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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl" class=""><span>Doazóns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Quark+fondo" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Quark+fondo" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Máis opcións" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas persoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas persoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl"><span>Doazóns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Quark+fondo" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear unha conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Quark+fondo" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Máis información sobre a edición"><span>máis información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:As_mi%C3%B1as_contribuci%C3%B3ns" title="Unha lista das modificacións feitas desde este enderezo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucións</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:A_mi%C3%B1a_conversa" title="Conversa acerca de edicións feitas desde este enderezo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Características" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Características"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Características</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Características-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadróns_que_conteñen_quarks_fondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadróns_que_conteñen_quarks_fondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hadróns que conteñen quarks fondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadróns_que_conteñen_quarks_fondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Véxase tamén"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quark fondo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 49 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderkwark" title="Onderkwark – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onderkwark" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="كوارك قعري – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوارك قعري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_fondu" title="Quark fondu – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quark fondu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="B-кварк – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="B-кварк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дънен кварк – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дънен кварк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_b" title="Quark b – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quark b" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_b" title="Kvark b – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvark b" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-kvark" title="Bottom-kvark – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bottom-kvark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-Quark" title="Bottom-Quark – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bottom-Quark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bottom quark" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuark_fondo" title="Cuark fondo – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuark fondo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-kvark" title="B-kvark – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="B-kvark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behea_quark" title="Behea quark – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Behea quark" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کوارک ته – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوارک ته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjakvarkki" title="Pohjakvarkki – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjakvarkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quark bottom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קווארק תחתון – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווארק תחתון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="बॉटम क्वार्क – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बॉटम क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dubinski kvark" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_kvark" title="Bottom kvark – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bottom kvark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="B-քվարկ – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="B-քվարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quark bottom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ボトムクォーク – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボトムクォーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="B-კვარკი – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="B-კვარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A5_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="바닥 쿼크 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바닥 쿼크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarcum_imum" title="Quarcum imum – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quarcum imum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelminis_kvarkas" title="Gelminis kvarkas – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gelminis kvarkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_kvarks" title="B kvarks – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="B kvarks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Длабински кварк – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Длабински кварк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark_bawah" title="Kuark bawah – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuark bawah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnkvark" title="Bunnkvark – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bunnkvark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quark bottom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwark_b" title="Kwark b – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwark b" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="تھلا کوارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھلا کوارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quark bottom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="B-кварк – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="B-кварк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dubinski kvark" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bottom quark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_b" title="Kvark b – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvark b" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_b" title="Kvark b – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvark b" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dubinski kvark" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilalim_na_quark" title="Ilalim na quark – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilalim na quark" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_kuark" title="Alt kuark – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alt kuark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="B-кварк – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="B-кварк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_%C4%91%C3%A1y" title="Quark đáy – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quark đáy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilarom_nga_quark" title="Ilarom nga quark – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ilarom nga quark" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="底夸克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="底夸克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="底夸克 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="底夸克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quark_fondo" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 1em; background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(119, 119, 119); border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background: #FDE910; font-size: 120%"><b>Quark fondo</b> (<i><b>b</b></i>) </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background: #bfbfbf; font-size: 100%">Clasificación </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 0px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_elemental" title="Partícula elemental">Partícula elemental</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 0px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión">Fermión</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 0px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quark</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 0px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%">Terceira xeración </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 0px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%"><b>Quark