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id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Kristal" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Kristal" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Kristal" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Kristal" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kristalen_estrukturaketa_(mikroskopikoa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalen_estrukturaketa_(mikroskopikoa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kristalen estrukturaketa (mikroskopikoa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristalen_estrukturaketa_(mikroskopikoa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristal_aldeak_eta_formak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristal_aldeak_eta_formak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kristal aldeak eta formak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristal_aldeak_eta_formak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturan_agerpena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturan_agerpena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Naturan agerpena</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naturan_agerpena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Naturan agerpena azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naturan_agerpena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrokak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrokak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arrokak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrokak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Izotza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristal_organikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristal_organikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kristal organikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristal_organikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polimorfismoa_eta_alotropia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polimorfismoa_eta_alotropia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Polimorfismoa eta alotropia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polimorfismoa_eta_alotropia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristalizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kristalizazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristalizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akatsak,_ez-purutasunak,_eta_makla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akatsak,_ez-purutasunak,_eta_makla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Akatsak, ez-purutasunak, eta makla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akatsak,_ez-purutasunak,_eta_makla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lotura_kimikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lotura_kimikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lotura kimikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lotura_kimikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuasikristalak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuasikristalak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kuasikristalak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuasikristalak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anisotropiaren_ezaugarri_bereziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anisotropiaren_ezaugarri_bereziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anisotropiaren ezaugarri bereziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anisotropiaren_ezaugarri_bereziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristalografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kristalografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristalografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argazki_bilduma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argazki_bilduma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Argazki bilduma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argazki_bilduma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kristal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 111 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="بلورة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بلار – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallar" title="Kristallar – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kristallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Крышталічныя целы – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крышталічныя целы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Крышталь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крышталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balur" title="Balur – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Balur" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="স্ফটিক – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ফটিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristall" title="Cristall – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلوور – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بلوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystal" title="Krystal – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krystal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisial" title="Grisial – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystal" title="Krystal – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krystal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κρύσταλλος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρύσταλλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Crystal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalo" title="Kristalo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلور – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiteinen_aine" title="Kiteinen aine – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiteinen aine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karisitala" title="Karisitala – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Karisitala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criostal" title="Criostal – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Criostal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="સ્ફટિક – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્ફટિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Crystal" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9" title="גביש – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גביש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="क्रिस्टल – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिस्टल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%A1ly" title="Kristály – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Բյուրեղ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Բիւրեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բիւրեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalo" title="Kristalo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristallo" title="Cristallo – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" title="結晶 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="結晶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კრისტალი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრისტალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95" title="결정 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="결정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallum" title="Crystallum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crystallum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalas" title="Kristalas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%81ls" title="Kristāls – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaly" title="Kristaly – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="പരൽ (രസതന്ത്രം) – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരൽ (രസതന്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82" title="Талст – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Талст" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯇꯦꯜꯂꯥꯏꯟ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯇꯦꯜꯂꯥꯏꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्फटिक – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्फटिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hablur" title="Hablur – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hablur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="ပုံဆောင်ခဲ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုံဆောင်ခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuilotl" title="Tehuilotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tehuilotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD" title="मणिभ – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मणिभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krystall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krystall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalcii" title="Baalcii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baalcii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਲੌਰ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੌਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_krystaliczne" title="Ciało krystaliczne – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciało krystaliczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1i" title="Piñi – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Piñi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustalu" title="Crustalu – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Crustalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Кристаллы – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристаллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кристааллар – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кристааллар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creestal" title="Creestal – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Creestal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7" title="සකැට – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සකැට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crystal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kry%C5%A1t%C3%A1l" title="Kryštál – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kryštál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristali" title="Kristali – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kristali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuwele" title="Fuwele – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fuwele" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="படிகம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="స్ఫటికం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్ఫటికం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="ผลึก – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كىرىستال – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىرىستال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلور – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallar" title="Kristallar – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kristallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Tinh thể – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tinh thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="晶体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="קריסטאל – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="晶体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="晶體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E2%81%BF-th%C3%A9" title="Chiⁿ-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiⁿ-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="晶體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umncwebe" title="Umncwebe – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umncwebe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43533#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kristal"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kristal"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Kristal" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Kristal" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&oldid=9869257" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Kristal&id=9869257&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKristal"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKristal"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kristal"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kristal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crystal" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43533" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <dl><dd><i>Agian <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">Beira</a> artikulua bilatzen ari zinen.