue_in_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2585" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nostalgic_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul nostalgic tram">Istanbul nostalgic tram</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul modern tram"><img alt="Istanbul modern tram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg/200px-Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg/300px-Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg/400px-Istanbul_T1_line_Alstom_Citadis_tram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_modern_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul modern tram">Istanbul modern tram</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boğaziçi University station of the Istanbul Metro"><img alt="Boğaziçi University station of the Istanbul Metro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg/200px-Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg/300px-Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg/400px-Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a> station of the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul Metro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Marmaray commuter rail at Ayrılıkçeşmesi station"><img alt="Marmaray commuter rail at Ayrılıkçeşmesi station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG/200px-MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG/300px-MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG/400px-MarmarayAyr%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%C3%87e%C5%9FmesiStation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray commuter rail</a> at Ayrılıkçeşmesi station</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferries">Ferries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emin_Kul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emin_Kul.jpg/200px-Emin_Kul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emin_Kul.jpg/300px-Emin_Kul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emin_Kul.jpg/400px-Emin_Kul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">M/V Emin Kul, a <a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Istanbul" title="Ferries in Istanbul">vapur</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehir_Hatlar%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehir Hatları">Şehir Hatları</a>, crossing the Bosphorus</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ido2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ido2.JPG/200px-Ido2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ido2.JPG/300px-Ido2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ido2.JPG/400px-Ido2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0DO" title="İDO">İDO</a> deniz otobüsü (seabus) high-speed ferry departs Istanbul</div></div></div></div></div> There are three main <a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Istanbul" title="Ferries in Istanbul">ferry operators</a> in Istanbul. The municipally-owned <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehir_Hatlar%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehir Hatları">Şehir Hatları</a> operates the traditional vapur ferries on 891 daily trips between 53 piers across the Bosporus and the <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> The privately owned <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0DO" title="İDO">İDO</a> (Istanbul Sea Buses) runs a combination of high-speed passenger ferries and vehicle ferries within Istanbul and to destinations across the Sea of Marmara.<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a> A smaller private company, <a href="/wiki/Turyol" title="Turyol">Turyol</a> also operates services across the Bosphorus. The city's main cruise ship terminal is the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Istanbul" title="Port of Istanbul">Port of Istanbul</a> in Karaköy, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour.<a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg/220px-Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg/330px-Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg/440px-Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>Originally opened in 1873 with a smaller terminal building as the main terminus at the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_Orientaux" title="Chemins de fer Orientaux">Chemins de fer Orientaux</a>, which connected Istanbul with <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Sirkeci_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Sirkeci Terminal">Sirkeci Terminal</a> building was constructed between 1888 and 1890, and became the eastern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a> from Paris.<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a></figcaption></figure> International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirkeci Terminal">Sirkeci Terminal</a>, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a> from Paris.<a href="#cite_note-ha251-80">[75]</a> Regular service to Bucharest and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> continued until the early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction but started running again in 2019 and the latter was halted due to economic problems in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> After Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydarpaşa Terminal">Haydarpaşa Terminal</a> opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> and an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a>; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> Service to Ankara and other points across Turkey is normally offered by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a>, but the construction of Marmaray and the <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Istanbul_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway">Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway</a> forced the station to close in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-akay-370">[363]</a> New stations to replace both the Haydarpaşa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, now the Marmaray second phase opened to the public.<a href="#cite_note-akay-370">[363]</a> Private bus companies still operation to this day. Istanbul's main bus station is the largest in Europe, with a daily capacity of 15,000 buses and 600,000 passengers, serving destinations as distant as <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> Istanbul has had three large international airports, two of which currently serve commercial passenger flights. The largest is the new <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a>, opened in 2018 in the <a href="/wiki/Arnavutk%C3%B6y_(district)" title="Arnavutköy (district)">Arnavutköy</a> district to the northwest of the city center, on the European side, near the Black Sea coast. All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport" title="Atatürk Airport">Atatürk Airport</a> to Istanbul Airport on 6 April 2019, following the closure of Istanbul Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights.<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IATA_code" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA code">IATA code</a> IST was also transferred to the new airport.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> Once all phases are completed in 2025, the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and will be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year.<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a> The transfer from the airport to the city is via the O-7, and it will eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro. <a href="/wiki/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_International_Airport" title="Sabiha Gökçen International Airport">Sabiha Gökçen International Airport</a>, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the city center, on the Asian side, was opened in 2001 to relieve Atatürk. Dominated by <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carriers</a>, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009;<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> the airport handled 14.7 million passengers in 2012, a year after <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International</a> named it the world's fastest-growing airport.<a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a> Atatürk had also experienced rapid growth, as its 20.6 percent rise in passenger traffic between 2011 and 2012 was the highest among the world's top 30 airports.<a href="#cite_note-aci-380">[373]</a> Istanbul Atatürk Airport, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center, on the European side, near the Marmara Sea coast, was formerly the city's largest airport. After its closure to commercial flights in 2019, it was briefly used by cargo aircraft and the official state aircraft owned by the Turkish government, until the demolition of its runway began in 2020. It handled 61.3 million passengers in 2015, which made it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">third-busiest airport in Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by passenger traffic">18th-busiest in the world</a> in that year.<a href="#cite_note-aci-380">[373]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul Airport"><img alt="Istanbul Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg/200px-%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg/300px-%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg/400px-%C4%B0stanbul_Yeni_Havaliman%C4%B1_airport_Dec_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4787" data-file-height="1985" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sabiha Gökçen Airport"><img alt="Sabiha Gökçen Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG/200px-Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG/300px-Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG/400px-Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="1495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport">Sabiha Gökçen Airport</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey#I" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">List of twin towns and sister cities of Istanbul</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1766_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1766 Istanbul earthquake">1766 Istanbul earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_Mundi" title="Caput Mundi">Caput Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">List of cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Istanbul" title="List of people from Istanbul">List of people from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Istanbul" title="Outline of Istanbul">Outline of Istanbul</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> İstanbul Province = 5,460.85 km2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Land area = 5,343.22 km2</li> <li>Lake/Dam = 117.63 km2</li> <li>Europe (25 districts) = 3,474.35 km2</li> <li>Asia (14 districts) = 1,868.87 km2</li> <li>Urban (36 districts) = 2,576.85 km2 [Metro (39 districts) – (Çatalca+Silivri+Şile)]</li></ul> </div> *According to the size of the population and the status of megacity, the limits of the Istanbul city correspond to the limits of the province, and the province is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Istanbul. </li> <li id="cite_note-naming-10"><a href="#cite_ref-naming_10-0">^</a> English pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IST-an-BUUL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪstænbʊl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IST-an-buul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: İstanbul (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Turkish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[isˈtanbuɫ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Istanbul pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Istanbul pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>, colloquial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Turkish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[ɯsˈtambuɫ]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Istanbul straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia. Since Istanbul is a transcontinental city, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> is the largest city entirely within Europe. </li> <li id="cite_note-byz-date-42"><a href="#cite_ref-byz-date_42-0">^</a> The foundation of Byzantion (<a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>) is sometimes, especially in encyclopedic or other tertiary sources, placed firmly in 667 BCE. Historians have disputed the precise year the city was founded. Commonly cited is the work of 5th-century-BCE historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, which says the city was founded seventeen years after <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> which came into existence around 685 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> concurs with 685 BCE as the year Chalcedon was founded, but places Byzantion's establishment in 659 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac1986199-38">[35]</a> Among more modern historians, Carl Roebuck proposed the 640s BCE<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> and others have suggested even later. The foundation date of Chalcedon is itself subject to some debate; while many sources place it in 685 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister197935-40">[37]</a> others put it in 675 BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely199610-41">[38]</a> or even 639 BCE (with Byzantion's establishment placed in 619 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac1986199-38">[35]</a> Some sources refer to Byzantium's foundation as the 7th century BCE. </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-figures-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop-figures_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop-figures_64-1">b</a> Historians disagree—sometimes substantially—on population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974,<a href="#CITEREFChandler1987">Chandler 1987</a>, pp. 463–505<a href="#cite_note-chfo-77">[72]</a> examines different sources' estimates and chooses the most likely based on historical conditions; it is the source of most population figures between 100 and 1914. The ranges of values between 500 and 1000 are due to <a href="#CITEREFMorris2010">Morris 2010</a>, which also does a comprehensive analysis of sources, including Chandler (1987); Morris notes that many of Chandler's estimates during that time seem too large for the city's size, and presents smaller estimates. Chandler disagrees with <a href="#CITEREFTuran2010">Turan 2010</a> on the population of the city in the mid-1920s (with the former suggesting 817,000 in 1925), but Turan, p. 224, is used as the source of population figures between 1924 and 2005. Turan's figures, as well as the 2010 figure,<a href="#cite_note-turkstat-curr-186">[181]</a> come from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The drastic increase in population between 1980 and 1985 is largely due to an enlargement of the city's limits (see the <a href="#Administration">Administration section</a>). Explanations for population changes in pre-Republic times can be inferred from the <a href="#History">History section</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Based on state register data, which is unchangeable and inherited from the family. A married women is also registered to her husband's province. </li> <li id="cite_note-uefa-category-292"><a href="#cite_ref-uefa-category_292-0">^</a> UEFA does not apparently keep a list of Category 4 stadiums, but regulations stipulate that only these elite stadiums are eligible to host UEFA Champions League Finals,<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> which Atatürk Olympic Stadium did in 2005, and UEFA Europa League (formerly UEFA Cup) Finals,<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> which Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium did in 2009. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Türk Telekom Arena">Türk Telekom Arena</a> is noted as an elite UEFA stadium by its architects.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406112545/https://www.ibb.istanbul/SitePage/Index/82">"YETKİ ALANI"</a>. 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London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-785109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-785109-9"><bdi>978-0-12-785109-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3000+Years+of+Urban+Growth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-12-785109-9&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Tertius&rft.au=Fox%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F3000yearsofurban0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawShaw1977">Shaw & Shaw 1977</a>, pp. 4–6, 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÇelik1993">Çelik 1993</a>, pp. 87–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-ha251-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ha251_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ha251_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarter2005">Harter 2005</a>, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawShaw1977">Shaw & Shaw 1977</a>, pp. 230, 287, 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelik1986" class="citation book cs1">Çelik, Zeynep (1986). The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley. Los Angeles. London: University of California Press. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remaking+of+Istanbul%3A+Portrait+of+an+Ottoman+City+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Berkeley.+Los+Angeles.+London&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=%C3%87elik&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tarihiolaylar-83"><a href="#cite_ref-tarihiolaylar_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tarihiolaylar.com/tarihi-olaylar/meclis-i-mebusan-mebuslar-meclisi-991">"Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)"</a>. Tarihi Olaylar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarihi+Olaylar&rft.atitle=Meclis-i+Mebusan+%28Mebuslar+Meclisi%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tarihiolaylar.com%2Ftarihi-olaylar%2Fmeclis-i-mebusan-mebuslar-meclisi-991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÇelik1993">Çelik 1993</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2009" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Jeri (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC">The Armenian genocide</a> (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1825-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1825-3"><bdi>978-1-4042-1825-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21-22&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-1825-3&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Jeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuqxYldvClQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/6920910/Globalization-Cosmopolitanism-and-the-Donme-in-Ottoman-Salonica-and-Turkish-Istanbul">Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dönme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul</a>. Marc Baer, University of California, Irvine. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borsaistanbul.com/en/sayfa/24/milestones-in-borsa-istanbul-history">"Milestones in Borsa Istanbul History"</a>. www.borsaistanbul.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.borsaistanbul.com&rft.atitle=Milestones+in+Borsa+Istanbul+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.borsaistanbul.com%2Fen%2Fsayfa%2F24%2Fmilestones-in-borsa-istanbul-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation-of-istanbul-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberation-of-istanbul_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberation-of-istanbul_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/gundem/6-ekim-istanbulun-kurtulusu-2039060/">"6 Ekim İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu"</a> (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6zc%C3%BC" title="Sözcü">Sözcü</a>. 6 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+Ekim+%C4%B0stanbul%27un+Kurtulu%C5%9Fu&rft.pub=S%C3%B6zc%C3%BC&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sozcu.com.tr%2F2017%2Fgundem%2F6-ekim-istanbulun-kurtulusu-2039060%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandau1984">Landau 1984</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumperStanley2007">Dumper & Stanley 2007</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAğırArtunç2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ağır, Seven; Artunç, Cihan (2019). "The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey". The Journal of Economic History. 79 (1): 201–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050718000724">10.1017/S0022050718000724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159425371">159425371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Wealth+Tax+of+1942+and+the+Disappearance+of+Non-Muslim+Enterprises+in+Turkey&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=201-243&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050718000724&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159425371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=A%C4%9F%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=Seven&rft.au=Artun%C3%A7%2C+Cihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdemir2016" class="citation news cs1">Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.eu/article/the-turkish-kristallnacht-greece-1955-pogrom-polites-orthodox/">"The Turkish Kristallnacht"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020061818/http://www.politico.eu/article/the-turkish-kristallnacht-greece-1955-pogrom-polites-orthodox/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+Kristallnacht&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft.aulast=Erdemir&rft.aufirst=Aykan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fthe-turkish-kristallnacht-greece-1955-pogrom-polites-orthodox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zayas-93"><a href="#cite_ref-zayas_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Zayas2007" class="citation journal cs1">de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss2/4/">"The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law"</a>. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 137–154. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519230229/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss2/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015. <q>The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the intent to destroy in whole or in part the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of ethnic cleansing, which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men, including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Istanbul+Pogrom+of+6%E2%80%937+September+1955+in+the+Light+of+International+Law&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-154&rft.date=2007-08&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=de+Zayas&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol2%2Fiss2%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o112-94"><a href="#cite_ref-o112_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudometofAgadjanianPankhurst2005" class="citation book cs1">Roudometof, V.; Agadjanian, A.; Pankhurst, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQRtAAAAQBAJ">Eastern Orthodoxy in a Global Age: Tradition Faces the 21st Century</a>. AltaMira Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1477-7"><bdi>978-0-7591-1477-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+in+a+Global+Age%3A+Tradition+Faces+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-1477-7&rft.aulast=Roudometof&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Agadjanian%2C+A.&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQRtAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m310-95"><a href="#cite_ref-m310_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmanHelsinki_Watch_(Organization_:_U.S.)Human_Rights_Watch_(Organization)1992" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, L.; Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YJpAAAAMAAJ">Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey</a>. Helsinki Watch report. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-056-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-056-8"><bdi>978-1-56432-056-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denying+Human+Rights+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Greeks+of+Turkey&rft.series=Helsinki+Watch+report&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-056-8&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Helsinki+Watch+%28Organization+%3A+U.S.%29&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch+%28Organization%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YJpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeyder1999">Keyder 1999</a>, pp. 11–12, 34–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEfeCürebal2011">Efe & Cürebal 2011</a>, pp. 718–719 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/press/news/details/kriechen-und-verhaken-vor-istanbul-systematisches-bild-der-plattengrenze-im-marmara-meer">"Locked and creeping fault segments off Istanbul"</a>. www.gfz-potsdam.de. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gfz-potsdam.de&rft.atitle=Locked+and+creeping+fault+segments+off+Istanbul&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfz-potsdam.de%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2Fkriechen-und-verhaken-vor-istanbul-systematisches-bild-der-plattengrenze-im-marmara-meer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ1214-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ1214_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ1214_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/12/05/turkey-recovers-from-one-earthquake-and-braces-for-more">"Turkey recovers from one earthquake and braces for more"</a>. The Economist. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Turkey+recovers+from+one+earthquake+and+braces+for+more&rft.date=2020-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2020%2F12%2F05%2Fturkey-recovers-from-one-earthquake-and-braces-for-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/64-pct-chance-of-istanbul-quake-to-hit-before-2030-expert-171945">"64 pct chance of Istanbul quake to hit before 2030: Expert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a>. 4 March 2022. 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Retrieved 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentrification+in+a+Global+Context%3A+The+New+Urban+Colonialism&rft.pages=123-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32951-4&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rowland&rft.au=Bridge%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_Z8dxsXWxQC%26pg%3DPAPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourque2012" class="citation news cs1">Bourque, Jessica (4 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/world/middleeast/05iht-m05-turkey-tarlabasi.html">"Poor but Proud Istanbul Neighborhood Faces Gentrification"</a>. The New York Times. 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(On the date this law goes in effect, the metropolitan city boundaries, in the provinces of İstanbul and Kocaeli, are those of the province.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+Millet+Meclisi&rft.atitle=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir+Belediyesi+Kanunu&rft.date=2004-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbmm.gov.tr%2Fkanunlar%2Fk5216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGül2012">Gül 2012</a>, pp. 43–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÇelik1993">Çelik 1993</a>, pp. 42–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008">Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008</a>, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004">Taşan-Kok 2004</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynn1984">Wynn 1984</a>, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004">Taşan-Kok 2004</a>, pp. 87–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-kapa1535-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kapa1535_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapa1535_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008">Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008</a>, pp. 153–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErder2009" class="citation journal cs1">Erder, Sema (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829002736/http://v0.urban-age.net/publications/newspapers/istanbul/media/UrbanAgeIstanbulNewspaper_en.pdf">"Local Governance in Istanbul"</a> (PDF). 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New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4"><bdi>978-0-415-16111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16111-4&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarFleet2010" class="citation book cs1">Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13623-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13623-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13623-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Ottoman+Istanbul&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13623-5&rft.aulast=Boyar&rft.aufirst=Ebru&rft.au=Fleet%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PARA1-PA315">The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2013. <q>Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+Delhi+to+Mosque&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DPARA1-PA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrink-Danan2011" class="citation book cs1">Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011). Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance. New Anthropologies of Europe. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35690-1"><bdi>978-0-253-35690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Life+in+Twenty-First-Century+Turkey%3A+The+Other+Side+of+Tolerance&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.series=New+Anthropologies+of+Europe&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35690-1&rft.aulast=Brink-Danan&rft.aufirst=Marcy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrummett2000" class="citation book cs1">Brummett, Palmira Johnson (2000). Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4463-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-4463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+and+Imperialism+in+the+Ottoman+Revolutionary+Press%2C+1908%E2%80%931911&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4&rft.aulast=Brummett&rft.aufirst=Palmira+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1994" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman F. (1994). Civilization of the Middle Ages. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092553-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092553-6"><bdi>978-0-06-092553-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092553-6&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelik1993" class="citation book cs1">Çelik, Zeynep (1993). The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. 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Lewiston, NY: St. David's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-207-6"><bdi>978-0-88946-207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Thousand+Years+of+Urban+Growth%3A+An+Historical+Census&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+David%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-207-6&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Tertius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell2010" class="citation book cs1">Connell, John (2010). Medical Tourism. CAB Books. 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London & New York: Springer. pp. 715–734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9919-8"><bdi>978-90-481-9919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+the+%22Marmaray%22+Project+%28Bosphorus+Tube+Crossing%2C+Tunnels%2C+and+Stations%29+on+Transportation+and+Urban+Environment+in+Istanbul&rft.btitle=Engineering+Earth%3A+The+Impacts+of+Megaengineering+Projects&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=715-734&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9919-8&rft.aulast=Efe&rft.aufirst=Recep&rft.au=C%C3%BCrebal%2C+Isa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengineeringearth00brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004" class="citation book cs1">El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2"><bdi>978-0-932885-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+Viewed+by+the+Arabs&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-932885-30-2&rft.aulast=El-Cheikh&rft.aufirst=Nadia+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely1996" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (1996). Istanbul: The Imperial City. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85972-6"><bdi>978-0-670-85972-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+The+Imperial+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85972-6&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2000" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2000). The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara. Woodbridge, Eng.: Companion Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-31-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900639-31-6"><bdi>978-1-900639-31-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+Guide+to+Istanbul+and+Around+the+Marmara&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Companion+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-900639-31-6&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2011" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2011). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Southampton, Eng.: WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9"><bdi>978-1-84564-506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.place=Southampton%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-506-9&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgacas1947" class="citation journal cs1">Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 78: 347–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283503">10.2307/283503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283503">283503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+Constantinople&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=347-67&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Georgacas&rft.aufirst=Demetrius+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGökselKerslake2005" class="citation book cs1">Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (2005). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Comprehensive Grammars. Abingdon, Eng.: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21761-3"><bdi>978-0-415-21761-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Eng.&rft.series=Comprehensive+Grammars&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21761-3&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ksel&rft.aufirst=Asl%C4%B1&rft.au=Kerslake%2C+Celia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöktürkSoysalTüreli2010" class="citation book cs1">Göktürk, Deniz; Soysal, Levent; Türeli, İpek, eds. (2010). Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58011-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orienting+Istanbul%3A+Cultural+Capital+of+Europe%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58011-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12772-1"><bdi>978-0-415-12772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+The+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12772-1&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8471-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGül2012" class="citation book cs1">Gül, Murat (2012). The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City (Revised Paperback ed.). London: IB.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-374-3"><bdi>978-1-78076-374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Istanbul%3A+Transformation+and+Modernisation+of+a+City&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+Paperback&rft.pub=IB.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-374-3&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCl&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarter2005" class="citation book cs1">Harter, Jim (2005). World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings (illustrated ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8089-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8089-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-8089-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Railways+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Pictorial+History+in+Victorian+Engravings&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6&rft.aulast=Harter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1A (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4"><bdi>978-0-521-29135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1986" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest (illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06921-3"><bdi>978-90-04-06921-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Settlements+in+Thrace+Until+the+Macedonian+Conquest&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06921-3&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008" class="citation book cs1">Kapucu, Naim; Palabiyik, Hamit (2008). Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age. USAK Publications. Vol. 17. Ankara: USAK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4030-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4030-01-9"><bdi>978-605-4030-01-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Public+Administration%3A+From+Tradition+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.place=Ankara&rft.series=USAK+Publications&rft.pub=USAK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-605-4030-01-9&rft.aulast=Kapucu&rft.aufirst=Naim&rft.au=Palabiyik%2C+Hamit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat1976" class="citation book cs1">Karpat, Kemal H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp">The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization</a> (illustrated ed.). 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Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9495-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9495-2"><bdi>978-0-8476-9495-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+Between+the+Global+and+the+Local&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2014" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2014). Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul. Norton & Cy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08914-1"><bdi>978-0-393-08914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+at+the+Pera+Palace%2C+The+birth+of+modern+Istanbul&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Cy&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08914-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimczukWarner2009" class="citation book cs1">Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim">Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies</a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6207-9"><bdi>978-1-4027-6207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Places%2C+Hidden+Sanctuaries%3A+Uncovering+Mysterious+Sights%2C+Symbols%2C+and+Societies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9&rft.aulast=Klimczuk&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Warner%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretplaceshidd0000klim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnielingOthengrafen2009" class="citation book cs1">Knieling, Jörg; Othengrafen, Frank (2009). Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Urban and Regional Planning and Development. Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7565-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-7565-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Cultures+in+Europe%3A+Decoding+Cultural+Phenomena+in+Urban+and+Regional+Planning&rft.place=Surrey%2C+Eng.&rft.series=Urban+and+Regional+Planning+and+Development&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5&rft.aulast=Knieling&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Othengrafen%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöksal2012" class="citation book cs1">Köksal, Özlem, ed. (2012). World Film Locations: Istanbul. Bristol, Eng.: Intellect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-567-1"><bdi>978-1-84150-567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Film+Locations%3A+Istanbul&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-567-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöse2009" class="citation book cs1">Köse, Yavuz (2009). "Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)". In Atabaki, Touraj; Brockett, Gavin (eds.). Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12805-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12805-6"><bdi>978-0-521-12805-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vertical+Bazaars+of+Modernity%3A+Western+Department+Stores+and+Their+Staff+in+Istanbul+%281889%E2%80%931921%29&rft.btitle=Ottoman+and+Republican+Turkish+Labour+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=91-114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12805-6&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6se&rft.aufirst=Yavuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau1984" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob M. (1984). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07070-7"><bdi>978-90-04-07070-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+and+the+Modernization+of+Turkey&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07070-7&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimberis1994" class="citation book cs1">Limberis, Vasiliki (1994). Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09677-5"><bdi>978-0-415-09677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Heiress%3A+The+Virgin+Mary+and+the+Creation+of+Christian+Constantinople&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09677-5&rft.aulast=Limberis&rft.aufirst=Vasiliki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister1979" class="citation book cs1">Lister, Richard P. (1979). The Travels of Herodotus. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86033-081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86033-081-3"><bdi>978-0-86033-081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Herodotus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Cremonesi&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-86033-081-3&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mansel" title="Philip Mansel">Mansel, Philip</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constantinople:_City_of_the_World%27s_Desire,_1453%E2%80%931924" title="Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924">Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924</a> (2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastersÁgoston2009" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Alan&rft.au=%C3%81goston%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2010" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Ian (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf">Social Development</a> (PDF). 