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href="#The_Black_Diaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The <i>Black Diaries</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Black_Diaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>State funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Casement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA" title="روجر كيسمنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روجر كيسمنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_Mac_Easmainn" title="Ruairí Mac Easmainn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruairí Mac Easmainn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_David_Casement" title="Roger David Casement – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roger David Casement" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA" title="راجر کیسمنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راجر کیسمنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_Mac_Easmainn" title="Ruairí Mac Easmainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruairí Mac Easmainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A8%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="로저 케이스먼트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로저 케이스먼트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98" title="רוג'ר קייסמנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוג'ר קייסמנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerius_Casement" title="Rogerius Casement – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rogerius Casement" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA" title="روجير كاسيمينت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روجير كاسيمينت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ロジャー・ケースメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャー・ケースメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BC" title="راجر کېسمينټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راجر کېسمينټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кейсмент, Роджер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кейсмент, Роджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roger Casement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Роджер Кейсмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роджер Кейсмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Roger_Casement" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Roger Casement</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="lang-ga">(Ruairí Mac Easmainn)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Roger_Casement_P557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Casement 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roger David Casement</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-09-01</span>)</span>1 September 1864<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sandycove" title="Sandycove">Sandycove</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-08-03)</span> (aged 51)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville" title="HM Prison Pentonville">Pentonville Prison</a>, London, UK</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data">Casement Monument at Ballyheigue Beach</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organisation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Roger David Casement</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ga (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ga</a>; 1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916), known as <b>Sir Roger Casement</b>, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a>, between 1911 and 1916, was a diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a>. He worked for the <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a> as a diplomat, becoming known as a humanitarian activist, and later as a poet and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as the "father of twentieth-century human rights investigations",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was honoured in 1905 for the <a href="/wiki/Casement_Report" title="Casement Report">Casement Report</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo</a> and knighted in 1911 for his important investigations of human rights abuses in the rubber industry in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Africa as a young man, Casement first worked for commercial interests before joining the British Colonial Service. In 1891 he was appointed as a British <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a>, a profession he followed for more than 20 years. Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> and his investigation into colonial atrocities against indigenous peoples, Casement grew to mistrust <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. After retiring from consular service in 1913, he became more involved with <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a> and other separatist movements. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he made efforts to gain German military aid for the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> that sought to gain Irish independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was arrested, convicted and executed for high treason. He was stripped of his knighthood and other honours. Before the trial, the British government circulated excerpts said to be from his private journals, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Diaries" title="Black Diaries">Black Diaries</a></i>, which detailed <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> activities. Given prevailing views and existing laws on homosexuality, this material undermined support for clemency for Casement. Debates have continued about these diaries: a handwriting comparison study in 2002 concluded that Casement had written the diaries, but this was still contested by some.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>Casement was born in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> to an Anglo-Irish family, and lived in very early childhood at Doyle's Cottage, Lawson Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Sandycove" title="Sandycove">Sandycove</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a terrace that no longer exists, but that was on Sandycove Road between what is now Fitzgerald's pub and The Butler's Pantry delicatessen. </p><p>His father, Captain Roger Casement of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_of_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Own Royal Regiment of Dragoons">(King's Own) Regiment of Dragoons</a>, was the son of Hugh Casement, a <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">shipping</a> merchant who went bankrupt and later moved to Australia. Captain Casement had served in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">1842 Afghan campaign</a>. He travelled to Europe to fight as a volunteer in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a> but arrived after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Vil%C3%A1gos" title="Surrender at Világos">Surrender at Világos</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the family moved to England, Roger's mother, Anne Jephson (or Jepson), of a Dublin <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> family, purportedly had him secretly baptised at the age of three as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhyl" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (April 2017)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the priest who arranged his baptism in 1916 clearly stated that the claimed earlier baptism had been in <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, 80 miles from Rhyl, raising the question as to why such a supposedly-important event should also become so misremembered.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Roger_Casement_(6188264610).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sir_Roger_Casement_%286188264610%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Roger_Casement_%286188264610%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sir_Roger_Casement_%286188264610%29.jpg/330px-Sir_Roger_Casement_%286188264610%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sir_Roger_Casement_%286188264610%29.jpg/440px-Sir_Roger_Casement_%286188264610%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>circa 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>According to an 1892 letter, Casement believed his mother was descended from the <a href="/wiki/Jephson_family" title="Jephson family">Jephson family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mallow,_County_Cork" title="Mallow, County Cork">Mallow, County Cork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, the Jephson family's historian provides no evidence of this.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family lived in England in genteel poverty; Roger's mother died when he was nine. His father took the family back to Ireland to <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> to live near paternal relatives. When Casement was 13 years old, his father died in <a href="/wiki/Ballymena" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a>, and he was left dependent on the charity of relatives, the Youngs and the Casements. He was educated at the Diocesan School, Ballymena (later the <a href="/wiki/Ballymena_Academy" title="Ballymena Academy">Ballymena Academy</a>). He left school at 16 and went to England to work as a clerk with <a href="/wiki/Elder_Dempster" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Dempster">Elder Dempster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> shipping company headed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lewis_Jones" title="Alfred Lewis Jones">Alfred Lewis Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-siochain_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siochain-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roger Casement's brother, Thomas Hugh Jephson Casement (1863–1939), helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Coastguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coastguard">Irish Coastguard</a> Service. He drowned in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)" title="Grand Canal (Ireland)">Dublin's Grand Canal</a> on 6 March 1939, and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Deansgrange_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Deansgrange Cemetery">Deansgrange Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations_of_Casement">Observations of Casement</h2></div> <p>In a recollection of Casement, which conceivably is coloured by knowledge of his subsequent fate, Ernest Hambloch, Casement's deputy during his consular posting to Brazil, recalls an "unexpected" figure: tall, ungainly; "elaborately courteous" but with "a good deal of pose about him, as though he was afraid of being caught off his guard". "An easy talker and a fluent writer", he could “expound a case, but not argue it". His greatest charm, of which he seemed "quite unconscious" was his voice, which was "very musical." The eyes were "kindly", but not given to laughter: "a sense of humour might have saved him from many things".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s first impressions of Casement, from an encounter in the Congo he judged "a positive piece of good luck", was "thinks, speaks, well, most intelligent and very sympathetic". Later, <i>after</i> Casement's arrest and trial, Conrad had more critical thoughts: "Already in Africa, I judged he was a man, properly speaking, of no mind at all. I don't mean stupid. I mean that he was all emotion. By emotional force (Putumayo, Congo report etc) he made his way, and sheer temperament--a truly tragic figure."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Congo_and_the_Casement_Report">The Congo and the Casement Report</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casement_Report" title="Casement Report">Casement Report</a></div> <p>Casement worked in the Congo for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_International_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="African International Association">African International Association</a> from 1884; this association became known as a front for King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a> in his takeover of what became the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-foden_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foden-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casement worked on a survey to improve communication and recruited and supervised workmen in building a railroad to bypass the lower 220 miles of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, which is made unnavigable by cataracts, in order to improve transportation and trade to the Upper Congo. During his commercial work, he learned African languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_ward_and_roger_casement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Herbert_ward_and_roger_casement.jpg/220px-Herbert_ward_and_roger_casement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Herbert_ward_and_roger_casement.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Roger Casement (right) and his friend <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ward_(sculptor)" title="Herbert Ward (sculptor)">Herbert Ward</a>, whom he met in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></figcaption></figure><p>In 1890 Casement met <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, who had come to the Congo to pilot a merchant ship, <i>Le Roi des Belges</i> ("<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>"). Both were inspired by the idea that "European colonisation would bring moral and social progress to the continent and free its inhabitants 'from slavery, paganism and other barbarities.' Each would soon learn the gravity of his error."