CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Loneliness - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"10435632-4618-4784-a940-58fddd9e5a2b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Loneliness","wgTitle":"Loneliness","wgCurRevisionId":1259415192,"wgRevisionId":1259415192,"wgArticleId":1570429,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013","Pages with missing ISBNs","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024","CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Emotional issues","Philosophy of love","Social issues","Emotions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Loneliness","wgRelevantArticleId":1570429,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby": true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q223270","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="961"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg/640px-Thoma_Loneliness.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="512"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Loneliness - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Loneliness rootpage-Loneliness skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Loneliness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Loneliness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Loneliness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Loneliness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Existential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Existential </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Cultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_meaningful_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_meaningful_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Lack of meaningful relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_meaningful_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Relationship loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Situational </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-perpetuating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-perpetuating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Self-perpetuating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-perpetuating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_contagion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_contagion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Social contagion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_contagion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Typology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Typology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_loneliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_loneliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Social loneliness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_loneliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional_loneliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_loneliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Emotional loneliness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_loneliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_loneliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_loneliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Family loneliness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_loneliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_loneliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_loneliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Romantic loneliness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_loneliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demarcation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demarcation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demarcation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demarcation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demarcation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demarcation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_between_feeling_lonely_and_being_socially_isolated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_feeling_lonely_and_being_socially_isolated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Differences between feeling lonely and being socially isolated </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_feeling_lonely_and_being_socially_isolated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transient_vs._chronic_loneliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transient_vs._chronic_loneliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Transient vs. chronic loneliness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transient_vs._chronic_loneliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loneliness_as_a_human_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loneliness_as_a_human_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Loneliness as a human condition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loneliness_as_a_human_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevalence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevalence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Increasing prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Chronic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Brain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Physical health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Suicide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Society level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_mechanisms_linked_to_poor_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_mechanisms_linked_to_poor_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Physiological mechanisms linked to poor health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_mechanisms_linked_to_poor_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relief </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relief-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relief subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Medical treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NGO_and_community_led" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NGO_and_community_led"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 NGO and community led </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NGO_and_community_led-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Pets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_of_digital_technology_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_of_digital_technology_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Effectiveness of digital technology interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_of_digital_technology_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Loneliness</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3)" title="وحدة (علم نفس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة (علم نفس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մենակութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մենակութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="নিঃসঙ্গতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিঃসঙ্গতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekora%27e%C3%B1o" title="Tekora'eño – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekora'eño" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99nhal%C4%B1q" title="Tənhalıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tənhalıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Адзінота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адзінота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Адзінота – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адзінота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapungawan" title="Kapungawan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kapungawan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Самота – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самота" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Пĕчченлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕчченлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osam%C4%9Blost" title="Osamělost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osamělost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigrwydd" title="Unigrwydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Unigrwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensomhed" title="Ensomhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ensomhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsamkeit" title="Einsamkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einsamkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Μοναξιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναξιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakartasun" title="Bakartasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakartasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تنهایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنهایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolement" title="Isolement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isolement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaigneas" title="Uaigneas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uaigneas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%9B%80" title="외로움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외로움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միայնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միայնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="अकेलापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकेलापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesepian" title="Kesepian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesepian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בדידות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדידות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasepen" title="Kasepen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasepen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieni%C5%A1umas" title="Vienišumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vienišumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%A1nyoss%C3%A1g" title="Magányosság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magányosság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Осаменост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осаменост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အထီးကျန်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အထီးကျန်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenzaamheid" title="Eenzaamheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eenzaamheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensomhet" title="Ensomhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ensomhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsemd" title="Einsemd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Einsemd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolg%CA%BBizlik" title="Yolgʻizlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yolgʻizlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਤਨਹਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਨਹਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samotno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Samotność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samotność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%C3%A3o" title="Solidão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solidão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Одиночество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одиночество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83" title="Соҕотохсуйуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕотохсуйуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetmia_(trishtim)" title="Vetmia (trishtim) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetmia (trishtim)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulitati" title="Sulitati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sulitati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8" title="තනිකම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තනිකම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Loneliness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تەنیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Усамљеност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Усамљеност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksin%C3%A4isyys" title="Yksinäisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksinäisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensamhet" title="Ensamhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ensamhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தனிமையுணர்வு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிமையுணர்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaln%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k" title="Yalnızlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yalnızlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyin" title="Nyin – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyin" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Самотність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самотність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="تنہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تنہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudog" title="Gudog – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gudog" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4_%C4%91%C6%A1n" title="Cô đơn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cô đơn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%96%AE" title="孤單 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孤單" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%8B%AC" title="孤独 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孤独" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223270#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Loneliness" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Loneliness">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Loneliness">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Loneliness" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Loneliness" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&oldid=1259415192" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Loneliness&id=1259415192&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLoneliness">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLoneliness">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Loneliness&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loneliness" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Loneliness" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223270" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unpleasant emotional response to social or physical isolation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Loneliness_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Loneliness (disambiguation)">Loneliness (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoma_Loneliness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg/220px-Thoma_Loneliness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg/330px-Thoma_Loneliness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg/440px-Thoma_Loneliness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Loneliness by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thoma" title="Hans Thoma">Hans Thoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Loneliness is an unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a> response to perceived <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">isolation</a>. Loneliness is also described as <a href="/wiki/Psychological_pain" title="Psychological pain">social pain</a> – a psychological mechanism that motivates individuals to seek <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">social connections</a>. It is often associated with a perceived lack of connection and intimacy. Loneliness overlaps and yet is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">solitude</a>. Solitude is simply the state of being apart from others; not everyone who experiences solitude feels lonely. As a subjective emotion, loneliness can be felt even when a person is surrounded by other people. The causes of loneliness are varied. Loneliness can be a result of genetic inheritance,<a href="#cite_note-Gao2016-1">[1]</a> cultural factors, a lack of meaningful relationships,<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> a significant loss, an excessive reliance on passive technologies (notably the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in the 21st century),<a href="#cite_note-Hughes1999-3">[3]</a> or a self-perpetuating mindset.<a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo2016-4">[4]</a> Research has shown that loneliness is found throughout society, including among people in marriages along with other strong relationships, and those with successful careers. Most people experience loneliness at some points in their lives, and some feel it often. Loneliness is found to be the highest among younger people as, according to the BBC Loneliness Experiment, 40% people within the age group 16-24 admit to feeling lonely while the percentage of people who feel lonely above age 75 is around 27%.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The effects of loneliness are also varied. Transient loneliness (loneliness that exists for a short period of time) is related to positive effects, including an increased focus on the strength of one's relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Sometimescalledthe-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> Chronic loneliness (loneliness that exists for a significant amount of time in one's life) is generally correlated with negative effects, including increased <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>, risk of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, risk of <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, and high <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SRoverviewBash2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHREvidence2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2020-11">[11]</a> Chronic loneliness is also correlated with an increased risk of death and <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal thoughts</a>. Medical treatments for loneliness include beginning <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapy</a> and taking <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>. Social treatments for loneliness generally include an increase in interaction with others, such as group activities (such as <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious activities</a>), re-engaging with old friends or colleagues, owning pets, and becoming more connected with one's community. <a href="#cite_note-Pets-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2020-13">[13]</a> Loneliness has long been a theme in literature, going back to the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>. However, academic coverage of loneliness was sparse until recent decades. In the 21st century, some academics and professionals have claimed that loneliness has become an epidemic,<a href="#cite_note-Bahrampour2021-14">[14]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Vivek Murthy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Thomas_Wolfe_1937_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a> who in an often quoted passage stated "The whole conviction of my life now rests upon the belief that loneliness, far from being a rare and curious phenomenon, is the central and inevitable fact of human existence."<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existential">Existential</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Existential">edit</a>]</div> Loneliness has long been viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Human_universal" class="mw-redirect" title="Human universal">universal</a> condition which, at least to a moderate extent, is felt by everyone. From this perspective, some degree of loneliness is inevitable as the limitations of human life mean it is impossible for anyone to continually satisfy their inherent need for connection. Professors including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_A._Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele A. Carter (page does not exist)">Michele A. Carter</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Lazare_Mijuskovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Lazare Mijuskovic (page does not exist)">Ben Lazare Mijuskovic</a> have written books and essays tracking the existential perspective and the many writers who have talked about it throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-Mijuskovic2012-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>'s 1930s essay God's Lonely Man is frequently discussed in this regard; Wolfe makes the case that everyone imagines they are lonely in a special way unique to themselves, whereas really every single person sometimes experiences loneliness. While agreeing that loneliness alleviation can be a good thing, those who take the existential view tend to doubt such efforts can ever be fully successful, seeing some level of loneliness as both unavoidable and even beneficial, as it can help people appreciate the joy of living.<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-I&I-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural">edit</a>]</div> Culture is discussed as a cause of loneliness in two senses. <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migrants</a> can experience loneliness due to missing their home culture.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Studies have found this effect can be especially strong for students from countries in Asia with a collective culture, when they go to study at universities in more <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualist</a> English speaking countries.<a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> Culture is also seen as a cause of loneliness in the sense that <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western culture</a> may have been contributing to loneliness, ever since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> began to favour individualism over older <a href="/wiki/Communal_work" title="Communal work">communal</a> values.<a href="#cite_note-I&I-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_meaningful_relationships">Lack of meaningful relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lack of meaningful relationships">edit</a>]</div> For many people the family of origin did not offer the trust building relationships needed to build a reference that lasts a lifetime and even in memory after the passing of a loved one. This can be due to parenting style, traditions, mental health issues including personality disorders and abusive family environments. Sometimes religious shunning is also present. This impacts the ability of individuals to know themselves, to value themselves and to relate to others or to do so with great difficulty. All these factors and many others are often overlooked by the standard medical or psychological advice that recommends to go meet friends, family and to socialise. This is not always possible when there is no one available to relate to and an inability to connect without the skills and knowledge on how to proceed. With time a person might become discouraged or develop apathy from numerous trials, failures or rejections brought on by the lack of interpersonal skills. As the rate of loneliness increases yearly among people of every age group and more so in the elderly, with known detrimental physical and psychological effects, there is a need to find new ways to connect people with each other and especially so at a time when a whole lot of the human attention is focused on electronic devices, it is a challenge.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_loss">Relationship loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship loss">edit</a>]</div> Loneliness is a very common, though often temporary, consequence of a <a href="/wiki/Relationship_breakup" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship breakup">relationship breakup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bereavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereavement">bereavement</a>. The loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief response</a>; in this situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others. Loneliness can occur due to the disruption to one's <a href="/wiki/Social_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social circle">social circle</a>, sometimes combined with <a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">homesickness</a>, which results from people moving away for work or education.<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situational">Situational</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Situational">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Following_the_Equator_(Mark_Twain)_(page_6_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Following_the_Equator_%28Mark_Twain%29_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg/220px-Following_the_Equator_%28Mark_Twain%29_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Following_the_Equator_%28Mark_Twain%29_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg/330px-Following_the_Equator_%28Mark_Twain%29_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Following_the_Equator_%28Mark_Twain%29_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg/440px-Following_the_Equator_%28Mark_Twain%29_%28page_6_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>"Be good & you will be lonesome." wrote <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Following_the_Equator" title="Following the Equator">Following the Equator</a> (1897)</figcaption></figure> All sorts of situations and events can cause loneliness, especially in combination with certain personality traits for susceptible individuals. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Extroverted" class="mw-redirect" title="Extroverted">extroverted</a> person who is highly social is more likely to feel lonely if they are living somewhere with a low <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, with fewer people for them to interact with. Loneliness can sometimes even be caused by events that might normally be expected to alleviate it: for example the birth of a child (if there is significant <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a>) or after getting married (especially if the marriage turns out to be unstable, overly disruptive to previous relationships, or emotionally cold.) In addition to being impacted by external events, loneliness can be aggravated by pre-existing mental health conditions like <a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">chronic depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-perpetuating">Self-perpetuating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Self-perpetuating">edit</a>]</div> Long term loneliness can cause various types of maladaptive social cognition, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_awkwardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Social awkwardness">social awkwardness</a>, which can make it harder for an individual to maintain existing relationships or establish new ones. Various studies have found that therapy targeted at addressing this maladaptive cognition is the single most effective way of intervening to reduce loneliness, though it does not always work for everyone.