fondo</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 1px; background: #bfbfbf; font-size: 100%">Propiedades </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a>: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%">≈7,13 · 10<sup>−27</sup> <a href="/wiki/Quilogramo" title="Quilogramo">kg</a> (no esquema de mínima subtracción) <p>≈4.19 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Velocidade_da_luz" title="Velocidade da luz">c</a><sup>2</sup> (no esquema de mínima subtracción)<br /> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Carga_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Carga eléctrica">Carga eléctrica</a>: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%">−⅓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carga_elemental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carga elemental (a páxina aínda non existe)">e</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carga_de_cor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carga de cor (a páxina aínda non existe)">Carga de cor</a>: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%">Cor </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a>: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27ed8d6f89359b18417d3f80067e422179a3eb91" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.305ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\hbar }"></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vida_media_(f%C3%ADsica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vida media (física) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Vida media</a>: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%">Inestable (descoñecido) </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Antipart%C3%ADcula" title="Antipartícula">Antipartícula</a>: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%">Antiquark fondo (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89e44ed80d87353f07b93aa5b68876724e564ff1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {b}}}"></span>) </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right" style="background: #dfdfdf; font-size: 90%"> Interacciona con: </th> <th align="left" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Gravidade" title="Gravidade">Gravidade</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_d%C3%A9bil" title="Interacción nuclear débil">Interacción débil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetismo" title="Electromagnetismo">Electromagnetismo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interacción forte">Interacción forte</a><br /><br /> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>O <b><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a></b> <b>fondo</b> (ou <i>quark b</i> do inglés "<i>bottom quark</i>") é unha partícula elemental que pertence á terceira xeración de <span>quarks</span><b>.</b> Ten unha carga eléctrica igual a −⅓ da <a href="/wiki/Carga_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Carga eléctrica">carga elemental</a> e un spin de ½, co cal é un <a href="/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión">fermión</a> e cumpre o <a href="/wiki/Principio_de_exclusi%C3%B3n_de_Pauli" title="Principio de exclusión de Pauli">principio de exclusión de Pauli</a>. Como os demais quarks, o quark fondo ten carga de cor, e o antiquark fondo ten carga de anticor; senten a <a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_forte" title="Interacción nuclear forte">interacción forte</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Características"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADsticas"></span>Características</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Características»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Características"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>É o segundo quark máis masivo do <a href="/wiki/Modelo_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Modelo estándar">modelo estándar</a>, cunha masa dunhas catro veces a do <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón">protón</a>. Isto dálle un comportamento peculiar dentro da <a href="/wiki/Cromodin%C3%A1mica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Cromodinámica cuántica">cromodinámica cuántica</a>, que o fai máis fácil de detectar e medir as súas propiedades experimentalmente, sobre todo nos mesóns que forma. Tamén é relativamente fácil de experimentar con el debido a que case sempre aparece nas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegraci%C3%B3n_de_part%C3%ADculas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegración de partículas (a páxina aínda non existe)">desintegracións</a> do <a href="/wiki/Quark_cume" title="Quark cume">quark cume</a>, e con bastante frecuencia na desintegración do <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3n_de_Higgs" title="Bosón de Higgs">bosón de Higgs</a>, se é o suficientemente lixeiro. </p><p>Foi descuberto no <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>), en <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> e posteriormente confirmado en Doris (<a href="/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a>). No descubrimento, os científicos quixeron chamalo "quark beleza" (<i>Beauty</i>), pero ao final quedou en fondo (<i>Bottom</i>). O achado non resultou inesperado xa que en <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> descubriuse a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau_(part%C3%ADcula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau (partícula) (a páxina aínda non existe)">partícula tau</a> polo que se pensou que se había tres familias de <a href="/wiki/Lept%C3%B3n" title="Leptón">leptóns</a> debería haber tamén tres xeracións de quarks. </p><p>O quark fondo debe ter unha vida media curta, como os leptóns da terceira xeración. A única evidencia é que forma hadróns que se desintegran pronto, pero a vida media do propio quark é moi difícil de medir debido a que se atopa confinado (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Confinamento_da_cor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confinamento da cor (a páxina aínda non existe)">confinamento da cor</a>). </p><p>Este quark dota aos hadróns que forma cun <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmero_cu%C3%A1ntico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Número cuántico (a páxina aínda non existe)">número cuántico</a> chamado 'inferioridade' (tradución de "<i>bottomness</i>"), que se define como o número de antiquarks fondo menos o número de quarks fondo que o forman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hadróns_que_conteñen_quarks_fondo"><span id="Hadr.C3.B3ns_que_conte.C3.B1en_quarks_fondo"></span>Hadróns que conteñen quarks fondo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Hadróns que conteñen quarks fondo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Hadróns que conteñen quarks fondo"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Todos os tipos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesones-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesones-B (a páxina aínda non existe)">mesóns B</a>, cargados e neutros, están formados por un quark fondo (ou o <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">antiquark</a>) e un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_arriba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark arriba (a páxina aínda non existe)">quark arriba</a> ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_abajo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark abajo (a páxina aínda non existe)">abaixo.</a> Os<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0" /> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df4dcd61276328f7c7ec5bdc399b6e11114a2c68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:0; height:0.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle }"></span> mesóns B encantados e estraños están formados polo quark fondo e un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_encantado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark encantado (a páxina aínda non existe)">quark encantado</a> ou estraño respectivamente. </p><p>O <a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%B3n" class="mw-disambig" title="Mesón">mesón</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dpsilon_(part%C3%ADcula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ípsilon (partícula) (a páxina aínda non existe)">ípsilon</a>, tamén coñecido como 'fondonio' (tradución de <b>bottomonium</b>), está formado polo quark e o antiquark fondo. </p><p>O único <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barión (a páxina aínda non existe)">barión</a> coñecido cun quark fondo é o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambda_(part%C3%ADcula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambda (partícula) (a páxina aínda non existe)">lambda</a> neutro inferior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/historical-results/">"Historic Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AQuark+fondo&rft.btitle=Historic+Results&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnal.gov%2Fpub%2Fscience%2Fhistorical-results%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">L. Lederman (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1978-10_239_4/page/72">"The Upsilon Particle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> <b>239</b> (4): 72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1078-72">10.1038/scientificamerican1078-72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AQuark+fondo&rft.atitle=The+Upsilon+Particle&rft.au=L.