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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p>Dans une solution liquide le coefficient d'<a href="/wiki/Activit%C3%A9_chimique" title="Activité chimique">activité</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> donné (ex : Ca<sup>2+</sup>...) n'est pas mesurable car il est expérimentalement impossible de mesurer indépendamment le <a href="/wiki/Potentiel_%C3%A9lectrochimique" title="Potentiel électrochimique">potentiel électrochimique</a> d'un ion en solution. </p><p>C'est pourquoi on introduit la notion de <b>coefficient d'activité moyen</b>. Le coefficient d'activité moyen d'une solution est noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\gamma }}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>γ</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\gamma }}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f206cbf1eb3649d6bb3aff70b3694e22389a9576" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.802ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\gamma }}\,\!}"></span>. Pour un électrolyte de type <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\nu _{+}}B_{\nu _{-}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\nu _{+}}B_{\nu _{-}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4cbefd32e5fa70e0e4a7a331fd20d1b666fb963" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:8.387ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\nu _{+}}B_{\nu _{-}}\,\!}"></span>, il est égal à : </p> <div class="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\gamma }}={\sqrt[{\nu }]{\gamma _{-}^{\nu _{-}}\gamma _{+}^{\nu _{+}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>γ</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\gamma }}={\sqrt[{\nu }]{\gamma _{-}^{\nu _{-}}\gamma _{+}^{\nu _{+}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c75479624b741088166dbdca18f5f3857e59d525" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.89ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\gamma }}={\sqrt[{\nu }]{\gamma _{-}^{\nu _{-}}\gamma _{+}^{\nu _{+}}}}}"></span></div> <p>Où : </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd713675eb0a03f397c935b474b9c73664e1c1f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{+}}"></span> est le nombre total de moles de cations par <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit%C3%A9)" title="Mole (unité)">mole</a> de solution</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16995b324af505a3c58fbdcb33120d60b454ca66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.659ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{-}}"></span> est le nombre total de moles d'anions par mole de solution</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =\nu _{+}+\nu _{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =\nu _{+}+\nu _{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33892d9859d39da3a0be66554f7428b92acc6f86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.49ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =\nu _{+}+\nu _{-}}"></span> est le nombre total de moles d'<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> par mole de solution</li></ul> <p>Le coefficient d'activité moyen est souvent déterminé à partir de la <a href="/wiki/Force_ionique" title="Force ionique">force ionique</a>, à l'aide de la <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_de_Debye-H%C3%BCckel" title="Théorie de Debye-Hückel">théorie de Debye-Hückel</a>. </p> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail de la chimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail:Chimie">Portail de la chimie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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