<a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masi2010-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-AnnJarvisa2020-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_contagion">Social contagion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social contagion">edit</a>]</div> Loneliness can spread through social groups like a disease. The mechanism for this involves the maladaptive cognition that often results from chronic loneliness. If a man loses a friend for whatever reason, this may increase his loneliness, resulting in him developing maladaptive cognition such as excessive neediness or suspicion of other friends. Hence leading to a further loss of human connection if he then goes on to split up with his remaining friends. Those other friends now become lonelier too, leading to a ripple effect of loneliness. Studies have however found that this contagion effect is not consistent – a small increase in loneliness does not always cause the maladaptive cognition. Also, when someone loses a friend, they will sometimes form new friendships or deepen other existing relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Dunbar2020review-24">[24]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div> Studies have tended to find a moderate correlation between extensive <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> use and loneliness, especially ones that draw on data from the 1990s, before internet use became widespread. Contradictory results have been found by studies investigating whether the association is simply a result of lonely people being more attracted to the internet or if the internet can actually cause loneliness. The displacement hypothesis holds that some people choose to withdraw from real world social interactions so they can have more time for the internet. Excessive internet use can directly cause anxiety and depression, conditions which can contribute to loneliness – yet these factors may be offset by the internet's ability to facilitate interaction, and to empower people. Some studies found that internet use is a cause of loneliness, at least for some types of people.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes1999-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Others have found internet use can have a significant positive effect on reducing loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The authors of meta studies and reviews from about 2015 and later have tended to argue that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between loneliness and internet use. Excessive use, especially if passive, can increase loneliness. While moderate use, especially by users who engage with others rather than just passively consume content, can increase <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">social connection</a> and reduce loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-overview2018-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Smaller early studies had estimated that loneliness may be between 37–55% hereditable.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, in 2016, the first <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">Genome-wide association study</a> of loneliness found that the heredity of loneliness is much lower, at about 14–27%.<a href="#cite_note-Gao2016-1">[1]</a> This suggests that while genes play a role in determining how much loneliness a person may feel, they are less of a factor than individual experiences and the environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> People making long driving commutes have reported dramatically higher feelings of loneliness (as well as other negative health impacts).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Typology">edit</a>]</div> Two principal types of loneliness are social and emotional loneliness. This delineation was made in 1973 by Robert S. Weiss, in his seminal work: Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss1973-37">[37]</a> Based on Weiss's view that "both types of loneliness have to be examined independently, because the satisfaction for the need of emotional loneliness cannot act as a counterbalance for social loneliness, and vice versa", people working to treat or better understand loneliness have tended to treat these two types of loneliness separately, though this is far from always the case.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_loneliness">Social loneliness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social loneliness">edit</a>]</div> Social loneliness is the loneliness people experience because of the lack of a wider <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a>. They may not feel they are members of a community, or that they have <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friends</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies">allies</a> whom they can rely on in times of distress.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss1973-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_loneliness">Emotional loneliness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Emotional loneliness">edit</a>]</div> Emotional loneliness results from the lack of deep, nurturing relationships with other people. Weiss tied his concept of emotional loneliness to <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment theory</a>. People have a need for deep attachments, which can be fulfilled by close friends, though more often by close family members such as parents, and later in life by romantic partners. In 1997, Enrico DiTommaso and Barry Spinner separated emotional loneliness into Romantic and Family loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-journals.lww.com-39">[39]</a> A 2019 study found that emotional loneliness significantly increased the likelihood of death for older adults living alone (whereas there was no increase in mortality found with social loneliness).<a href="#cite_note-journals.lww.com-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_loneliness">Family loneliness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family loneliness">edit</a>]</div> Family loneliness results when individuals feel they lack close ties with family members. A 2010 study of 1,009 students found that only family loneliness was associated with increased frequency of self-harm, not romantic or social loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantic_loneliness">Romantic loneliness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Romantic loneliness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/220px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/330px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/440px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption>The 1942 painting Nighthawks by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>, depicting a man watching a couple dining</figcaption></figure> Romantic loneliness can be experienced by adolescents and adults who lack a close bond with a romantic partner. Psychologists have asserted that the formation of a committed romantic relationship is a critical development task for young adults but is also one that many are delaying into their late 20s or beyond. People in romantic relationships tend to report less loneliness than single people, provided their relationship provides them with emotional intimacy. People in unstable or emotionally cold romantic partnerships can still feel romantic loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Several other typologies and types of loneliness exist. Further types of loneliness include existential loneliness, cosmic loneliness – feeling alone in a hostile universe, and cultural loneliness – typically found among immigrants who miss their home culture.<a href="#cite_note-I&I-18">[18]</a> These types are less well studied than the threefold separation into social, romantic and family loneliness, yet can be valuable in understanding the experience of certain subgroups with loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-Mijuskovic2012-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> Lockdown loneliness Lockdown loneliness refers to "loneliness resulting because of social disconnection due to enforced social distancing and lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic and similar emergency situations."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demarcation">Demarcation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demarcation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_feeling_lonely_and_being_socially_isolated">Differences between feeling lonely and being socially isolated</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Differences between feeling lonely and being socially isolated">edit</a>]</div> There is a clear distinction between feeling lonely and being <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">socially isolated</a> (for example, a <a href="/wiki/Loner" title="Loner">loner</a>).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In particular, one way of thinking about loneliness is as a discrepancy between one's necessary and achieved levels of <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">social interaction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Peplau,_L.A._1982_pp._1-18-44">[44]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">solitude</a> is simply the lack of contact with people. Loneliness is therefore a subjective yet multidimensional experience; if a person thinks they are lonely, then they are lonely. People can be lonely while in solitude, or in the middle of a crowd. What makes a person lonely is their perceived need for more social interaction or a certain type or quality of social interaction that is not currently available. A person can be in the middle of a party and feel lonely due to not talking to enough people. Conversely, one can be alone and not feel lonely; even though there is no one around, that person is not lonely because there is no desire for social interaction. There have also been suggestions that each person has their own optimal level of social interaction. If a person gets too little or too much social interaction, this could lead to feelings of loneliness or <a href="/wiki/Over-stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-stimulation">over-stimulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Solitude can have positive effects on individuals. One <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">study</a> found that, although time spent alone tended to depress a person's mood and increase feelings of loneliness, it also helped to improve their <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive state</a>, such as improving <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">concentration</a>. It can be argued some individuals seek solitude for discovering a more meaningful and vital existence.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Furthermore, once the alone time was over, people's moods tended to increase significantly.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Solitude is also associated with other positive growth experiences, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> experiences, and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> building such as solitary quests used in <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites of passage">rites of passages</a> for adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transient_vs._chronic_loneliness">Transient vs. chronic loneliness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transient vs. chronic loneliness">edit</a>]</div> Another important typology of loneliness focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> perspective.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In this respect, loneliness can be viewed as either <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transient" class="extiw" title="wikt:transient">transient</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a>. Transient loneliness is temporary in nature; generally it is easily relieved. Chronic loneliness is more permanent and not easily relieved.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> For example, when a person is sick and cannot socialize with friends, this would be a case of transient loneliness. Once the person got better it would be easy for them to alleviate their loneliness. A person with long term feelings of loneliness, regardless of if they are at a family gathering or with friends, is experiencing chronic loneliness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loneliness_as_a_human_condition">Loneliness as a human condition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Loneliness as a human condition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a> school of thought views individuality as the essence of being <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>. Each human being comes into the world alone, travels through life as a separate person, and ultimately dies alone. Coping with this, accepting it, and learning how to direct our own lives with some degree of grace and satisfaction is the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Exist-51">[51]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartre">Sartre</a>, believe in an epistemic loneliness in which loneliness is a fundamental part of the human condition because of the paradox between people's consciousness desiring <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning in life</a> and the isolation and nothingness of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Conversely, other existentialist thinkers argue that human beings might be said to actively engage each other and the universe as they communicate and create, and loneliness is merely the feeling of being cut off from this process. In his 2019 text, Evidence of Being: The Black Gay Cultural Renaissance and the Politics of Violence, Darius Bost draws from Heather Love's theorization of loneliness<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> to delineate the ways in which loneliness structures black gay feeling and literary, cultural productions. Bost limns, "As a form of negative affect, loneliness shores up the alienation, isolation, and pathologization of black gay men during the 1980s and early 1990s. But loneliness is also a form of bodily desire, a yearning for an attachment to the social and for a future beyond the forces that create someone's alienation and isolation."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> Possibly over 5% of the population of the industrial countries experience loneliness at levels which are harmful to physical and mental health, though scientists have expressed caution over making such claims with high confidence. Thousands of studies and surveys have been undertaken to assess the prevalence of loneliness. Yet it remains challenging for scientists to make accurate generalisations and comparisons. Reasons for this include various loneliness measurement scales being used by different studies, differences in how even the same scale is implemented from study to study, and as cultural variations across time and space may impact how people report the largely subjective phenomena of loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-overview2018-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FSU2013-55">[55]</a> <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> One consistent finding has been that loneliness is not evenly distributed across a nation's population. It tends to be concentrated among vulnerable sub groups; for example the poor, the unemployed, immigrants and mothers. Some of the most severe loneliness tends to be found among international students from countries in Asia with a collective culture, when they come to study in countries with a more individualist culture, such as Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a> In New Zealand, the fourteen surveyed groups with the highest prevalence of loneliness most/all of the time in descending order are: disabled people, recent migrants, low income households, unemployed, single parents, rural (rest of South Island), seniors aged 75+, not in the labour force, youth aged 15–24, no qualifications, not housing owner-occupier, not in a family nucleus, Māori, and low personal income.<a href="#cite_note-Loneliness_NZ-57">[57]</a> <a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Studies have found inconsistent results concerning the effect of age, gender and culture on loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-AgeGenderCulture-59">[59]</a> Much 20th century and early 21st century writing on loneliness assumed it typically increases with age. In high-income countries, on average, one in four people over 60 and one in three over 75 feels lonely.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Yet as of 2020, with some exceptions, recent studies have tended to find that it is young people who report the most loneliness (though loneliness is still found to be a severe problem for the very old).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> There have been contradictory results concerning how the prevalence of loneliness varies with gender. A 2020 analysis based on a worldwide dataset gathered by the BBC found greater loneliness among men, though some earlier work had found the opposite, or that gender made no difference.<a href="#cite_note-AgeGenderCulture-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FSU2013-55">[55]</a> While cross-cultural comparisons are difficult to interpret with high confidence, the 2020 analyses based on the BBC dataset found the more individualist countries like the UK tended to have higher levels of loneliness. However, previous empirical work had often found that people living in more collectivist cultures tended to report greater loneliness, possibly due to less freedom to choose the sort of relationships that suit them best.<a href="#cite_note-AgeGenderCulture-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-All-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_prevalence">Increasing prevalence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Increasing prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Loneliness_epidemic" title="Loneliness epidemic">Loneliness epidemic</a></div> In the 21st century, loneliness has been widely reported as an increasing worldwide problem. A 2010 systematic review and meta analyses had stated that the "modern way of life in industrialized countries" is greatly reducing the quality of social relationships, partly due to people no longer living in close proximity with their extended families. The review notes that from 1990 to 2010, the number of Americans reporting no close confidants has tripled.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet-64">[64]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Vivek Murthy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>, argued that there was a loneliness epidemic. It has since been described as an epidemic thousands of times, by reporters, academics and other public officials. Professors such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_S._Fischer" title="Claude S. Fischer">Claude S. Fischer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Klinenberg" title="Eric Klinenberg">Eric Klinenberg</a> opined in 2018 that while the data doesn't support describing loneliness as an "epidemic" or even as a clearly growing problem, loneliness is indeed a serious issue, having a severe health impact on millions of people.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-EcoPH2018-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However, a 2021 study found that <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_health" title="Adolescent health">adolescent</a> loneliness in contemporary schools and depression increased substantially and consistently worldwide after 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Bahrampour2021-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A comparative overview of the prevalence and determinants of loneliness and social isolation in Europe in the pre-COVID period was conducted by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission within the project Loneliness in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The empirical results indicate that 8.6% of the adult population in Europe experience frequent loneliness and 20.8% experience social isolation, with eastern Europe recording the highest prevalence of both phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In Australia, the annual national Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey has reported a steady 8% rise in agreement with the statement "I often feel very lonely" between 2009 and 2021, responses indicating "strongly agree" rose steadily by over 20% in that same time period. This is a reversal of the trend seen from the start of the survey in 2001 until 2009 where these figures had both been steadily decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Loneliness <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">was exacerbated</a> by the isolating effects of <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Stay-at-home orders">stay-at-home orders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">deaths</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2023-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAPO2023-74">[74]</a> In May 2023, Murthy published a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a> advisory on the impact of the epidemic of loneliness and isolation in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-WAPO2023-74">[74]</a> The report likened the dangers of loneliness to other <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> threats such as <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">smoking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity" title="Epidemiology of obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In November 2023, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> declared loneliness a "global public health concern" and launched an international commission to study the problem.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianWHO2023-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transient">Transient</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transient">edit</a>]</div> While unpleasant, temporary feelings of loneliness are sometimes experienced by almost everyone, they are not thought to cause long term harm. Early 20th century work sometimes treated loneliness as a wholly negative phenomenon. Yet transient loneliness is now generally considered beneficial. The capacity to feel it may have been evolutionarily selected for, a healthy <a href="/wiki/Aversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Aversive">aversive</a> emotion that motivates individuals to strengthen social connections.<a href="#cite_note-Sometimescalledthe-6">[6]</a> Transient loneliness is sometimes compared to short-term <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">hunger</a>, which is unpleasant but ultimately useful as it motivates us to eat.<a href="#cite_note-Masi2010-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein1982-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic">Chronic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chronic">edit</a>]</div> Long-term loneliness is widely considered a close to entirely harmful condition. Whereas transient loneliness typically motivates us to improve relationships with others, chronic loneliness can have the opposite effect. This is as long-term social isolation can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>. While enhanced vigilance may have been evolutionary adaptive for individuals who went long periods without others watching their backs, it can lead to excessive cynicism and suspicion of other people, which in turn can be detrimental to interpersonal relationships. So without intervention, chronic loneliness can be self-reinforcing.<a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein1982-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benefits">Benefits</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> Much has been written about the benefits of being alone, yet often, even when authors use the word "loneliness", they are referring to what could be more precisely described as voluntary solitude. Yet some assert that even long-term involuntary loneliness can have beneficial effects.<a href="#cite_note-virtues-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> Chronic loneliness is often seen as a purely negative phenomena from the lens of social and medical science. Yet in spiritual and artistic traditions, it has been viewed as having mixed effects. Though even within these traditions, there can be warnings not to intentionally seek out chronic loneliness or other conditions – just advise that if one falls into them, there can be benefits. In western arts, there is a long belief that psychological hardship, including loneliness, can be a source of creativity.<a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> In spiritual traditions, perhaps the most obvious benefit of loneliness is that it can increase the desire for a union with the divine. More esoterically, the psychic wound opened up by loneliness or other conditions has been said, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>, to open up space for God to manifest within the soul. In Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_dryness" title="Spiritual dryness">spiritual dryness</a> has been seen as advantageous as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Night_of_the_Soul" title="Dark Night of the Soul">"dark night of the soul"</a>, an ordeal that while painful, can result in spiritual transformation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> From a secular perspective, while the vast majority of empirical studies focus on the negative effects of long term loneliness, a few studies have found there can also be benefits, such as enhanced perceptiveness of social situations.<a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Only-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brain">Brain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Brain">edit</a>]</div> Studies have found mostly negative effects from chronic loneliness on brain functioning and structure.