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"></span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div></header><div id="content" class="grid grid-cols-12"><div class="hero-banner-container col-span-12" id="hero-banner"><div class="component hero-banner hero-banner--main hero-banner--medium {38E4DCEC-7934-4768-ADFE-65E4A5C26274} "><div class="hero-banner-image-container"><div class="hero-banner-image-wrapper has-bg-img "><img alt="ASML employees working in a cleanroom" width="1920" height="1080" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, (max-width: 319px) 320px, (max-width: 499px) 500px, (max-width: 575px) 576px, (max-width: 749px) 750px, (max-width: 767px) 768px, (max-width: 991px) 992px, (max-width: 999px) 1000px, (max-width: 1199px) 1200px, (max-width: 1599px) 1600px, 1920px" class="hero-banner-image page-image" title="ASML employees working in a cleanroom" style="object-position:50% 50%" layout="fill" 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https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/asml-employees-working-in-a-cleanroom.jpg?mw=1920 1920w" src="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/asml-employees-working-in-a-cleanroom.jpg?h=1080&iar=0&w=1920"/></div></div><div class="hero-banner-content-container "><div class="fluid-grid"><div class="hero-banner-content translate-y-0 opacity-100 "><div class="component breadcrumbs--hero-banner"><nav><ol><li class=" "><a title="Home" href="/en">Home</a><svg width="6" height="9" viewBox="0 0 6 9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.52 9.056 5.157 5.42h.001l.606-.606L1.521.57l-.606.606L4.55 4.814.915 8.45l.606.606Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg></li><li class=" "><a title="Technology" href="/en/technology">Technology</a><svg width="6" height="9" viewBox="0 0 6 9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.52 9.056 5.157 5.42h.001l.606-.606L1.521.57l-.606.606L4.55 4.814.915 8.45l.606.606Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg></li><li class="mobile-back-item "><svg width="6" height="9" viewBox="0 0 6 9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M4.52.571.887 4.208H.884l-.606.606 4.243 4.242.606-.606-3.635-3.636 3.635-3.637L4.52.571Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg><a title="All about chips" href="/en/technology/all-about-microchips">All about chips</a><svg width="6" height="9" viewBox="0 0 6 9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.52 9.056 5.157 5.42h.001l.606-.606L1.521.57l-.606.606L4.55 4.814.915 8.45l.606.606Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg></li></ol></nav></div><h1 class="hero-banner-title page-title" role="heading">How microchips are made</h1><p role="heading" class="hero-banner-subtitle page-subtitle scrollbar-hide max-h-[198px]">Learn about the steps in the chip fabrication process and what it’s like working in a cleanroom</p><div class="hero-banner-comp"><div class="hero-banner-comp-line"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center " role="img" xlink:title="long arrow"><use href="/images/icons/long-arrow.svg#long-arrow"></use></svg></div><label class="hero-banner-comp-text"><span class="">01 / 54</span></label></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 custom-container rte-container fluid-grid"><div class="component col-span-12 mb-2 md:col-start-3 md:col-span-4 font-weight--light custom-rich-text "><div><h5><span style="color: rgb(15, 35, 140);">Microchips are made by building up layers of interconnected patterns on a silicon wafer.</span></h5></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 md:col-start-8 md:col-span-3 custom-rich-text "><div><p>The microchip manufacturing process involves hundreds of steps and can take up to four months from design to mass production. In the cleanrooms of the chipmakers’ fabs (fabrication facilities), air quality and temperature are kept tightly controlled as robots transport their precious wafers from machine to machine.</p></div></div></div><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="component ts col-span-12 is-swiper-init ts--slideview"><div class="ts__pagination opacity-0"></div><div class="ts__controls"><button class="ts__arrow--prev h-6 w-9" title="Previous"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center " role="img"><use href="/images/icons/ui.svg#long-white-left"></use></svg></button><span class="ts__border--sm" role="none"></span><button class="h-5 w-5" disabled="" title="Slideview"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center " role="img"><use href="/images/icons/ui.svg#listview"></use></svg></button><span class="ts__border--sm [&]:bg-color-transparent" role="none"></span><button class="h-5 w-5" title="Tileview"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center " role="img"><use href="/images/icons/ui.svg#tileview"></use></svg></button><span class="ts__border--sm" role="none"></span><button class="ts__arrow--next h-6 w-9" title="Next"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center " role="img"><use href="/images/icons/ui.svg#long-white-right"></use></svg></button></div><div class="ts__border is-active"><div class="ts__border-left"></div><div class="ts__border-right"></div></div></div><div class="component itb itb--default col-span-12 undefined"><div