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conrad published his short novel <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> in 1899, exploring the colonial ills. Casement later exposed the conditions he found in the Congo during an official investigation for the British government. In these formative years, he also met <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ward_(sculptor)" title="Herbert Ward (sculptor)">Herbert Ward</a>, and they became longtime friends. Ward left Africa in 1889, and devoted his time to becoming an artist, but his experience there strongly influenced his work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Casement joined the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">Colonial Service</a>, under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>, first serving overseas as a clerk in <a href="/wiki/British_West_Africa" title="British West Africa">British West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fintan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fintan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1901 he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> service as British consul in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903 the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_government,_1895%E2%80%931905#Balfour_ministry" title="Unionist government, 1895–1905">Balfour Government</a> commissioned Casement, then its consul at <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Boma, Congo">Boma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, to investigate the human rights situation in that colony of the Belgian king, Leopold II. Setting up a private army known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i>, Leopold had squeezed revenue out of the people of the territory through <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">a reign of terror</a> in the harvesting and export of rubber and other resources. In trade, Belgium shipped guns, whips (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chicotte"><i>chicotte</i></a>) and other materials to the Congo, used chiefly to suppress the local people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_the_Faroe_Islands-2014-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>2014 <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> stamp depicting Casement and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jacob_Danielsen" title="Daniel Jacob Danielsen">Daniel Jacob Danielsen</a>, his Faroese boat captain and assistant<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Casement travelled for weeks in the upper Congo Basin to interview people throughout the region, including workers, overseers, and mercenaries. He delivered a long, detailed eyewitness report to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> that exposed abuses: "the enslavement, mutilation, and torture of natives on the rubber plantations."<sup id="cite_ref-fintan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fintan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Casement_Report" title="Casement Report">Casement Report</a></i> of 1904. King Leopold had held the Congo Free State since 1885, when the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of European powers and the United States effectively gave him free rein in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Leopold had exploited the territory's natural resources (mostly rubber) as a private entrepreneur, not as king of the Belgians. Using violence and murder against men and their families, Leopold's private Force Publique had decimated many native villages in the course of forcing the men to gather rubber and abusing them to increase productivity. Casement's report provoked controversy, and some companies with a business interest in the Congo rejected its findings, as did Casement's former boss, Alfred Lewis Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-siochain_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siochain-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the report was made public, opponents of Congolese conditions formed interest groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Reform_Association" title="Congo Reform Association">Congo Reform Association</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/E._D._Morel" title="E. D. Morel">E. D. Morel</a> with Casement's support, and demanded action to relieve the situation of the Congolese. Other European nations followed suit, as did the United States. The British Parliament demanded a meeting of the 14 signatory powers to review the 1885 Berlin Agreement defining interests in Africa. The Belgian Parliament, pushed by Socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Emile_Vandervelde" title="Emile Vandervelde">Emile Vandervelde</a> and other critics of the king's Congolese policy, forced Léopold to set up an independent commission of inquiry. In 1905, despite Léopold's efforts, it confirmed the essentials of Casement's report. On 15 November 1908, the parliament of Belgium took over the Congo Free State from Léopold and organised its administration as the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peru:_Abuses_against_the_Putumayo_Indians">Peru: Abuses against the Putumayo Indians</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roger_Casement" title="Special:EditPage/Roger Casement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Roger+Casement%22">"Roger Casement"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Roger+Casement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Roger+Casement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Roger+Casement%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Roger+Casement%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Roger+Casement%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1906 the Foreign Office sent Casement to Brazil: first as consul in <a href="/wiki/Santos_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santos (São Paulo)">Santos</a>, then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1_(Bel%C3%A9m)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pará (Belém)">Pará</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lastly promoted to consul-general in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was attached as a consular representative to a commission investigating <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> slavery by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon_Company" title="Peruvian Amazon Company">Peruvian Amazon Company</a> (PAC), which had been registered in Britain in 1908 and had a British board of directors and numerous stockholders. In September 1909, a journalist named Sidney Paternoster, wrote in <i>Truth</i>, a British magazine, of abuses against PAC workers and competing Colombians in the disputed region of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition, the British consul at <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> had said that <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbadians</a>, considered British subjects as part of the empire, had been ill-treated while working for PAC, which gave the government a reason to intervene. Ordinarily it could not investigate the internal affairs of another country. American civil engineer Walter Hardenburg had told Paternoster of witnessing a joint PAC and Peruvian military action against a Colombian rubber station, which they destroyed, stealing the rubber. He also saw Peruvian Indians whose backs were marked by severe whipping, in a pattern called the Mark of Arana (the head of the rubber company), and reported other abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-goodman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>PAC, with its operational headquarters in Iquitos, dominated the city and the region. The area was separated from the main population of Peru by the Andes, and it was 1900 miles from the Amazon's mouth at Pará. The British-registered company was effectively controlled by the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Rubber_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber baron">rubber baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana" title="Julio César Arana">Julio César Arana</a> and his brother. Born in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Arana had climbed out of poverty to own and operate a company harvesting great quantities of rubber in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a>, which was much in demand on the world market. The rubber boom had led to expansion in <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> as a trading center, as all the company rubber was shipped down the Amazon River from there to the Atlantic port. Numerous foreigners had flocked to the area seeking their fortunes in the rubber boom, or at least some piece of the business. The rough frontier city, both respectable businesses and the vice district, was highly dependent on the PAC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Casement traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_District" title="Putumayo District">Putumayo District</a>, where the rubber was harvested deep in the Amazon Basin, and explored the treatment of the local <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolated area was outside the reach of the national government and near the border with Colombia, which periodically made incursions in competition for the rubber. For years, the Indians had been forced into unpaid labor by field staff of the PAC, who exerted absolute power over them and subjected them to near starvation, severe physical abuse, rape of women and girls by the managers and overseers, branding and casual murder. Casement found conditions as inhumane as those in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo</a>. He interviewed both the Putumayo and men who had abused them, including three Barbadians who had also suffered from conditions of the company. When the report was publicised, there was public outrage in Britain over the abuses. Casement made two lengthy visits to the region, first in 1910 with a commission of investigators. </p><p> Casement's report has been described as a "brilliant piece of journalism", as he wove together first-person accounts by both "victims and perpetrators of atrocities ... Never before had distant colonial subjects been given such personal voices in an official document."<sup id="cite_ref-fintan_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fintan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his report was made to the British government, some wealthy board members of the PAC were horrified by what they learned. Arana and the Peruvian government promised to make changes. In 1911, the British government asked Casement to return to Iquitos and Putumayo to see if promised changes in treatment had occurred. In a report to the British foreign secretary, dated 17 March 1911, Casement detailed the rubber company's continued use of <a href="/wiki/Pillories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillories">pillories</a> to punish the Indians:</p><blockquote><p>Men, women, and children were confined in them for days, weeks, and often months. ... Whole families ... were imprisoned—fathers, mothers, and children, and many cases were reported of parents dying thus, either from starvation or from wounds caused by flogging, while their offspring were attached alongside of them to watch in misery themselves the dying agonies of their parents.</p></blockquote> <p>After his return to Britain, Casement repeated his extra-consular campaigning work by organising interventions by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_and_Aborigines%27_Protection_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society">Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society</a> and Catholic missions in the region. Some of the company men exposed as killers in his 1910 report were charged by Peru, while most fled the region and were never captured. Some entrepreneurs had smuggled out cuttings from rubber plants and began cultivation in southeast Asia in colonies of the British Empire. The scandal of the PAC caused major losses in business to the company, and rubber demand began to be met by farmed rubber in other parts of the world. With the collapse of business for PAC, most foreigners left Iquitos and it quickly returned to its former status as an isolated backwater. For a period, the Putumayo Indians were largely left alone. Arana was never prosecuted as head of the company. He lived in London for years, then returned to Peru. Despite the scandal associated with Casement's report and international pressure on the Peruvian government to change conditions, Arana later had a successful political career. He was elected a senator and died in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru in 1952, aged 88.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casement wrote extensively for his private record (as always) in those two years. During this period he continued to write in his diaries, and the one for 1911 was described as being unusually discursive. He kept them in London along with the 1903 diary and other papers of the period, presumably so they could be consulted in his continuing work as "Congo Casement" and as the saviour of the Putumayo Indians. In 1911 Casement received a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthood</a> for his efforts on behalf of the Amazonian Indians, having been appointed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)</a> in 1905 for his Congo work.