<a href="#cite_note-Dunbar2020review-24">[24]</a> However, certain parts of the brain and specific functions, like the ability to detect social threat, appear to be strengthened. A 2020 population-genetics study looked for signatures of loneliness in grey matter morphology, intrinsic functional coupling, and fiber tract microstructure. The loneliness-linked neurobiological profiles converged on a collection of brain regions known as the <a href="/wiki/Default_mode_network" title="Default mode network">default mode network</a>. This higher associative network shows more consistent loneliness associations in grey matter volume than other cortical brain networks. Lonely individuals display stronger functional communication in the default network, and greater microstructural integrity of its <a href="/wiki/Fornix_(neuroanatomy)" title="Fornix (neuroanatomy)">fornix pathway</a>. The findings fit with the possibility that the <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">up-regulation</a> of these neural circuits supports mentalizing, reminiscence and imagination to fill the social void. <a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_health">Physical health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Physical health">edit</a>]</div> Chronic loneliness can be a serious, life-threatening health condition. It has been found to be strongly associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, though direct causal links have yet to be firmly identified.<a href="#cite_note-SRoverviewBash2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pfizer-84">[84]</a> People experiencing loneliness tend to have an increased incidence of <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227-9">[9]</a> Loneliness has been shown to increase the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> levels in the body and weaken the effects of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, the hormone that makes people enjoy things.<a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227-9">[9]</a> Prolonged, high cortisol levels can cause anxiety, depression, digestive problems, heart disease, sleep problems, and weight gain.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Associational studies on loneliness and the immune system have found mixed results, with lower <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer (NK) cell</a> activity or dampened antibody response to viruses such <a href="/wiki/Epstein_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein Barr">Epstein Barr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">herpes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, but either slower or no change to the progression of AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227-9">[9]</a> Based on the ELSA, a study found that loneliness increased the risk of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> by one-third. Not having a partner (being single, divorced, or widowed) doubled the risk of dementia. However, having two or three closer relationships reduced the risk by three-fifths.<a href="#cite_note-NIHREvidence2020-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rafnsson2020-87">[87]</a> And based on the large UK Biobank cohort, a study found that individuals who reported feeling lonely had a higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death">Death</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> A 2010 systematic review and meta- analyses found a significant association between loneliness and increased mortality. People with good social relationships were found to have a 50% greater chance of survival compared to lonely people (<a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">odds ratio</a> = 1.5). In other words, chronic loneliness seems to be a risk factor for death comparable to smoking, and greater than obesity or lack of exercise.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet-64">[64]</a> A 2017 overview of systematic reviews found other meta-studies with similar findings. However, clear causative links between loneliness and early death have not been firmly established.<a href="#cite_note-SRoverviewBash2017-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> Loneliness has been linked with <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and is thus a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PsychTo-89">[89]</a> A study based on more than 4,000 adults aged over 50 in the <a href="/wiki/English_Longitudinal_Study_of_Ageing" title="English Longitudinal Study of Ageing">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing</a> (ELSA), looked at loneliness. Nearly one in five of those who reported being lonely had developed signs of depression within a year.<a href="#cite_note-NIHREvidence2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2020-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> has described loneliness, specifically the inability or unwillingness to live for others, i.e. for friendships or altruistic ideas, as the main reason for what he called egoistic suicide.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In adults, loneliness is a major precipitant of depression and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> People who are socially isolated may report poor <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> quality, and thus have diminished restorative processes.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Loneliness has also been linked with a <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid character type</a> in which one may see the world differently and experience <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a>, described as the self in exile.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-94">[94]</a> While the long-term effects of extended periods of loneliness are little understood, it has been noted that people who are isolated or experience loneliness for a long period of time fall into a "<a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological crisis</a>" or "ontological insecurity," where they are not sure if they or their surroundings exist, and if they do, exactly who or what they are, creating torment, suffering, and despair to the point of palpability within the thoughts of the person.<a href="#cite_note-Kalief-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, a lack of social connections is directly linked to several forms of <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">antisocial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-destructive" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-destructive">self-destructive</a> behavior, most notably <a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">delinquent</a> behavior. In both children and adults, loneliness often has a negative impact on <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>. Its disruption of <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> patterns can have a significant impact on the ability to function in everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-PsychTo-89">[89]</a> Research from a large-scale study published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Medicine" title="Psychological Medicine">Psychological Medicine</a>, showed that "lonely <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennials</a> are more likely to have mental health problems, be out of work and feel pessimistic about their ability to succeed in life than their peers who feel connected to others, regardless of gender or wealth".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> published a study indicating that loneliness increases suicide rates profoundly among juveniles, with 62% of all suicides that occurred within juvenile facilities being among those who either were, at the time of the suicide, in solitary confinement or among those with a history of being housed thereof.<a href="#cite_note-Kalief-95">[95]</a> Pain, depression, and fatigue function as a symptom cluster and thus may share common risk factors. Two longitudinal studies with different populations demonstrated that loneliness was a risk factor for the development of the pain, depression, and fatigue symptom cluster over time. These data also highlight the health risks of loneliness; pain, depression, and fatigue often accompany serious illness and place people at risk for poor health and mortality.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/George_Eman_Vaillant" title="George Eman Vaillant">George Vaillant</a> and the director of longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Grant_Study" title="Grant Study">Study of Adult Development</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Waldinger" title="Robert J. Waldinger">Robert J. Waldinger</a> found that those who were <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiest</a> and healthier reported strong interpersonal relationships.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicide">Suicide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Suicide">edit</a>]</div> Loneliness can cause suicidal thoughts (suicidal ideation), attempts at suicide and actual suicide. The extent to which suicides result from loneliness are difficult to determine however, as there are typically several potential causes involved.<a href="#cite_note-SRoverviewBash2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> In an article written for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention Dr. Jeremy Noble writes, "You don't have to be a doctor to recognize the connection between loneliness and suicide".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> As feelings of loneliness intensify so do thoughts of suicide and attempts at suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Stravynski2001-102">[102]</a> The loneliness that triggers suicidal tendencies impacts all facets of society. The Samaritans, a nonprofit charity in England, who work with people going through crisis says there is a definite correlation between feelings of loneliness and suicide for juveniles and those in their young adult years.<a href="#cite_note-Stravynski2001-102">[102]</a> The Office of National Statistics, in England, found one of the top ten reasons young people have suicidal idealizations and attempt suicide is because they are lonely.<a href="#cite_note-Samaritans-103">[103]</a> College students, lonely, away from home, living in new unfamiliar surroundings, away from friends feel isolated and without proper coping skills will turn to suicide as a way to fix the pain of loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-Samaritans-103">[103]</a> A common theme, among children and young adults dealing with feelings of loneliness is they didn't know help was available, or where to get help. Loneliness, to them, is a source of shame.<a href="#cite_note-Samaritans-103">[103]</a> Older people can also struggle with feelings of severe loneliness which lead them to consider acting on thoughts of suicide or self-harm. In some countries, senior citizens appear to commit a high proportion of suicides, though in other countries there is a significantly higher rate for middle-aged men. Retirement, poor health, loss of a significant other or other family or friends, all contribute to loneliness. Suicides caused by loneliness in older people can be difficult to identify. Often they don't have anyone to disclose their feelings of loneliness and the despair it brings. They may stop eating, alter the doses of medications, or choose not to treat an illness as a way to help expedite death so they don't have to deal with feeling lonely.<a href="#cite_note-SRoverviewBash2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> Cultural influences can also cause loneliness leading to suicidal thoughts or actions. For example, Hispanic and Japanese cultures value interdependence. When a person from one of these cultures feels removed or feels like they can't sustain relationships in their families or society, they start to have negative behaviors, including negative thoughts or acting <a href="/wiki/Self-destructive" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-destructive">self-destructively</a>. Other cultures, such as in Europe, are more independent. While the cause of loneliness in a person may stem from different circumstances or cultural norms, the impact lead to the same results – a desire to end life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Society_level">Society level</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Society level">edit</a>]</div> High levels of chronic loneliness can also have society wide effects. <a href="/wiki/Noreena_Hertz" title="Noreena Hertz">Noreena Hertz</a> writes that <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> was the first to discuss the link between loneliness and the politics of intolerance. In her book <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> Arendt argues that loneliness is an essential prerequisite for a totalitarian movement to gain power. Hertz states that the link between an individual's loneliness and their likelihood to vote for a populist political party or candidate has since been supported by several empirical studies. In addition to increasing support for populist policies, Hertz argues that a society with high levels of loneliness risks eroding its ability to have effective mutually beneficial politics. Partly as loneliness tends to make people more suspicious about each other. And also as some of the ways individuals alleviate loneliness, such as technological or transactional substitutes for human companionship, can reduce peoples political and social skills, such as their ability to compromise and to see other points of view.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> However, the link between loneliness and political attitudes remains underexplored and ambiguous. Studies investigating the relationship between loneliness and voter orientation directly found that lonely individuals tend to abstain from elections rather than support populist parties.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This inconsistency might stem from differences in the definition and operationalization of loneliness. While Hertz applies a broader definition of loneliness, the empirical studies that contradict her point use self reported, directly measured loneliness as predictor for voting behavior. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_mechanisms_linked_to_poor_health">Physiological mechanisms linked to poor health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Physiological mechanisms linked to poor health">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of potential physiological mechanisms linking loneliness to poor health outcomes. In 2005, results from the American <a href="/wiki/Framingham_Heart_Study" title="Framingham Heart Study">Framingham Heart Study</a> demonstrated that lonely men had raised levels of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">Interleukin 6 (IL-6)</a>, a blood chemical linked to <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>. A 2006 study conducted by the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> found loneliness can add thirty points to a blood pressure reading for adults over the age of fifty. Another finding, from a survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/John_Cacioppo" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cacioppo">John Cacioppo</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, is that doctors report providing better <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">medical care</a> to patients who have a strong network of family and friends than they do to patients who are alone. Cacioppo states that loneliness impairs <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">willpower</a>, alters <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">immune cells</a>, and leads over time to <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Science_of_Loneliness.com-110">[110]</a> Lonelier people are more likely to show evidence of viral reactivation than less lonely people.<a href="#cite_note-Ja_herpesvirus-111">[111]</a> Lonelier people also have stronger inflammatory responses to acute stress compared with less lonely people; inflammation is a well known risk factor for age-related diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Ja_inflammation-112">[112]</a> When someone feels left out of a situation, they feel excluded and one possible side effect is for their body temperature to decrease. When people feel excluded blood vessels at the periphery of the body may narrow, preserving core body heat. This class protective mechanism is known as vasoconstriction.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relief">Relief</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Relief">edit</a>]</div> The reduction of loneliness in oneself and others has long been a motive for human activity and social organization. For some commentators, such as professor Ben Lazare Mijuskovic, ever since the dawn of civilization, it has been the single strongest motivator for human activity after essential physical needs are satisfied. Loneliness is the first negative condition identified in the Bible, with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> showing God creating a companion for man to relieve loneliness. Nevertheless, there is relatively little direct record of explicit loneliness relief efforts prior to the 20th century. Some commentators including professor Rubin Gotesky have argued the sense of aloneness was rarely felt until older communal ways of living began to be disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mijuskovic2012-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-I&I-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> Starting in the 1900s, and especially in the 21st century, efforts explicitly aiming to alleviate loneliness became much more common. Loneliness reduction efforts occur across multiple disciplines, often by actors for whom loneliness relief is not their primary concern. For example, by commercial firms, civic planners, designers of new housing developments, and university administration. Across the world, many departments, <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> and even umbrella groups entirely dedicated to loneliness relief have been established. For example, in the UK, the Campaign to End Loneliness. With loneliness being a complex condition, there is no single method that can consistently alleviate it for different individuals; many different approaches are used.<a href="#cite_note-Masi2010-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-EcoPH2018-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_treatment">Medical treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Medical treatment">edit</a>]</div> Therapy is a common way of treating loneliness. For individuals whose loneliness is caused by factors that respond well to medical intervention, it is often successful. Short-term therapy, the most common form for lonely or depressed patients, typically occurs over a period of ten to twenty weeks. During therapy, emphasis is put on understanding the cause of the problem, reversing the negative thoughts, feelings, and attitudes resulting from the problem, and exploring ways to help the patient feel connected. Some doctors also recommend <a href="/wiki/Group_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Group therapy">group therapy</a> as a means to connect with other patients and establish a support system.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Doctors also frequently prescribe <a href="/wiki/Anti-depressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-depressants">anti-depressants</a> to patients as a stand-alone treatment, or in conjunction with therapy. It may take several attempts before a suitable anti-depressant medication is found.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Doctors often see a high proportion of patients with loneliness; a UK survey found that three-quarters of Doctors believed that between 1–5 patients visited them each day mainly out of loneliness. There isn't always sufficient funds to pay for therapy, leading to the rise of "social prescription", where Doctors can refer patients to NGO and Community led solutions such as group activities. While preliminary findings suggest social prescription has good results for some people, early evidence to support its effectiveness was not strong, with commentators advising that for some people it is not a good alternative to medical therapy.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-2010Roux-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-overview2018-32">[32]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit">[update]</a>, formal social prescribing programmes have been launched in 17 different countries around the world, with improved evidence for its effectiveness when the prescriptions are carefully targeted, such as helping the lonely person get closer to nature, or participate in group activities they enjoy.<a href="#cite_note-3tier2024-119">[119]</a> <a href="#cite_note-nature2024-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NGO_and_community_led">NGO and community led</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: NGO and community led">edit</a>]</div> Along with growing awareness of the problem of loneliness, community led projects explicitly aiming for its relief became more common in the latter half of the 20th century, with still more starting up in the 21st. There have been many thousands of such projects across North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Some campaigns are run nationally under the control of charities dedicated to loneliness relief, while other efforts may be local projects, sometimes run by a group for which loneliness relief is not their primary objective. For example, housing associations that aim to ensure multi generational living, with social interaction between younger and older people encouraged, in some cases even contractually required. Projects range from befriending schemes that facilitate just two people meeting up, to large group activities, which will often have other objectives in addition to loneliness relief: as having fun, improving physical health with exercise, or participating in <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Mills2017-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-overview2018-32">[32]</a> For example, in New Zealand the NGO Age Concern began an Accredited Visiting Service which was found to be an effective counter to this loneliness and isolation.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> announced the fight against loneliness would be France's great national cause for 2011. In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Jo_Cox_Commission_on_Loneliness" title="Jo Cox Commission on Loneliness">Jo Cox Commission on Loneliness</a> began pushing to make tackling loneliness a government priority from 2016. In 2018, this led to Great Britain becoming the first country in the world to appoint a ministerial lead for loneliness, and to publish an official loneliness reduction strategy. There have since been calls for other countries to appoint their own minister for loneliness, for example in Sweden and Germany. Various other countries had seen government led anti loneliness efforts even before 2018 however. For example, in 2017 the government of Singapore started a scheme to provide <a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">allotments</a> to its citizens so they could socialise while working together on them, while the Netherlands government set up a telephone line for lonely older people. While governments sometimes directly control loneliness relief efforts, typically they fund or work in partnership with educational institutions, companies and NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA2020-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pets">Pets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paro_robot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Paro_robot.jpg/220px-Paro_robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Paro_robot.jpg/330px-Paro_robot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Paro_robot.jpg/440px-Paro_robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paro_(robot)" title="Paro (robot)">Paro</a>, a robot pet seal classified as a medical device by U.S. regulators</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a> therapy, or <a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">animal-assisted therapy</a>, can be used to treat both loneliness and depression. The presence of animal companions, especially <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, but also others like <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>, can ease feelings of depression and loneliness among some patients. Beyond the companionship the animal itself provides there may also be increased opportunities for socializing with other pet owners. According to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> there are a number of other health benefits associated with pet ownership, including lowered <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and decreased levels of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triglycerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Triglycerides">triglycerides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pets-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2020-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> Technology companies have been advertising their products as helpful for reducing loneliness at least as far back as 1905; records exist of early telephones being presented as a way for isolated farmers to reduce loneliness. Technological solutions for loneliness have been suggested much more frequently since the development of the internet, and especially since loneliness became a more prominent public health issue at around 2017. Solutions have been proposed by existing tech companies, and by start-ups dedicated to loneliness reduction.<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> Solutions that have become available since 2017 tend to fall under 4 different approaches. 1) <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> apps that aim to change an individual's attitude towards loneliness, emphasising possible benefits, and trying to shift towards an experience more similar to voluntary solitude. 2) Apps that warn users when they're starting to spend too much time online, which is based on research findings that <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">moderate use of digital technology can be beneficial</a>, but that excessive time online can increase loneliness. 3) Apps that help people connect with others, including to arrange real life meetups. 