class="itb-text-col component-wrapper"><div class="component col-span-12 mb-2 font-weight--medium custom-rich-text "><div><h4>Tiny skyscrapers</h4></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 custom-rich-text "><div><p>Modern chips can have up to 100 layers, which all need to align on top of each other with nanometer precision (called 'overlay'). The size of the features printed on the chip varies depending on the layer, which means that different types of lithography systems are used for different layers. Our latest-generation <a href="/en/products/euv-lithography-systems" rel="noopener noreferrer">EUV (extreme ultraviolet) machines</a> are used for the most critical layers with the smallest features, and our <a href="/en/products/duv-lithography-systems" rel="noopener noreferrer">DUV (deep ultraviolet) machines </a>for the less critical layers with larger features.</p></div></div></div><div class="itb-media-col component-wrapper"><div class="itb-img"><img alt="Computer image of tiny structures that make a computer chip" width="1920" height="1080" loading="lazy" title="Computer image of tiny structures that make a computer chip" style="object-position:50% 50%" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, (max-width: 319px) 320px, (max-width: 499px) 500px, (max-width: 575px) 575px, 1200px" srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?mw=100 100w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?mw=320 320w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?mw=500 500w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?mw=576 576w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?mw=1200 1200w" src="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?h=1080&iar=0&w=1920"/></div></div></div><div class="component itb itb--default col-span-12 undefined"><div class="itb-text-col component-wrapper"><div class="component col-span-12 mb-2 font-weight--medium custom-rich-text "><div><h4>How clean is ‘clean’?</h4></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 custom-rich-text "><div><p>If even the smallest speck of dust or other foreign materials ends up on the wafer, it can ruin the microchip, so chipmakers are careful to keep their fabs clean. Just how clean? About 10,000 times cleaner than the outside air. Most chipmakers have ‘ISO class 1’ cleanrooms that are ‘zero dust’, meaning there are no more than 10 particles between 100 and 200 nm in size per cubic meter of air, and none larger than 200 nm. In comparison, a clean, modern hospital has about 10,000 dust particles per cubic meter.</p><p><br /></p><p>The air inside a cleanroom is filtered and recirculated continuously, and employees wear special clothing (sometimes called ‘bunny suits’) to help keep the air particle free.</p><p>ASML machines are also made in cleanrooms inside our EUV and DUV factories in <a href="/en/company/about-asml/locations/veldhoven" rel="noopener noreferrer">Veldhoven, the Netherlands.</a></p><p> </p><p>Learn more about working in chipmaker fabs as a <a href="/en/careers/teams/customer-support" rel="noopener noreferrer">customer support engineer</a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="itb-media-col component-wrapper"><div class="itb-img"><img alt="DUV gowning area" width="1920" height="1280" loading="lazy" title="DUV gowning area" style="object-position:50% 50%" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, (max-width: 319px) 320px, (max-width: 499px) 500px, (max-width: 575px) 575px, 1200px" 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class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" " data-value="+">+</div></div><p class="relative z-1 text-cardtitle [&+p]:mt-2 xl:[&+p]:mt-4">Machines in a fab</p><p class="relative z-1 mt-4 text-subtitle">Including lithography machines</p></div></div></div><div class="component facts-and-figures-item pr-2 col-span-12 md:col-span-6 lg:mb-12 xl:col-span-3 col-span-12 icon--wafer"><div class="flex w-full flex-row items-start overflow-hidden xl:flex-col"><span class="facts-and-figures--icon z-1 block h-12.5 w-12.5 lg:mb-2 lg:h-16 lg:w-16 max-xl:mr-6" role="presentation"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center svg-icon [&_use]:scale-100" role="img"><use href="/images/icons/pictograms.svg#wafer"></use></svg></span><div class="facts-and-figures--text"><div class="heading-2 flex h-10 flex-row overflow-hidden lg:mb-4 lg:h-12 xxl:h-14.5"><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="5"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="0"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" " data-value="k">k</div></div><p class="relative z-1 text-cardtitle [&+p]:mt-2 xl:[&+p]:mt-4">Average wafer starts per month</p></div></div></div><div class="component facts-and-figures-item pr-2 col-span-12 md:col-span-6 lg:mb-12 xl:col-span-3 col-span-12 icon--manufactory-emissions"><div class="flex w-full flex-row items-start overflow-hidden xl:flex-col"><span class="facts-and-figures--icon z-1 block h-12.5 w-12.5 lg:mb-2 lg:h-16 lg:w-16 max-xl:mr-6" role="presentation"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center svg-icon [&_use]:scale-100" role="img"><use href="/images/icons/pictograms.svg#manufactory-emissions"></use></svg></span><div class="facts-and-figures--text"><div class="heading-2 flex