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Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-14050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-14050-8"><bdi>978-0-262-14050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+Ceremonial%2C+and+Power%3A+The+Topkapi+Palace+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-14050-8&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitecturecere0000neci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2010" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (2010). "From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye". In ölcer, Nazan (ed.). From Byzantion to Istanbul. Istanbul: SSM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4348-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4348-04-6"><bdi>978-605-4348-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Byzantine+Constantinople+to+Ottoman+Kostantiniyye&rft.btitle=From+Byzantion+to+Istanbul&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=SSM&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-605-4348-04-6&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2010" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Pippa (2010). Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8200-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8200-4"><bdi>978-0-8213-8200-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Sentinel%3A+News+Media+%26+Governance+Reform&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2008" class="citation book cs1">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008). Istanbul, Turkey. OECD Territorial Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-04371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-04371-8"><bdi>978-92-64-04371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=OECD+Territorial+Reviews&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04371-8&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2009" class="citation book cs1">The Report: Turkey 2009. Oxford: Oxford Business Group. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-13-9"><bdi>978-1-902339-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Turkey+2009&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-13-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapathanassis2011" class="citation book cs1">Papathanassis, Alexis (2011). The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8349-3062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8349-3062-0"><bdi>978-3-8349-3062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Tail+of+Tourism%3A+Holiday+Niches+and+Their+Impact+on+Mainstream+Tourism&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0&rft.aulast=Papathanassis&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuantic2008" class="citation book cs1">Quantic, Roy (2008). Climatology for Airline Pilots. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69847-1"><bdi>978-0-470-69847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology+for+Airline+Pilots&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69847-1&rft.aulast=Quantic&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinert2002" class="citation book cs1">Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Mango, Cyril (ed.). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6"><bdi>978-0-19-814098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fragmentation+%281204%E2%80%931453%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814098-6&rft.aulast=Reinert&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisman2006" class="citation book cs1">Reisman, Arnold (2006). Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision. 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Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-2248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features%2C+and+Historic+Sites&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRôzen2002" class="citation book cs1">Rôzen, Mînnā (2002). A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566 (illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12530-8"><bdi>978-90-04-12530-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+Community+in+Istanbul%3A+The+Formative+Years%2C+1453%E2%80%931566&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12530-8&rft.aulast=R%C3%B4zen&rft.aufirst=M%C3%AEnn%C4%81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanal2011" class="citation book cs1">Sanal, Aslihan (2011). Fischer, Michael M.J.; Dumit, Joseph (eds.). New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy. Experimental Futures (illustrated ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4912-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-4912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Organs+Within+Us%3A+Transplants+and+the+Moral+Economy&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.series=Experimental+Futures&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9&rft.aulast=Sanal&rft.aufirst=Aslihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2005). Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert" (in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57713-6"><bdi>978-3-486-57713-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levantiner%3A+Lebenswelten+und+Identit%C3%A4ten+einer+ethnokonfessionellen+Gruppe+im+osmanischen+Reich+im+%22langen+19.+Jahrhundert%22&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-486-57713-6&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1977" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan">History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29166-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasovMilner-Gulland2004" class="citation book cs1">Tarasov, Oleg; Milner-Gulland, R.R. (2004). Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia. London: Reaktion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-118-1"><bdi>978-1-86189-118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icon+and+Devotion%3A+Sacred+Spaces+in+Imperial+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-118-1&rft.aulast=Tarasov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Milner-Gulland%2C+R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004" class="citation book cs1">Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change. Delft, the Neth.: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-041-1"><bdi>978-90-5972-041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budapest%2C+Istanbul%2C+and+Warsaw%3A+Institutional+and+Spatial+Change&rft.place=Delft%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=Eburon+Uitgeverij+B.V.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-5972-041-1&rft.aulast=Ta%C5%9Fan-Kok&rft.aufirst=Tuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jane (2007). Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-334-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Istanbul%3A+A+Traveller%27s+Guide%3A+Includes+Iznik%2C+Bursa+and+Edirne&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-334-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigrekKibaroğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">Tigrek, Sahnaz; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül (2011). "Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey". In Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Scheumann, Waltina; Kramer, Annika (eds.). Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation. London & New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19635-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19635-5"><bdi>978-3-642-19635-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategic+Role+of+Water+Resources+for+Turkey&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Water+Policy%3A+National+Frameworks+and+International+Cooperation&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19635-5&rft.aulast=Tigrek&rft.aufirst=Sahnaz&rft.au=Kibaro%C4%9Flu%2C+Ay%C8%99eg%C3%BCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime_Out_Guides2010" class="citation book cs1">Time Out Guides, ed. (2010). Time Out Istanbul. London: Time Out Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84670-115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84670-115-3"><bdi>978-1-84670-115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Out+Istanbul&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Time+Out+Guides&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84670-115-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuran2010" class="citation book cs1">Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/megacitiesurbanf00sore">Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability</a>. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/megacitiesurbanf00sore/page/n236">223</a>–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-431-99266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-431-99266-0"><bdi>978-4-431-99266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Ecological+Urbanism+for+Istanbul&rft.btitle=Megacities%3A+Urban+Form%2C+Governance%2C+and+Sustainability&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.series=Library+for+Sustainable+Urban+Regeneration&rft.pages=223-42&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-431-99266-0&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=Neyran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmegacitiesurbanf00sore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWCTR_SocietyUnʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004" class="citation book cs1">WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō (2004). Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044512-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044512-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044512-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Transport+and+the+Environment%3A+An+International+Perspective&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044512-0&rft.au=WCTR+Society&rft.au=Un%CA%BCyu+Seisaku+Kenky%C5%AB+Kik%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedel2000" class="citation book cs1">Wedel, Heidi (2000). Ibrahim, Ferhad; Gürbey, Gülistan (eds.). The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 181–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4744-9"><bdi>978-3-8258-4744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Conflict+in+Turkey&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=181-93&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9&rft.aulast=Wedel&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynn1984" class="citation book cs1">Wynn, Martin (1984). Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe. Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment. Los Altos, CA: Mansell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7201-1608-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7201-1608-3"><bdi>978-0-7201-1608-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+and+Urban+Growth+in+Southern+Europe&rft.place=Los+Altos%2C+CA&rft.series=Studies+in+History%2C+Planning%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=Mansell&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIstanbul" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" class="extiw" title="c:İstanbul">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Istanbul" class="extiw" title="voy:Istanbul">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406" class="extiw" title="d:Q406">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibb.istanbul/">Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906202031/https://www.ibb.istanbul/">Archived</a> 6 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.istanbul.gov.tr/">Website of the Istanbul Governorship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html">Old maps of Istanbul</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018220434/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities Research Project</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Istanbul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Istanbul" title="Template:Istanbul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Istanbul" title="Template talk:Istanbul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Istanbul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Istanbul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Istanbul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey#List_of_church_buildings_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="Armenians in Turkey">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surp_Yerrortutyun_Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Surp Yerrortutyun Armenian Catholic Church">Beyoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Patriarchal_Church" title="Surp Asdvadzadzin Patriarchal Church">Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator_Church_of_Galata" title="Saint Gregory the Illuminator Church of Galata">Galata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartal_Surp_Ni%C5%9Fan_Armenian_Orthodox_Church" title="Kartal Surp Nişan Armenian Orthodox Church">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surp_Krikor_Lusavori%C3%A7_Armenian_Church,_Kuzguncuk" title="Surp Krikor Lusavoriç Armenian Church, Kuzguncuk">Kuzguncuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George_of_Samatya" title="Church of St. George of Samatya">Samatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_Surp_Harutyun_Church" title="Taksim Surp Harutyun Church">Taksim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Mongols" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols">Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada_Greek_Orthodox_Church,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Triada Greek Orthodox Church, Istanbul">Hagia Triada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Little Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Istanbul" title="St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul">St. George’s Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_the_Spring_(Istanbul)" title="Church of St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul)">Zoodochus Pege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church" title="Bulgarian St. Stephen Church">Bulgarian St. Stephen Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anthony_of_Padua,_Istanbul" title="Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul">Church of St. Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Benoit,_Istanbul" title="Church of Saint Benoit, Istanbul">Church of Saint Benoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Draperis,_Istanbul" title="Church of St. Mary Draperis, Istanbul">Church of St. Mary Draperis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_monuments_in_Istanbul" title="List of museums and monuments in Istanbul">Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caravanserais" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravanserais">Caravanserais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Valide_Han" title="Büyük Valide Han">Büyük Valide Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Yeni_Han" title="Büyük Yeni Han">Büyük Yeni Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCrk%C3%A7%C3%BC_Han" title="Kürkçü Han">Kürkçü Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cistern#Notable_examples" title="Cistern">Cisterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Cistern" title="Theodosius Cistern">Şerefiye Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Philoxenos" title="Cistern of Philoxenos">Cistern of 1001 Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_the_Hebdomon" title="Cistern of the Hebdomon">Cistern of the Hebdomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_columns_and_towers_in_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of columns and towers in Istanbul">Columns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Arcadius" title="Column of Arcadius">Column of Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Constantine" title="Column of Constantine">Column of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Leo" title="Column of Leo">Column of Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcian" title="Column of Marcian">Column of Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goths" title="Column of the Goths">Column of the Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Theodosius" title="Forum of Theodosius">Forum of Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milion" title="Milion">Milion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Column" title="Serpent Column">Serpent Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_Obelisk" title="Walled Obelisk">Walled Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fountain#Fountains_of_the_Islamic_World" title="Fountain">Fountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III" title="Fountain of Ahmed III">Fountain of Ahmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III_(%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar)" title="Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)">Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Fountain" title="German Fountain">German Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmut_Fountain" title="Sultan Mahmut Fountain">Sultan Mahmut Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tophane_Fountain" title="Tophane Fountain">Tophane Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">Madrasas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafera%C4%9Fa_Medrese" title="Caferağa Medrese">Caferağa Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Medrese" title="Rüstem Pasha Medrese">Rüstem Pasha Medrese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_columns_and_towers_in_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of columns and towers in Istanbul">Towers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Tower" title="Beyazıt Tower">Beyazıt Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Clock_Tower" title="Dolmabahçe Clock Tower">Dolmabahçe Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etfal_Hospital_Clock_Tower" title="Etfal Hospital Clock Tower">Etfal Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden%27s_Tower" title="Maiden's Tower">Maiden's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusretiye_Clock_Tower" title="Nusretiye Clock Tower">Nusretiye Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Clock_Tower" title="Yıldız Clock Tower">Yıldız Clock Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Istanbul" title="Architecture of Istanbul">Miscellany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens" title="Aqueduct of Valens">Aqueduct of Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurcuma" title="Çukurcuma">Çukurcuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(Constantinople)" title="Mese (Constantinople)">Divanyolu Caddesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Bridge" title="Galata Bridge">Galata Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_Apartment" title="Mısır Apartment">Mısır Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pera_Palace_Hotel" title="Pera Palace Hotel">Pera Palace Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanar_Greek_Orthodox_College" title="Phanar Greek Orthodox College">Phanar Greek Orthodox College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%C4%9Fuk%C3%A7e%C5%9Fme_Soka%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Soğukçeşme Sokağı">Soğukçeşme Sokağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayyare_Apartments" title="Tayyare Apartments">Tayyare Apartments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Istanbul" title="List of mosques in Istanbul">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau#Art_Nouveau_in_the_rest_of_the_world" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Tekke_Mosque" title="Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque">Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture#Baroque_period_(1757–1808)" title="Ottoman architecture">Baroque</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altunizade_Mosque" title="Altunizade Mosque">Altunizade Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Mosque" title="Dolmabahçe Mosque">Dolmabahçe Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusretiye_Mosque" title="Nusretiye Mosque">Nusretiye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Fvikiye_Mosque" title="Teşvikiye Mosque">Teşvikiye Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture#Classical_period_(1437–1703)" title="Ottoman architecture">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Valide_Mosque" title="Atik Valide Mosque">Atik Valide Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Selimiye_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Selimiye Mosque">Selimiye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Blue Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_Mosque" title="Çamlıca Mosque">Çamlıca Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="New Mosque, Istanbul">New Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture#Mosques" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">Arap Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertevniyal_Valide_Sultan_Mosque" title="Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque">Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture#Postwar_modernism_in_Europe_(1945–1975)" title="Modern architecture">Modernist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancaklar_Mosque" title="Sancaklar Mosque">Sancaklar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eakirin_Mosque" title="Şakirin Mosque">Şakirin Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Turkey#İstanbul" title="Museums in Turkey">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Turkey#İstanbul" title="Museums in Turkey">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum">Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay_Museum" title="Doğançay Museum">Doğançay Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgiz_Museum" title="Elgiz Museum">Elgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K.#Fenerbahçe_Museum" title="Fenerbahçe S.K.">Fenerbahçe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_Museum" title="Galatasaray Museum">Galatasaray Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul Archaeology Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Contemporary_Art_Museum" title="Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum">Istanbul Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Modern">İstanbul Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Toy_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Toy Museum">İstanbul Toy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fbank_Museum" title="İşbank Museum">İşbank Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniat%C3%BCrk" title="Miniatürk">Miniatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum" title="Great Palace Mosaic Museum">Mosaic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ancient_Orient" title="Museum of the Ancient Orient">Museum of the Ancient Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Princes%27_Islands" title="Museum of the Princes' Islands">Museum of the Princes' Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pera_Museum" title="Pera Museum">Pera Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezan_Has_Museum" title="Rezan Has Museum">Rezan Has Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum" title="Sakıp Sabancı Museum">Sakıp Sabancı Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantralIstanbul" title="SantralIstanbul">SantralIstanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Turkish Calligraphy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Museum_%C4%B0stanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Museum İstanbul">Women's Museum İstanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Castles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Edirnekapı, Fatih">Edirnekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riva_Castle" title="Riva Castle">Riva Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Walls of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress" title="Yedikule Fortress">Yedikule Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoros_Castle" title="Yoros Castle">Yoros Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Turkey#İstanbul" title="Museums in Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Museum,_Istanbul" title="Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul">Adam Mickiewicz Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar_Literature_Museum_Library" title="Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library">Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Fiyan_Museum" title="Aşiyan Museum">Aşiyan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum,_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Atatürk Museum, Şişli">Atatürk Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florya_Atat%C3%BCrk_Marine_Mansion" title="Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion">Florya Atatürk Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rahmi_G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar_Museum" title="Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum">Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_House_Museum" title="İsmet İnönü House Museum">İsmet İnönü House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Innocence_(museum)" title="The Museum of Innocence (museum)">Museum of Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mevlevi_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mevlevi Monastery (page does not exist)">Museum of Whirling Dervishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Literature_Museum" title="Orhan Kemal Literature Museum">Orhan Kemal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyer_Loti_Museum" title="Piyer Loti Museum">Pierre Loti Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait_Faik_Abas%C4%B1yan%C4%B1k_Museum" title="Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum">Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Turkey#İstanbul" title="Museums in Turkey">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Aviation_Museum" title="Istanbul Aviation Museum">Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Military_Museum" title="Istanbul Military Museum">Military Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Naval_Museum" title="Istanbul Naval Museum">Naval Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Turkey#İstanbul" title="Museums in Turkey">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Museum" title="Florence Nightingale Museum">Florence Nightingale Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU Science Center">ITU Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum" title="Kandilli Earthquake Museum">Kandilli Earthquake Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutfak_Sanatlari_Akademisi#Museum" title="Mutfak Sanatlari Akademisi">Museum of Culinary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Illumination_and_Heating_Appliances" title="Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances">Museum of Heating Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGC_Press_Media_Museum" title="TGC Press Media Museum">Museum of Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Museum_of_the_History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_Islam" title="Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam">Museum of Science and Technology in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_%C4%B0hsan_Ketin" title="Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Postal_Museum" title="Istanbul Postal Museum">Postal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y_Psychiatric_Hospital#Museum" title="Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital">Museum of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum" title="Rahmi M. Koç Museum">Rahmi M. Koç Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Railway_Museum" title="Istanbul Railway Museum">Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Zoology_Museum" title="Istanbul Zoology Museum">Zoology Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_palaces_in_Istanbul" title="Ottoman palaces in Istanbul">Palaces and pavilions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_palaces_in_Istanbul" title="Ottoman palaces in Istanbul">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace" title="Çırağan Palace">Çırağan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">Pavilions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">Yalı (Ottoman-era waterfront mansions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aynal%C4%B1kavak_Pavilion" title="Aynalıkavak Pavilion">Aynalıkavak Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adile_Sultan_Palace" title="Adile Sultan Palace">Adile Sultan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantemir_Palace_in_Istanbul" title="Cantemir Palace in Istanbul">Cantemir Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esma_Sultan_Mansion" title="Esma Sultan Mansion">Esma Sultan Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feriye_Palace" title="Feriye Palace">Feriye Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatice_Sultan_Mansion" title="Hatice Sultan Mansion">Hatice Sultan Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_Palace" title="Ibrahim Pasha Palace">Ibrahim Pasha Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihlamur_Pavilion" title="Ihlamur Pavilion">Ihlamur Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedive%27s_Palace" title="Khedive's Palace">Khedive's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Pavilion" title="Küçüksu Pavilion">Küçüksu Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Kiosk" title="Malta Kiosk">Malta Kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslak_Pavilion" title="Maslak