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_revolutionary">Irish revolutionary</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casement_Roger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Casement_Roger.jpg/170px-Casement_Roger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Casement_Roger.jpg/255px-Casement_Roger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Casement_Roger.jpg/340px-Casement_Roger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Casement attempted to smuggle weapons from Germany for the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg/220px-%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg/330px-%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg/440px-%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Poster advertising public meeting "Against the Lawless Policy of Carsonism"</figcaption></figure> <p>In Ireland in 1904, on leave from Africa from that year until 1905, Casement joined the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a>, an organisation established in 1893 to preserve and revive the spoken and literary use of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. He met the leaders of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> (IPP) to lobby for his work in the Congo. He did not support those, like the IPP, who proposed <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule</a>, as he believed that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> would veto such efforts. Casement was more impressed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> party (founded 1905), which called for an independent Ireland (through a non-violent series of strikes and boycotts). Its sole imperial tie would be a <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">dual monarchy</a> between Britain and Ireland, modeled on the policy example of <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k" class="mw-disambig" title="Ferenc Deák">Ferenc Deák</a> in Hungary. Casement joined the party in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casement retired from the British consular service in the summer of 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November of that year he was among those who helped form the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>. He and <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a>, later the organisation's chief of staff, co-wrote the Volunteers' manifesto. In July 1914, Casement journeyed to the United States to promote and raise money for the Volunteers among the large and numerous Irish community there. Through his friendship with men such as <a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a>, a member both of the Volunteers and of the secret <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB), Casement established connections with exiled Irish nationalists, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of the suspicious <i>Clan</i> did not trust Casement completely, as he was not a member of the IRB and held views they considered too moderate. But others, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Quinn_(collector)" title="John Quinn (collector)">John Quinn</a>, regarded him as extreme. Devoy, initially hostile to Casement for his part in conceding control of the Irish Volunteers to <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a>, was won over in June, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McGarrity" title="Joseph McGarrity">Joseph McGarrity</a>, another <i>Clan</i> leader, became devoted to Casement and remained so from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Howth_gun-running" title="Howth gun-running">Howth gun-running</a> in late July 1914, which Casement had helped to organise and finance, further enhanced his reputation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Casement and John Devoy arranged a meeting in New York with the western hemisphere's top-ranking German diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">Count Bernstorff</a>, to propose a mutually beneficial plan: if Germany would sell guns to the Irish revolutionaries and provide military leaders, the Irish would revolt against England, diverting troops and attention from the war with Germany. Bernstorff appeared sympathetic. Casement and Devoy sent an envoy, <i>Clan na Gael</i> president <a href="/wiki/John_Kenny_(Clan-na-Gael)" title="John Kenny (Clan-na-Gael)">John Kenny</a>, to present their plan personally. Kenny, while unable to meet the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">German Emperor</a>, did receive a warm reception from Flotow, the German ambassador to Italy, and from <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Prince von Bülow</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 1914, Casement sailed for Germany via Norway, traveling in disguise and seeing himself as an ambassador of the Irish nation. While the journey was his idea, <i>Clan na Gael</i> financed the expedition. During their stop in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a>, his companion Adler Christensen was taken to the British legation, where a reward was allegedly offered if Casement were "knocked on the head".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Mansfeldt_Findlay" title="Mansfeldt Findlay">Mansfeldt Findlay</a>, in contrast, advised London that Christensen had "implied that their relations were of an unnatural nature and that consequently he had great power over this man".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findlay provided no evidence to support this insinuation. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vonpapen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vonpapen1.jpg/170px-Vonpapen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vonpapen1.jpg/255px-Vonpapen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vonpapen1.jpg/340px-Vonpapen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>. Papen was key in organising <a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">the arms shipments</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Findlay's handwritten letter of 1914 is kept in <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, Dublin">University College, Dublin</a>, and is viewable online.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This letter—written on official notepaper by Minister Findlay at the British Legation in Oslo—offers to Christensen the sum of £5,000 plus immunity from prosecution and free passage to the United States in return for information leading to the capture of Roger Casement. That amount would be approximately £2,616,000 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In November 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casement negotiated a declaration by Germany which stated:</p><blockquote><p>The Imperial Government formally declares that under no circumstances would Germany invade Ireland with a view to its conquest or the overthrow of any native institutions in that country. Should the fortune of this Great War, that was not of Germany's seeking, ever bring in its course German troops to the shores of Ireland, they would land there not as an army of invaders to pillage and destroy but as the forces of a Government that is inspired by goodwill towards a country and people for whom Germany desires only national prosperity and national freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Casement spent most of his time in Germany seeking to recruit an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Brigade (WWI)">Irish Brigade</a> from among more than 2,000 Irish <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners-of-war</a> taken in the early months of the war and held in the prison camp of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg an der Lahn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plan was that they would be trained to fight against Britain in the cause of Irish independence.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Ambassador to Germany <a href="/wiki/James_W._Gerard" title="James W. Gerard">James W. Gerard</a> mentioned the effort in his memoir "Four Years in Germany":</p><blockquote><p> The Germans collected all the soldier prisoners of Irish nationality in one camp at Limburg not far from Frankfurt a. M. There efforts were made to induce them to join the German army. The men were well treated and were often visited by Sir Roger Casement who, working with the German authorities, tried to get these Irishmen to desert their flag and join the Germans. A few weaklings were persuaded by Sir Roger who finally discontinued his visits, after obtaining about thirty recruits, because the remaining Irishmen chased him out of the camp.</p></blockquote> <p>On 27 December 1914 Casement signed an agreement in Berlin to this effect with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Arthur Zimmermann</a> in the German Foreign Office. Fifty-two of the 2000 prisoners volunteered for the Brigade. Contrary to German promises, they received no training in the use of machine guns, which at the time were relatively new and unfamiliar weapons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casement_plaque_in_Riederau,_Bavaria,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Casement_plaque_in_Riederau%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-Casement_plaque_in_Riederau%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Casement_plaque_in_Riederau%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-Casement_plaque_in_Riederau%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Casement_plaque_in_Riederau%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-Casement_plaque_in_Riederau%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating Casement's stay in Bavaria during the summer of 1915<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During World War I, Casement is known to have been involved in the German-backed plan by Indians to win their freedom from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a>", recommending Joseph McGarrity to <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> as an intermediary. The Indian nationalists may also have followed Casement's strategy of trying to recruit prisoners of war to fight for Indian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Plowman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plowman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both efforts proved unsuccessful. In addition to finding it difficult to ally with the Germans while held as prisoners, potential recruits to Casement's brigade knew they would be liable to the death penalty as traitors if Britain won the war. In April 1916, Germany offered the Irish 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant" title="Mosin–Nagant">Mosin–Nagant</a> 1891 rifles, ten <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> and accompanying ammunition, but no German officers; it was a fraction of the quantity of the arms Casement had hoped for, with no military expertise on offer.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casement did not learn about the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> until after the plan was fully developed. The German weapons never landed in Ireland; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> intercepted the ship transporting them, a German cargo vessel named the <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Libau" title="SS Libau">Libau</a></i>, disguised as a Norwegian vessel, <i>Aud-Norge</i>. All the crew were German sailors, but their clothes and effects, even the charts and books on the bridge, were Norwegian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As <a href="/wiki/John_Devoy" title="John Devoy">John Devoy</a> had either misunderstood or disobeyed Pearse's instructions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the arms were under no circumstances to land before Easter Sunday, the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU) members set to unload the arms under the command of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a> officer and trade unionist <a href="/wiki/William_Partridge_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="William Partridge (Irish revolutionary)">William Partridge</a> were not ready. The IRB men sent to meet the boat drove off a pier and drowned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British had intercepted German communications coming from Washington and suspected that there was going to be an attempt to land arms at Ireland, although they were not aware of the precise location. The arms ship, under Captain <a href="/wiki/Karl_Spindler_(naval_officer)" title="Karl Spindler (naval officer)">Karl Spindler</a>, was apprehended by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bluebell_(1915)" title="HMS Bluebell (1915)">HMS <i>Bluebell</i></a> on the late afternoon of Good Friday. About to be escorted into Queenstown (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a>), <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a> on the morning of Saturday 22 April, Captain Spindler scuttled the ship by pre-set explosive charges. It now lies at a depth of 40 metres. Its surviving crew became prisoners of war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture,_trial,_and_execution"><span id="Capture.2C_trial.2C_and_execution"></span>Capture, trial, and execution</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roger_Casement%27s_speech_from_the_dock" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Roger Casement's speech from the dock">Roger Casement's speech from the dock</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Casement confided his personal papers to Dr Charles Curry, with whom he had stayed at <a href="/wiki/Diessen_am_Ammersee" class="mw-redirect" title="Diessen am Ammersee">Riederau</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ammersee" title="Ammersee">Ammersee</a>, before he left Germany. He departed with Robert Monteith and Sergeant Daniel Beverley (Bailey) of the Irish Brigade in a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, initially the <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)">SM <i>U-20</i></a>, which developed engine trouble, and then the <a href="/wiki/SM_U-19_(Germany)" title="SM U-19 (Germany)">SM <i>U-19</i></a>, shortly after the <i>Aud</i> sailed. According to Monteith, Casement believed the Germans were toying with him from the start and providing inadequate aid that would doom a rising to failure. He wanted to reach Ireland before the shipment of arms and to convince <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a> (who he believed was still in control) to cancel the rising.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg/250px-U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg/375px-U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg/500px-U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="3417" /></a><figcaption>German U-Boot SM <i>U-19</i>, second from the right. c. 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Casement sent John McGoey, a recently arrived Irish-American, through Denmark to Dublin, ostensibly to advise what military aid was coming from Germany and when, but with Casement's orders "to get the Heads in Ireland to call off the rising and merely try to land the arms and distribute them".