h-10 flex-row overflow-hidden lg:mb-4 lg:h-12 xxl:h-14.5"><div class=" " data-value="€">€</div><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="1"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="5"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" " data-value="b">b</div><div class=" " data-value="n">n</div><div class=" " data-value="+">+</div></div><p class="relative z-1 text-cardtitle [&+p]:mt-2 xl:[&+p]:mt-4">Cost of building a fab</p></div></div></div><div class="component facts-and-figures-item pr-2 col-span-12 md:col-span-6 lg:mb-12 xl:col-span-3 col-span-12 icon--robotics"><div class="flex w-full flex-row items-start overflow-hidden xl:flex-col"><span class="facts-and-figures--icon z-1 block h-12.5 w-12.5 lg:mb-2 lg:h-16 lg:w-16 max-xl:mr-6" role="presentation"><svg class="h-full w-full object-cover object-center svg-icon [&_use]:scale-100" role="img"><use href="/images/icons/pictograms.svg#robotics"></use></svg></span><div class="facts-and-figures--text"><div class="heading-2 flex h-10 flex-row overflow-hidden lg:mb-4 lg:h-12 xxl:h-14.5"><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="1"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" " data-value=",">,</div><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="0"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="0"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" transition-all duration-2000 ease-ease" data-value="0"><span class="block">0</span><span class="block">1</span><span class="block">2</span><span class="block">3</span><span class="block">4</span><span class="block">5</span><span class="block">6</span><span class="block">7</span><span class="block">8</span><span class="block">9</span></div><div class=" " data-value="+">+</div></div><p class="relative z-1 text-cardtitle [&+p]:mt-2 xl:[&+p]:mt-4">Steps in chipmaking process</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 custom-container rte-container fluid-grid"><div class="component col-span-12 mb-2 md:col-start-3 md:col-span-7 lg:col-span-5 lg:col-start-3 font-weight--medium custom-rich-text "><div><h4>Types of chipmakers</h4></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 mb-12 md:col-start-3 md:col-span-7 lg:col-span-5 lg:col-start-3 custom-rich-text "><div><p>Integrated device manufacturers (IDMs) such as Intel and Samsung both design and manufacture chips. Foundries, on the other hand, are companies that manufacture chips under contract for other companies. TSMC, GLOBALFOUNDRIES and UMC are examples of this type of chipmaker. A third type of chipmaker is the ‘fabless semiconductor company’ such as Qualcomm, Nvidia and AMD, who avoid the high costs of building and maintaining production facilities by focusing only on chip design. These companies might farm out their production to a foundry.</p></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 md:col-start-3 md:col-span-7 lg:col-span-5 lg:col-start-3 font-weight--medium custom-rich-text "><div><h4>Read more about microchips</h4></div></div></div><div class="component custom-container--respy content-cards col-span-12 no-pt"><div class="content-cards-wrapper"><a title="" target="" class="content-card has-link" href="/en/technology/all-about-microchips/microchip-basics"><img alt="The basics" width="1920" height="1282" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, 320px" class="content-card-image" srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/47137-wafer-close-up.jpg?mw=100 100w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/47137-wafer-close-up.jpg?mw=320 320w" src="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/47137-wafer-close-up.jpg?h=1282&iar=0&w=1920"/><span class="content-card-title">The basics</span><div class="content-card-text rte-container break-words"><p>Learn about microchips – the foundations of our digital world.</p></div></a><a title="" target="" class="content-card has-link" href="/en/technology/all-about-microchips/moores-law"><img alt="Moore’s Law" width="1920" height="1280" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, 320px" class="content-card-image" srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/wafers-in-foup-with-asymmetry.jpg?mw=100 100w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/wafers-in-foup-with-asymmetry.jpg?mw=320 320w" src="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/wafers-in-foup-with-asymmetry.jpg?h=1280&iar=0&w=1920"/><span class="content-card-title">Moore’s Law</span><div class="content-card-text rte-container break-words"><p>Learn about the prediction that’s been driving the semiconductor industry since 1965.</p></div></a></div></div><div class="component itb itb--default col-span-12 bg-color-blue-200 bg-light"><div class="itb-text-col component-wrapper"><div class="component col-span-12 mb-6 font-weight--medium custom-rich-text "><div><h4><span style="color: rgb(15, 35, 140);">The crucial steps in semiconductor manufacturing</span></h4></div></div><div class="component col-span-12 mb-6 rte--body-lg custom-rich-text "><div><p>Now you understand the basics, it's time to take a deeper dive. Ready to learn about the six most crucial steps in making microchips?