Pavilion">Maslak Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_Kiosk" title="Tiled Kiosk">Tiled Kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahdettin_Pavilion" title="Vahdettin Pavilion">Vahdettin Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrad_Forest" title="Belgrad Forest">Belgrad Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada_Nature_Park" title="Büyükada Nature Park">Büyükada Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirgan_Park" title="Emirgan Park">Emirgan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClhane_Park" title="Gülhane Park">Gülhane Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka_Park" title="Maçka Park">Maçka Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonezk%C3%B6y_Nature_Park" title="Polonezköy Nature Park">Polonezköy Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_Gezi_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksim Gezi Park">Taksim Gezi Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Park" title="Yıldız Park">Yıldız Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Istanbul" title="List of shopping malls in Istanbul">Shopping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Bazaars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arasta_Bazaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arasta Bazaar (page does not exist)">Arasta Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karak%C3%B6y_Fish_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karaköy Fish Market (page does not exist)">Karaköy Fish Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Bazaar" title="Spice Bazaar">Spice Bazaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Istanbul" title="List of shopping malls in Istanbul">Malls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akasya" title="Akasya">Akasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmerkez" title="Akmerkez">Akmerkez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_Shopping_Center" title="Carousel Shopping Center">Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Atak%C3%B6y" title="Galleria Ataköy">Galleria Ataköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Cevahir" title="Istanbul Cevahir">Cevahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stinye_Park" title="İstinye Park">İstinye Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyon_Shopping_Mall" title="Kanyon Shopping Mall">Kanyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorlu_Center" title="Zorlu Center">Zorlu Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city#Turkey" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Nişantaşı">Nişantaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Street" title="Abdi İpekçi Street">Abdi İpekçi Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdat_Avenue" title="Bağdat Avenue">Bağdat Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Pasaj%C4%B1" title="Çiçek Pasajı">Çiçek Pasajı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyon_Shopping_Mall" title="Kanyon Shopping Mall">Kanyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of synagogues in Turkey">Synagogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahrida_Synagogue_of_Istanbul" title="Ahrida Synagogue of Istanbul">Ahrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Synagogue_of_Istanbul" title="Ashkenazi Synagogue of Istanbul">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y_Synagogue" title="Bakırköy Synagogue">Bakırköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_Avraam_Synagogue" title="Bet Avraam Synagogue">Bet Avraam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_Israel_Synagogue_(Istanbul)" title="Bet Israel Synagogue (Istanbul)">Bet Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_Nissim_Synagogue" title="Bet Nissim Synagogue">Bet Nissim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heybeliada_Bet_Yaakov_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heybeliada Bet Yaakov Synagogue (page does not exist)">Bet Yaakov (Heybeliada)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuzguncuk_Bet_Yaakov_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuzguncuk Bet Yaakov Synagogue (page does not exist)">Bet Yaakov (Kuzguncuk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgazada_Synagogue" title="Burgazada Synagogue">Burgazada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddebostan_Synagogue" title="Caddebostan Synagogue">Caddebostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemdat_Israel_Synagogue" title="Hemdat Israel Synagogue">Haydarpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesed_Le_Avraam_Synagogue" title="Hesed Le Avraam Synagogue">Hesed Le Avraam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stipol_(Salma_Tomruk)_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstipol (Salma Tomruk) Synagogue (page does not exist)">Istipol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Synagogue_(Istanbul)" title="Italian Synagogue (Istanbul)">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Turkey" title="Jewish Museum of Turkey">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kal_Kados,_Corapci_Han_Synagogue" title="Kal Kados, Corapci Han Synagogue">Kal Kados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Synagogue_(Istanbul)" title="Karaite Synagogue (Istanbul)">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eaar_A%C5%9Famayim_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şaar Aşamayim Synagogue (page does not exist)">Kemerburgaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalem_Synagogue" title="Maalem Synagogue">Maalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_Synagogue,_Istanbul" title="Mayor Synagogue, Istanbul">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue">Neve Shalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Ya%27akov_Synagogue,_Zikhron_Ya%27akov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohel Ya'akov Synagogue, Zikhron Ya'akov">Ohel Ya'akov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Ahayim_Synagogue" title="Etz Ahayim Synagogue">Ortaköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbol_Synagogue" title="Yanbol Synagogue">Yanbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y_Synagogue" title="Yeniköy Synagogue">Yeniköy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hammam#Turkey" title="Hammam">Hammams (baths)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu_Hamam" title="Cağaloğlu Hamam">Cağaloğlu Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1" title="Çemberlitaş Hamamı">Çemberlitaş Hamamı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam" title="Mahmut Pasha Hamam">Mahmut Pasha Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Hamam" title="Süleymaniye Hamam">Süleymaniye Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtakale_Hamam" title="Tahtakale Hamam">Tahtakale Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezneciler_Hamam%C4%B1" title="Vezneciler Hamamı">Vezneciler Hamamı</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_halls#Turkey" title="List of concert halls">venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Feast of Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial" title="Istanbul Biennial">Istanbul Biennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Istanbul_Film_Festival" title="International Istanbul Film Festival">Istanbul Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_International_Puppet_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul International Puppet Festival (page does not exist)">Istanbul International Puppet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul International Jazz Festival">Istanbul Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Marathon" title="Istanbul Marathon">Istanbul Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Music_Festival" title="Istanbul International Music Festival">Istanbul Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Shopping_Fest" title="Istanbul Shopping Fest">Istanbul Shopping Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_festival" title="Tulip festival">Istanbul Tulip Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Sugar Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_halls#Turkey" title="List of concert halls">Venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Cultural_Center" title="Atatürk Cultural Center">AKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Istanbul" title="Babylon Istanbul">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJK_Akatlar_Arena" title="BJK Akatlar Arena">BJK Akatlar Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostanc%C4%B1_Show_Center" title="Bostancı Show Center">Bostancı Show Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemil_Topuzlu_Open-Air_Theatre" title="Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre">Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_Re%C5%9Fit_Rey_Concert_Hall" title="Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall">Cemal Reşit Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_L%C3%BCtfi_K%C4%B1rdar_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center" title="Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center">Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naum_Theatre" title="Naum Theatre">Naum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Arena" title="Ora Arena">Ora Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House" title="Süreyya Opera House">Süreyya Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkcell_Kuru%C3%A7e%C5%9Fme_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkcell Kuruçeşme Arena">Kuruçeşme Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clker_Sports_and_Event_Hall" title="Ülker Sports and Event Hall">Ülker Sports and Event Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorlu_PSM" title="Zorlu PSM">Zorlu PSM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="Armenians in Turkey">Armenians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of cemeteries in Turkey">Cemeteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangalt%C4%B1_Catholic_Cemetery" title="Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery">Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangalt%C4%B1_Armenian_Cemetery" title="Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery">Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli_Armenian_Cemetery" title="Şişli Armenian Cemetery">Şişli Armenian Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of hospitals in Turkey">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surp_Agop_Hospital" title="Surp Agop Hospital">Surp Agop Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surp_P%C4%B1rgi%C3%A7_Armenian_Hospital" title="Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital">Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspapers_published_in_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspapers published in Istanbul (page does not exist)">Newspapers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agos" title="Agos">Agos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamanak" title="Jamanak">Jamanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_(newspaper)" title="Marmara (newspaper)">Marmara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Istanbul" title="List of high schools in Istanbul">Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Getronagan_Armenian_High_School" title="Getronagan Armenian High School">Getronagan Armenian High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangalt%C4%B1_Mkhitaryan_School" title="Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School">Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of cemeteries in Turkey">Cemeteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli_Greek_Orthodox_Cemetery" title="Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery">Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of hospitals in Turkey">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_Greek_Hospital" title="Balıklı Greek Hospital">Balıklı Greek Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Istanbul Greek dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek-language_newspapers" title="List of Greek-language newspapers">Newspapers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoyevmatini" title="Apoyevmatini">Apoyevmatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Istanbul" title="List of high schools in Istanbul">Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halki_seminary" title="Halki seminary">Halki seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanar_Greek_Orthodox_College" title="Phanar Greek Orthodox College">Phanar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zografeion_Lyceum" title="Zografeion Lyceum">Zografeion Lyceum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of cemeteries in Turkey">Cemeteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulus_Sephardi_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery">Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulus_Ashkenazi_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery">Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Turkey#Istanbul" title="List of hospitals in Turkey">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hastanesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi (page does not exist)">Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages#Romance_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspapers_published_in_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspapers published in Istanbul (page does not exist)">Newspapers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ealom" title="Şalom">Şalom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Istanbul" title="List of high schools in Istanbul">Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulus_Jewish_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulus Jewish school (page does not exist)">Ulus Jewish school</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Istanbul" title="Category:Istanbul">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Istanbul_in_Istanbul_Province_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Istanbul_in_Istanbul_Province_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Istanbul in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Province">Istanbul Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Adalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnavutk%C3%B6y_(district)" title="Arnavutköy (district)">Arnavutköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata%C5%9Fehir" title="Ataşehir">Ataşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avc%C4%B1lar,_Istanbul" title="Avcılar, Istanbul">Avcılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fc%C4%B1lar" title="Bağcılar">Bağcılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A7elievler" title="Bahçelievler">Bahçelievler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Bakırköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir" title="Başakşehir">Başakşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayrampa%C5%9Fa" title="Bayrampaşa">Bayrampaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Beşiktaş">Beşiktaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beykoz" title="Beykoz">Beykoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylikd%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Beylikdüzü">Beylikdüzü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece" title="Büyükçekmece">Büyükçekmece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca" title="Çatalca">Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ekmek%C3%B6y" title="Çekmeköy">Çekmeköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esenler" title="Esenler">Esenler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esenyurt" title="Esenyurt">Esenyurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCpsultan" title="Eyüpsultan">Eyüpsultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziosmanpa%C5%9Fa" title="Gaziosmanpaşa">Gaziosmanpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCng%C3%B6ren" title="Güngören">Güngören</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1thane" title="Kağıthane">Kağıthane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartal" title="Kartal">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece" title="Küçükçekmece">Küçükçekmece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltepe,_Istanbul" title="Maltepe, Istanbul">Maltepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendik" title="Pendik">Pendik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktepe" title="Sancaktepe">Sancaktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Sarıyer">Sarıyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eile" title="Şile">Şile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silivri" title="Silivri">Silivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanbeyli" title="Sultanbeyli">Sultanbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultangazi" title="Sultangazi">Sultangazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzla,_Istanbul" title="Tuzla, Istanbul">Tuzla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmraniye" title="Ümraniye">Ümraniye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeytinburnu" title="Zeytinburnu">Zeytinburnu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/150px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/200px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Istanbul"><img alt="Districts of Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Istanbul_districts.png/100px-Istanbul_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Istanbul_districts.png/150px-Istanbul_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Istanbul_districts.png/200px-Istanbul_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Istanbul</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_provinces_by_region">List of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> by <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Region_(statistical)" title="Istanbul Region (statistical)">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region_(statistical)" title="Aegean Region (statistical)">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">West Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region_(statistical)" title="Mediterranean Region (statistical)">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">West Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="East Black Sea Region (statistical)">East Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Northeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Template:Provinces of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Provinces of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Provinces of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İstanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><div><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Istanbul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Istanbul" title="Template:Mayors of Istanbul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Istanbul" title="Template talk:Mayors of Istanbul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Istanbul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Istanbul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Istanbul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Istanbul" title="List of mayors of Istanbul">Mayors of</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Province Governors (1924–1960)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_Yulu%C4%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar Yuluğ (page does not exist)">Haydar Yuluğ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emin_Erkul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emin Erkul (page does not exist)">Emin Erkul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhittin_%C3%9Cst%C3%BCnda%C4%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhittin Üstündağ (page does not exist)">Muhittin Üstündağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_K%C4%B1rdar" title="Lütfi Kırdar">Lütfi Kırdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Kerim_G%C3%B6kay" title="Fahrettin Kerim Gökay">Fahrettin Kerim Gökay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemal_Had%C4%B1ml%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemal Hadımlı (page does not exist)">Kemal Hadımlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCmtaz_Tarhan" title="Mümtaz Tarhan">Mümtaz Tarhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethem_Yetkiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethem Yetkiner (page does not exist)">Ethem Yetkiner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemal_Ayg%C3%BCn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemal Aygün (page does not exist)">Kemal Aygün</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military-appointed (1960–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refik_Tulga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refik Tulga (page does not exist)">Refik Tulga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eefik_Erensu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şefik Erensu (page does not exist)">Şefik Erensu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan_Ertu%C4%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turan Ertuğ (page does not exist)">Turan Ertuğ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadri_%C4%B0lkay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadri İlkay (page does not exist)">Kadri İlkay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamuran_G%C3%B6rg%C3%BCn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamuran Görgün (page does not exist)">Kamuran Görgün</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niyazi_Ak%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niyazi Akı (page does not exist)">Niyazi Akı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_U%C4%9Fur" title="Necdet Uğur">Necdet Uğur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected (1963–1980)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fim_%C4%B0%C5%9Fcan" title="Haşim İşcan">Haşim İşcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_Ilgaz" title="Faruk Ilgaz">Faruk Ilgaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fahri_Atabey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fahri Atabey (page does not exist)">Fahri Atabey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_%C4%B0svan" title="Ahmet İsvan">Ahmet İsvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytekin_Kotil" title="Aytekin Kotil">Aytekin Kotil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military-appointed (1980–1984)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C4%B1_Akansel" title="Hakkı Akansel">Hakkı Akansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecmel_Kutay" title="Ecmel Kutay">Ecmel Kutay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_T%C4%B1rt%C4%B1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Tırtıl (page does not exist)">Abdullah Tırtıl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Istanbul (1984 to date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrettin_Dalan" title="Bedrettin Dalan">Bedrettin Dalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_S%C3%B6zen" title="Nurettin Sözen">Nurettin Sözen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_M%C3%BCfit_G%C3%BCrtuna" title="Ali Müfit Gürtuna">Ali Müfit Gürtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadir_Topba%C5%9F" title="Kadir Topbaş">Kadir Topbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_Uysal" title="Mevlüt Uysal">Mevlüt Uysal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_sites_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_sites_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World Heritage sites in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pamukkale" title="Pamukkale">Pamukkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranbolu" title="Safranbolu">Safranbolu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi_Great_Mosque_and_Hospital" title="Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital">Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6reme_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Göreme National Park">Göreme National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Arslantepe Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumal%C4%B1k%C4%B1z%C4%B1k" title="Cumalıkızık">Cumalıkızık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">Historic Areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letoon" title="Letoon">Letoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakır Fortress">Diyarbakır Fortress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hevsel_Gardens" title="Hevsel Gardens">Hevsel Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nemrut" title="Mount Nemrut">Mount Nemrut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Hypostyle_Mosques_of_Medieval_Anatolia" title="Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia">Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1985</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt>2016</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt>2018</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt>2019</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt>2020-April 2021</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt>2022</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt>2024</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt>2026</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt>2027</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Capital of Sport (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European Capitals of Sport</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li>2012 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="50th_Anniversary_Sculptures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:50th_Anniversary_Sculptures" title="Template:50th Anniversary Sculptures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:50th_Anniversary_Sculptures" title="Template talk:50th Anniversary Sculptures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:50th_Anniversary_Sculptures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:50th Anniversary Sculptures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50th_Anniversary_Sculptures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/50th_Anniversary_Sculptures" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Anniversary Sculptures">50th Anniversary Sculptures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Fine_Arts_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Fine Arts Academy">Istanbul Fine Arts Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_College_of_Fine_and_Applied_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State College of Fine and Applied Arts (page does not exist)">State College of Fine and Applied Arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eadi_%C3%87al%C4%B1k" title="Şadi Çalık">Şadi Çalık</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Asl%C4%B1er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Aslıer (page does not exist)">Mustafa Aslıer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Gezer" title="Hüseyin Gezer">Hüseyin Gezer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzaffer_Ertoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzaffer Ertoran (page does not exist)">Muzaffer Ertoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrdal_Duyar" title="Gürdal Duyar">Gürdal Duyar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferit_%C3%96z%C5%9Fen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferit Özşen (page does not exist)">Ferit Özşen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metin_Haseki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metin Haseki (page does not exist)">Metin Haseki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihrat_Mavitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bihrat Mavitan (page does not exist)">Bihrat Mavitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam%C4%B1k_Denizhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namık Denizhan (page does not exist)">Namık Denizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haluk_Tezonar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haluk Tezonar (page does not exist)">Haluk Tezonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Teoman_Germaner" title="Ali Teoman Germaner">Ali Teoman Germaner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakk%C4%B1_Karayi%C4%9Fito%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakkı Karayiğitoğlu (page does not exist)">Hakkı Karayiğitoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCht%C3%BC_M%C3%BCrido%C4%9Flu" title="Zühtü Müridoğlu">Zühtü Müridoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Anka_%C3%96zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüseyin Anka Özhan (page does not exist)">Hüseyin Anka Özhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCsun_Onur" title="Füsun Onur">Füsun Onur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_G%C3%B6rey" title="Yavuz Görey">Yavuz Görey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Uyan%C4%B1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Uyanık (page does not exist)">Mehmet Uyanık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusret_Suman" title="Nusret Suman">Nusret Suman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhun_Topuz" title="Seyhun Topuz">Seyhun Topuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerrin_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Zerrin