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGoey did not reach Dublin, nor did his message. His fate was unknown until recently. Evidently abandoning the Irish Nationalist cause, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in 1916, survived the war, and later returned to the United States, where he died in an accident on a building site in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early hours of 21 April 1916, three days before the rising began, the German submarine put Casement ashore at <a href="/wiki/Banna_Strand" title="Banna Strand">Banna Strand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tralee_Bay" title="Tralee Bay">Tralee Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>. Suffering from a recurrence of the malaria that had plagued him since his days in the Congo, and too weak to travel, he was discovered by a sergeant of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at McKenna's Fort (an ancient ring fort now called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casement%27s_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casement's Fort (page does not exist)">Casement's Fort</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Rahoneen" title="Rahoneen">Rahoneen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardfert" title="Ardfert">Ardfert</a>, and arrested on charges of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> against the Crown. He sent word to Dublin about the inadequate German assistance. The Kerry Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> might have tried to rescue him over the next three days, but had been ordered by its leadership in Dublin to "do nothing"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> —not a shot was to be fired in Ireland before the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> was in train. "He was taken to <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Brixton" title="HM Prison Brixton">Brixton Prison</a> to be placed under special observation for fear of an attempt of suicide. There was no staff at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a> [of London] to guard suicidal cases."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Casement's highly publicised trial for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, the prosecution had trouble arguing its case. Casement's crimes had been carried out in Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1351" title="Treason Act 1351">Treason Act 1351</a> seemed to apply only to activities carried out on English (or arguably British) soil. A close reading of the Act allowed for a broader interpretation: the court decided that a comma should be read in the unpunctuated original <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Norman-French</a> text, crucially altering the sense so that "in the realm or elsewhere" referred to where acts were done and not just to where the "King's enemies" might be.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Casement himself wrote that he was to be "hanged on a comma", leading to the well-used <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his trial the prosecution (<a href="/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">F. E. Smith</a>), who had admired some of Casement's work before he went over to the Germans, informally suggested to the defence barrister (<a href="/wiki/A._M._Sullivan_(barrister)" title="A. M. Sullivan (barrister)">A. M. Sullivan</a>) that they should jointly produce what are now called the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Diaries" title="Black Diaries">Black Diaries</a>" in evidence, as this would most likely cause the court to find Casement <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Lunatics_Act_1883" title="Trial of Lunatics Act 1883">"guilty but insane"</a>, and save his life.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casement refused to agree to this, and was found guilty and was sentenced to be hanged. </p><p>Before and during the trial and appeal, the British government secretly circulated some excerpts from Casement's journals, exposing Casement as a "sexual deviant". These included numerous explicit accounts of sexual activity. This aroused public opinion against him and influenced those notables who might otherwise have tried to intervene. Given societal norms and the illegality of homosexuality at the time, support for Casement's reprieve declined in some quarters. The journals became known in the 1950s as the <i>Black Diaries</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Casement-Grave_in_Glasnevin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roger_Casement-Grave_in_Glasnevin.jpg/170px-Roger_Casement-Grave_in_Glasnevin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roger_Casement-Grave_in_Glasnevin.jpg/255px-Roger_Casement-Grave_in_Glasnevin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Roger_Casement-Grave_in_Glasnevin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Roger Casement's grave in <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a>. The capstone reads "Roger Casement, who died for the sake of Ireland, 3rd August 1916".</figcaption></figure> <p>Casement unsuccessfully appealed against his conviction and death sentence. Those who pleaded for clemency for Casement included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, who was acquainted with Casement through the work of the Congo Reform Association, poet <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, and playwright <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> could not forgive Casement, nor could Casement's longtime friend, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ward_(sculptor)" title="Herbert Ward (sculptor)">Herbert Ward</a>, whose son Charles had been killed on the Western Front that January, and who would change the name of Casement's godson, who had been named after him. Members of the Casement family in Antrim contributed discreetly to the defence fund, although they had sons in the British Army and Navy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> appeal against the death sentence was rejected by the British cabinet on the insistence of prosecutor F. E. Smith, an opponent of Irish independence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casement's knighthood was forfeited on 29 June 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-forfeiture_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forfeiture-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of his execution, Casement was received into the Catholic Church at his request. He was attended by two Catholic priests, Dean Timothy Ring and Father James Carey, from the East London parish of SS Mary and Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter, also known as James McCarroll,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> said of Casement that he was "a saint ... we should be praying to him [Casement] instead of for him".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casement was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pentonville_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentonville (HM Prison)">Pentonville Prison</a> in London on 3 August 1916. He was 51 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Black_Diaries">The <i>Black Diaries</i></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Diaries" title="Black Diaries">Black Diaries</a></div> <p>British officials have claimed that Casement kept the <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Diaries" title="Black Diaries">Black Diaries</a></i>, a set of diaries covering the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (twice). <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Dudgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Dudgeon">Jeffrey Dudgeon</a>, who published an edition of all the diaries said, "His homosexual life was almost entirely out of sight and disconnected from his career and political work".<sup id="cite_ref-dudgeon_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudgeon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If genuine, the diaries reveal Casement was a <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> who had many partners, had a fondness for young men and mostly paid for sex.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916 after Casement's conviction for high treason, the British government circulated alleged photographs of pages of the diary to individuals campaigning for the commutation of Casement's death sentence. At a time of strong conservatism, not least among Irish Catholics, publicising the <i>Black Diaries</i> and Casement's alleged homosexuality undermined support for him. The question of whether the diaries are genuine or forgeries has been much debated. The diaries were declassified for limited inspection (by persons approved by the Home Office) in August 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original diaries may be seen at the British <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archives (UK)">National Archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a>. Historians and biographers of Casement's life have taken opposing views. Roger McHugh (in 1976) and Angus Mitchell (in 2000 and later) regard the diaries as forged.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Mitchell published several articles in the <i>Field Day Review</i> of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame University">Notre Dame University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dudgeon_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudgeon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin published <i>The Giles Report</i>, a private report on the <i>Black Diaries</i> written in 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two US forensic-document examiners reviewed the Giles Report; both were critical of it. James Horan stated, "As editor of the <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences</i> and <i>The Journal of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners</i>, I would not recommend publication of the Giles Report because the report does not show how its conclusion was reached. To the question, 'Is the writing Roger Casement's?' on the basis of the Giles Report as it stands, my answer would have to be I cannot tell."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Marcel Matley, a second document examiner, stated, "Even if every document examined were the authentic writing of Casement, this report does nothing to establish the fact." A very brief expert opinion in 1959 by a Home Office employee failed to identify Casement as author of the diaries. This opinion is almost unknown and does not appear in the Casement literature. As late as July 2015 the UK National Archives ambiguously described the <i>Black Diaries</i> as "attributed to Roger Casement", while at the same time unambiguously declaring their satisfaction with the result of the private Giles Report.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> presented a mixed account of Casement's sexuality in his 2010 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Celt" title="The Dream of the Celt">The Dream of the Celt</a></i>, suggesting that Casement wrote partially fictional diaries of what he wished had taken place in homosexual encounters. Dudgeon suggested in a 2013 article that Casement needed to be "sexless" to fit his role as a Catholic martyr in the nationalist movement of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-dudgeon_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudgeon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dudgeon writes, "The evidence that Casement was a busy homosexual is in his own words and handwriting in the diaries, and is colossally convincing because of its detail and extent."<sup id="cite_ref-dudgeon_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudgeon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research published in 2016 again casts doubt on the <i>Black Diaries</i>. "The Casement Secret"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Paul R. Hyde argues that there is no evidence of the existence of the diaries during Casement's lifetime since only typescript pages – allegedly copies – were circulated; no-one was shown the diaries now in the National Archives. An official memorandum by the British Secretary of State dated 6 March 1959 states: <i>"There is no record on the Home Office papers of the diaries or the copies having been shown to anyone outside the Government service before Casement's trial"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This argument reflects the question raised in 1955 by Lord Russell of Liverpool concerning the existence of the diaries at the time of Casement's trial. <i>Anatomy of a Lie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Paul R. Hyde proposes a paradigm shift – the diaries were fabricated after Casement's execution as forged versions of the original typescripts. It is also demonstrated that the homosexual dimension was originally the invention of British <a href="/wiki/Envoy_Extraordinary_and_Minister_Plenipotentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary">Envoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansfeldt_Findlay" title="Mansfeldt Findlay">Mansfeldt Findlay</a> in Christiania (present-day <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> in Norway) in a false memorandum on 29 October 1914. The rarely-seen document<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing the first innuendo has never been analysed before and is unmentioned by all Casement authors save one. Hyde also demonstrates that in the following months Findlay amplified his allegations because he feared exposure of his written bribe through a threatened lawsuit against him by Casement; a subsequent diplomatic scandal might have destroyed his career.