4) AI related technologies that provide digital companionship. Such companions can be conventionally virtual (having existence only when their application is switched on), can have an independent digital life (their program may run all the time in the <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>, allowing them to interact with the user across different platforms like Instagram & Twitter in similar ways to how a real human friend might behave), or can have a physical presence like a <a href="/wiki/Pepper_(robot)" title="Pepper (robot)">Pepper robot</a>. As far back as the 1960s, some individuals had stated they prefer communicating with the <a href="/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a> computer program rather than regular human beings. <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> driven applications available in the 2020s are considerably more advanced, able to remember previous conversations, with some ability to sense emotional states, and to tailor their interaction accordingly. An example of a start-up working on such technology is <a href="/wiki/Edward_Saatchi" title="Edward Saatchi">Edward Saatchis</a> Fable studio. Inspired by the Joi character in <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049" title="Blade Runner 2049">Blade Runner 2049</a>, Saatchi seeks to create digital friends that can help alleviate loneliness. As they'll be in some senses beyond human, untainted by negative motivators like greed or envy, and with enhanced powers of attention, they may be able to help people be kinder and gentler to others. And so assist with loneliness relief on a society wide level, as well as directly with individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effectiveness_of_digital_technology_interventions">Effectiveness of digital technology interventions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Effectiveness of digital technology interventions">edit</a>]</div> A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of digital technology interventions (DTIs) in reducing loneliness in older adults found no evidence supporting that DTIs reduce loneliness in older adults with an average age from 73 to 78 years (SD 6–11).<a href="#cite_note-Shah_e24712-131">[131]</a> DTIs studied included social internet-based activities, that is, social activities via social websites, videoconferencing, customized computer platforms with simplified touch-screen interfaces, personal reminder information and social management systems, WhatsApp groups, and video or voice networks.<a href="#cite_note-Shah_e24712-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Studies have found an association with religion and the reduction of loneliness, especially among the elderly. The studies sometimes include caveats, such as that religions with strong behavioural prescriptions can have isolating effects. In the 21st century, numerous religious organisations have begun to undertake efforts explicitly focusing on loneliness reduction. Religious figures have also played a role in raising awareness of the problem of loneliness; for example, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> said in 2013 that loneliness of the old (along with youth <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>) were the most serious evils of the age.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-causesReview2010Roux-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills2017-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a> has also been found to have a restorative effect, counteracting loneliness by increasing perceived social support.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Vivek Murthy</a> has stated that the most generally available cure for loneliness is <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">human connection</a>. Murthy argues that regular people have a vital role to play as individuals in reducing loneliness for themselves and others, in part by greater emphases on kindness and on nurturing relationships with others.<a href="#cite_note-Murthy2020-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> Professor Stella Mills has suggested that while social loneliness can be relatively easy to address with group activities and other measures that help build connections between people, effective intervention against emotional loneliness can be more challenging. Mills argues that such intervention is more likely to succeed for individuals who are in the early stages of loneliness, before the effects caused by chronic loneliness are deeply engrained.<a href="#cite_note-Mills2017-121">[121]</a> A 2010 meta-study compared the effectiveness of four interventions: improving social skills, enhancing social support, increasing opportunities for social interaction, and addressing abnormal social cognition (faulty patterns of thoughts, such as the hyper-vigilance often caused by chronic loneliness). The results of the study indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing loneliness, possibly with the exception of social skill training. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that correcting maladaptive social cognition offers the best chance of reducing loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-Masi2010-22">[22]</a> A 2019 umbrella review of systematic reviews focussing on the effectiveness of loneliness relief efforts aimed just at older people, also found that those targeting social cognition were most effective.<a href="#cite_note-AnnJarvisa2020-23">[23]</a> A 2018 overview of systematic reviews concerning the effectiveness of loneliness interventions, found that generally, there is little solid evidence that intervention are effective. Though they also found no reason to believe the various types of intervention did any harm, except they cautioned against the excessive use of digital technology. The authors called for more rigorous, best practice compliant research in future studies, and with more attention to the cost of interventions.<a href="#cite_note-overview2018-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Loneliness has been a theme in literature throughout the ages, as far back as <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mijuskovic2012-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-I&I-18">[18]</a> Yet according to <a href="/wiki/Fay_Bound_Alberti" title="Fay Bound Alberti">Fay Bound Alberti</a>, it was only around the year 1800 that the word began to widely denote a negative condition. With some exceptions,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> earlier writings and dictionary definitions of loneliness tended to equate it with solitude – a state that was often seen as positive, unless taken to excess. From about 1800, the word loneliness began to acquire its modern definition as a painful subjective condition. This may be due to the economic and social changes arising out of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a>. Such as alienation and increased interpersonal competition, along with a reduction in the proportion of people enjoying close and enduring connections with others living in close proximity, as may for example have been the case for modernising pastoral villages.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> Despite growing awareness of the problem of loneliness, widespread social recognition of the problem remained limited, and scientific study was sparse, until the last quarter of the twentieth century. One of the earliest studies of loneliness was published by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Harold_Sheldon" title="Joseph Harold Sheldon">Joseph Harold Sheldon</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The 1950 book <a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a> helped further raise the profile of loneliness among academics. For the general public, awareness was raised by the 1966 Beatles song "<a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby" title="Eleanor Rigby">Eleanor Rigby</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a>, it was Robert S. Weiss who brought the attention of scientists to the topic of loneliness, with his 1973 publication of Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Before Weiss's publication, what few studies of loneliness existed were mostly focussed on older adults. Following Weis's work, and especially after the 1978 publication of the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Loneliness_Scale" title="UCLA Loneliness Scale">UCLA Loneliness Scale</a>, scientific interest in the topic has broadened and deepened considerably, with tens of thousands of academic studies having been carried to investigate loneliness just among students, with many more focussed on other subgroups, and on whole populations.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ami2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Only-82">[82]</a> Concern among the general public over loneliness increased in the decades since "Eleanor Rigby"'s release; by 2018 government-backed anti-loneliness campaigns had been launched in countries including the UK, Denmark and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-EcoPH2018-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophobia" title="Autophobia">Autophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loner" title="Loner">Loner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a> (animal experiments on isolation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">Schizoid personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_recession" title="Friendship recession">Friendship recession</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gao2016-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gao2016_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gao2016_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaoDavisHartSanchez-Roige2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gao J, Davis LK, Hart AB, Sanchez-Roige S, Han L, Cacioppo JT, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312064">"Genome-Wide Association Study of Loneliness Demonstrates a Role for Common Variation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology_(journal)" title="Neuropsychopharmacology (journal)">Neuropsychopharmacology</a>. 42 (4): 811–821. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2016.197">10.1038/npp.2016.197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312064">5312064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27629369">27629369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Genome-Wide+Association+Study+of+Loneliness+Demonstrates+a+Role+for+Common+Variation&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=811-821&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312064%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27629369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpp.2016.197&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Jianjun&rft.au=Davis%2C+Lea+K.&rft.au=Hart%2C+Amy+B.&rft.au=Sanchez-Roige%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Han%2C+Lide&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Abraham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murthy2020-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy2020_2-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthy2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Murthy V</a> (2020). Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Wave">Harper Wave</a>. pp. 103–113, 255–262, 185–281, passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-291329-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-291329-6"><bdi>978-0-06-291329-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Together%3A+The+Healing+Power+of+Human+Connection+in+a+Sometimes+Lonely+World&rft.pages=103-113%2C+255-262%2C+185-281%2C+%27%27passim%27%27&rft.pub=Harper+Wave&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-06-291329-6&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes1999-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes1999_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes1999_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1999" class="citation book cs1">Hughes C (1999). The relationship of use of the Internet and loneliness among college students (PhD Thesis). Boston College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/313894784">313894784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+relationship+of+use+of+the+Internet+and+loneliness+among+college+students&rft.pub=Boston+College&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313894784&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Cacioppo2016-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo2016_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo2016_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo2016_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2016" class="citation news cs1">Adams T (28 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/28/loneliness-is-like-an-iceberg-john-cacioppo-social-neuroscience-interview">"John Cacioppo: 'Loneliness is like an iceberg – it goes deeper than we can see'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Cacioppo%3A+%27Loneliness+is+like+an+iceberg+%E2%80%93+it+goes+deeper+than+we+can+see%27&rft.date=2016-02-28&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F28%2Floneliness-is-like-an-iceberg-john-cacioppo-social-neuroscience-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180928-the-surprising-truth-about-loneliness">"The surprising truth about loneliness"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=The+surprising+truth+about+loneliness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20180928-the-surprising-truth-about-loneliness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sometimescalledthe-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sometimescalledthe_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sometimescalledthe_6-1">b</a> Sometimes called the "reaffiliation motive", e.g. see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25910393">Loneliness across the life span</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberti2019-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti2019_7-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBound_Alberti2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bound_Alberti" title="Fay Bound Alberti">Bound Alberti F</a> (2019). A Biography of Loneliness: The History of an Emotion. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–40, 61–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881134-3"><bdi>978-0-19-881134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biography+of+Loneliness%3A+The+History+of+an+Emotion&rft.pages=1-40%2C+61-83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881134-3&rft.aulast=Bound+Alberti&rft.aufirst=Fay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRoverviewBash2017-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRoverviewBash2017_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRoverviewBash2017_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRoverviewBash2017_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRoverviewBash2017_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRoverviewBash2017_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh-HuntaBagguleybBashbTurnerb2017" class="citation journal cs1">Leigh-Hunta N, Bagguleyb D, Bashb K, Turnerb V, Turnbullb S, Valtortac N, et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319687009">"An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness"</a>. PLOS ONE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+systematic+reviews+on+the+public+health+consequences+of+social+isolation+and+loneliness&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Leigh-Hunta&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Bagguleyb%2C+D.&rft.au=Bashb%2C+K.&rft.au=Turnerb%2C+V.&rft.au=Turnbullb%2C+S.&rft.au=Valtortac%2C+N.&rft.au=Caan%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F319687009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacioppoHawkley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cacioppo J, Hawkley L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874845">"Loneliness Matters: A Theorectical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms"</a>. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 40 (2): 218–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12160-010-9210-8">10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874845">3874845</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20652462">20652462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Behavioral+Medicine&rft.atitle=Loneliness+Matters%3A+A+Theorectical+and+Empirical+Review+of+Consequences+and+Mechanisms&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=218-227&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3874845%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20652462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12160-010-9210-8&rft.aulast=Cacioppo&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hawkley%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3874845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIHREvidence2021-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIHREvidence2021_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIHREvidence2021_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/loneliness-strongly-linked-depression-older-adults/">"Loneliness is strongly linked to depression in older adults in a large, long-term study"</a>. NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 29 June 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Falert_46882">10.3310/alert_46882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242980660">242980660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=Loneliness+is+strongly+linked+to+depression+in+older+adults+in+a+large%2C+long-term+study&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Falert_46882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242980660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Falert%2Floneliness-strongly-linked-depression-older-adults%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2020-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2020_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2020_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeePearceAjnakinaJohnson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lee SL, Pearce E, Ajnakina O, Johnson S, Lewis G, Mann F, et al. (9 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8009277">"The association between loneliness and depressive symptoms among adults aged 50 years and older: a 12-year population-based cohort study"</a>. The Lancet Psychiatry. 8 (1): 48–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2820%2930383-7">10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30383-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8009277">8009277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33181096">33181096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+association+between+loneliness+and+depressive+symptoms+among+adults+aged+50+years+and+older%3A+a+12-year+population-based+cohort+study&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-57&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8009277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33181096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2820%2930383-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Siu+Long&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Eiluned&rft.au=Ajnakina%2C+Olesya&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Glyn&rft.au=Mann%2C+Farhana&rft.au=Pitman%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Solmi%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Sommerlad%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Steptoe%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Tymoszuk%2C+Urszula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8009277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pets-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pets_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pets_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315034007/https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/health_benefits.htm">"Health Benefits of Pets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/health_benefits.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Health+Benefits+of+Pets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhealthypets%2Fhealth_benefits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2020-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2020_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2020_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2020" class="citation news cs1">Robinson A (17 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/17/dogs-have-a-magic-effect-the-power-of-pets-on-our-mental-health">"'Dogs have a magic effect': how pets can improve our mental health"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Dogs+have+a+magic+effect%27%3A+how+pets+can+improve+our+mental+health&rft.date=2020-05-17&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2020%2Fmar%2F17%2Fdogs-have-a-magic-effect-the-power-of-pets-on-our-mental-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahrampour2021-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahrampour2021_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahrampour2021_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahrampour2021" class="citation news cs1">Bahrampour T (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/teens-loneliness-smart-phones/2021/07/20/cde8c866-e84e-11eb-8950-d73b3e93ff7f_story.html">"Teens around the world are lonelier than a decade ago. The reason may be smartphones"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Teens+around+the+world+are+lonelier+than+a+decade+ago.+The+reason+may+be+smartphones.&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.aulast=Bahrampour&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fsocial-issues%2Fteens-loneliness-smart-phones%2F2021%2F07%2F20%2Fcde8c866-e84e-11eb-8950-d73b3e93ff7f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2023" class="citation news cs1">Rao A (2 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/may/02/us-surgeon-general-warning-loneliness">"US surgeon general warns of next public health priority: loneliness"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+surgeon+general+warns+of+next+public+health+priority%3A+loneliness&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Ankita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2023%2Fmay%2F02%2Fus-surgeon-general-warning-loneliness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mijuskovic2012-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mijuskovic2012_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mijuskovic2012_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mijuskovic2012_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mijuskovic2012_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijuskovic2012" class="citation book cs1">Mijuskovic BL (2012). Loneliness in Philosophy, Psychology, and Literature. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. pp. 60–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4697-8934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4697-8934-7"><bdi>978-1-4697-8934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loneliness+in+Philosophy%2C+Psychology%2C+and+Literature&rft.pages=60-69&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4697-8934-7&rft.aulast=Mijuskovic&rft.aufirst=Ben+Lazare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2003" class="citation web cs1">Carter MA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophicalsociety.com/Archives/Park%20Ridge%20Center%20Essay.htm">"Abiding Loneliness: An Existential Perspective on Loneliness"</a>. Park Ridge Center for Health, Faith, and Ethics. Philosophical Society.com. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Park+Ridge+Center+for+Health%2C+Faith%2C+and+Ethics&rft.atitle=Abiding+Loneliness%3A+An+Existential+Perspective+on+Loneliness&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Michele+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophicalsociety.com%2FArchives%2FPark%2520Ridge%2520Center%2520Essay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I&I-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I&I_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&I_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&I_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&I_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I&I_18-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGraw2010" class="citation book cs1">McGraw JG (2010). Intimacy and Isolation. <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>. pp. 107–149, 417–420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3139-5"><bdi>978-90-420-3139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimacy+and+Isolation&rft.pages=107-149%2C+417-420&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3139-5&rft.aulast=McGraw&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTen_KateBilecenSteverink2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ten Kate RL, Bilecen B, Steverink N (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7039375">"A closer look at loneliness: why do first-generation migrants feel more lonely than their native Dutch counterparts?"</a>. The Gerontologist. 60 (2): 291–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnz192">10.1093/geront/gnz192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7039375">7039375</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31944240">31944240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gerontologist&rft.atitle=A+closer+look+at+loneliness%3A+why+do+first-generation+migrants+feel+more+lonely+than+their+native+Dutch+counterparts%3F&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-301&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7039375%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31944240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnz192&rft.aulast=Ten+Kate&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Bilecen%2C+B.&rft.au=Steverink%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7039375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ami2015-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ami2015_20-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSha'kedRokach2015" class="citation book cs1">Sha'ked A, Rokach A, eds. (2015). "3, 4, 9, 12, 16". Addressing Loneliness: Coping, Prevention and Clinical Interventions. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-02621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-02621-6"><bdi>978-1-138-02621-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%2C+4%2C+9%2C+12%2C+16&rft.btitle=Addressing+Loneliness%3A+Coping%2C+Prevention+and+Clinical+Interventions&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-02621-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottenAndersonMcCullough2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cotten SR, Anderson WA, McCullough BM (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmir.org/2013/2/e39">"Impact of Internet Use on Loneliness and Contact with Others Among Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Analysis"</a>. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 15 (2): e2306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.2306">10.2196/jmir.2306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3636305">3636305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23448864">23448864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Internet+Use+on+Loneliness+and+Contact+with+Others+Among+Older+Adults%3A+Cross-Sectional+Analysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e2306&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3636305%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23448864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2Fjmir.2306&rft.aulast=Cotten&rft.aufirst=Shelia+R.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+William+A.&rft.au=McCullough%2C+Brandi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmir.org%2F2013%2F2%2Fe39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masi2010-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masi2010_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masi2010_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masi2010_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masi2010_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasiChenHawkleyCacioppo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Masi CM, Chen HY, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865701">"A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness"</a>. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 15 (3): 219–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1088868310377394">10.1177/1088868310377394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865701">3865701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20716644">20716644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=A+Meta-Analysis+of+Interventions+to+Reduce+Loneliness&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-266&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3865701%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20716644&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1088868310377394&rft.aulast=Masi&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft.au=Chen%2C+H.-Y.&rft.au=Hawkley%2C+L.+C.&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3865701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnnJarvisa2020-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AnnJarvisa2020_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnnJarvisa2020_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvisaPadmanabhanunnibBalakrishnacChippsd2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jarvisa MA, Padmanabhanunnib A, Balakrishnac Y, Chippsd J (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijans.2019.100177">"The effectiveness of interventions addressing loneliness in older persons: An umbrella review"</a>. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 12: 100177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijans.2019.100177">10.1016/j.ijans.2019.100177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Africa+Nursing+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+effectiveness+of+interventions+addressing+loneliness+in+older+persons%3A+An+umbrella+review&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=100177&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijans.2019.100177&rft.aulast=Jarvisa&rft.aufirst=Mary-Ann&rft.au=Padmanabhanunnib%2C+Anita&rft.au=Balakrishnac%2C+Yusentha&rft.au=Chippsd%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijans.2019.100177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunbar2020review-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunbar2020review_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunbar2020review_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbarBzdok2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Dunbar R</a>, Bzdok D (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7266757">"The Neurobiology of Social Distance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_Cognitive_Sciences" title="Trends in Cognitive Sciences">Trends in Cognitive Sciences</a>. 24 (9): 717–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2020.05.016">10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7266757">7266757</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561254">32561254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Neurobiology+of+Social+Distance&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=717-733&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7266757%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32561254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tics.2020.05.016&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Bzdok%2C+Danilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7266757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2009" class="citation news cs1">Parker P (1 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/why-loneliness-can-be-contagious/">"Why loneliness can be contagious"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328120121/http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/why-loneliness-can-be-contagious/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+loneliness+can+be+contagious&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwell.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F01%2Fwhy-loneliness-can-be-contagious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristakisFowler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Christakis N, Fowler J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830455">"Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_in_Medicine_(journal)" title="Statistics in Medicine (journal)">Statistics in Medicine</a>. 32 (4): 556–577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsim.5408">10.1002/sim.5408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830455">3830455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22711416">22711416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Social+contagion+theory%3A+examining+dynamic+social+networks+and+human+behavior&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=556-577&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3830455%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22711416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsim.5408&rft.aulast=Christakis&rft.aufirst=N.A.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3830455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacioppoFowlerChristakis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cacioppo JT, Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792572">"Alone in the crowd: the structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a>. 97 (6): 977–991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0016076">10.1037/a0016076</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792572">2792572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19968414">19968414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Alone+in+the+crowd%3A+the+structure+and+spread+of+loneliness+in+a+large+social+network.&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=977-991&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2792572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19968414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0016076&rft.aulast=Cacioppo&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Fowler%2C+JH&rft.au=Christakis%2C+NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2792572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumMathewsHughesCampbell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sum S, Mathews RM, Hughes I, Campbell A (2008). "Internet Use and Loneliness in Older Adults". CyberPsychology & Behavior. 11 (2): 208–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcpb.2007.0010">10.1089/cpb.2007.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18422415">18422415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206156298">206156298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CyberPsychology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Internet+Use+and+Loneliness+in+Older+Adults&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-211&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206156298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18422415&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fcpb.2007.0010&rft.aulast=Sum&rft.aufirst=Shima&rft.au=Mathews%2C+R.+Mark&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Ian&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawGant2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw LH, Gant LM (2002). "In Defense of the Internet: The Relationship between Internet Communication and Depression, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Social Support". CyberPsychology & Behavior. 5 (2): 157–171. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.563.2946">10.1.1.563.2946</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F109493102753770552">10.1089/109493102753770552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12025883">12025883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CyberPsychology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+the+Internet%3A+The+Relationship+between+Internet+Communication+and+Depression%2C+Loneliness%2C+Self-Esteem%2C+and+Perceived+Social+Support&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-171&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.563.2946%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12025883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F109493102753770552&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+H.&rft.au=Gant%2C+Larry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044134/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989244,00.html">"Is the Internet the Secret to Happiness?"</a>. Time. 14 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989244,00.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Is+the+Internet+the+Secret+to+Happiness%3F&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1989244%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretta,_T.Buodo,_G.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moretta, T., Buodo, G. (2020). "Problematic Internet Use and Loneliness: How Complex Is the Relationship? A Short Literature Review". Current Addiction Reports. 7 (2): 125–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40429-020-00305-z">10.1007/s40429-020-00305-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212620349">212620349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Addiction+Reports&rft.atitle=Problematic+Internet+Use+and+Loneliness%3A+How+Complex+Is+the+Relationship%3F+A+Short+Literature+Review.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-136&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40429-020-00305-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212620349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Moretta%2C+T.&rft.au=Buodo%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview2018-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview2018_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview2018_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview2018_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview2018_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview2018_32-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictorMansfieldKayDaykin2018" class="citation report cs1">Victor C, Mansfield L, Kay T, Daykin N, Lane J, Duffy LG, et al. (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatworkswellbeing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Full-report-Tackling-loneliness-Oct-2018_0151580300.pdf">An overview of reviews: the effectiveness of interventions to address loneliness at all stages of the life-course</a> (PDF). whatworkswellbeing.org (Report). Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=An+overview+of+reviews%3A+the+effectiveness+of+interventions+to+address+loneliness+at+all+stages+of+the+life-course&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Mansfield%2C+Louise&rft.au=Kay%2C+Tess&rft.au=Daykin%2C+Norma&rft.au=Lane%2C+Jack&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Lily+Grigsby&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+Alan&rft.au=Meads%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatworkswellbeing.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2FFull-report-Tackling-loneliness-Oct-2018_0151580300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowlandNeckaCacioppo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nowland R, Necka EA, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Cacioppo" title="John T. Cacioppo">Cacioppo JT</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691617713052">"Loneliness and Social Internet Use: Pathways to Reconnection in a Digital World?"</a>. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 13 (1): 70–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691617713052">10.1177/1745691617713052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28937910">28937910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Loneliness+and+Social+Internet+Use%3A+Pathways+to+Reconnection+in+a+Digital+World%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-87&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1745691617713052&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28937910&rft.aulast=Nowland&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Necka%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1745691617713052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoomsmaWillemsenDolanHawkley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boomsma DI, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (2005). "Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study". Behavior Genetics. 35 (6): 745–752. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.453.498">10.1.1.453.498</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10519-005-6040-8">10.1007/s10519-005-6040-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16273322">16273322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:674438">674438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+and+Environmental+Contributions+to+Loneliness+in+Adults%3A+The+Netherlands+Twin+Register+Study&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=745-752&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.453.498%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A674438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16273322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10519-005-6040-8&rft.aulast=Boomsma&rft.aufirst=Dorret+I.&rft.au=Willemsen%2C+Gonneke&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Conor+V.&rft.au=Hawkley%2C+Louise+C.&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrey2011" class="citation web cs1">Lowrey A (26 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/business/2011/05/long-commutes-cause-obesity-neck-pain-loneliness-divorce-stress-and-insomnia.html">"Long commutes cause obesity, neck pain, loneliness, divorce, stress, and insomnia"</a>. Slate. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Long+commutes+cause+obesity%2C+neck+pain%2C+loneliness%2C+divorce%2C+stress%2C+and+insomnia.&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.aulast=Lowrey&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2F05%2Flong-commutes-cause-obesity-neck-pain-loneliness-divorce-stress-and-insomnia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaumgarten2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Paumgarten N (9 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/04/16/there-and-back-again">"There and Back Again"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=There+and+Back+Again&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.aulast=Paumgarten&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2007%2F04%2F16%2Fthere-and-back-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss1973-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss1973_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss1973_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1973" class="citation book cs1">Weiss R (1973). Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+The+Experience+of+Emotional+and+Social+Isolation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlJansenIshchanovaHilger-Kolb2018" class="citation journal cs1">Diehl K, Jansen C, Ishchanova K, Hilger-Kolb J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163695">"Loneliness at Universities: Determinants of Emotional and Social Loneliness among Students"</a>. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15 (9): 1865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph15091865">10.3390/ijerph15091865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163695">6163695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30158447">30158447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Environ.+Res.+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Loneliness+at+Universities%3A+Determinants+of+Emotional+and+Social+Loneliness+among+Students&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1865&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6163695%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30158447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph15091865&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Ishchanova%2C+Kamila&rft.au=Hilger-Kolb%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6163695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-journals.lww.com-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journals.lww.com_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-journals.lww.com_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SúilleabháinGallagherSteptoe2019" class="citation journal cs1">O'Súilleabháin PS, Gallagher S, Steptoe A (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6615929">"Loneliness, Living Alone, and All-Cause Mortality: The Role of Emotional and Social Loneliness in the Elderly During 19 Years of Follow-Up"</a>. Psychosomatic Medicine. 81 (6): 521–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPSY.0000000000000710">10.1097/PSY.0000000000000710</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10344%2F8038">10344/8038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3174">0033-3174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6615929">6615929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31094903">31094903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Loneliness%2C+Living+Alone%2C+and+All-Cause+Mortality%3A+The+Role+of+Emotional+and+Social+Loneliness+in+the+Elderly+During+19+Years+of+Follow-Up&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=521-526&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10344%2F8038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPSY.0000000000000710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31094903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6615929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0033-3174&rft.aulast=O%27S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1raic+S.&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Steptoe%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6615929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasgaardGoossensHolmBramsenTrillingsgaard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lasgaard M, Goossens L, HolmBramsen R, Trillingsgaard T, Elklita A (April 2011). "Different sources of loneliness are associated with different forms of psychopathology in adolescence". Journal of Research in Personality. 45 (2): 233–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrp.2010.12.005">10.1016/j.jrp.2010.12.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Personality&rft.atitle=Different+sources+of+loneliness+are+associated+with+different+forms+of+psychopathology+in+adolescence&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-237&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jrp.2010.12.005&rft.aulast=Lasgaard&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft.au=Goossens%2C+Luc&rft.au=HolmBramsen%2C+Rikke&rft.au=Trillingsgaard%2C+Tea&rft.au=Elklita%2C+Ask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeschCaspervan_der_Watt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lesch E, Casper R, van der Watt AS (2016). "Romantic relationships and loneliness in a group of South African postgraduate students". South African Review of Sociology. 47 (4): 22–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21528586.2016.1182442">10.1080/21528586.2016.1182442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2152-8586">2152-8586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152149835">152149835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Romantic+relationships+and+loneliness+in+a+group+of+South+African+postgraduate+students&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22-39&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152149835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2152-8586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21528586.2016.1182442&rft.aulast=Lesch&rft.aufirst=Elmien&rft.au=Casper%2C+Rozanne&rft.au=van+der+Watt%2C+Alberta+S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahNoguerasvan_WoerdenKiparoglou2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shah SG, Nogueras D, van Woerden HC, Kiparoglou V (5 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7647474">"The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pandemic of Lockdown Loneliness and the Role of Digital Technology"</a>. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 22 (11): e22287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2F22287">10.2196/22287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1438-8871">1438-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7647474">7647474</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33108313">33108313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=The+COVID-19+Pandemic%3A+A+Pandemic+of+Lockdown+Loneliness+and+the+Role+of+Digital+Technology&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e22287&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7647474%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1438-8871&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33108313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2F22287&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ghulam+Sarwar&rft.au=Nogueras%2C+David&rft.au=van+Woerden%2C+Hugo+Cornelis&rft.au=Kiparoglou%2C+Vasiliki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7647474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/">"How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults?"</a>. NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 30 September 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fcollection_47889">10.3310/collection_47889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=How+can+we+reduce+the+toll+of+loneliness+in+older+adults%3F&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fcollection_47889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Fcollection%2Fhow-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peplau,_L.A._1982_pp._1-18-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Peplau,_L.A._1982_pp._1-18_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeplauPerlman1982" class="citation book cs1">Peplau L, Perlman D (1982). "Perspectives on loneliness". In Peplau LA, Perlman D (eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2"><bdi>978-0-471-08028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+loneliness&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+A+sourcebook+of+current+theory%2C+research+and+therapy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08028-2&rft.aulast=Peplau&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft.au=Perlman%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuedfeld1989" class="citation book cs1">Suedfeld P (1989). "Past the reflection and through the looking-glass: Extending loneliness research". In Hojat M, Crandall R (eds.). Loneliness: Theory, research and applications. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. pp. 51–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Past+the+reflection+and+through+the+looking-glass%3A+Extending+loneliness+research&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+Theory%2C+research+and+applications&rft.place=Newbury+Park%2C+California&rft.pages=51-56&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Suedfeld&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicudo_de_CastroMuskat2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bicudo de Castro V, Muskat M (4 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shimajournal.org/issues/v14n1/16.-Bicudo-de-Castro-and-Muskat-Shima-v14n1.pdf">"Inverted Crusoeism: Deliberately marooning yourself on an island"</a> (PDF). Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures. 14 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21463%2Fshima.14.1.16">10.21463/shima.14.1.16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shima%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Research+into+Island+Cultures&rft.atitle=Inverted+Crusoeism%3A+Deliberately+marooning+yourself+on+an+island&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-04-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21463%2Fshima.14.1.16&rft.aulast=Bicudo+de+Castro&rft.aufirst=Vicente&rft.au=Muskat%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshimajournal.org%2Fissues%2Fv14n1%2F16.-Bicudo-de-Castro-and-Muskat-Shima-v14n1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonCsikszentmihalyiGraef1982" class="citation book cs1">Larson R, Csikszentmihalyi M, Graef R (1982). "Time alone in daily experience: Loneliness or renewal?". In Peplau LA, Perlman D (eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 41–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2"><bdi>978-0-471-08028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+alone+in+daily+experience%3A+Loneliness+or+renewal%3F&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+A+sourcebook+of+current+theory%2C+research+and+therapy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41-53&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08028-2&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Csikszentmihalyi%2C+M.