</p></div></div><div class="component primary-btn col-span-12"><a title="" target="" class="btn button--yellowline " rel="noopener noreferer" href="/en/news/stories/2021/semiconductor-manufacturing-process-steps"><span class="text-span">Read the story</span></a></div></div><div class="itb-media-col component-wrapper"><div class="itb-img"><img alt="An illustration of a city within a chip, on a motherboard." width="1920" height="1080" title="An illustration of a city within a chip, on a motherboard." loading="lazy" style="object-position:50% 50%" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, (max-width: 319px) 320px, (max-width: 499px) 500px, (max-width: 575px) 575px, 1200px" srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/news/stories/2021/six-steps-semiconductor-manufacturing/asml_microchipproduction_header.png?mw=100 100w, 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srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/47006-cleanroom-assembly.jpg?mw=100 100w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/47006-cleanroom-assembly.jpg?mw=320 320w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/47006-cleanroom-assembly.jpg?mw=500 500w" src="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/47006-cleanroom-assembly.jpg?h=1284&iar=0&w=1920"/><div class="related-content-card-body rte-container"><span class="related-content-card-title">Technology</span><div class="related-content-card-text">Learn about the technology behind our lithography, metrology and inspection, and software solutions.</div></div></a></div><div class="related-content-card-container"><a title="" target="" class="related-content-card related-content-card--content" href="/en/technology/lithography-principles"><img alt="A wafer is exposed inside an ASML EUV lithography machine" width="1920" height="1080" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, (max-width: 319px) 320px, 500px" class="related-content-card-image" title="A wafer is exposed inside an ASML EUV lithography machine" srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/43681-inside-nxe3400-waferstage-during-exposure.jpg?mw=100 100w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/43681-inside-nxe3400-waferstage-during-exposure.jpg?mw=320 320w, https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/43681-inside-nxe3400-waferstage-during-exposure.jpg?mw=500 500w" src="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/43681-inside-nxe3400-waferstage-during-exposure.jpg?h=1080&iar=0&w=1920"/><div class="related-content-card-body rte-container"><span class="related-content-card-title">Lithography principles</span><div class="related-content-card-text">The basics of lithography, the critical step in making a microchip.</div></div></a></div><div class="related-content-card-container"><a title="" target="" class="related-content-card related-content-card--content" href="/en/careers"><img alt="" width="1920" height="1280" sizes="(max-width: 99px) 100px, (max-width: 319px) 320px, 500px" class="related-content-card-image" title="" srcSet="https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/careers/01-hero-images/careers.jpg?mw=100 100w, 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md:col-span-4","FieldNames":"Default","Styles":"font-weight--light","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"content":{"value":"\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(15, 35, 140);\"\u003eMicrochips are made by building up layers of interconnected patterns on a silicon wafer.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e"}}},{"uid":"54a94e20-8b37-4c6f-b5a4-36259a2b2a1d","componentName":"CustomRichText","dataSource":"/sitecore/content/asmlcom/asmlcom/Home/Technology/all about microchips/how-microchips are made/Data/RT - Intro 2","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12 md:col-start-8 md:col-span-3","FieldNames":"Default","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"content":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe microchip manufacturing process involves hundreds of steps and can take up to four months from design to mass production. In the cleanrooms of the chipmakers’ fabs (fabrication facilities), air quality and temperature are kept tightly controlled as robots transport their precious wafers from machine to machine.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}]}},{"uid":"67379f8f-51d8-4964-9621-a7f6a3944365","componentName":"TimelineStorySlider","dataSource":"/sitecore/content/asmlcom/asmlcom/Home/Technology/all about microchips/how-microchips are made/Data/TS - The Chipmaking process","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"title":{"value":"How microchips are made"}},"placeholders":{"timeline-story-slides":[{"uid":"1eb36b72-5dbb-4bec-a0a0-0c6e926d4249","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"bb3b2cc2-cf6f-4480-9f53-bda7baa6ab7b","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/wafer-handler-inside-machine-asml-twinscan-nxe3400.png?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"The wafer handler brings a wafer into the machine inside the ASML TWINSCAN NXE:3400.","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"Swipe or click right to explore how chips are made, step by step."},"navigationTitle":{"value":""},"slideTitle":{"value":"The chipmaking process"}}},{"uid":"e965d148-8e57-4b91-a92e-dab5ee02c7f2","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"f45e374c-9117-4e15-aa62-9564059bc52c","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/clear-plastic-foup-silicon-wafers.