</i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg/224px-Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg/336px-Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg/449px-Quartz_Saint_Lary_Ari%C3%A8ge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="5525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuartzo" title="Kuartzo">Kuartzo</a>-kristala</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gallium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/254px-Gallium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/381px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/508px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">Galioa</a>, kristal handiak eratzen dituen metala</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">Kimikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">mineralogian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Materialen_zientzia" title="Materialen zientzia">materialen zientzian</a>, <b>kristala</b> <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solido</a> bat da, hiru espazio-dimentsioetan hedatzen den eredu errepikakor eta ordenatua osatuz paketatutako <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiak</a> dituena. <a href="/wiki/Kristalografia" title="Kristalografia">Kristalografia</a> deritzon zientziak aztertzen ditu. </p><p>Hitza <a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grezieratik</a> dator (κρύσταλλος, <i>krystallos</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">izotz</a> argia"), hasieran uraren forma solido berezia zela uste baitzen. Bereziki, kuartzoari izena emateko erabili izan da. </p><p>Jariakin batek kristal bat eratzen duenean, hainbat faktorek eragiten dute prozesuan: jariakinaren ezaugarri kimikoak, solidotzearen baldintzak eta ingurunearen baldintzak (<a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">presioa</a>). <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">Kristal-egitura</a> bat sortzearen prozesuari <i>kristalizazio</i> deritzo. </p><p>Normalean materialen hozte-prozesuek kristalak sortzen dituzte, baina zenbait baldintzatan, jariakina kristala ez den beste egoera batean gogor daiteke. Kristala ez den forma horri solido <a href="/wiki/Amorfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorfo">amorfo</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">beiratsu</a> deritzo. </p><p>Material-mota guztiek eratzen dituzte kristalak. Ia <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> guztiak existi daitezke egoera polikristalinoan; izan ere, metal amorfoak edo kristal bakarrekoak eratzeko teknika artifizialak erabili behar izaten dira. Ionikoki lotutako kristalak <a href="/wiki/Gatz" class="mw-disambig" title="Gatz">gatzak</a> solidotzean sortzen dira, bai jariakin batetik abiatuz bai <a href="/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio">disoluzio</a> bat kondentsatu delako. <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">Lotura kobalentedun</a> kristalak ere oso arruntak dira, esaterako <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">silizioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafitoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamantea</a>. Material <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimerikoek</a>, oro har, kristal-eskualdeak eratzen dituzte, hain molekula luzeak dituztenez kristalizazio osoa zaila izaten baita. <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_indar" title="Van der Waalsen indar">Van der Waals-en indar</a> ahulek ere kristal-egituran eragiten dute; esaterako, grafitoaren hexagono-formako orriak lotuta mantentzen dituzte. </p><p>Inoiz, kristalek akatsak dituzte: izatez, arrunt samarra da kristalak akasdunak izatea. Akats-motak eta haren egiturak eragin handia izaten du materialaren propietateetan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristalen_estrukturaketa_(mikroskopikoa)"><span id="Kristalen_estrukturaketa_.28mikroskopikoa.29"></span>Kristalen estrukturaketa (mikroskopikoa)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kristalen estrukturaketa (mikroskopikoa)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kristalen estrukturaketa (mikroskopikoa)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Kristal" hitzaren definizio zientifikoa, bere barneko atomoen egituraketa mikroskopikoan datza, non <a href="/wiki/Kristal_estruktura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristal estruktura">kristal estruktura</a> sortzen den, kristal hau osatu eta definitzen duena. Kristalak definizioz, bere atomoak forma periodikoan ordenatuta ditu, salbuespenak kenduta; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasikristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasikristal (sortu gabe)">kuasikristalak</a>, ikus behean. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NaCl-Ionengitter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NaCl-Ionengitter.svg/205px-NaCl-Ionengitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NaCl-Ionengitter.svg/308px-NaCl-Ionengitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NaCl-Ionengitter.svg/409px-NaCl-Ionengitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>NaCl (egitura kristalinoa)</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Snowflake8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Snowflake8.png/249px-Snowflake8.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Snowflake8.png 1.5x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">Izotza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Solido guztiak ez dira kristalak. Adibidez: Ura izoztean, lehenik izotz kristal txikiak sortzen dira fase aldaketa geldoaz, hauek estruktura erabat betetzen duten arte, honela izotza sortuz, hau da, egitura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polikristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polikristal (sortu gabe)">polikristlin</a>o bat. Beraz, izotz kubo bat hartuta bertako kristal txiki bakoitza ("kristalito" edo "ale" ere deitua) ordenamendu atomiko periodikoa duen benetako kristala izango da, aldi berean polikristalinoak osotasunean ez du ordenamendu atomiko periodikorik izango, izan ere, alearen tamainak berak mugatzen baitu ordenamendu atomiko periodikoaren patroia. Solido <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_ez-organiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Konposatu ez-organiko">ez-organiko</a> makroskopiko gehienak polikristalinoak dira, baita <a href="/wiki/Zeramika" title="Zeramika">zeramika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">izotza</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Arroka" title="Arroka">arrokak</a> besteak beste. Ez kristalino eta ezta polikristalino diren solidoek, <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">beira</a>ren antzera, barne egitura amorfoa dutela diogu, hau da, ez-kristalinoa. Hauek ez dute ordenamendu periodikorik, ezta eskala mikroskopikoan ere. Ezberdintasun handiak daude solido kristalino eta solido amorfoen artean: Izan ere, beiraren eraketa prozesuak ez baitu fusioaren bero latentea askatzen, eta aldiz kristal baten eraketak bai. <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">Egitura kristalinoa</a> (ordenamendu atomiko periodikoa duena) bere gelaxka unitarioarengatik bereiz daiteke, hau kaxa irudikari bat da, non atomo bat edo gehiago dauden posizio espazial jakin batean. Kaxa irudikari hauek espazio tridimentsional