+Lederman&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=72&rft.volume=239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_scientific-american_1978-10_239_4%2Fpage%2F72&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1078-72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i>.</li> <li><cite class="citation web">R. Nave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html">"Quarks"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=HyperPhysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HyperPhysics (a páxina aínda non existe)">HyperPhysics</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia State University (a páxina aínda non existe)">Georgia State University</a>, Department of Physics and Astronomy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2008-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AQuark+fondo&rft.atitle=Quarks&rft.au=R.+Nave&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2FParticles%2Fquark.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">A. Pickering (1984). <i>Constructing Quarks</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (a páxina aínda non existe)">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 114–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-226-66799-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-226-66799-5">0-226-66799-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AQuark+fondo&rft.au=A.+Pickering&rft.btitle=Constructing+Quarks&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-66799-5&rft.pages=114-125&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i>.</li> <li><cite class="citation web">J. Yoh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1997/conf/Conf-97-432-E.pdf">"The Discovery of the b Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of Twenty Beautiful Years of Bottom Physics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2009-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AQuark+fondo&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+the+b+Quark+at+Fermilab+in+1977%3A+The+Experiment+Coordinator%27s+Story&rft.au=J.+Yoh&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Twenty+Beautiful+Years+of+Bottom+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flss.fnal.gov%2Farchive%2F1997%2Fconf%2FConf-97-432-E.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_forte" title="Interacción nuclear forte">Interacción nuclear forte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glu%C3%B3n" title="Gluón">Gluón</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_fondo&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.fnal.gov/botqrk.html">History of the discovery of the bottom quark / Upsilon meson</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824104835/http://history.fnal.gov/botqrk.html">Arquivado</a> 24 de agosto de 2017 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i>.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <table style="clear:both; width:55em; margin: 1.5em auto; border:1px solid #CCC; background-color:#FCFCFC; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="height:2em; background-color:#CCF;"> <th style="font-size: 125%; border-bottom: 1px solid grey;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADculas" title="Física de partículas">Partículas fundamentais en Física</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_part%C3%ADculas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de partículas (a páxina aínda non existe)">lista</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1boa_de_part%C3%ADculas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Táboa de partículas (a páxina aínda non existe)">táboa</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #DDF; font-size: 115%;" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión">Fermións</a> </th> <th style="background: #FDD; font-size: 115%;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3n" title="Bosón">Bosóns de Gauge</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #EEF; font-size: 110%;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a> </th> <th style="background: #EEF; font-size: 110%;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lept%C3%B3n" title="Leptón">Leptóns</a> </th> <th style="background: #fff0f0; font-size: 100%;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3ns_W_e_Z" title="Bosóns W e Z">Bosóns W e Z</a> </th> <th style="background: #fff0f0; font-size: 100%;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n" title="Fotón">Fotón</a> </th> <th style="background: #fff0f0; font-size: 100%;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glu%C3%B3n" title="Gluón">Gluón</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_arriba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark arriba (a páxina aínda non existe)">Arriba</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_encantado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark encantado (a páxina aínda non existe)">Encantado</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Quark_cume" title="Quark cume">Cume</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón">Electrón</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3n" title="Muón">Muón</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau_(part%C3%ADcula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau (partícula) (a páxina aínda non existe)">Tau (tauón)</a> </th> <th style="background: #DFD; font-size: 115%;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3n" title="Bosón">Bosóns hipotéticos</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_abaixo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark abaixo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Abaixo</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark_estra%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark estraño (a páxina aínda non existe)">Estraño</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fondo</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrino_electr%C3%B3nico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrino electrónico (a páxina aínda non existe)">e-neutrino</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrino_mu%C3%B3nico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrino muónico (a páxina aínda non existe)">μ-neutrino</a> </th> <th style="background: #f7f7ff; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrino_tau%C3%B3nico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrino tauónico (a páxina aínda non existe)">τ-neutrino</a> </th> <th style="background: #f0fff0; font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%B3n" title="Gravitón">Gravitón</a>    <a href="/wiki/Bos%C3%B3n_de_Higgs" title="Bosón de Higgs">Bosón de Higgs</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="9" style="background:#ccccff"><b>Outras clases, partículas compostas e outras</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="9"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barión (a páxina aínda non existe)">barión</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitino (a páxina aínda non existe)">gravitino</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadr%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadrón (a páxina aínda non existe)">hadrón</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%B3n" title="Kaón">kaón</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mes%C3%B3n_(F%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADculas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesón (Física de partículas) (a páxina aínda non existe)">mesón</a> - <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutrón</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B3n_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Pión (física)">pión</a> - <a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3n" title="Positrón">positrón</a> - <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón">protón</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="9" style="background:#ccccff"><b>Termos relacionados</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Antimateria" title="Antimateria">antimateria</a> - <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_subat%C3%B3mica" title="Partícula subatómica">partícula subatómica</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; 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