<sup id="cite_ref-fintan_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fintan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dudgeon_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudgeon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is argued that the prosecution offered the diaries to the defence at the start of Casement's trial on 16 May, as part of a plea bargain that would save his life. He had been arrested on 21 April, giving the authorities only 3 weeks in which to forge the diaries, including rare up-country Congolese dialect phrases, which seems impossible. Against this, however, are the verified facts that only police typescripts were offered by prosecutor F. E. Smith and that there was no trial on that date, merely a preliminary hearing to decide about the trial. Therefore, on 16 May no diaries had been forged. Smith had earlier tried to save Casement's life, but he blocked his appeal to the House of Lords and threatened to resign to prevent the cabinet advising the monarch to grant a reprieve as he did not wish to help Irish Independence. It has been suggested that Smith's motive in the original attempt to avoid the death penalty was to compromise the defence by inducing a tacit authentication of the police typescripts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hyde's book <i>Anatomy of a Lie,</i> published in April 2019 demonstrated that the diary controversy has been framed by various biographers to promote authenticity by skillful use of innuendo, omission and misinformation. The book demonstrates that there is no independent witness evidence for the material existence of the diaries before Casement's execution and that only police typescripts were shown to selected persons including King George V, journalists, politicians, diplomats etc. Hyde's book states that the UK National Archives confirmed that there is no witness evidence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2020, a five-page article titled "Who Framed Roger Casement?" by Paul R. Hyde appeared in the Dublin current affairs magazine <i>Village</i>. The article relates for the first time how a retired British naval commander revealed in private conversation that he knew the diaries had been fabricated by Captain Hall, head of Naval Intelligence during World War I. Commander Clipperton's revelation was passed on to president de Valera in January 1966. The article analyses Kevin MacDonnell's report of the conversation and concludes that the revelation by Clipperton leaves no reasonable doubt as to its veracity. "MacDonnell, a man with no interest in and little time for Casement, found himself by chance listening to <i>insider knowledge</i> spontaneously related to him by someone who otherwise admired and esteemed Hall but who decades later still felt that 'this was an evil piece of work'." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_funeral">State funeral</h2></div> <p>Casement's body was buried in <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> in the prison cemetery at the rear of Pentonville Prison, where he had been hanged. During the decades after his execution, successive British governments refused many formal requests for repatriation of Casement's remains. For example, in September 1953 <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in Downing Street, requested the return of the remains.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Churchill said he was not personally opposed to the idea but would consult with his colleagues and take legal advice. He ultimately turned down the Irish request, citing "specific and binding" legal obligations that the remains of executed prisoners could not be exhumed. De Valera disputed the legal advice and responded:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So long as Roger Casement's remains remain within British prison walls, when he himself expressed the wish that it should be transferred to his native land, so long there will be public resentment here at what must appear to be, at least, the unseemly obduracy of the British Government.</p></blockquote> <p>De Valera received no reply.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Finally, in 1965 Casement's remains were repatriated to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Despite the annulment, or withdrawal, of his knighthood in 1916, the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">UK Cabinet</a> record of the repatriation decision refers to him as "Sir Roger Casement".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casement's last wish was to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Murlough_Bay" title="Murlough Bay">Murlough Bay</a> on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, but Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>'s government had released the remains only on condition that they could <i>not</i> be brought into Northern Ireland, as "the government feared that a reburial there could provoke Catholic celebrations and Protestant reactions."<sup id="cite_ref-fintan_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fintan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casement's remains lay in state at the Garrison Church, Arbour Hill (now <a href="/wiki/Arbour_Hill_Prison" title="Arbour Hill Prison">Arbour Hill Prison</a>) in Dublin city for five days, close to the graves of other leaders of the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, but would not be buried beside them. After a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_state_funerals" title="List of Irish state funerals">state funeral</a>, the remains were buried with full military honours in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_plot" title="Republican plot">Republican plot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside other Irish republicans and nationalists. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, then (in his mid-eighties) the last surviving leader of the Easter Rising, attended the ceremony, along with an estimated 30,000 others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks,_buildings_and_organisations"><span id="Landmarks.2C_buildings_and_organisations"></span>Landmarks, buildings and organisations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roger_Casement" title="Special:EditPage/Roger Casement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg/220px-Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg/330px-Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg/440px-Stamp-Irl_Roger_Casement_50th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>1966 Ireland stamps commemorating the 50th anniversary of Casement's death</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casement_Park" title="Casement Park">Casement Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> ground on Andersonstown Road in west <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.</li> <li>Several <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> clubs, for instance Roger Casements GAA Club (<a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, England), Brampton Roger Casements GAC (<a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada) and Roger Casements GAC (<a href="/wiki/Portglenone" title="Portglenone">Portglenone</a>, Northern Ireland)</li> <li>Gaelscoil Mhic Easmainn (Irish for Casement) is an Irish speaking national school in <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a>, County Kerry</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> there is an estate named after him in Árd Easmuinn, Casement Heights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casement_Aerodrome" title="Casement Aerodrome">Casement Aerodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baldonnel,_Dublin" title="Baldonnel, Dublin">Baldonnel</a>, the Irish Air Corps base near Dublin.</li> <li>Casement Rail and Bus Station in <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a>, near the site of Casement's landing on <a href="/wiki/Banna_Strand" title="Banna Strand">Banna Strand</a>. Operated by <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_Iompair_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Córas Iompair Éireann">Córas Iompair Éireann</a></li> <li>In Cork, an estate is named Roger Casement Park after him in Glasheen, a western suburb of the city.</li> <li>In Clonakilty, Co.Cork, a street and adjacent estate is named in his honour.</li> <li>A monument at Banna Strand in Kerry is open to the public at all times.</li> <li>A statue of him is erected in Ballyheigue, Co.Kerry</li> <li>A statue of him stands in Dún Laoghaire harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many streets are named for him, including Casement Road, Park, Drive and Grove in <a href="/wiki/Finglas" title="Finglas">Finglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a>.</li> <li>In Harryville, <a href="/wiki/Ballymena" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, there is a Casement Street, named for his great-grandfather, who was a solicitor there.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_culture">Representation in culture</h3></div> <p>Casement has been the subject of ballads, poetry, novels, and TV series since his death, including: </p> <ul><li>The ballad "<a href="/wiki/Banna_Strand_(song)" title="Banna Strand (song)">Lonely Banna Strand</a>" telling the story of Casement's role in the prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, his arrest, and his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> used Casement as an inspiration for the character of <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Roxton" title="Lord John Roxton">Lord John Roxton</a> in the 1912 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)" title="The Lost World (Doyle novel)">The Lost World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> wrote a poem,<i>The Ghost of Roger Casement</i>, demanding the return of Casement's remains, with the refrain, "The ghost of Roger Casement/Is beating on the door"</li> <li>Roger Casement is featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></i> (1922) by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Benoit_(novelist)" title="Pierre Benoit (novelist)">Pierre Benoit</a>, who portrays him as a noble martyr.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> refers to Casement and the 1916 Uprising in her 1941 novel <i><a href="/wiki/N_or_M%3F" title="N or M?">N or M?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a> refers to the poem<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (December 2016)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> in his <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">autobiographical novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Borstal_Boy" title="Borstal Boy">Borstal Boy</a></i> (1958), and speaks of the respect his family had for Casement.</li> <li>Casement is the subject of the play <i>Prisoner of the Crown</i>, which was written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Herd" title="Richard Herd">Richard Herd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(playwright)" title="Richard Stockton (playwright)">Richard Stockton</a>; it premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre">Abbey Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> on 15 February 1972<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A German TV series, <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Roger_Casement_(miniseries)" title="Sir Roger Casement (miniseries)">Sir Roger Casement</a></i> (1968), was made about his time in Germany during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</li> <li>In 1973 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> aired a critically acclaimed radio play by <a href="/wiki/David_Rudkin" title="David Rudkin">David Rudkin</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Cries_from_Casement_as_His_Bones_are_Brought_to_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cries from Casement as His Bones are Brought to Dublin">Cries from Casement as His Bones are Brought to Dublin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Celt" title="The Dream of the Celt">The Dream of the Celt</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (winner of the Nobel Prize for literature) is an historical novel based on Roger Casement's life, translated from the Spanish by Edith Grossman and published in 2012.</li> <li>American Noise Rock band <a href="/wiki/...And_You_Will_Know_Us_by_the_Trail_of_Dead" title="...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead">...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead</a> released an instrumental entitled "The Betrayal of Roger Casement & the Irish Brigade" on their 2008 <i>Festival Thyme</i> EP</li> <li><i>Dying for Ireland</i> (2012) is a biographical novel by Alan Lewis, which presents a "fictional reimagining" of Casement's prison memoirs, based on his writings, histories and biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A one-act play, <i>Shall Roger Casement Hang?</i>, based mainly on his interrogation at Scotland Yard, was performed for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/Tron_Theatre" title="Tron Theatre">Tron Theatre</a> in Glasgow in May 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishnews.com/arts/2016/08/11/news/the-graphic-tale-of-irish-revolutionary-roger-casement-644783"><i>The Trial of Roger Casement</i></a> is a graphic novel by Fionnuala Doran</li> <li>Roger Casement is discussed in W. G. Sebald's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rings_of_Saturn" title="The Rings of Saturn">The Rings of Saturn</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Valiant Gentlemen</i> is an historical novel based on Casement's friendship with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ward_(sculptor)" title="Herbert Ward (sculptor)">Herbert Ward</a> and his wife Sarita Sanford, by <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Murray" title="Sabina Murray">Sabina Murray</a>, Grove/Atlantic, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Roger Casement - Heart of Darkness</i> (1992) is a documentary by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Griffith" title="Kenneth Griffith">Kenneth Griffith</a> on the life of Roger Casement.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vahimagi_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahimagi-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name refers to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">novel of that name</a>, written after Conrad met Casement in Congo.</li> <li><i>The Ghost of Roger Casement</i> (2002) is a documentary that investigates the authenticity of the forensic examination of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Diaries" title="Black Diaries">Black Diaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/kerry-marks-first-anniversary-of-casement-execution">"Kerry marks first anniversary of Casement execution - Century Ireland"</a>. <i>RTÉ.