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"A clear plastic FOUP containing two silicon wafers.","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"The first step in creating a microchip is typically to deposit thin films of materials onto the silicon wafer. These materials can be conductors, isolators or semiconductors."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 1"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Deposition"}}},{"uid":"e9adce7d-3841-4fe8-926c-b23d371c7f08","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"236f8a98-2745-4cff-ac92-7a4b0c530ddc","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/inside-asml-twinscan-nxe3400b-euv-lithography-machine.jpg?h=2812\u0026iar=0\u0026w=5000","alt":"Inside an ASML TWINSCAN NXE:3400B extreme ultraviolet lithography machine.","width":"5000","height":"2812"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":" Lithography, or photolithography, is the critical step in the computer chip-making process. It involves coating the wafer with photosensitive material and exposing it with light inside an ASML lithography machine."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 2"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Lithography"}}},{"uid":"65800fc8-1ace-46d1-b5e6-1a04f328c3ea","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"3eee57dd-bd5f-4a48-b96f-10f880243297","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/asml-semiconductor-technician-pushes-cart-with-wafers-through-hallway.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"An ASML semiconductor technician in a white cleanroom suit pushes a cart with wafers on it through a hallway.","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"To print a layer of a chip, the wafer is first coated with a light-sensitive layer called a ‘photoresist’, or ‘resist’, for short. It then enters the lithography machine."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 3"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Photoresist coating "}}},{"uid":"74399adc-f40d-4a63-9970-787262551fcc","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"5c95d094-95d5-4b58-b2f5-2301d46109f5","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/43681-inside-nxe3400-waferstage-during-exposure.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"A wafer is exposed inside an ASML EUV lithography machine","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"49.11%","Left":"66.80%"},"body":{"value":"Inside the lithography machine, light is projected onto the wafer through the reticle containing the blueprint of the pattern to be printed. The system’s optics shrink and focus the pattern onto the resist. Where light hits the resist, it causes chemical changes, recreating the pattern from the reticle in the resist."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 4"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Exposure"}}},{"uid":"cd4aeb0a-b271-434f-a784-0cce26a0809f","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"e0e0ec7c-f5b3-473d-bba8-0b642ccef888","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/lithography-reticles-masks.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"A close-up view of three different reticles, or masks, used in lithography.","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"The reticle containing the pattern to be printed on the wafer sometimes needs to be optimized by intentionally deforming the pattern to compensate for physical and chemical effects that occur during lithography. ASML machines do this by combining algorithmic models with data from our machines and from test wafers."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 5"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Computational lithography"}}},{"uid":"b56249bd-80cd-4ee8-bf23-2d64990426e3","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"e0e0ec7c-f5b3-473d-bba8-0b642ccef888","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/lithography-reticles-masks.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"A close-up view of three different reticles, or masks, used in lithography.","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"The reticle containing the pattern to be printed on the wafer sometimes needs to be optimized by intentionally deforming the pattern to compensate for physical and chemical effects that occur during lithography. ASML machines do this by combining algorithmic models with data from our machines and from test wafers."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 5"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Computational lithography"}}},{"uid":"a0b75f1e-7666-4d1e-8784-635432620eab","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"99d46b04-8444-4f75-b42a-184d7f55f844","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/asml-cleanroom-technician-carries-foup-wafers.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"An ASML cleanroom technician carries a FOUP containing wafers. ","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"After leaving the lithography machine, the wafer is baked and developed to make those changes permanent, and some of the photoresist is washed away to create a pattern of open spaces in the resist."