&rft.au=Graef%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuedfeld1982" class="citation book cs1">Suedfeld P (1982). "Aloneness as a healing experience". In Peplau LA, Perlman D (eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 54–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2"><bdi>978-0-471-08028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aloneness+as+a+healing+experience&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+A+sourcebook+of+current+theory%2C+research+and+therapy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54-67&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08028-2&rft.aulast=Suedfeld&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong-GierveldRaadschelders1982" class="citation book cs1">de Jong-Gierveld J, Raadschelders J (1982). "Types of loneliness". In Peplau LA, Perlman D (eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 105–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08028-2"><bdi>978-0-471-08028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Types+of+loneliness&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+A+sourcebook+of+current+theory%2C+research+and+therapy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105-119&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08028-2&rft.aulast=de+Jong-Gierveld&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Raadschelders%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Duck, S. (1992). Human relations (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Exist-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Exist_51-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/Archives/An%20Existential%20View%20Of%20Loneliness.htm">An Existential View of Loneliness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927060655/http://philosophicalsociety.com/Archives/An%20Existential%20View%20Of%20Loneliness.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Carter, Michele; excerpt from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024245/http://www.parkridgecenter.org/Page437.html">Abiding Loneliness: An Existential Perspective</a>, Park Ridge Center, September 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomšik2015" class="citation book cs1">Tomšik R (2015). Relationship of loneliness and meaning of life among adolescents. In Current Trends in Educational Science and Practice VIII: International Proceedings of Scientific Studies. Nitra: UKF. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-558-0813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-558-0813-0"><bdi>978-80-558-0813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relationship+of+loneliness+and+meaning+of+life+among+adolescents.+In+Current+Trends+in+Educational+Science+and+Practice+VIII%3A+International+Proceedings+of+Scientific+Studies&rft.place=Nitra&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=UKF&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-80-558-0813-0&rft.aulast=Tom%C5%A1ik&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2001" class="citation journal cs1">Love HK (1 January 2001). "Spoiled Identity: Stephen Gordon's Loneliness and the Difficulties of Queer History". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 7 (4): 487–519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10642684-7-4-487">10.1215/10642684-7-4-487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-2684">1064-2684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145677903">145677903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GLQ%3A+A+Journal+of+Lesbian+and+Gay+Studies&rft.atitle=Spoiled+Identity%3A+Stephen+Gordon%27s+Loneliness+and+the+Difficulties+of+Queer+History&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=487-519&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145677903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1064-2684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10642684-7-4-487&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=H.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBost2019" class="citation book cs1">Bost D (2019). Evidence of Being. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226589961.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226589961.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58982-4"><bdi>978-0-226-58982-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158970684">158970684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+of+Being&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158970684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226589961.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-58982-4&rft.aulast=Bost&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSU2013-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSU2013_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSU2013_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStickleyKoyanagiRobertsRichardson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stickley A, Koyanagi A, Roberts B, Richardson E, Abbott P, Tumanov S, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701665">"Loneliness: Its Correlates and Association with Health Behaviours and Outcomes in Nine Countries of the Former Soviet Union"</a>. PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e67978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...867978S">2013PLoSO...867978S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0067978">10.1371/journal.pone.0067978</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701665">3701665</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23861843">23861843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Loneliness%3A+Its+Correlates+and+Association+with+Health+Behaviours+and+Outcomes+in+Nine+Countries+of+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e67978&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3701665%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23861843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0067978&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...867978S&rft.aulast=Stickley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Koyanagi%2C+Ai&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Bayard&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Erica&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Tumanov%2C+Sergei&rft.au=McKee%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3701665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurkalimLuoEresGebel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, Gebel K, van Buskirk J, Bauman A, et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8826180">"The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a>. 376: e067068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj-2021-067068">10.1136/bmj-2021-067068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8826180">8826180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35140066">35140066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+BMJ&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+of+loneliness+across+113+countries%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=376&rft.pages=e067068&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8826180%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35140066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj-2021-067068&rft.aulast=Surkalim&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Luo%2C+M&rft.au=Eres%2C+R&rft.au=Gebel%2C+K&rft.au=van+Buskirk%2C+J&rft.au=Bauman%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8826180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loneliness_NZ-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Loneliness_NZ_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComber" class="citation web cs1">Comber C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loneliness.org.nz/nz/facts/loneliness-prevalent-in-the-vulnerable/">"Ms"</a>. loneliness.org.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008063110/https://www.loneliness.org.nz/nz/facts/loneliness-prevalent-in-the-vulnerable/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loneliness.org.nz&rft.atitle=Ms&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loneliness.org.nz%2Fnz%2Ffacts%2Floneliness-prevalent-in-the-vulnerable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlingtonVasquezPearce2023" class="citation journal cs1">Adlington K, Vasquez C, Pearce E, et al. (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9970854">"'Just snap out of it' – the experience of loneliness in women with perinatal depression: a Meta-synthesis of qualitative studies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BMC_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Psychiatry">BMC Psychiatry</a>. 23 (1): 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12888-023-04532-2">10.1186/s12888-023-04532-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9970854">9970854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36849948">36849948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=%27Just+snap+out+of+it%27+%E2%80%93+the+experience+of+loneliness+in+women+with+perinatal+depression%3A+a+Meta-synthesis+of+qualitative+studies.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9970854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36849948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12888-023-04532-2&rft.aulast=Adlington&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Vasquez%2C+C&rft.au=Pearce%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9970854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AgeGenderCulture-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AgeGenderCulture_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgeGenderCulture_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgeGenderCulture_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarretoaVictorHammondEcclesd2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barretoa M, Victor C, Hammond C, Ecclesd A, Richins MT, Qualter P (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7768187">"Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Individual_Differences" title="Personality and Individual Differences">Personality and Individual Differences</a>. 169: 110066. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2020.110066">10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-8869">0191-8869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7768187">7768187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33536694">33536694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Loneliness+around+the+world%3A+Age%2C+gender%2C+and+cultural+differences+in+loneliness&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=110066&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7768187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0191-8869&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33536694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2020.110066&rft.aulast=Barretoa&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft.au=Victor%2C+Christina&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Ecclesd%2C+Alice&rft.au=Richins%2C+Matt+T.&rft.au=Qualter%2C+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7768187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChawlaKunongaStowBarker2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chawla K, Kunonga TP, Stow D, Barker R, Craig D, Hanratty B (26 July 2021). Aslam MS (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8312979">"Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0255088. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1655088C">2021PLoSO..1655088C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0255088">10.1371/journal.pone.0255088</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8312979">8312979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34310643">34310643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+loneliness+amongst+older+people+in+high-income+countries%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0255088&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8312979%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1655088C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34310643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0255088&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Chawla&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rft.au=Kunonga%2C+Tafadzwa+Patience&rft.au=Stow%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Barker%2C+Robert&rft.au=Craig%2C+Dawn&rft.au=Hanratty%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8312979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183855/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/lonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely/2018-04-10">Loneliness – What characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely?</a> (Report). Office for National Statistics. 10 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/lonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely/2018-04-10">the original</a> on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Loneliness+%E2%80%93+What+characteristics+and+circumstances+are+associated+with+feeling+lonely%3F&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fwellbeing%2Farticles%2Flonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely%2F2018-04-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> – Analysis of characteristics and circumstances associated with loneliness in England using the Community Life Survey, 2016 to 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlJansenIshchanovaHilger-Kolb2018" class="citation journal cs1">Diehl K, Jansen C, Ishchanova K, Hilger-Kolb J (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163695">"Loneliness at Universities: Determinants of Emotional and Social Loneliness among Students"</a>. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 29 (15) 9: 1865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph15091865">10.3390/ijerph15091865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163695">6163695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30158447">30158447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Environ+Res+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Loneliness+at+Universities%3A+Determinants+of+Emotional+and+Social+Loneliness+among+Students&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=15&rft.artnum=9&rft.pages=1865&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6163695%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30158447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph15091865&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Jansen%2C+C&rft.au=Ishchanova%2C+K&rft.au=Hilger-Kolb%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6163695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-All-63"><a href="#cite_ref-All_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenman2019" class="citation web cs1">Denman G (18 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialscienceworks.org/all-the-lonely-people-the-epidemic-of-loneliness-and-its-consequences/">"All the lonely people – the epidemic of loneliness and its consequences"</a>. Social Science Works. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Works&rft.atitle=All+the+lonely+people+%E2%80%93+the+epidemic+of+loneliness+and+its+consequences&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft.aulast=Denman&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialscienceworks.org%2Fall-the-lonely-people-the-epidemic-of-loneliness-and-its-consequences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt-LunstadSmithLayton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910600">"Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Medicine" title="PLOS Medicine">PLOS Medicine</a>. 7 (7): e1000316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000316">10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910600">2910600</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20668659">20668659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Social+Relationships+and+Mortality+Risk%3A+A+Meta-analytic+Review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1000316&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2910600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20668659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000316&rft.aulast=Holt-Lunstad&rft.aufirst=Julianne&rft.au=Smith%2C+Timothy+B.&rft.au=Layton%2C+J.+Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2910600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinenberg2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Klinenberg" title="Eric Klinenberg">Klinenberg E</a> (9 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2011/02/19/opinion/19blowcht.html">"Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2020. <q>But is loneliness, as many political officials and pundits are warning, a growing "health epidemic"?"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+Loneliness+a+Health+Epidemic%3F&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft.aulast=Klinenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2011%2F02%2F19%2Fopinion%2F19blowcht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2018/8/all-the-lonely-americans">"All the Lonely Americans?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Economic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Economic Committee">United States Congress Joint Economic Committee</a>. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+the+Lonely+Americans%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Congress+Joint+Economic+Committee&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jec.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%2Frepublicans%2F2018%2F8%2Fall-the-lonely-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcoPH2018-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EcoPH2018_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EcoPH2018_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EcoPH2018_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2018/09/01/loneliness-is-a-serious-public-health-problem">"Loneliness is a serious public-health problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 1 September 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Loneliness+is+a+serious+public-health+problem&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2018%2F09%2F01%2Floneliness-is-a-serious-public-health-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/loneliness-epidemic">"Is there a loneliness epidemic?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+there+a+loneliness+epidemic%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Floneliness-epidemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwengeHaidtBlakeMcAllister2021" class="citation journal cs1">Twenge JM, Haidt J, Blake AB, McAllister C, Lemon H, Le Roy A (20 July 2021). "Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness". Journal of Adolescence. 93: 257–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2021.06.006">10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-1971">0140-1971</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34294429">34294429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236197751">236197751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Worldwide+increases+in+adolescent+loneliness&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=257-269&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.issn=0140-1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236197751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34294429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2021.06.006&rft.aulast=Twenge&rft.aufirst=Jean+M.&rft.au=Haidt%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Blake%2C+Andrew+B.&rft.au=McAllister%2C+Cooper&rft.au=Lemon%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Le+Roy%2C+Astrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/projects-activities/loneliness-european-union_en">"Project Loneliness in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">Joint Research Centre</a>. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Loneliness+in+Europe&rft.pub=Joint+Research+Centre&rft.date=2021-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu%2Fprojects-activities%2Floneliness-european-union_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaarckD'hombresTintori2021" class="citation journal cs1">Baarck J, D'hombres B, Tintori G (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126802">"Loneliness in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joint+Research+Centre+of+the+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Loneliness+in+Europe+before+and+during+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=Baarck&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=D%27hombres%2C+B&rft.au=Tintori%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Frepository%2Fhandle%2FJRC126802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hildaodd.app.unimelb.edu.au/KWCrossWaveCategoryDetails.aspx?varnt=lssupvl">"HILDA Data Dictionary - Cross wave information"</a>. hildaodd.app.unimelb.edu.au. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hildaodd.app.unimelb.edu.au&rft.atitle=HILDA+Data+Dictionary+-+Cross+wave+information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhildaodd.app.unimelb.edu.au%2FKWCrossWaveCategoryDetails.aspx%3Fvarnt%3Dlssupvl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes2023-73"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2023_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2022" class="citation news cs1">Barth L (20 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/20/nyregion/loneliness-epidemic.html">"How Loneliness Is Damaging Our Health"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>Even before the pandemic, there was an 'epidemic of loneliness,' and it was affecting physical health and life expectancy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Loneliness+Is+Damaging+Our+Health&rft.date=2022-04-20&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Lila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F04%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Floneliness-epidemic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAPO2023-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WAPO2023_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAPO2023_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNirappil2023" class="citation news cs1">Nirappil F (2 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/05/02/loneliness-health-crisis-surgeon-general/">"Loneliness poses profound public health threat, surgeon general says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>Loneliness presents a profound public health threat akin to smoking and obesity, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Surgeon General">U.S. Surgeon General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vivek_H._Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivek H. Murthy">Vivek H. Murthy</a> warned in an advisory issued Tuesday that aims to rally Americans to spend more time with each other in an increasingly divided and digital society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Loneliness+poses+profound+public+health+threat%2C+surgeon+general+says&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft.aulast=Nirappil&rft.aufirst=Fenit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhealth%2F2023%2F05%2F02%2Floneliness-health-crisis-surgeon-general%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/social-isolation-and-loneliness">"Social Isolation and Loneliness"</a>. www.who.int. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Social+Isolation+and+Loneliness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fteams%2Fsocial-determinants-of-health%2Fdemographic-change-and-healthy-ageing%2Fsocial-isolation-and-loneliness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/loneliness-a-global-epidemic-who-declares-loneliness-as-a-pressing-health-threat/articleshow/108129001.cms">"Loneliness an epidemic?"</a>. The Times of India. 1 March 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Loneliness+an+epidemic%3F&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Flife-style%2Fhealth-fitness%2Floneliness-a-global-epidemic-who-declares-loneliness-as-a-pressing-health-threat%2Farticleshow%2F108129001.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianWHO2023-77"><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianWHO2023_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2023" class="citation news cs1">Johnson S (16 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/nov/16/who-declares-loneliness-a-global-public-health-concern">"WHO declares loneliness a 'global public health concern'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>The World Health Organization has launched an international commission on loneliness, which can be as bad for people's health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WHO+declares+loneliness+a+%27global+public+health+concern%27&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2023%2Fnov%2F16%2Fwho-declares-loneliness-a-global-public-health-concern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerappadan2023" class="citation news cs1">Perappadan BS (16 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/who-declares-loneliness-as-a-pressing-global-health-threat/article67540808.ece">"WHO declares loneliness as a pressing global health threat"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=WHO+declares+loneliness+as+a+pressing+global+health+threat&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Perappadan&rft.aufirst=Bindu+Shajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fhealth%2Fwho-declares-loneliness-as-a-pressing-global-health-threat%2Farticle67540808.