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=Kerry+marks+first+anniversary+of+Casement+execution+-+Century+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fcenturyireland%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fkerry-marks-first-anniversary-of-casement-execution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhi.ucdavis.edu/event/roger-casement-a-human-rights-celebration-1916-2016">"Humanities InstituteRoger Casement: A Human Rights Celebration (1916–2016)"</a>. <i>Dhi.ucdavis.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhi.ucdavis.edu&rft.atitle=Humanities+InstituteRoger+Casement%3A+A+Human+Rights+Celebration+%281916%E2%80%932016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhi.ucdavis.edu%2Fevent%2Froger-casement-a-human-rights-celebration-1916-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin" class="citation web cs1">admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishpost.com/news/roger-casement-ten-things-know-human-rights-activist-british-diplomat-irish-nationalist-executed-century-ago-today-96334">"Roger Casement: Ten facts about the Irish patriot executed in 1916"</a>. <i>The Irish Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Post&rft.atitle=Roger+Casement%3A+Ten+facts+about+the+Irish+patriot+executed+in+1916&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishpost.com%2Fnews%2Froger-casement-ten-things-know-human-rights-activist-british-diplomat-irish-nationalist-executed-century-ago-today-96334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Angus, ed. (2016). <i>One Bold Deed of Open Treason: The Berlin Diary of Roger Casement 1914-1916</i>. Merrion Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Bold+Deed+of+Open+Treason%3A+The+Berlin+Diary+of+Roger+Casement+1914-1916&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the controversy see Angus Mitchell (ed.), "Phases of a Dishonourable Phantasy", <i>Field Day Review</i>, 8,12, pp. 85–125 (Dublin: 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Noel_Kissane2006" class="citation web cs1">Dr Noel Kissane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228100752/http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/5.pdf">"The 1916 Rising: Personalities & Perspectives (an online exhibition)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Library of Ireland/Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1916+Rising%3A+Personalities+%26+Perspectives+%28an+online+exhibition%29&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Ireland%2FLeabharlann+N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta+na+h%C3%89ireann&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Dr+Noel+Kissane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.ie%2F1916%2Fpdf%2F5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Mitchell, <i>Casement</i>, Haus Publishing, 2003 p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Inglis (1974, op cit.) commented at p. 115 that "..although she allowed the children to be brought up as Protestants, she had them baptised 'conditionally' when Roger was four years old."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_History" title="Bureau of Military History">Bureau of Military History</a>, Dublin; file of Fr. Cronin (1951), WS 588, page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer R. <i>Casement the Flawed Hero</i> (Routledge, London 1984), quoted at pp. 4–5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-0013-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-0013-7">0-7102-0013-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Denham Jephson, <i>An Anglo-Irish Miscellany</i>, Allen Figgis, Dublin, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siochain-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siochain_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siochain_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Séamas Ó Síocháin, <i>Roger Casement, Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary</i>, Lilliput Press, 2008, p. 15; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843510215" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843510215">978-1843510215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.metastudies.net/PS01/PS01_367.HTM">Thomas Hugh Jephson Casement profile</a>, genealogy.metastudies.net; accessed 16 August 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambloch1938" class="citation book cs1">Hambloch, Ernest (1938). <i>British Consul: Memories of Thirty Years' Service in Europe and Brazil</i>. London: George G. Harrap & Co. pp. 71, 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Consul%3A+Memories+of+Thirty+Years%27+Service+in+Europe+and+Brazil&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71%2C+76&rft.pub=George+G.+Harrap+%26+Co.&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Hambloch&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1973" class="citation journal cs1">Meyers, Jeffrey (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24641805?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"Conrad and Roger Casement"</a>. <i>Conradiana</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 64–69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24641805">24641805</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conradiana&rft.atitle=Conrad+and+Roger+Casement&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=64-69&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24641805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24641805%3Fread-now%3D1%26seq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foden-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foden_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles_Foden" class="citation news cs1">Giles Foden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jun/08/dream-celt-mario-vargas-llosa-review">"The Dream of the Celt by Mario Vargas Llosa – review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Dream+of+the+Celt+by+Mario+Vargas+Llosa+%E2%80%93+review&rft.au=Giles+Foden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fjun%2F08%2Fdream-celt-mario-vargas-llosa-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liesl Schillinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/books/review/the-dream-of-the-celt-by-mario-vargas-llosa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Traitor, Martyr, Liberator"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 22 June 2012, accessed 23 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fintan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fintan_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fintan_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fintan_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fintan_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fintan_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole" title="Fintan O'Toole">Fintan O'Toole</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/mario-vargas-llosa-dream-of-celt-fintan-otoole">"The Multiple Hero"</a>, <i>The New Republic</i>, 2 August 2012; accessed 23 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27354" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27354/page/6049">"No. 27354"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 13 September 1901. p. 6049.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27354&rft.pages=6049&rft.date=1901-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27354%2Fpage%2F6049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaye" class="citation web cs1">Maye, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/daniel-j-danielsen-a-pioneering-humanitarian-who-helped-roger-casement-expose-the-horror-of-belgian-rule-in-the-congo-1.2036137">"Daniel J Danielsen – a pioneering humanitarian who helped Roger Casement expose the horror of Belgian rule in the Congo"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Daniel+J+Danielsen+%E2%80%93+a+pioneering+humanitarian+who+helped+Roger+Casement+expose+the+horror+of+Belgian+rule+in+the+Congo&rft.aulast=Maye&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Fdaniel-j-danielsen-a-pioneering-humanitarian-who-helped-roger-casement-expose-the-horror-of-belgian-rule-in-the-congo-1.2036137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Inglis, "Roger Casement" 1973, pp. 157-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Roger Casement in: "Rubber, the Amazon and the Atlantic World 1884-1916" (Humanitas)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goodman_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Goodman2010" class="citation book cs1">Jordan Goodman (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixfR9QpXBEwC"><i>The Devil and Mr. Casement: One Man's Battle for Human Rights in South ...</i></a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429936392" title="Special:BookSources/9781429936392"><bdi>9781429936392</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil+and+Mr.+Casement%3A+One+Man%27s+Battle+for+Human+Rights+in+South+...&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.isbn=9781429936392&rft.au=Jordan+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixfR9QpXBEwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casement’s journal maintained during his 1910 investigation was published as The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement (London: Anaconda Editions, 1997). A companion volume of documents relevant to 1911 and his return to the Amazon was published as Angus Mitchell (ed.), Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness: The 1911 Documents (, Irish Manuscripts Commission, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2010" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Jordan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilmrcasemento00good/page/269"><i>The devil and Mr. Casement: one man's battle for human rights in South America's heart of darkness</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilmrcasemento00good/page/269">269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374138400" title="Special:BookSources/9780374138400"><bdi>9780374138400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+devil+and+Mr.+Casement%3A+one+man%27s+battle+for+human+rights+in+South+America%27s+heart+of+darkness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780374138400&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevilmrcasemento00good%2Fpage%2F269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Angus Mitchell, <i>Roger Casement</i> (The O'Brien Press, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Inglis" title="Brian Inglis">Brian Inglis</a>, <i>Roger Casement</i>; Harcourt Jovanovich, 1974; pp. 118–20; 134–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Mitchell, <i>Roger Casement</i> (Dublin, The O'Brien Press, 2013), pp. 226-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Mitchell, <i>Roger Casement</i> (Dublin, The O'Brien Press, 2013), pp. 226-66. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Síocháin, Séamas, <i>Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary</i>, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, Angus, <i>Casement</i>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives, Kew, PRO FO 95/776</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:7151">"Handwritten statement by Mansfeldt de Cardonnel Findlay, H.B.M. Minister, British Legation at Christiania, Norway promising to pay Adler Christensen the sum of £5,000 for the provision of information that would lead to the capture of Roger Casement"</a>. <i>Digital.ucd.ie</i>. 30 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital.ucd.ie&rft.atitle=Handwritten+statement+by+Mansfeldt+de+Cardonnel+Findlay%2C+H.B.M.+Minister%2C+British+Legation+at+Christiania%2C+Norway+promising+to+pay+Adler+Christensen+the+sum+of+%C2%A35%2C000+for+the+provision+of+information+that+would+lead+to+the+capture+of+Roger+Casement&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ucd.ie%2Fview%2Fivrla%3A7151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?year_early=1914&pound71=5000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=5000&year_source=1914&year_result=2014">"Purchase Power of the Pound"</a>. Measuring Worth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purchase+Power+of+the+Pound&rft.pub=Measuring+Worth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2Frelativevalue.php%3Fyear_early%3D1914%26pound71%3D5000%26shilling71%3D%26pence71%3D%26amount%3D5000%26year_source%3D1914%26year_result%3D2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Dudgeon" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Dudgeon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drb.ie/essays/casement-s-war">"Casement's War"</a>. <i>Drb.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drb.ie&rft.atitle=Casement%27s+War&rft.au=Jeff+Dudgeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drb.ie%2Fessays%2Fcasement-s-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Continental Times</i>, 20 November 1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casement's diaries kept in Germany, containing his speaking openly of his treason, have been edited and published by Angus Mitchell (ed.), One Bold Deed of Open Treason: The Berlin Diary of Roger Casement 1914-1916 (Dublin: Merrion Press, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An anonymous but detailed account of Casement's unwelcoming reception at the camp appears in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literarydigest52newy"><i>The Literary Digest</i> Vol 52, No. 1</a>, 13 May 1916 (New York: Funk and Wagnall), pp. 1376–77 [NB, the PDF download is 358MB]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">translated: <i>Here lived in summer 1915 Sir Roger Casement, a martyr for Ireland's freedom, a magnanimous friend of Germany in grave times. He sealed the love of his country with his blood.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plowman-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plowman_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plowman, Matthew Erin. "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I", <i>New Hibernia Review</i> 7.3 (2003), pp. 81–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimates of the weapons shipment hover around the 20,000 mark. The BBC gives the figure the German government originally agreed to ship as "25,000 captured Russian rifles, and one million rounds of ammunition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/insurrection/in02.shtml">here "Easter Rising insurrection"</a>, BBC.co.uk; accessed 30 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Jeffery2007" class="citation book cs1">Keith Jeffery (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1916longrevoluti0000unse/page/93"><i>1916 The Long Revolution, The First World War and the Rising: Mode, Moment and Memory</i></a>. G. Doherty & D. Keogh (editors). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1916longrevoluti0000unse/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-545-2"><bdi>978-1-85635-545-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1916+The+Long+Revolution%2C+The+First+World+War+and+the+Rising%3A+Mode%2C+Moment+and+Memory&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85635-545-2&rft.au=Keith+Jeffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1916longrevoluti0000unse%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casement's diary entry for 27 March 1916, National Library of Ireland, MS 5244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Charles Townshend, <i>Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion</i>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">according to a speech given by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brabazon,_12th_Earl_of_Meath" title="Reginald Brabazon, 12th Earl of Meath">Reginald Brabazon, 12th Earl of Meath</a> at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, also mentioning that the sergeant had "received information from evidently a loyal peasant", see HL Deb 04 May 1916 vol 21 cc940-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoir of Willie Mullins, quoted at a Casement commemoration in 1968; a subsequent internal inquiry attached "no blame whatsoever" to the local Volunteers. See the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>, 29 July 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Sir Basil (2015). <i>Odd People: Hunting Spies in the First World War (original title: Queer People)</i>. London, UK: Biteback Publishing. pp. e-book location 1161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849548625" title="Special:BookSources/9781849548625"><bdi>9781849548625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+People%3A+Hunting+Spies+in+the+First+World+War+%28original+title%3A+Queer+People%29&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=e-book+location+1161&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781849548625&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Sir+Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span> Sir Basil Thomson headed Scotland Yard's Criminal Investigation Division during WWI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000671/19160718/013/0001">"Roger Casement's Appeal Fails"</a></span>. <i>Birmingham Evening Dispatch</i>. 18 July 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span> – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Evening+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Roger+Casement%27s+Appeal+Fails&rft.date=1916-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000671%2F19160718%2F013%2F0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.H._Knott1917" class="citation book cs1">G.H. Knott (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialofsirrogerc00caseuoft"><i>The trial of Sir Roger Casement</i></a>. Toronto: Canadian Law Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+trial+of+Sir+Roger+Casement&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Canadian+Law+Book+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft.au=G.H.+Knott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrialofsirrogerc00caseuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2011" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Helen (15 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2011/11/roger-casement-the-gay-irish-humanitarian-who-was-hanged-on-a-comma">"Roger Casement: The Gay Irish Humanitarian Who Was Hanged on a Comma"</a>. First Things<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Casement%3A+The+Gay+Irish+Humanitarian+Who+Was+Hanged+on+a+Comma&rft.pub=First+Things&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fblogs%2Ffirstthoughts%2F2011%2F11%2Froger-casement-the-gay-irish-humanitarian-who-was-hanged-on-a-comma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vangroenweghe, D. "<i>Casement's Congo Diary, one of the so-called Black Diaries, was not a forgery</i>"; RBHC, XXXII (2002), 3-4, pp. 321-350, at p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://limerick.academia.edu/AngusMitchell"><i>Field Day Review</i> 8</a> (2012); accessed 16 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Angus Mitchell, Roger Casement and the History Question, History Ireland, July August 2016, 24:4, pp. 34–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forfeiture-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forfeiture_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29651" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29651/page/6596">"No. 29651"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 4 July 1916. p. 6596.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29651&rft.pages=6596&rft.date=1916-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29651%2Fpage%2F6596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span> Casement had renounced all his titles in a letter to British Foreign Secretary dated 1 February 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of St Mary and St Michael's Parish, Commercial Road, East London</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19160803/023/0003">"Execution of Roger Casement"</a></span>. <i>Midland Daily Telegraph</i>. 3 August 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midland+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Execution+of+Roger+Casement&rft.date=1916-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000337%2F19160803%2F023%2F0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/index.htm">"Digital materials for the study and appreciation of Anglo-Irish Literature"</a>. <i>Ricorso.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ricorso.net&rft.atitle=Digital+materials+for+the+study+and+appreciation+of+Anglo-Irish+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricorso.net%2Frx%2Faz-data%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dudgeon-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dudgeon_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dudgeon_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dudgeon_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dudgeon_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dudgeon_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudgeon" class="citation web cs1">Dudgeon, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fupress.com/bsfm-sijis">"Cult of the Sexless Casement with Special Reference to the Novel The Dream of the Celt<i> by Mario Vargas Llosa, Studi irlandesi. </i>A Journal of Irish Studies<i> no. 3 (2013), pp. 35–58"</i></a><i>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cult+of+the+Sexless+Casement+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Novel+The+Dream+of+the+Celt+by+Mario+Vargas+Llosa%2C+Studi+irlandesi.+A+Journal+of+Irish+Studies+no.+3+%282013%29%2C+pp.+35%E2%80%9358.&rft.aulast=Dudgeon&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fupress.com%2Fbsfm-sijis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_McCormack2001" class="citation web cs1">Bill McCormack (Spring 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316050428/http://www.gold.ac.uk/hallmark/research/res8/casement.html">"The Casement Diaries: A Suitable Case for Treatment"</a>. Research Hallmark, Goldsmiths College, University of London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold.ac.uk/hallmark/research/res8/casement.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Casement+Diaries%3A+A+Suitable+Case+for+Treatment&rft.pub=Research+Hallmark%2C+Goldsmiths+College%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Bill+McCormack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.ac.uk%2Fhallmark%2Fresearch%2Fres8%2Fcasement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Authors Examine Casement Diaries", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 11 August 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of Mitchell's writings on Casement and the controversy over the diaries can be freely accessed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://limerick.academia.edu/AngusMitchell"><b>here</b></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Paul Hyde, "Casement Tried and Tested - The Giles Report", <i>History Ireland</i>, 24:4, July August 2016, pp. 38-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell's argument that has persistently argued that the question of Casement's sexuality has nothing to do with whether or not the diaries are forged has largely debunked Dudgeon's argument. See "The Black Stain", <i>Gay Community News</i>, April 2016. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://limerick.academia.edu/AngusMitchell"><b>here</b></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decoding-casement.com/research-papers/the-casement-secret/">The Casement Secret</a>, decoding-casement.com; accessed 16 August 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PRO HO 144/23481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decoding-casement.com/anatomy-of-a-lie">"Decoding Casement"</a>. <i>Decoding Casement</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decoding+Casement&rft.atitle=Decoding+Casement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decoding-casement.com%2Fanatomy-of-a-lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FO 337/107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">'De Valera Rule, 1932-75' by David McCullagh; Gill Books 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'De Valera Rule, 1932-75' by David McCullagh; Gill Books 2018 pg. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives, London, CAB/128/39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i>, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 7669). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ">Google Books edition: page 123</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/roger-casement-statue-unveiled-and-will-stand-in-dun-laoghaire-1.4552664">"Roger Casement statue unveiled and will stand in Dún Laoghaire"</a>. <i>www.irishtimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishtimes.com&rft.atitle=Roger+Casement+statue+unveiled+and+will+stand+in+D%C3%BAn+Laoghaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Froger-casement-statue-unveiled-and-will-stand-in-dun-laoghaire-1.4552664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdgballygall.scoilnet.ie/finglas_streetnames.html">"Casement Road Citation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casement+Road+Citation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdgballygall.scoilnet.ie%2Ffinglas_streetnames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/The-wolfe-tones-banna-strand-lyrics"><i>The Wolfe Tones – Banna Strand</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wolfe+Tones+%E2%80%93+Banna+Strand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FThe-wolfe-tones-banna-strand-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasement1997" class="citation book cs1">Casement, Roger (1997). <i>The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement</i>. Anaconda Editions. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901990003" title="Special:BookSources/9781901990003"><bdi>9781901990003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazon+Journal+of+Roger+Casement&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Anaconda+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781901990003&rft.aulast=Casement&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keeler, William. Review of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3205915">Prisoner of the Crown</a></i>. <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>, vol 24, no. 3 (October 1972), pp. 327–28, Johns Hopkins University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Alan. <i>Dying for Ireland: The Prison Memoirs of Roger Casement</i>, 2012; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781494378776" title="Special:BookSources/9781494378776">9781494378776</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tron.co.uk/event/shal-roger-casement-hang/">"Tron theatre website"</a>. <i>Tron.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tron.co.uk&rft.atitle=Tron+theatre+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tron.co.uk%2Fevent%2Fshal-roger-casement-hang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpchurch2016" class="citation web cs1">Upchurch, Michael (27 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/-gentlemen-a-superb-novel-about-irish-patriot-roger-casement/2016/10/27/e2932aa6-9473-11e6-bc79-af1cd3d2984b_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' Gentlemen': a superb novel about Irish patriot Roger Casement"</a>. <i>Washingtonpost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=%27+Gentlemen%27%3A+a+superb+novel+about+Irish+patriot+Roger+Casement&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Upchurch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F-gentlemen-a-superb-novel-about-irish-patriot-roger-casement%2F2016%2F10%2F27%2Fe2932aa6-9473-11e6-bc79-af1cd3d2984b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Casement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/welsh-film-maker-fascinated-by-irish-history-1.1019012">Welsh film-maker fascinated by Irish history</a>. (21 October 2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahimagi-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vahimagi_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vahimagi, Tise. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/772297/index.html">Griffith, Kenneth (1921-2006)</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Casement Diaries Authenticated (2002). <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ Archives">RTÉ Archives</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2020</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <p><b>By Roger Casement</b>: </p> <ul><li>1910. <i>Roger Casement's Diaries: 1910. The Black and the White</i>. Sawyer, Roger, ed. London: Pimlico. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7375-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7375-X">0-7126-7375-X</a></li> <li>1910. <i>The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement</i>. Mitchell, Angus, ed. Anaconda Editions.</li> <li>1911. 'Sir Roger Casement's Heart of Darkness: The 1911 Documents' Mitchell, Angus, ed., Irish Manuscripts Commission.</li> <li>1914. <i>The Crime against Ireland, and How the War May Right it</i>. Berlin: no publisher.</li> <li>1914. <i>Ireland, Germany and Freedom of the Seas: A Possible Outcome of the War of 1914</i>. New York & Philadelphia: The Irish Press Bureau. Reprinted 2005: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4219-4433-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4219-4433-2">1-4219-4433-2</a></li> <li>1914–16 'One Bold Deed of Open Treason: The Berlin Diary of Roger Casement', Mitchell, Angus ed., Merrion</li> <li>1915. <i>The Crime against Europe. The Causes of the War and the Foundations of Peace</i>. Berlin: The Continental Times.</li> <li>1916. <i>Gesammelte Schriften. Irland, Deutschland und die Freiheit der Meere und andere Aufsätze</i>. Diessen vor München: Joseph Huber Verlag. Second expanded edition, 1917.</li> <li>1918. <i>Some Poems</i>. London: The Talbot Press/T. Fisher Unwin.</li></ul> <p><i>Secondary Literature, and other materials cited in this entry</i>: </p> <ul><li>Daly, Mary E., ed. 2005. <i>Roger Casement in Irish and World History,</i> Dublin, Royal Irish Academy</li> <li>Doerries, Reinhard R., 2000. <i>Prelude to the Easter Rising: Sir Roger Casement in Imperial Germany</i>. London & Portland. Frank Cass.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dudgeon" title="Jeff Dudgeon">Dudgeon, Jeffrey</a>, 2002. <i>Roger Casement: The Black Diaries with a Study of his Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life</i>. Belfast Press (includes first publication of 1911 diary); 2nd paperback and Kindle editions, 2016; 3rd paperback and Kindle editions, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9160194-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9160194-0-9">978-1-9160194-0-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dudgeon" title="Jeff Dudgeon">Dudgeon, Jeffrey</a>, July 2016. <i>Roger Casement's German Diary 1914-1916 including 'A Last Page' and associated correspondence</i>. Belfast Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9539287-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9539287-5-0">978-0-9539287-5-0</a>.</li> <li>Goodman, Jordan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilmrcasemento00good"><i>The Devil and Mr. Casement: One Man's Battle for Human Rights in South America's Heart of Darkness</i></a>, 2010. Farrar, Straus & Giroux; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13840-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13840-0">978-0-374-13840-0</a></li> <li>Harris, Brian, "Injustice", Sutton Publishing. 2006; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4021-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4021-2">0-7509-4021-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Hochschild, Adam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost" title="King Leopold's Ghost">King Leopold's Ghost</a></i>.</li> <li>Hyde, H. Montgomery, 1960. <i>Trial of Roger Casement</i>. London: William Hodge. Penguin edition 1964.</li> <li>Hyde, H. Montgomery, 1970. <i>The Love That Dared not Speak its Name</i>. Boston: Little, Brown (in UK <i>The Other Love</i>).</li> <li>Inglis, Brian, 1973. <i>Roger Casement</i>, London: Hodder and Stoughton. Republished 1993 by Blackstaff Belfast and by Penguin 2002; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-139127-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-139127-8">0-14-139127-8</a>.</li> <li>Lacey, Brian, 2008. <i>Terrible Queer Creatures: Homosexuality in Irish History</i>. Dublin: Wordwell Books.</li> <li>MacColl, René, 1956. <i>Roger Casement</i>. London, Hamish Hamilton.</li> <li>Mc Cormack, W. J., 2002. <i>Roger Casement in Death or Haunting the Free State</i>. Dublin: UCD Press.</li> <li>Minta, Stephen, 1993. <i>Aguirre: The Re-creation of a Sixteenth-Century Journey Across South America</i>. Henry Holt & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-3103-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-3103-0">0-8050-3103-0</a>.</li> <li>Mitchell, Angus, 2003. <i>Casement (Life & Times Series)</i>. Haus Publishing Limited; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904341-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-904341-41-1">1-904341-41-1</a>.</li> <li>Mitchell, Angus, 2013. <i>Roger Casement</i>. Dublin: O'Brien Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847176080" title="Special:BookSources/9781847176080">9781847176080</a>.</li> <li>Ó Síocháin, Séamas and Michael O’Sullivan, eds., 2004. <i>The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement's Congo Report and 1903 Diary</i>. University College Dublin Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900621-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-900621-99-1">1-900621-99-1</a>.</li> <li>Ó Síocháin, Séamas, 2008. <i>Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary</i>. Dublin: Lilliput Press.</li> <li>Reid, B.L., 1987. <i>The Lives of Roger Casement</i>. London: The Yale Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01801-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01801-0">0-300-01801-0</a>.</li> <li>Sawyer, Roger, 1984. <i>Casement: The Flawed Hero</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Singleton-Gates, Peter, & Maurice Girodias, 1959. <i>The Black Diaries. An Account of Roger Casement's Life and Times with a Collection of His Diaries and Public Writings</i>. Paris: The Olympia Press. First edition of the Black Diaries.</li> <li>Thomson, Basil, 1922. <i>Queer People</i> (chapters 7–8), an account of the Easter Uprising and Casement's involvement from the head of Scotland Yard at the time. London: Hodder and Stoughton.</li> <li>Clayton, Xander: <i>Aud</i>, Plymouth 2007.</li> <li>Wolf, Karin, 1972. <i>Sir Roger Casement und die deutsch-irischen Beziehungen</i>. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-02709-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-428-02709-4">3-428-02709-4</a>.</li> <li>Eberspächer, Cord/Wiechmann, Gerhard. "Erfolg Revolution kann Krieg entscheiden". Der Einsatz von S.M.H. Libau im irischen Osteraufstand 1916 ("Success revolution may decide war". The use of S.M.H. Libau in the Easter Rising 1916), in: Schiff & Zeit, Nr. 67, Frühjahr 2008, S 2–16.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Roger_David_Casement" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Roger David Casement">Roger Casement</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roger_Casement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Manuscript%20Collection/ManuscriptCollection-00029.xml">"Ireland, Germany and Europe", From the Digital Library@Villanova University.</a></li> <li>Séamas Ó’Síocháin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/casement_roger_sir/">Casement, Roger, Sir</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roger_Casement%27s_speech_from_the_dock" class="extiw" title="s:Roger Casement's speech from the dock">Roger Casement's speech from the Dock at the end of his trial for treason.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412103105/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/jobrien/reference/ob73.html"><i>Report of the British Consul, Roger Casement, on the Administration of the Congo Free State</i></a>, John Jay School of Law, CUNY</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.ie/digital-resources/online-exhibitions/condolences-and-funerals-2005/">Condolences and Funerals</a> 2005 online exhibition by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Ireland" title="National Archives of Ireland">National Archives of Ireland</a>; covers Casement's 1965 reburial</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Admin/2/W3_47020.pdf">Irish Military Archives : DOD/3/47020 : Funeral/burial Roger Casement and others</a> digitised file of preparations for the state funeral</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Casement,+Roger">Works by Roger Casement</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Casement%2C%20R%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roger%20David%20Casement%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roger%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roger%20Casement%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roger%20David%20Casement%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roger%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20David%20Casement%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Casement%2C%20R%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Casement%2C%20R%2E%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roger%20Casement%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roger%20David%20Casement%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roger%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roger%20Casement%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roger%20David%20Casement%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roger%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20D%2E%20Casement%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%20David%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%20D%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roger%20Casement%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Casement%2C%20Roger%22%29%20OR%20%28%221864-1916%22%20AND%20Casement%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Roger Casement</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12951">Works by Roger Casement</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:7150">Boehm/Casement Papers. A UCD Digital Library Collection.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003044">Newspaper clippings about Roger Casement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.africamuseum.be/agents/people/174">Archive Roger Casement</a>, Royal museum for central Africa</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Easter_Rising" title="Template:Easter Rising"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Easter_Rising" title="Template talk:Easter Rising"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Easter_Rising" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Easter Rising"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Easter_Rising" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Republic</a><br /> (executed after the Rising)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also executed for their role in the Rising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daly_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)">Ned Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Pearse" title="Willie Pearse">Willie Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Hanrahan" title="Michael O'Hanrahan">Michael O'Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacBride" title="John MacBride">John MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mallin" title="Michael Mallin">Michael Mallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Colbert" title="Con Colbert">Con Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Heuston" title="Seán Heuston">Seán Heuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kent" title="Thomas Kent">Thomas Kent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Casement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Irish figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Ua_Buachalla" title="Domhnall Ua Buachalla">Domhnall Ua Buachalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Farrell" title="Elizabeth O'Farrell">Elizabeth O'Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Francis Sheehy-Skeffington">Francis Sheehy-Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grenan" title="Julia Grenan">Julia Grenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn" title="Kathleen Lynn">Kathleen Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Mellows" title="Liam Mellows">Liam Mellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gavan_Duffy" title="Louise Gavan Duffy">Louise Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_ffrench-Mullen" title="Madeleine ffrench-Mullen">Madeleine ffrench-Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skinnider" title="Margaret Skinnider">Margaret Skinnider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly" title="The O'Rahilly">The O'Rahilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">John Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lowe (British Army officer)">William Lowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311966#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121364995">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64062958">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1897741/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGgmB4f9drY4MHF8qrJfy">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117648035">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50034455">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12254829q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12254829q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0059299&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5272086">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5272085">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070388806">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=240176">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx00w6435cht0n">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556415505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271659405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515151906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14479484">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/955259">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.001532.v1">Ireland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117648035.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117648035">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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