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 6"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Baking \u0026 developing"}}},{"uid":"e08c65be-fed9-4e2d-9c57-d7e34046817d","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"e7c78857-2abf-44f0-8f29-b6458ad5e17c","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"Computer image of tiny structures that make a computer chip","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"Materials such as gases are used to etch away material from the open spaces creating during the developing phase, leaving a 3D version of the pattern."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 7"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Etching"}}},{"uid":"6144ad78-5199-43e5-b499-69fa0f5b88d6","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"f465df85-0ab0-4354-b8ac-aac79735acec","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/43677-inside-nxe3400.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"NXE3400 metrology","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"Throughout the chip production process, the wafer is measured and inspected for errors. These measurements are fed back to the systems and are used to optimize and stabilize the equipment."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 8"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Metrology \u0026 inspection"}}},{"uid":"24f1a5ab-96b4-444f-9a45-fa37f6ae87b6","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"f961771f-0cc8-4b06-9187-9ac4ed2afaca","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/wafers-in-foup-with-asymmetry.jpg?h=1280\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"A plastic orange FOUP containing silicon wafers","width":"1920","height":"1280"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"The wafer may also be bombarded with positive or negative ions to tune the semiconductor properties of parts of the pattern, before the remaining photoresist is removed."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 9"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Ion implantation"}}},{"uid":"65de902d-fb54-414d-bb11-6be00394e7d0","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"6b8e29d5-d82e-4608-a4f1-f64a160f638f","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/lithography-elements/47137-wafer-close-up.jpg?h=1282\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"A closeup of a silicon wafer containing colorful chips","width":"1920","height":"1282"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"This whole process, from deposition to resist removal, is repeated until the wafer is covered in patterns, completing one layer of the wafer’s chips. To make an entire chip, this process can be repeated up to 100 times, laying patterns on top of patterns to create an integrated circuit."},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 10"},"slideTitle":{"value":"‘Repeat as needed’"}}},{"uid":"94b864f4-96cc-4c02-8a2d-34ea35bc40cc","componentName":"TimelineStorySlide","dataSource":"178e7c4a-f57e-48da-ad79-9daa1139ba3c","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish","FieldNames":"Default"},"fields":{"backgroundImage":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/engineer-holds-microchip.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"Engineer holds microchip","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"backgroundImageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"body":{"value":"In the final step in production, the wafer is diced into individual chips, which are encapsulated in protective packages. The chip is now ready for your TV, tablet or other digital device!"},"navigationTitle":{"value":"Step 11"},"slideTitle":{"value":"Processed wafer"}}}]}},{"uid":"e908dc7e-54fb-4729-a930-10cfcd6bca1e","componentName":"ImageTextBlock","dataSource":"/sitecore/content/asmlcom/asmlcom/Home/Technology/all about microchips/how-microchips are made/Data/ITB - Tiny skyscrapers","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","FieldNames":"Default","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"text":{"value":""},"title":{"value":""},"image":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/tiny-structures-in-computer-chip.jpg?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"Computer image of tiny structures that make a computer chip","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"imageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"imageCaption":{"value":""},"largeParagraph":{"value":""},"stackedText":{"value":""},"EnableImageEnlargement":{"value":false}},"placeholders":{"image-text-block-placeholder-a":[{"uid":"3bf80811-dbe8-4552-b56c-9678be58cb3a","componentName":"CustomRichText","dataSource":"e63da3cd-f1e6-43df-8386-69e588e1a826","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12 mb-2","FieldNames":"Default","Styles":"font-weight--medium","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"content":{"value":"\u003ch4\u003eTiny skyscrapers\u003c/h4\u003e"}}},{"uid":"2e848595-40c8-48ba-baa1-670abfdd685a","componentName":"CustomRichText","dataSource":"59bca382-6349-4d35-84ea-4522f007e24c","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","FieldNames":"Default","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"content":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eModern