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubenstein1982-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubenstein1982_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubenstein1982_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubensteinShaver1982" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein C, Shaver PR (1982). In search of intimacy. <a href="/wiki/Delacorte_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Delacorte Press">Delacorte Press</a>. pp. 3, 152, 172, 260, passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-28480-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-28480-2"><bdi>0-385-28480-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+intimacy&rft.pages=3%2C+152%2C+172%2C+260%2C+%27%27passim%27%27&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-385-28480-2&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Carin&rft.au=Shaver%2C+Phillip+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-virtues-80"><a href="#cite_ref-virtues_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2017" class="citation web cs1">Crane B (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/03/the-virtues-of-isolation/521100/">"The Virtues of Isolation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Virtues+of+Isolation&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2017%2F03%2Fthe-virtues-of-isolation%2F521100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGraw1986" class="citation book cs1">McGraw JG (1986). Loneliness and spiritual growth. Religious Education Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89135-055-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89135-055-1"><bdi>0-89135-055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loneliness+and+spiritual+growth&rft.pub=Religious+Education+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-89135-055-1&rft.aulast=McGraw&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Only-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Only_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Only_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelistraty2016" class="citation web cs1">Delistraty C (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/how-loneliness-generates-empathy-and-shapes-identity">"Only the lonely"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(digital_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon (digital magazine)">aeon</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Only+the+lonely&rft.pub=aeon&rft.date=2016-07&rft.aulast=Delistraty&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fhow-loneliness-generates-empathy-and-shapes-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprengDimasMwilambwe-TshiloboDagher2020" class="citation journal cs1">Spreng RN, Dimas E, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, Dagher A, Koellinger P, Nave G, et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7738683">"The default network of the human brain is associated with perceived social isolation"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1). Nature Publishing Group: 6393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.6393S">2020NatCo..11.6393S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20039-w">10.1038/s41467-020-20039-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7738683">7738683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319780">33319780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+default+network+of+the+human+brain+is+associated+with+perceived+social+isolation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6393&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7738683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33319780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20039-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.6393S&rft.aulast=Spreng&rft.aufirst=RN&rft.au=Dimas%2C+E&rft.au=Mwilambwe-Tshilobo%2C+L&rft.au=Dagher%2C+A&rft.au=Koellinger%2C+P&rft.au=Nave%2C+G&rft.au=Ong%2C+A&rft.au=Kernbach%2C+JM&rft.au=Wiecki%2C+TV&rft.au=Ge%2C+T&rft.au=Holmes%2C+AJ&rft.au=Yeo%2C+BT&rft.au=Turner%2C+GR&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+RI&rft.au=Bzdok%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7738683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfizer-84"><a href="#cite_ref-pfizer_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060128104835/http://www.thepfizerjournal.com/default.asp?a=article&j=tpj15&t=Loneliness%20and%20Isolation%3A%20Modern%20Health%20Risks">"Loneliness and Isolation: Modern Health Risks"</a>. The Pfizer Journal. IV (4). 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepfizerjournal.com/default.asp?a=article&j=tpj15&t=Loneliness%20and%20Isolation%3A%20Modern%20Health%20Risks">the original</a> on 28 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pfizer+Journal&rft.atitle=Loneliness+and+Isolation%3A+Modern+Health+Risks&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepfizerjournal.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Fa%3Darticle%26j%3Dtpj15%26t%3DLoneliness%2520and%2520Isolation%253A%2520Modern%2520Health%2520Risks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/stress-management/in-depth/stress/art-20046037">"Chronic stress puts your health at risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509134204/http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/stress-management/in-depth/stress/art-20046037">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Chronic+stress+puts+your+health+at+risk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-living%2Fstress-management%2Fin-depth%2Fstress%2Fart-20046037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIHREvidence2020-86"><a href="#cite_ref-NIHREvidence2020_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/loneliness-but-not-social-isolation-predicts-development-of-dementia-in-older-people/">"Loneliness, but not social isolation, predicts development of dementia in older people"</a>. NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 27 May 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Falert_40330">10.3310/alert_40330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241649845">241649845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=Loneliness%2C+but+not+social+isolation%2C+predicts+development+of+dementia+in+older+people&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Falert_40330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241649845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Falert%2Floneliness-but-not-social-isolation-predicts-development-of-dementia-in-older-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafnsson2020-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Rafnsson2020_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafnssonOrrelld'OrsiHogervorst2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rafnsson SB, Orrell M, d'Orsi E, Hogervorst E, Steptoe A (1 January 2020). Carr D (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/75/1/114/3896175">"Loneliness, Social Integration, and Incident Dementia Over 6 Years: Prospective Findings From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing"</a>. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 75 (1): 114–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbx087">10.1093/geronb/gbx087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1079-5014">1079-5014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6909434">6909434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28658937">28658937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journals+of+Gerontology%3A+Series+B&rft.atitle=Loneliness%2C+Social+Integration%2C+and+Incident+Dementia+Over+6+Years%3A+Prospective+Findings+From+the+English+Longitudinal+Study+of+Ageing&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-124&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6909434%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1079-5014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28658937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbx087&rft.aulast=Rafnsson&rft.aufirst=Snorri+Bjorn&rft.au=Orrell%2C+Martin&rft.au=d%27Orsi%2C+Eleonora&rft.au=Hogervorst%2C+Eef&rft.au=Steptoe%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpsychsocgerontology%2Farticle%2F75%2F1%2F114%2F3896175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraccianoLuchettiKarakoseStephan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Terracciano A, Luchetti M, Karakose S, Stephan Y, Sutin AR (2 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546293">"Loneliness and Risk of Parkinson Disease"</a>. JAMA Neurology. 80 (11): 1138–1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamaneurol.2023.3382">10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546293">10546293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37782489">37782489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Neurology&rft.atitle=Loneliness+and+Risk+of+Parkinson+Disease&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1138-1144&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10546293%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37782489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamaneurol.2023.3382&rft.aulast=Terracciano&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Luchetti%2C+Martina&rft.au=Karakose%2C+Selin&rft.au=Stephan%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Sutin%2C+Angelina+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10546293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PsychTo-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PsychTo_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PsychTo_89-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/articles/200307/the-dangers-loneliness">The Dangers of Loneliness</a> – Marano, Hara Estroff; <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a> Thursday 21 August 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelkova2010" class="citation web cs1">Shelkova P (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vzmakh.ru/refero/english/2009-2010/loneless.doc">"Loneliness"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530113858/http://www.vzmakh.ru/refero/english/2009-2010/loneless.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loneliness&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shelkova&rft.aufirst=Polina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vzmakh.ru%2Frefero%2Fenglish%2F2009-2010%2Floneless.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/">"APA Dictionary of Psychology"</a>. dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarano" class="citation web cs1">Marano H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200308/the-dangers-loneliness">"The Dangers of Loneliness"</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dangers+of+Loneliness&rft.aulast=Marano&rft.aufirst=Hara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Farticles%2F200308%2Fthe-dangers-loneliness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkleyCacioppo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (2003). "Loneliness and pathways to disease". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 17 (1): 98–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0889-1591%2802%2900073-9">10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00073-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12615193">12615193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1336958">1336958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Loneliness+and+pathways+to+disease&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-105&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1336958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12615193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0889-1591%2802%2900073-9&rft.aulast=Hawkley&rft.aufirst=Louise+C&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+John+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastersonKlein1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Masterson" title="James F. Masterson">Masterson JF</a>, Klein R (1995). Disorders of the Self: Secret Pure Schizoid Cluster Disorder. pp. 25–27. <q>Klein was Clinical Director of the Masterson Institute and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disorders+of+the+Self%3A+Secret+Pure+Schizoid+Cluster+Disorder&rft.pages=25-27&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Masterson&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalief-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalief_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalief_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2015" class="citation news cs1">Berman M (9 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/09/kalief-browder-and-what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-solitary-confinement-in-the-u-s/">"Kalief Browder and what we do and don't know about solitary confinement in the U.S."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422181816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/09/kalief-browder-and-what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-solitary-confinement-in-the-u-s/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kalief+Browder+and+what+we+do+and+don%27t+know+about+solitary+confinement+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-nation%2Fwp%2F2015%2F06%2F09%2Fkalief-browder-and-what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-solitary-confinement-in-the-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924165755/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12-6-19HaneyTestimony.pdf">"Testimony of Professor Craig Haney; Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights Hearing on Solitary Confinement"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. 19 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12-6-19HaneyTestimony.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+Professor+Craig+Haney%3B+Senate+Judiciary+Subcommittee+on+the+Constitution%2C+Civil+Rights%2C+and+Human+Rights+Hearing+on+Solitary+Confinement&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.senate.gov%2Fimo%2Fmedia%2Fdoc%2F12-6-19HaneyTestimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2018" class="citation news cs1">Davis N (24 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153705/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/apr/24/loneliness-linked-to-major-life-setbacks-for-millennials-study-says">"Loneliness linked to major life setbacks for millennials, study says"</a>. The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/apr/24/loneliness-linked-to-major-life-setbacks-for-millennials-study-says">the original</a> on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Loneliness+linked+to+major+life+setbacks+for+millennials%2C+study+says&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Fapr%2F24%2Floneliness-linked-to-major-life-setbacks-for-millennials-study-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsDaneseCaspiFisher2018" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews T, Danese A, Caspi A, Fisher HL, Goldman-Mellor S, Kepa A, et al. (24 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6076992">"Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study"</a>. Psychological Medicine. 49 (2): 268–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291718000788">10.1017/S0033291718000788</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6076992">6076992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29684289">29684289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=Lonely+young+adults+in+modern+Britain%3A+findings+from+an+epidemiological+cohort+study&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-277&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6076992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29684289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291718000788&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Danese%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Caspi%2C+Avshalom&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Helen+L.&rft.au=Goldman-Mellor%2C+Sidra&rft.au=Kepa%2C+Agnieszka&rft.au=Moffitt%2C+Terrie+E.&rft.au=Odgers%2C+Candice+L.&rft.au=Arseneault%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6076992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaremkaAndridgeFagundesAlfano2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jaremka L, Andridge R, Fagundes C, Alfano C, Povoski S, Lipari A, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992976">"Pain, depression, and fatigue: Loneliness as a longitudinal risk factor"</a>. Health Psychology. 38 (9): 1310–1317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0034012">10.1037/a0034012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992976">3992976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23957903">23957903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Psychology&rft.atitle=Pain%2C+depression%2C+and+fatigue%3A+Loneliness+as+a+longitudinal+risk+factor&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1310-1317&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3992976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23957903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0034012&rft.aulast=Jaremka&rft.aufirst=L.M.&rft.au=Andridge%2C+R.R.&rft.au=Fagundes%2C+C.P.&rft.au=Alfano%2C+C.M.&rft.au=Povoski%2C+S.P.&rft.au=Lipari%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Agnese%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+M.W.&rft.au=Farrar%2C+W.B.&rft.au=Yee%2C+L.D.+Carson+III&rft.au=Bekaii-Saab%2C+T.&rft.au=Martin+Jr%2C+E.W.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+C.R.&rft.au=Kiecolt-Glaser%2C+J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3992976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/health/researchers-say-there-is-more-to-learn-about-happiness">"All you need is love – and funding: 79-year-old Harvard study of human happiness may lose grant money"</a>. National Post. 17 April 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=All+you+need+is+love+%E2%80%93+and+funding%3A+79-year-old+Harvard+study+of+human+happiness+may+lose+grant+money&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fhealth%2Fresearchers-say-there-is-more-to-learn-about-happiness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobel2018" class="citation web cs1">Nobel J (25 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213201654/https://afsp.org/forging-connection-against-loneliness/">"Forging Connection Against Loneliness"</a>. AFSP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afsp.org/forging-connection-against-loneliness/">the original</a> on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFSP&rft.atitle=Forging+Connection+Against+Loneliness&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.aulast=Nobel&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafsp.org%2Fforging-connection-against-loneliness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stravynski2001-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stravynski2001_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stravynski2001_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStravynskiBoyer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stravynski A, Boyer R (2001). "Loneliness in Relation to Suicide Ideation and Parasuicide: A Population-Wide Study". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 31 (1): 32–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fsuli.31.1.32.21312">10.1521/suli.31.1.32.21312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-278X">1943-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11326767">11326767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suicide+and+Life-Threatening+Behavior&rft.atitle=Loneliness+in+Relation+to+Suicide+Ideation+and+Parasuicide%3A+A+Population-Wide+Study&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-40&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1943-278X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11326767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fsuli.31.1.32.21312&rft.aulast=Stravynski&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samaritans-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samaritans_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaritans_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaritans_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samaritans.org/about-samaritans/research-policy/young-people-suicide/">"Young people and suicide"</a>. Samaritans. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samaritans&rft.atitle=Young+people+and+suicide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samaritans.org%2Fabout-samaritans%2Fresearch-policy%2Fyoung-people-suicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertz2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noreena_Hertz" title="Noreena Hertz">Hertz N</a> (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/ffadb189-5661-40c3-b142-43f91cf38bdf">"Why loneliness fuels populism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Why+loneliness+fuels+populism&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=Noreena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fffadb189-5661-40c3-b142-43f91cf38bdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertz2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noreena_Hertz" title="Noreena Hertz">Hertz N</a> (2020). "Chapt. 3 'The lonely mouse', 4 'Sex, Love and Robots'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-lonely-century/noreena-hertz/9781529329254">The Lonely Century: Coming Together in a World that's Pulling Apart</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sceptre_(imprint)" title="Sceptre (imprint)">Sceptre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-2925-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5293-2925-4"><bdi>978-1-5293-2925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapt.+3+%27The+lonely+mouse%27%2C+4+%27Sex%2C+Love+and+Robots%27&rft.btitle=The+Lonely+Century%3A+Coming+Together+in+a+World+that%27s+Pulling+Apart&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5293-2925-4&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=Noreena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterstones.com%2Fbook%2Fthe-lonely-century%2Fnoreena-hertz%2F9781529329254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt H</a> (2020). "Chapt. 13". <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-31675-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-31675-7"><bdi>978-0-241-31675-7</bdi></a>. <q>[Totalitarianism] bases itself on loneliness, on the experience of not belonging to the world at all, which is among the most radical and desperate experiences of man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapt.+13&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Totalitarianism&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-241-31675-7&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangenkamp2021" class="citation journal cs1">Langenkamp A (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fssqu.12946">"Lonely Hearts, Empty Booths? The Relationship between Loneliness, Reported Voting Behavior and Voting as Civic Duty"</a>. Social Science Quarterly. 102 (4): 1239–1254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fssqu.12946">10.1111/ssqu.12946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233677284">233677284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lonely+Hearts%2C+Empty+Booths%3F+The+Relationship+between+Loneliness%2C+Reported+Voting+Behavior+and+Voting+as+Civic+Duty&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1239-1254&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fssqu.12946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233677284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Langenkamp&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fssqu.12946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydgren2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rydgren J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ap.2011.4">"A legacy of 'uncivicness'? Social capital and radical right-wing populist voting in Eastern Europe"</a>. Acta Politica. 46 (2): 132–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fap.2011.4">10.1057/ap.2011.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144167377">144167377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Politica&rft.atitle=A+legacy+of+%27uncivicness%27%3F+Social+capital+and+radical+right-wing+populist+voting+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-157&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fap.2011.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144167377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rydgren&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1057%2Fap.2011.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhirkov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhirkov K (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1354068813511379">"Nativist but not alienated: A comparative perspective on the radical right vote in Western Europe"</a>. Party Politics. 20 (2): 286–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068813511379">10.1177/1354068813511379</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144100979">144100979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=Nativist+but+not+alienated%3A+A+comparative+perspective+on+the+radical+right+vote+in+Western+Europe&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-296&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068813511379&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144100979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhirkov&rft.aufirst=Kirill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F1354068813511379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_of_Loneliness.com-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_of_Loneliness.com_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacioppoPatrick2008" class="citation book cs1">Cacioppo J, <a href="/wiki/William_Patrick_(author)" title="William Patrick (author)">Patrick W</a> (2008). Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06170-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06170-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+Human+Nature+and+the+Need+for+Social+Connection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06170-3&rft.aulast=Cacioppo&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Patrick%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ja_herpesvirus-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Ja_herpesvirus_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaremkaFagundesGlaserBennett2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jaremka LM, Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Bennett JM, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633610">"Loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: Understanding the role of immune dysregulation"</a>. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38 (8): 1310–1317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2012.11.016">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633610">3633610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273678">23273678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Loneliness+predicts+pain%2C+depression%2C+and+fatigue%3A+Understanding+the+role+of+immune+dysregulation&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1310-1317&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3633610%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23273678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2012.11.016&rft.aulast=Jaremka&rft.aufirst=Lisa+M.&rft.au=Fagundes%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.au=Glaser%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Jeanette+M.&rft.au=Malarkey%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Kiecolt-Glaser%2C+Janice+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3633610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ja_inflammation-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Ja_inflammation_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaremkaFagundesPengBennett2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jaremka LM, Fagundes CP, Peng J, Bennett JM, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825089">"Loneliness Promotes Inflammation During Acute Stress"</a>. Psychological Science. 24 (7): 1089–1097. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797612464059">10.1177/0956797612464059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825089">3825089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23630220">23630220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Loneliness+Promotes+Inflammation+During+Acute+Stress&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1089-1097&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3825089%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23630220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797612464059&rft.aulast=Jaremka&rft.aufirst=Lisa+M.&rft.au=Fagundes%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Juan&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Jeanette+M.&rft.au=Glaser%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Malarkey%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Kiecolt-Glaser%2C+Janice+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3825089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIjzerman" class="citation news cs1">Ijzerman H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/opinion/sunday/the-chill-of-loneliness.html">"Getting the cold shoulder"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209233218/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/opinion/sunday/the-chill-of-loneliness.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Getting+the+cold+shoulder&rft.aulast=Ijzerman&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fthe-chill-of-loneliness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091217142720/http://www.depression.com/psychotherapy.html">"Psychotherapy"</a>. Depression.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depression.com/psychotherapy.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Depression.com&rft.atitle=Psychotherapy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depression.com%2Fpsychotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/depression/features/truth-about-antidepressants?page=2">"The Truth About Antidepressants"</a>. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210093352/http://www.webmd.com/depression/features/truth-about-antidepressants?page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Antidepressants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fdepression%2Ffeatures%2Ftruth-about-antidepressants%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/loneliness-annual-report-the-first-year">"Loneliness Annual Report: the first year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loneliness+Annual+Report%3A+the+first+year&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Floneliness-annual-report-the-first-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Roux-117"><a href="#cite_ref-2010Roux_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerst-EmersonJayawardhana2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gerst-Emerson K, Jayawardhana J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386514">"Loneliness as a Public Health Issue: The Impact of Loneliness on Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 105 (5): 1013–1019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2014.302427">10.2105/AJPH.2014.302427</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386514">4386514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25790413">25790413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Loneliness+as+a+Public+Health+Issue%3A+The+Impact+of+Loneliness+on+Health+Care+Utilization+Among+Older+Adults&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1013-1019&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4386514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25790413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2014.302427&rft.aulast=Gerst-Emerson&rft.aufirst=Kerstin&rft.au=Jayawardhana%2C+Jayani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4386514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApter2019" class="citation web cs1">Apter C (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/news/awareness/the-benefits-of-social-prescribing-and-a-word-of-warning">"The benefits of social prescribing – and a word of warning"</a>. Mental Health Today. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Health+Today&rft.atitle=The+benefits+of+social+prescribing+%E2%80%93+and+a+word+of+warning&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Apter&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fawareness%2Fthe-benefits-of-social-prescribing-and-a-word-of-warning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3tier2024-119"><a href="#cite_ref-3tier2024_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslamHaslamDingle2024" class="citation journal cs1">Haslam SA, Haslam C, Dingle G, et al. (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13684302241242434">"Tackling loneliness together: A three-tier social identity framework for social prescribing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Group_Processes_%26_Intergroup_Relations" title="Group Processes & Intergroup Relations">Group Processes & Intergroup Relations</a>. 27 (5): 1128–1150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13684302241242434">10.1177/13684302241242434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Group+Processes+%26+Intergroup+Relations&rft.atitle=Tackling+loneliness+together%3A+A+three-tier+social+identity+framework+for+social+prescribing&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1128-1150&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F13684302241242434&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Haslam%2C+C&rft.au=Dingle%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F13684302241242434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature2024-120"><a href="#cite_ref-nature2024_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavellLeifermanGasconBraddick2024" class="citation journal cs1">Leavell MA, Leiferman JA, Gascon M, Braddick F, Gonzalez JC, et al. (August 2024). "Connecting through nature: A systematic review of the effectiveness of nature-based social prescribing practices to combat loneliness". <a href="/wiki/Landscape_and_Urban_Planning" title="Landscape and Urban Planning">Landscape and Urban Planning</a>. 248: 0169–2046. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024LUrbP.24805071L">2024LUrbP.24805071L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.landurbplan.2024.105071">10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105071</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F60690">10230/60690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+and+Urban+Planning&rft.atitle=Connecting+through+nature%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+effectiveness+of+nature-based+social+prescribing+practices+to+combat+loneliness&rft.volume=248&rft.pages=0169-2046&rft.date=2024-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F60690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.landurbplan.2024.105071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024LUrbP.24805071L&rft.aulast=Leavell&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Leiferman%2C+JA&rft.au=Gascon%2C+M&rft.au=Braddick%2C+F&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills2017-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2017_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2017_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2017_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2017" class="citation web cs1">Mills S (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightlifecheshire.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/14704994.2017.pdf">"Loneliness: Do Interventions Help?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loneliness%3A+Do+Interventions+Help%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Chester&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightlifecheshire.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F14704994.2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilesMorganMoeke-MaxwellBlack2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wiles J, Morgan T, Moeke-Maxwell T, Black S, Park HJ, Dewes O, et al. (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01634372.2019.1640333">"Befriending Services for Culturally Diverse Older People"</a>. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 62 (7): 776–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01634372.2019.1640333">10.1080/01634372.2019.1640333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-4372">0163-4372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31296128">31296128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gerontological+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Befriending+Services+for+Culturally+Diverse+Older+People&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=776-793&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.issn=0163-4372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31296128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01634372.2019.1640333&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Janine&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Moeke-Maxwell%2C+Tess&rft.au=Black%2C+Stella&rft.au=Park%2C+Hong-Jae&rft.au=Dewes%2C+Ofa&rft.au=Williams%2C+Lisa+Ann&rft.au=Gott%2C+Merryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01634372.2019.1640333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/fillon-lance-la-grande-cause-nationale-2011-la-lutte-contre-la-solitude-22-12-2010-1278401_23.php">"Fillon lance la grande cause nationale 2011 : la lutte contre la solitude"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a>. 22 December 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Point&rft.atitle=Fillon+lance+la+grande+cause+nationale+2011+%3A+la+lutte+contre+la+solitude&rft.date=2024-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Fsociete%2Ffillon-lance-la-grande-cause-nationale-2011-la-lutte-contre-la-solitude-22-12-2010-1278401_23.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi2019" class="citation web cs1">Yi BL (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.trust.org/item/20190721223922-36ycs/">"Grey fingers: Ageing Singapore uses gardening to fight loneliness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grey+fingers%3A+Ageing+Singapore+uses+gardening+to+fight+loneliness&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters+Foundation&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Beh+Lih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20190721223922-36ycs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola_Stefanello2019" class="citation web cs1">Viola Stefanello (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/18/lonely-in-berlin-german-capital-mulls-minister-for-loneliness">"Lonely in Berlin: German capital mulls Commissioner for Loneliness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Lonely+in+Berlin%3A+German+capital+mulls+Commissioner+for+Loneliness&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.au=Viola+Stefanello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Flonely-in-berlin-german-capital-mulls-minister-for-loneliness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA2020-126"><a href="#cite_ref-NA2020_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnstengel2020" class="citation web cs1">Birnstengel G (17 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nextavenue.org/uk-minister-of-loneliness/">"What Has the U.K.'s Minister of Loneliness Done to Date?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Next_Avenue" title="Next Avenue">Next Avenue</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Next+Avenue&rft.atitle=What+Has+the+U.K.%27s+Minister+of+Loneliness+Done+to+Date%3F&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft.aulast=Birnstengel&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextavenue.org%2Fuk-minister-of-loneliness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/loneliness-annual-report-the-first-year">Loneliness Annual Report: the first year</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Loneliness+Annual+Report%3A+the+first+year&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Floneliness-annual-report-the-first-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation web cs1">Anderson J (9 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1413576/loneliness-is-bad-for-our-health-now-governments-around-the-world-are-finally-tackling-the-problem/">"Loneliness is bad for our health. Now governments around the world are finally tackling it"</a>. Quartz. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Loneliness+is+bad+for+our+health.+Now+governments+around+the+world+are+finally+tackling+it&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1413576%2Floneliness-is-bad-for-our-health-now-governments-around-the-world-are-finally-tackling-the-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalch2020" class="citation news cs1">Balch O (20 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/careers/2020/may/07/ai-and-me-friendship-chatbots-are-on-the-rise-but-is-there-a-gendered-design-flaw">"AI and me: friendship chatbots are on the rise, but is there a gendered design flaw?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=AI+and+me%3A+friendship+chatbots+are+on+the+rise%2C+but+is+there+a+gendered+design+flaw%3F&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcareers%2F2020%2Fmay%2F07%2Fai-and-me-friendship-chatbots-are-on-the-rise-but-is-there-a-gendered-design-flaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitcomb2020" class="citation news cs1">Titcomb J (23 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/02/23/meet-saatchi-heir-building-virtual-friends-combat-loneliness/">"Meet the Saatchi heir building 'virtual friends' to combat loneliness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/02/23/meet-saatchi-heir-building-virtual-friends-combat-loneliness/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Saatchi+heir+building+%27virtual+friends%27+to+combat+loneliness&rft.date=2020-02-23&rft.aulast=Titcomb&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2020%2F02%2F23%2Fmeet-saatchi-heir-building-virtual-friends-combat-loneliness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shah_e24712-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shah_e24712_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shah_e24712_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahNoguerasvan_WoerdenKiparoglou2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shah SG, Nogueras D, van Woerden HC, Kiparoglou V (4 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8214187">"Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Digital Technology Interventions to Reduce Loneliness in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 23 (6): e24712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2F24712">10.2196/24712</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1438-8871">1438-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8214187">8214187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34085942">34085942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Effectiveness+of+Digital+Technology+Interventions+to+Reduce+Loneliness+in+Older+Adults%3A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e24712&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8214187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1438-8871&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34085942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2F24712&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ghulam+Sarwar&rft.au=Nogueras%2C+David&rft.au=van+Woerden%2C+Hugo+Cornelis&rft.au=Kiparoglou%2C+Vasiliki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8214187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalfari2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Scalfari" title="Eugenio Scalfari">Scalfari E</a> (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2013/10/01/news/pope_s_conversation_with_scalfari_english-67643118/">"The Pope: how the Church will change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">la Repubblica</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=la+Repubblica&rft.atitle=The+Pope%3A+how+the+Church+will+change&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Scalfari&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fcultura%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fnews%2Fpope_s_conversation_with_scalfari_english-67643118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-causesReview2010Roux-133"><a href="#cite_ref-causesReview2010Roux_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomanLe_Roux2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Doman F, Le Roux A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0041-47512010000200006">"Die oorsake van en bydraende faktore tot eensaamheid - 'n literatuuroorsig"</a> [The causes of loneliness and the factors that contribute towards it – A literature review]. Tydskrift vir Geesteswetenskappe (in Afrikaans). 50: 216–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tydskrift+vir+Geesteswetenskappe&rft.atitle=Die+oorsake+van+en+bydraende+faktore+tot+eensaamheid+-+%27n+literatuuroorsig&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=216-228&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Doman&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Le+Roux%2C+Anda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0041-47512010000200006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMullins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson DP, Mullins LC (1989). "Religiosity and Loneliness Among the Elderly". Journal of Applied Gerontology. 8: 110–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073346488900800109">10.1177/073346488900800109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145242343">145242343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Gerontology&rft.atitle=Religiosity+and+Loneliness+Among+the+Elderly&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=110-131&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F073346488900800109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145242343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=Mullins%2C+L.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouSedikidesWildschutGao2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou X, Sedikides C, Wildschut T, Gao DG (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/63844/1/Zhou_et_al__2008.pdf">"Counteracting Loneliness: On the Restorative Function of Nostalgia"</a> (PDF). Psychological Science. 19 (10): 1023–1029. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02194.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19000213">19000213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45398320">45398320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Counteracting+Loneliness%3A+On+the+Restorative+Function+of+Nostalgia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1023-1029&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45398320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19000213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02194.x&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Xinyue&rft.au=Sedikides%2C+Constantine&rft.au=Wildschut%2C+Tim&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ding-Guo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F63844%2F1%2FZhou_et_al__2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (Chpt 13 of <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a>) <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> was the first to seriously discuss the difference between solitude and loneliness, though there had been some fragmentary even earlier remarks on these lines, such as <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a> stating "never was he less lonely than when he was in solitude". </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra" title="Pankaj Mishra">Mishra P</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Anger" title="Age of Anger">Age of Anger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 75, 172, 187–188, 269–270, 336–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198408-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198408-7"><bdi>978-0-14-198408-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Anger&rft.pages=75%2C+172%2C+187-188%2C+269-270%2C+336-338&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-14-198408-7&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon1948" class="citation journal cs1">Sheldon J (1948). "The Social Medicine of Old Age. Report of an Enquiry in Wolverhampton". Journal of Gerontology. 3 (4): 306–308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gerontology&rft.atitle=The+Social+Medicine+of+Old+Age.+Report+of+an+Enquiry+in+Wolverhampton&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=306-308&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Garfield E</a> (3 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v9p033y1986.pdf">"The Loneliness Researcher Is Not so Lonely Anymore"</a> (PDF). Essays of an information scientist. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essays+of+an+information+scientist&rft.atitle=The+Loneliness+Researcher+Is+Not+so+Lonely+Anymore&rft.date=1986-02-03&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fessays%2Fv9p033y1986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson KA (2019). "The Virtual Care Farm: A Preliminary Evaluation of an Innovative Approach to Addressing Loneliness and Building Community through Nature and Technology". Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 43 (4): 334–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01924788.2019.1581024">10.1080/01924788.2019.1581024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86570263">86570263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Activities%2C+Adaptation+%26+Aging&rft.atitle=The+Virtual+Care+Farm%3A+A+Preliminary+Evaluation+of+an+Innovative+Approach+to+Addressing+Loneliness+and+Building+Community+through+Nature+and+Technology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=334-344&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01924788.2019.1581024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86570263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2023" class="citation news cs1">Rodriguez A (24 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2023/12/24/loneliness-epidemic-u-s-surgeon-general-solution/71971896007/">"Americans are lonely and it's killing them. How the US can combat this new epidemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>America has a new epidemic. It can't be treated using traditional therapies even though it has debilitating and even deadly consequences. The problem seeping in at the corners of our communities is loneliness</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Americans+are+lonely+and+it%27s+killing+them.+How+the+US+can+combat+this+new+epidemic.&rft.date=2023-12-24&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Adrianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2F2023%2F12%2F24%2Floneliness-epidemic-u-s-surgeon-general-solution%2F71971896007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafał_Matuszewski2021" class="citation book cs1">Rafał Matuszewski, ed. (2021). Being Alone in Antiquity: Greco-Roman Ideas and Experiences of Misanthropy, Isolation and Solitude. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110758078" title="Special:BookSources/9783110758078"><bdi>9783110758078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Alone+in+Antiquity%3A+Greco-Roman+Ideas+and+Experiences+of+Misanthropy%2C+Isolation+and+Solitude&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783110758078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoneliness" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Loneliness" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Loneliness">Loneliness</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Solitude" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Solitude">Solitude</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/loneliness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/loneliness">loneliness</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013921-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078243">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph249608&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536251405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&oldid=1259415192">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&oldid=1259415192</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emotional_issues" title="Category:Emotional issues">Emotional issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_love" title="Category:Philosophy of love">Philosophy of love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_issues" title="Category:Social issues">Social issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">Emotions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Afrikaans-language_sources_(af)" title="Category:CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af)">CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2021">Use dmy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 01:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loneliness&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gbhlh","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.778","walltime":"1.939","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10115,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":355665,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8391,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":566710,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1678.380 1 -total"," 66.33% 1113.325 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.33% 492.314 58 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.25% 155.277 1 Template:Emotion-footer"," 9.07% 152.207 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.07% 135.386 30 Template:Cite_web"," 7.42% 124.498 22 Template:Cite_book"," 7.17% 120.366 7 Template:Lang"," 6.64% 111.435 22 Template:Cite_news"," 5.66% 94.930 1 Template:Emotion"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.139","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19039533,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","180","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","14.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.3"],["type","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.5"],["format","40","3.5"],["[others]","300","26.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-cqsld","timestamp":"20241125010546","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Loneliness","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loneliness","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q223270","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q223270","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-05T00:49:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T01:05:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Thoma_Loneliness.jpg","headline":"unpleasant emotional response to isolation"}</script> </body> </html>