Bölükbaşı">Zerrin Bölükbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_Ba%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Tamer Başoğlu">Tamer Başoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzgun_Acar" title="Kuzgun Acar">Kuzgun Acar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Sonad" title="Kamil Sonad">Kamil Sonad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7i_Heykeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İşçi Heykeli (page does not exist)">İşçi Heykeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCzel_%C4%B0stanbul" title="Güzel İstanbul">Güzel İstanbul</a></li> <li>Yağmur</li> <li>Negative Form</li> <li>Yükseliş</li> <li>İkimiz</li> <li>Abstract by Haluk Tezonar</li> <li>Abstract by Ali Teoman Germaner</li> <li>Bahar</li> <li>Dayanışma</li> <li>Yankı</li> <li>Abstract by Füsun Onur</li> <li>Abstract by Yavuz Görey</li> <li>Birlik</li> <li>Mimar Sinan</li> <li>Abstract by Seyhun Topuz</li> <li>Abstract by Zerrin Bölükbaşı</li> <li>In Honor of <a href="/wiki/Bediha_Muvahhit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bediha Muvahhit">Bediha Muvahhit</a></li> <li>Abstract by Kuzgun Acar</li> <li>Kadın figürü</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İstanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024." style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Turkey <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜİK</a>'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul"><img alt="Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/180px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/240px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/120px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/180px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/240px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,655,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,938,389 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="İzmir"><img alt="İzmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/120px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/180px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/240px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2019" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bursa_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bursa"><img alt="Bursa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/120px-Bursa_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/180px-Bursa_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/240px-Bursa_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2905" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,803,482</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,818,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,479,525</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,544,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,214,571</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,475,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,696,249</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,320,241</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,377,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,270,298</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,273,519 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,213,964</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,167,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,164,134</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,161,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,102,907</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,127,612 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121641665">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135931454">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204833/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMjfdpDGj8t68ckrKTpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027821-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79034985">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864652s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864652s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628218">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129395&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451084">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000245610&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cb0ch2j8z8qq">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/1383">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559529905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061035038906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f9a822ff-adce-434c-9292-a8b6a0a37a8e">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17741580?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02638986X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044311">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/istanbul">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&oldid=1259858036">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&oldid=1259858036</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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and towns in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_sites_in_Turkey" title="Category:Roman sites in Turkey">Roman sites in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transcontinental_cities" title="Category:Transcontinental cities">Transcontinental cities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Turkish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Turkish IPA">Pages with Turkish 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3492.812 1 -total"," 38.74% 1353.124 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.15% 738.896 173 Template:Cite_web"," 15.74% 549.834 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.52% 507.199 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 12.36% 431.877 103 Template:Cite_book"," 5.70% 198.928 32 Template:Sfn"," 5.45% 190.257 23 Template:Navbox"," 4.74% 165.478 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.27% 149.167 39 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.223","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24789803,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbasniaTorosMemarian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAktaş2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlganYalçınÖzdoğanYılmaz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthanasopulos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinsonBridge2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAydınlık2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAğırArtunç2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaserToivanenZorluDuman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaynes1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomBlair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourque2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyarFleet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrink-Danan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrummett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBéhar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantor1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamber_of_Architects_of_Turkey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandlerFox1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahmus1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDash2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Souza2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Sélincourt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumperStanley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEFE2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFERM_Group_(Germany_and_UK)_and_ELC-Group_(Istanbul)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfeCürebal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeksiz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdemir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgacas1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigoryan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosvenor1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGökselKerslake2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöktürkSoysalTüreli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGül2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenselSunguroglErtaş2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeper2018\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHerrin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngleby2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsil_Sariyuce_and_Ivana_Kottasová\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanin1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyder1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimczukWarner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnielingOthengrafen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKugel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöksal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepeska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetsch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimberis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakovetsky1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastersÁgoston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKernan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoonan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Mohamed_Karadaghi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNassi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNecipoğlu1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNecipoğlu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNecipoğlu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikitin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapathanassis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeace2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuantic2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainsford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoebuck1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoudometofAgadjanianPankhurst2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRôzen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchillinger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawShaw1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSongün2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTait2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarasovMilner-Gulland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTigrekKibaroğlu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime_Out_Guides2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTirman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasettiRutherford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuba_Ongun2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuran2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuray\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkish_Daily_News2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVercihan_Ziflioğlu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWCTR_SocietyUnʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWharton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmanHelsinki_Watch_(Organization_:_U.S.)Human_Rights_Watch_(Organization)1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynn1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYavuz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Zayas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇelik1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇelik1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇetinMansuroğluKalaycı_Önaç2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞafak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞafak2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFʻAner2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"50th Anniversary Sculptures\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 6,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 5,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite LPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite RDPCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 101,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 173,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 19,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 7,\n [\"Districts of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"European Capital of Culture\"] = 1,\n [\"European Capital of Sport\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Google maps\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 81,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mapframe\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Istanbul\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Langr\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 10,\n [\"Largest cities in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Mayors of İstanbul\"] = 1,\n [\"Megacities\"] = 1,\n [\"Metropolitan centers in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 7,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 39,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 1,\n [\"ODB\"] = 1,\n [\"Olist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"Provinces of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 3,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 32,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 4,\n [\"Turkey topics\"] = 1,\n [\"UNESCO WHS type\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"World's most populous urban areas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","15.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","12.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","7.6"],["type","160","6.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.0"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","80","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.5"],["[others]","720","30.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-678566b588-bq9s8","timestamp":"20241128193518","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Istanbul","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istanbul","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q406","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q406","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-20T09:25:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T13:19:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg","headline":"city in Turkey located at the Bosporus Strait"}</script> </body> </html>