chips can have up to 100 layers, which all need to align on top of each other with nanometer precision (called 'overlay'). The size of the features printed on the chip varies depending on the layer, which means that different types of lithography systems are used for different layers. Our latest-generation\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"/en/products/euv-lithography-systems\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eEUV (extreme ultraviolet) machines\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;are used for the most critical layers with the smallest features, and our\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"/en/products/duv-lithography-systems\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eDUV (deep ultraviolet) machines\u0026nbsp;\u003c/a\u003efor the less critical layers with larger features.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}],"image-text-block-placeholder-b":[]}},{"uid":"09cca987-d002-4501-92f2-57b870e35f9f","componentName":"ImageTextBlock","dataSource":"/sitecore/content/asmlcom/asmlcom/Home/Technology/all about microchips/how-microchips are made/Data/ITB - How clean is clean","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","FieldNames":"Default","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"text":{"value":""},"title":{"value":""},"image":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/cleanroom/47117-duv-gowning-area.jpg?h=1280\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"DUV gowning area","width":"1920","height":"1280"}},"imageFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"imageCaption":{"value":""},"largeParagraph":{"value":""},"stackedText":{"value":""},"EnableImageEnlargement":{"value":false}},"placeholders":{"image-text-block-placeholder-a":[{"uid":"f80c02e7-0510-4f83-b725-7baf4b81db9b","componentName":"CustomRichText","dataSource":"1de01a4c-3556-4be7-85be-c9286f63c5a5","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12 mb-2","FieldNames":"Default","Styles":"font-weight--medium","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"content":{"value":"\u003ch4\u003eHow clean is ‘clean’?\u003c/h4\u003e"}}},{"uid":"22e72fd8-1eb3-4f38-baa0-25902080bab5","componentName":"CustomRichText","dataSource":"3a519a6c-270f-46ad-a48a-fb55cf9c027a","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","FieldNames":"Default","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"content":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIf even the smallest speck of dust or other foreign materials ends up on the wafer, it can ruin the microchip, so chipmakers are careful to keep their fabs clean. Just how clean? About 10,000 times cleaner than the outside air. Most chipmakers have ‘ISO class 1’ cleanrooms that are ‘zero dust’, meaning there are no more than 10 particles between 100 and 200 nm in size per cubic meter of air, and none larger than 200 nm. In comparison, a clean, modern hospital has about 10,000 dust particles per cubic meter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe air inside a cleanroom is filtered and recirculated continuously, and employees wear special clothing (sometimes called ‘bunny suits’) to help keep the air particle free.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eASML machines are also made in cleanrooms inside our EUV and DUV factories in\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"/en/company/about-asml/locations/veldhoven\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eVeldhoven, the Netherlands.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearn more about working in chipmaker fabs as a\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"/en/careers/teams/customer-support\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003ecustomer support engineer\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"}}}],"image-text-block-placeholder-b":[]}},{"uid":"49959a94-10ef-4c5d-ac69-ab5e71a3e06a","componentName":"VideoBanner","dataSource":"/sitecore/content/asmlcom/asmlcom/Home/Technology/all about microchips/how-microchips are made/Data/VB - How does a chip go from design to mass production","params":{"GridParameters":"col-span-12","tag":"span","FieldNames":"Default","CacheClearingBehavior":"Clear on publish"},"fields":{"text":{"value":"In this ASML Whiteboard Session episode, semiconductor industry expert Scott Middlebrooks tells the story of a chip’s development journey"},"title":{"value":"How does a chip go from design to mass production?"},"youtubeid":{"value":"5qytxbvhV_o"},"alt":{"value":"How does a chip go from design to mass production"},"banner":{"value":{"src":"https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/asmlnetherlaaea-asmlcom-prd-5369/media/project/asmlcom/asmlcom/asml/images/technology/about-our-technology/asml-whiteboard-session.png?h=1080\u0026iar=0\u0026w=1920","alt":"ASML Whiteboard Session","width":"1920","height":"1080"}},"bannerFocalPoint":{"Top":"50%","Left":"50%"},"enableCookieTitle":{"value":"Enable third party cookies to play this video"},"enableCookieSubtitle":{"value":"Below you can enable third party cookies. 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