batean pilatzen dira egitura errepikatuz, eta honela egitura kristalinoa osatuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristal_aldeak_eta_formak">Kristal aldeak eta formak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kristal aldeak eta formak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kristal aldeak eta formak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristalak bereiziki beren formarengatik dira bereizgarri, forma honek honako elementuak izanik; aurpegiak, aldeak eta erpinak. Hala ere, konposatu bat kristala izan dadin ez ditu hauek eduki behar nahita nahiez, —kristala deitzen zaio dagokion ordenamendu mikroskopikoarengatik eta ez bere forma makroskopikoarengatik—hala ere, bere forma makroskopiko ezaugarria sarri agertu ohi da hauetan, bestalde begi bistaz kristala sailkatzea erraztuz. Kristalaren itxura makroskopikoari <a href="/wiki/Kristal-habitu" title="Kristal-habitu">kristal-habitu</a> deritzo. </p><p>Kristal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehudrala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehudrala (sortu gabe)">ehudralak</a>, ongi osatutako aurpegi lauak ditu, aldiz kristal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhedral (sortu gabe)">anhedral</a> batek hauek ez ditu, gehientan azken hau ale bat edo polikristalino bat izan ohi delako. </p><p>Kristal euhedral baten aurpegi lauak orientazio jakin baten arabera antolatuak daude, hain zuzen ere, bere aurkako aurpegiaren ordenamendu atomikoaren arabera (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Millerr_indizea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millerr indizea (sortu gabe)">Millerren indize</a> oso bajuak izan ohi dituzte). </p><p>Hau aurpegien orientazioaren egonkortasunaren ondorio da; zenbait azalera beste batzuk baina egonkorragoak direlako gertatzen da. Kristal bat hazten doan heinean, bertako atomo berriak errazago lotzen zaizkie marruskadura handiko gainazalei, baina zailtasun handiagoz azalera lau eta egonkorrei. Honen ondorioz, gainazal lauak, handiagoak eta leunagoak sortzen dira. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Crystal_facet_formation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crystal_facet_formation.svg/388px-Crystal_facet_formation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="388" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crystal_facet_formation.svg/582px-Crystal_facet_formation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crystal_facet_formation.svg/776px-Crystal_facet_formation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption> Sare kristalinoaren hedapena. </figcaption></figure> <p>Aintzinako <a href="/wiki/Kristalografia" title="Kristalografia">kristalografiako</a> tekniketako bat honen orientazio tridimensionala neurtzean datza, eta honekin aurkako aurpegien elementuak aurresatean. </p><p>Kristal baten habitua bistaz bereiz daitekeen forma da, eta hau egitura kristalinoak determinatzen du. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naturan_agerpena">Naturan agerpena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Naturan agerpena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Naturan agerpena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrokak">Arrokak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arrokak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Arrokak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bai bolumenez eta baita masaz ere, lurreko kristal kontzentrazio handienak <a href="/wiki/Harri_ama" class="mw-redirect" title="Harri ama">harri ama</a> solidoaren zati dira. Harrietan aurki daitzekeen kristalen diametroak ezberdinak izan daitezke; badaude tamainaz frakzio milimetrikoak ainak direnak eta baita zentrimetroak izan ditzakeen tamainakoak ere, hala ere, ausaz aurkitu izan dira ohiz kanpoko tamaina duten kristal handiak. Hainbat eta hainbat kristal hauek jasaten dituzten prozesu magmatiko eta metamorfikoen ondorio dira, eta hauek elkartzean azalera handiko harri kristalino masak sortzen dituzte. <a href="/wiki/Arroka_igneo" title="Arroka igneo">Arroka igneo</a> gehienak <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> urtutik eratorriak dira eta hauen kristalizazio gradua hau solidifikatu zen uneko baldintzen araberakoa da. <a href="/wiki/Granito" title="Granito">Granito</a>a bezalako arrokak, zeintzuk presio handiaren pean oso poliki hoztu diren, erabateko kristalizazioa jasan dute; baina lurrazalean isuritako <a href="/wiki/Laba" title="Laba">laba</a> ezberdinak azkarregi hoztean azken talde honetan beira edo materia amorfoa agertzea ohikoa da. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ice_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ice_crystals.jpg/220px-Ice_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ice_crystals.jpg/330px-Ice_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ice_crystals.jpg/440px-Ice_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Izotz kristalak</figcaption></figure> <p>Beste hainbat arroka kristalinoek; <a href="/wiki/Marmol" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmol">marmolak</a>, mika-eskistoak, eta <a href="/wiki/Kuartzita" title="Kuartzita">kuartzitak</a> besteak beste birkristalizazioa jasaten dute. Hori arroka sedimentarioetatik eratorriak direlako gertatzen da; (<a href="/wiki/Arbel" title="Arbel">arbela</a>, hondarra... etab.) eta inoiz ez urtuta ezta soluzio batean egon delako ere, baina, tenperatura eta presio handien aurrean egotean birkristalizazioa jasaten du; honela, jatorrizko egiturak ezabatuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izotza">Izotza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izotza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Izotza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg/220px-CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg/330px-CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg/440px-CalciteEchinosphaerites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Kaltzita kristala </figcaption></figure> <p>Lurrean aurki daitekeen materia kristalinoari dagokionean, urean oinarritutako <a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">izotz</a> elurra, itsas izotza eta galziarrak besteak beste; dira lurreko elementu kristalino nagusiak. <a href="/wiki/Elur" title="Elur">Elur</a> maluta bakarra kristal bakar bat edo kristal bilduma bat da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, aldiz, izotz kubo bat polikristal bat da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristal_organikoak">Kristal organikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kristal organikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kristal organikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">Organismo</a> bizidun askok kristalak ekoizten dituzte, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Kaltzita" title="Kaltzita">kaltzita</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aragonito" title="Aragonito">aragonita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molusku" title="Molusku">moluskuen</a> kasuan, <a href="/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun">ornodunen</a> kasuan... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polimorfismoa_eta_alotropia">Polimorfismoa eta alotropia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Polimorfismoa eta alotropia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Polimorfismoa eta alotropia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Artikulu nagusiak: <a href="/wiki/Polimorfismo_(kimika)" title="Polimorfismo (kimika)">Polimorfismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia">alotropia</a></i> </p><p>Talde bereko atomoak sarritan modu desberdinetan solidotu daitezke. Polimorfismoa solido bat kristal forma bat baina gehiagotan existitzeko gaitasuna da. Esate baterako, ur <a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">izotza</a> forma hexagonalean aurkitzen da (<i>lh</i>), baina forma kubikoan ere existitzen da (<i>lc</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kristal-sistema_hexagonal" title="Kristal-sistema hexagonal">romboedro</a> <a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">izotza</a> eta beste hainbat formatan bezalaxe. Polimorfismo diferenteei normalean <a href="/wiki/Fase_(termodinamika)" title="Fase (termodinamika)">fase</a> diferenteak deitzen zaie. </p><p>Gainera, atomo berdinak gai izan daitezke kristalak ez diren <a href="/wiki/Fase_(termodinamika)" title="Fase (termodinamika)">fase</a>ak eratzeko. Esate baterako, urak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotz_amorfoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izotz amorfoa (sortu gabe)">izotz amorfoa</a> osa dezake, SiO<sub>2</sub>-k <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silika_fusionatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silika fusionatua (sortu gabe)">silika fusionatua</a> (kristal amorfoa) eta <a href="/wiki/Kuartzo" title="Kuartzo">kuartzo</a>a (kristala). Era berean, substantzia batek kristalak era baditzake, polikristalak ere era ditzake. </p><p>Elementu kimiko puruentzako polimorfismoa <a href="/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia">alotropia</a> gisa ezagutzen da. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamantea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafitoa</a> karbonoz osatutako bi forma kristalino dira, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono_amorfoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbono amorfoak (sortu gabe)">karbono amorfoak</a>, aldiz, ez du kristal formarik. Polimorfismoek, nahiz eta atomo berdinak eduki, propietate diferenteak eduki ditzakete. Esate baterako, diamantea elementu gogorrena da, grafitoa, aldiz, hain biguna da non lubrifikatzaile bezala erabiltzen den. </p><p>Polimorfismoa fenomeno bat da non atomo berdinak <a href="/wiki/Solido_amorfo" title="Solido amorfo">solido amorfo</a> forma bat baina gehiagotan existitzen diren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristalizazioa">Kristalizazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kristalizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kristalizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Artikulu nagusiak: <a href="/wiki/Kristalizazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristalizazioa">Kristalizazioa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal_igoera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristal igoera (sortu gabe)">Kristal igoera</a></i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kristalizazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristalizazioa">Kristalizazioa</a> kristal egiturak osatzeko prozesua da, <a href="/wiki/Fluido" title="Fluido">fluido</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Fluido" title="Fluido">fluido</a>etan disolbatutako materialetatik abiatuz. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG/220px-1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG/330px-1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG/440px-1-cooling-crystallizer-schladen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hozte_kristalizatzailea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hozte kristalizatzailea (sortu gabe)">Hozte kristalizatzailea</a> erremolatxa azukre fabrika batean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristalizazioa asko ikertutako arlo konplexua da, izan ere, baldintzen arabera, fluido bakarra forma ezberdin askotan solidifikatu baitaiteke. Kristal bakarra sor dezake, agian hainbat fase, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteokiometria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esteokiometria (sortu gabe)">esteokiometria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezpurutasun" title="Ezpurutasun">ezspurutasun</a>, akats eta ohitura posiblekin. Edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polikristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polikristal (sortu gabe)">polikristal</a> bat eratu dezake, hainbat tamaina, antolaketa, orientazio eta faseko ale konbinazio ezberdinekin. Solidoaren azken forma zehazteko jariakina zer nolako baldintzetan solidifikatu den aztertu behar da, hala nola, jariakinaren egitura kimikoa, giro presioa, <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a> eta parametro guzti hauen aldatze abiadura. </p><p>Kristal handiak sortzeko (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boule_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boule kristal (sortu gabe)">boule kristala</a> deituak) industrian erabiltzen diren teknikak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czochralski_prozesua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czochralski prozesua (sortu gabe)">Czochralski prozesua</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridgman_teknika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridgman teknika (sortu gabe)">Bridgman teknika</a> dira. Beste hainbat teknika exotiko erabiltzen direnak, sustantziaren propietate fisikoen arabera, honako hauek dira: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrotermal_sintesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrotermal sintesia (sortu gabe)">hidrotermal sintesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublimazio" title="Sublimazio">sublimazioa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konponketan_oinarritutako_kristalizazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konponketan oinarritutako kristalizazioa (sortu gabe)">konponketan oinarritutako kristalizazioa</a>. </p><p>Kristal handiak prozesu geologikoen bidez sortaraz daitezke. Esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Selenita" title="Selenita">selenita</a> kristala lurretik 10 <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">metro</a> baino gehiagotan <a href="/wiki/Naicako_haitzuloa" title="Naicako haitzuloa">Naicako Kristal haitzuloan</a> aurki daiteke. </p><p>Kristalak prozesu biologikoen bidez ere sortaraz daitezke. Bestalde, organismo batzuk gai dira hainbat teknika bereziren bitartez kristalizazioa saihesteko, adibidez izotz-kontrako <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">proteina</a>k. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Akatsak,_ez-purutasunak,_eta_makla"><span id="Akatsak.2C_ez-purutasunak.2C_eta_makla"></span>Akatsak, ez-purutasunak, eta makla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Akatsak, ez-purutasunak, eta makla»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Akatsak, ez-purutasunak, eta makla"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Artikulu nagusiak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalografiko_akatsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalografiko akatsa (sortu gabe)">Kristalografiko akatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezpurutasun" title="Ezpurutasun">Ez-purutasun</a>a, <a href="/wiki/Makla" title="Makla">Makla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaiko_kristal_neurketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosaiko kristal neurketa (sortu gabe)">Mosaiko kristal neurketa</a></i> </p><p>Kristal ideal batek <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> bakoitza egitura errepikakor perfektu batean du. Hala ere, errealitatean, kristal elementu gehienek kristalografia akatsak dituzte, egituran hausturak dituzten kristal <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu</a>ak, alegia. Egitura hauen akatsek eragin sakona izan dezakete kristal elementu hauen propietateetan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pyrite_60608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pyrite_60608.jpg/220px-Pyrite_60608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pyrite_60608.jpg/330px-Pyrite_60608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pyrite_60608.jpg/440px-Pyrite_60608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Makla" title="Makla">Maklaz</a> osatutako <a href="/wiki/Pirita" title="Pirita">pirita</a> kristal taldea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristalografi akatsen hainbat adibide, besteak beste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutsunearen_akatsak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutsunearen akatsak (sortu gabe)">hutsunearen akatsak</a> (leku huts bat da non atomo bat egon beharko zen), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espazio_interstizialeko_defektuak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espazio interstizialeko defektuak (sortu gabe)">espazio interstizialeko akatsak</a> (atomo bat berea ez den lekuan egotea) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokadura (sortu gabe)">lokadura</a> dira. Lokadurak oso garrantzitsuak dira <a href="/wiki/Materialen_zientzia" title="Materialen zientzia">materialen zientzian</a>, izan ere, lagundu egiten dute <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialen_indar_mekanikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materialen indar mekanikoa (sortu gabe)">materialen indar mekanikoa</a> zehazten. </p><p>Beste kristalografi akats mota bat ez-purutasuna da, hau da, kristalean egitura idealari ez dagozkion atomoak agertzea. Esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamante</a> kristal perfektu bat <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbono</a>z bakarrik osatuta legoke, baina errealitatean agian boro <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a>ak ere eduki ditzake. Ezpurutasunek kristalaren itxura alda dezakete, hein batean. <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">Boro</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezpurutasun" title="Ezpurutasun">ez-purutasun</a> horrek diamantearen kolorea aldatzen du apur bat urdina eginez, Halaber, <a href="/wiki/Errubi" title="Errubi">errubi</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zafiro" title="Zafiro">zafiroa</a>ren arteko desberdintasuna <a href="/wiki/Korindoi" title="Korindoi">korindoi</a> kristal bateko ez-purutasunean dago. <a href="/wiki/Erdieroale" title="Erdieroale">Erdieroale</a>etan, ez-purutasun mota berezi batek, dopina izenekoak, kristalaren propietate elektrikoak erabat aldatzen ditu. Erdieroale gailuak, <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistore</a>ak esate baterako, seguruenik, neurri handi batean, <a href="/wiki/Erdieroale" title="Erdieroale">erdieroale</a>en dopanteak leku ezberdinetan jarriz eginak dira, egitura espezifikoetan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Makla" title="Makla">Makla</a> kristalografi akatsa eta kristal pikorren mugaren arteko fenomeno bat da. Pikorren mugan bezala, maklak kristal orientazio desberdinak ditu bere bi aldeetan. Pikorren mugan ez bezala, orientazioak ez dira ausazkoak, baina espezifikoki ispilu irudi modu batean erlazionatuta daude. </p><p>Mosaiko kristal neurketa kristalezko planoaren orientazioen hedapena da. Kristal mosaiko bat unitate kristalino txikiagoak dira elkarren artean gaizki lerrokatuta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lotura_kimikoak">Lotura kimikoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lotura kimikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Lotura kimikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oro har, solidoak hainbat motatako <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kimiko" title="Lotura kimiko"><b>lotura kimikoren</b></a> bidez lotzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Lotura_ioniko" title="Lotura ioniko">lotura ionikoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">lotura kobalenteak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_indar" title="Van der Waalsen indar">Van der Waalsen indarrak</a> eta beste batzuk. Horiek ez dira nahitaez lotura kristalinoak. Hala ere, badaude joera orokor batzuk loturei dagokienean. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metalak</a> ia beti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polikristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polikristal (sortu gabe)">polikristalinoak</a> dira, nahiz eta salbuespenak dauden, esate baterako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_amorfoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal amorfoa (sortu gabe)">metal amorfoak</a> eta kristal bakarreko metalak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konposatu_ioniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konposatu ioniko (sortu gabe)">Konposatu ionikoak</a> kristalak edo polikristalak izaten dira. Praktikan <a href="/wiki/Gatz_mineral" title="Gatz mineral">gatz</a>-kristal handiak sortzen dira likido urtuen solidifikaziotik edo kristalizaziotik. <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">Lotura kobalenteek</a> solidoak sortzen dituzte, oso arruntak dira, adibide esanguratsuak <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamantea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kuartzo" title="Kuartzo">kuartzoa</a> dira. <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_indar" title="Van der Waalsen indar">Van der Waalsen indarrek</a> kristalak elkartzen laguntzen dute , esate baterako, solido molekular kristalinoak eta <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafitoa</a>. Material <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimeroak</a>, oro har, kristal-eskualdeak osatzen dituzte, baina molekulen luzerak gehienetan erabateko kristalizazio saihesten du, batzuetan, polimeroak guztiz amorfoak dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kuasikristalak">Kuasikristalak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kuasikristalak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kuasikristalak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Quasicrystal1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quasicrystal1.jpg/220px-Quasicrystal1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quasicrystal1.jpg/330px-Quasicrystal1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Quasicrystal1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Kuasikristalen eredu atomikoa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasikristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasikristal (sortu gabe)"><b>Kuasikristal</b></a> bat forma ordenatua baina ez periodikoa duen estruktura da. Espazio osoa betetzen dituzten ereduak sortzen dira, nahiz eta simetria itzultzailea izan. Kristalek ordea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalografiaren_murrizketa_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalografiaren murrizketa teorema (sortu gabe)">kristalografiaren murrizketa teorema</a> klasikoaren arabera, 2, 3, 4 simetria errotazional soilik dituzte, eta 6 toles eduki ditzakete. Bikoiztutako Bragg difrakzioaren ereduan patroiak gailur zorrotzak erakusten ditu, hau da, beste simetria-orden batzuk agertzen dira. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalografiaren_Nazioarteko_Batasuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalografiaren Nazioarteko Batasuna (sortu gabe)">Kristalografiaren Nazioarteko Batasunak</a> "kristal" hitzaren barnean kristal periodiko arruntak eta kuasikristalak ("funtsean <a href="/wiki/Difrakzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakzio">difrakzio</a> diskretu diagrama duen edozein solido"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) sartu ditu. </p><p>Kuasikristalak lehen aldiz 1982an aurkitu ziren. Arraroak dira, ehun solido baizik ez dira ezagutzen; kristalak, ordea, 400.000tik gora daude<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 2011ko <a href="/wiki/Kimikako_Nobel_Saria" title="Kimikako Nobel Saria">Kimikako Nobel Saria</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Shechtman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Shechtman (sortu gabe)">Dan Shechtmanek</a> jaso zuen kuasikristalak aurkitzeagatik<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anisotropiaren_ezaugarri_bereziak">Anisotropiaren ezaugarri bereziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Anisotropiaren ezaugarri bereziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Anisotropiaren ezaugarri bereziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristalek ezaugari berezi batzuk eduki ditzakete <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">beira</a>k eta <a href="/wiki/Klasto" title="Klasto">klastoek</a> normalean ez dituztenak. Horietako ezaugarri batzuk hauek izan daitezke: optikoa, elektrikoa eta mekanikoa. Ezaugarriak kristalaren <a href="/wiki/Anisotropia" title="Anisotropia">anisotropiarekin</a> erlazionatuak daude, hau da, antolaketa atomikoan biraketa simetriko ezarekin. Bereizgarrietako bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efektu_piezoelektrikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efektu piezoelektrikoa (sortu gabe)">efektu piezoelektrikoa</a> da, non tentsio batek kristala uzkurtu edo luzatuko duen. Beste bat birrefrigentzia da, bertan irudi bikoitza agertzen da kristalaren zehar begiratzean. Bestalde karakteristika desberdinak ager daitezke kristalaren norabide ezberdinetan. Esate baterako, eroankortasuna eta Young-en modulua. </p><p>Kristal guztiek ez dituzte ezaugarri guztiak edukiko. Ostera, karakteristikak ez dira kristalenak soilik. <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">Beiran</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Klasto" title="Klasto">klastoetan</a> ager daitezke, horretarako <a href="/wiki/Anisotropia" title="Anisotropia">anisotropikoak</a> bihurtu behar dira. Hori gertatzen da deformazioaren ondorioz gogortzen direnean edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estres_mekanikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estres mekanikoa (sortu gabe)">estres mekanikoa</a> jasaten dutenean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristalografia">Kristalografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kristalografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kristalografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kristalografia" title="Kristalografia"><b>Kristalografia</b></a> kristalen egiturak ikertzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologiaren</a> barneko zientzia da. Zientzia honen helburuetako bat kristal bakoitzak duen <a href="/wiki/Simetria-talde" title="Simetria-talde">simetria taldea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">sistema kristalinoa</a> zehaztea da. </p><p>Hainbat metodo erabiltzen dira kristalak ikertzeko. Alde batetik ikerketa optikoa , bertan begi bistaz ikusten diren <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">sistema kristalinoak</a> aztertzen dira. Beste alde batetik <a href="/wiki/Mikroskopio" title="Mikroskopio">mikroskopioa</a> erabiltzen da, argiarekin zerikusia duten elementuak ikertzeko. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a>en disposizioa ikertzeko metodorik zehatzena <a href="/wiki/X_Izpiko_Chandra_Behatokia" title="X Izpiko Chandra Behatokia">X izpiak</a> erabiltzea da, izpiak sortzen dituzten <a href="/wiki/Difrakzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakzio">difrakzio</a> patroiak aztertzen dira horretarako. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argazki_bilduma">Argazki bilduma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Argazki bilduma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Argazki bilduma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Insulincrystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intsulina kristala, lurraren orbitan sortua."><img alt="Intsulina kristala, lurraren orbitan sortua." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/120px-Insulincrystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/180px-Insulincrystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/240px-Insulincrystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intsulina kristala, lurraren orbitan sortua.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Izotz kristala."><img alt="Izotz kristala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg/120px-Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg/180px-Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg/240px-Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Izotz kristala.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silizio mota bat, industrialki-produzitzen den kristal mota garrantzitsu bat."><img alt="Silizio mota bat, industrialki-produzitzen den kristal mota garrantzitsu bat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/45px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/67px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/89px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silizio mota bat, industrialki-produzitzen den kristal mota garrantzitsu bat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gallium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ziabelar metalez osatutako kristala."><img alt="Ziabelar metalez osatutako kristala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/120px-Gallium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/180px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/240px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ziabelar metalez osatutako kristala.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apatito kristala, kuartzo eta pirita zatiekin."><img alt="Apatito kristala, kuartzo eta pirita zatiekin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg/119px-Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg/178px-Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg/238px-Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apatito kristala, kuartzo eta pirita zatiekin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalkopiritaz, piritaz eta bornitaz osatutako kristala."><img alt="Kalkopiritaz, piritaz eta bornitaz osatutako kristala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg/120px-Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg/180px-Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg/240px-Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kalkopiritaz, piritaz eta bornitaz osatutako kristala.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ruby_cristal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Errubi kristala"><img alt="Errubi kristala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ruby_cristal.jpg/86px-Ruby_cristal.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ruby_cristal.jpg/129px-Ruby_cristal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ruby_cristal.jpg/172px-Ruby_cristal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Errubi kristala</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKenneth.">Kenneth., Libbrecht,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950933014"><i>The snowflake : winter's frozen artistry. </i></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781627887335" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781627887335">9781627887335</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFIUCr1992-11-01">IUCr.  (1992-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S0108767392008328">«Report of the Executive Committee for 1991»</a> <i>Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography</i> 48 (6): 922–946.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2Fs0108767392008328">10.1107/s0108767392008328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0108-7673">0108-7673</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSteurer2004-07-01">Steurer, Walter.  (2004-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zkri.2004.219.issue-7/zkri.219.7.391.35643/zkri.219.7.391.35643.xml">«Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals. Part I. Pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals»</a> <i>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials</i> 219 (7)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1524%2Fzkri.219.7.391.35643">10.1524/zkri.219.7.391.35643</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2196-7105">2196-7105</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/kimikako-nobel-saria-kuasikristalak-aurkitu-izanag/"><i>Kimikako Nobel saria, kuasikristalak aurkitzeagatik - Zientzia.eus. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2017-11-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">Kristal-egitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalografia" title="Kristalografia">Kristalografia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotura_kimiko" title="Lotura kimiko">Lotura kimiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristal-habitu" title="Kristal-habitu">Kristal-habitua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43533" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q43533">Q43533</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystals">Crystals</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q43533%22">Q43533</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX526709">XX526709</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941210s">11941210s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941210s">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033209-3">4033209-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034503">sh85034503</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565650">00565650</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121980">ph121980</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/crystal">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43533" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q43533">Q43533</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystals">Crystals</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q43533%22">Q43533</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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