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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mācības_principi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mācības_principi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mācības principi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mācības_principi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Mācības principi apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mācības_principi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kvintesence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvintesence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kvintesence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvintesence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filozofu_akmens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filozofu_akmens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Filozofu akmens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filozofu_akmens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavenākie_alķīmiķi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavenākie_alķīmiķi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slavenākie alķīmiķi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavenākie_alķīmiķi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alķīmija_Latvijā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alķīmija_Latvijā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alķīmija Latvijā</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alķīmija_Latvijā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alķīmija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 97 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alchemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alchemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%9A" title="አልከሚ – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልከሚ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alquimia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="خيمياء – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيمياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="خيميا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خيميا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alquimia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flkimya" title="Əlkimya – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlkimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алхимия – baškīru" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алхимия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškīru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Alkemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alkemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimiya" title="Alkimiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alkimiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алхімія – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алхімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Альхімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альхімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алхимия – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алхимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="আলকেমি – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলকেমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="གསེར་བཙོ་རྩལ། – tibetiešu" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསེར་བཙོ་རྩལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimiezh" title="Alkimiezh – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alkimiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhemija" title="Alhemija – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alhemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqu%C3%ADmia" title="Alquímia – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alquímia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمیاگەری – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیاگەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchimia" title="Alchimia – korsikāņu" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alchimia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchymie" title="Alchymie – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alchymie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcemi" title="Alcemi – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alcemi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkymi" title="Alkymi – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkymi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alchemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simya" title="Simya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Simya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αλχημεία – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alchemy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkemio" title="Alkemio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alquimia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkeemia" title="Alkeemia – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alkeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alkimia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkemia" title="Alkemia – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchimie" title="Alchimie – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alchimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemy" title="Algemy – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Algemy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailceimic" title="Ailceimic – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailceimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alquimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלכימיה – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कीमिया – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कीमिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkemija" title="Alkemija – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%ADmia" title="Alkímia – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ալքիմիա – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchimia" title="Alchimia – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alchimia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkemio" title="Alkemio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alkemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullger%C3%B0arlist" title="Gullgerðarlist – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gullgerðarlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchimia" title="Alchimia – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alchimia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AC%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="錬金術 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="錬金術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimiya" title="Alkimiya – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkimiya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალქიმია – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алхимия – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алхимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="រសសាស្ត្រ – khmeru" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រសសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ರಸವಿದ್ಯೆ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಸವಿದ್ಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B8%88%EC%88%A0" title="연금술 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연금술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алхимия – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алхимия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemia" title="Alchemia – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alchemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsjemie" title="Alsjemie – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alsjemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemija" title="Alchemija – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alchemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алхемија – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алхемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ആൽകെമി – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽകെമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Алхими – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алхими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အဂ္ဂိရတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အဂ္ဂိရတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="अल्केमी – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्केमी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alkimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alchemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkymi" title="Alkymi – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alkymi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkymi" title="Alkymi – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkymi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alquimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkemii" title="Elkemii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Elkemii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemia" title="Alchemia – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alchemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="کیمیاګري – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کیمیاګري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alquimia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchimie" title="Alchimie – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alchimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алхимия – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алхимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archim%C3%ACa" title="Archimìa – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Archimìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkemija" title="Alkemija – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alchemy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alch%C3%BDmia" title="Alchýmia – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alchýmia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimija" title="Alkimija – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkimija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alkimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алхемија – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алхемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%A9mi" title="Alkémi – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alkémi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkemi" title="Alkemi – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரசவாதம் – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரசவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="రసవాదం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసవాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="การเล่นแร่แปรธาตุ – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเล่นแร่แปรธาตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimiya" title="Alkimiya – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alkimiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simya" title="Simya – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Simya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алхімія – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алхімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimyo" title="Alkimyo – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alkimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3_kim_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Giả kim thuật – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giả kim thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimiya" title="Alkimiya – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alkimiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%BC%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AF" title="炼金术 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="炼金术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალქიმია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალქიმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%BC%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AF" title="炼金术 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="炼金术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg/250px-JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg/375px-JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg/500px-JosephWright-Alchemist-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEozefs_Raits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džozefs Raits (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Džozefa Raita</a> glezna "<a href="/wiki/Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmi%C4%B7is_atkl%C4%81j_fosforu" title="Alķīmiķis atklāj fosforu">Alķīmiķis atklāj fosforu</a>" (1771. gads), kurā attēlots alķīmiķis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henigs_Brands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henigs Brands (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Henigs Brands</a> atklājam <a href="/wiki/Fosfors" title="Fosfors">fosforu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alķīmija</b> ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protozin%C4%81tne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protozinātne (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">protozinātne</a>, kura ietvēra sevī agrīno <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofiju</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija" title="Ķīmija">ķīmiju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalur%C4%A3ija" title="Metalurģija">metalurģiju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fiziku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medic%C4%ABna" title="Medicīna">medicīnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrolo%C4%A3ija" title="Astroloģija">astroloģiju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika">semiotiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mistika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistika">mistiku</a> un <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ksla" title="Māksla">mākslu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mācības_principi"><span id="M.C4.81c.C4.ABbas_principi"></span>Mācības principi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Mācības principi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Mācības principi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viens no alķīmiķu mērķiem bija atklāt <a href="/wiki/Filozofu_akmens" title="Filozofu akmens">filozofu akmeni</a>, ar kura palīdzību būtu iespējams pārvērst citus materiālus <a href="/wiki/Zelts" title="Zelts">zeltā</a>. Ar laiku izdevās atklāt vairākus pēc nokrāsas zeltam līdzīgus savienojumus — piemēram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svina_jod%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svina jodīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">svina jodīdu</a>. </p><p>Trīs galvenās lietas, ko alķīmiķi vēlējās atklāt, bija: </p> <ul><li>no jebkura metāla iegūt zeltu<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>iegūt Dzīvības un veselības eliksīru;</li> <li>iegūt Gudrības akmeni ("<a href="/wiki/Filozofu_akmens" title="Filozofu akmens">Filozofu akmeni</a>"), ko dēvēja par <a href="/wiki/Lielais_darbs" title="Lielais darbs">Lielo darbu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda">latīņu</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Magnum opus</i></span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvintesence">Kvintesence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Kvintesence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Kvintesence"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Destilējot dažādus šķīdumus un uzlējumus, viduslaiku alķīmiķi cerēja galu galā iegūt visu vielu pamatu un tātad Dzīvības eliksīru tiešā veidā. Viņi to nosauca par "Kvintesenci" (<a href="/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda">latīņu</a>: <span lang="la"><i>quinta</i></span> – "piektā"; <i>essentia</i> – "esence, būtība"). Šis vārds atspoguļo seno civilizāciju ticējumu, ka pasaule ir veidota no četriem elementiem – <a href="/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme">zemes</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">ūdens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaiss" title="Gaiss">gaisa</a> un <a href="/wiki/Uguns" title="Uguns">uguns</a>. Tad kādā brīdī radās doma, ka visu šo elementu pamatā ir vēl kāds noslēpumains, acij neredzams pamatelements – piektais elements jeb kvintesence.<sup id="cite_ref-Auziņš_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auziņš-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filozofu_akmens">Filozofu akmens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Filozofu akmens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Filozofu akmens"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Pamatraksts: <a href="/wiki/Filozofu_akmens" title="Filozofu akmens">Filozofu akmens</a> </i></div></dd></dl> <p>Filozofu akmens ir kaut kas tāds, ko iegūstot savā īpašumā, var padarīt cilvēku viedu vai arī kādu procesu efektīvu. Alķīmiķi domāja, ka mazāk vērtīgi metāli dabiski ļoti lēnām attīrās un kļūst cēli, pārvēršas dārgmetālos. Taču filozofu akmens šo procesu var paātrināt. Filozofu akmeni uzskatīja par ļoti konkrētu vielu, ko var saberzt piestā un pievienot metālu pārvēršanas reakcijās. Ir alķīmiķu teksti, kuri pat sniedz receptes, kā šo Filozofu akmeni iegūt, vienīgi jāatceras, ka šo tekstu nevajadzētu mēģināt saprast burtiski un cerībā iegūt filozofu akmeni steigties recepti realizēt. Alķīmiķi savus tekstus sargāja no svešām acīm un pierakstīja šifrētā, simboliskā veidā.<sup id="cite_ref-Auziņš_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auziņš-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavenākie_alķīmiķi"><span id="Slaven.C4.81kie_al.C4.B7.C4.ABmi.C4.B7i"></span>Slavenākie alķīmiķi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Slavenākie alķīmiķi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Slavenākie alķīmiķi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermejs_Trismegists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermejs Trismegists (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Hermejs Trismegists</a> ("Trīskārši Varenais Hermejs"), mags, kurš dzīvojis <a href="/wiki/Sen%C4%81_%C4%92%C4%A3ipte" title="Senā Ēģipte">Senajā Ēģiptē</a> apmēram 500 gadus pirms mūsu ēras. Sacerējis alķīmiķu vissenāko un noslēpumaināko, tikai 12 rindiņas garo tekstu – "Smaragda plāksne", kuru 17./18. gadsimtā iztulkoja <a href="/wiki/%C4%AAzaks_%C5%85%C5%ABtons" title="Īzaks Ņūtons">Īzaks Ņūtons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Auziņš_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auziņš-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C5%BEers_B%C4%93kons" title="Rodžers Bēkons">Rodžers Bēkons</a> (1220–1292), filozofs, kurš ieviesa dabas izzināšanā eksperimentēšanu – veidu, kā dabai jautājumus uzdot aktīvi, ne tikai to pasīvi vērojot no malas. Rodžera Bēkona alķīmiskā prakse bija saistīta ar cilvēka ķermeņa ideāla meklējumiem. Viņš cerēja no dažādām dabas vielām iegūt "dzīvības eliksīru". Lai to izdarītu, Bēkons aktīvi praktizēja dažādu ekstraktu destilāciju – metodi, kas ļauj no neideālas, netīras vielas iegūt vielu, kas ir ideāla.<sup id="cite_ref-Auziņš_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auziņš-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimunds_Lullijs" title="Raimunds Lullijs">Raimunds Lullijs</a> (1235—1314?), <a href="/wiki/Francisk%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Franciskāņi">franciskāņu</a> mūks. Lielisks <a href="/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_valoda" title="Arābu valoda">arābu valodas</a>, fizikas un astroloģijas zinātājs un lietpratējs, ceļoja uz Spāniju, Tunisiju, Palestīnu, Vīni un Angliju. Nodibināja daudz mācību iestāžu, tikpat daudz darīja kristietības izplatīšanas labā. Ar alķīmiju nodarbojās kopš 1289. gada. Pēc leģendas, ieguva nemirstības eliksīru, bet atteicās to izmantot. Ir ziņas, ka viņa iegūtās zelta monētas ir saglabājušās pat līdz šim, tās sauc par Reijamundīnī (<a href="/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Angļu valoda">angļu</a>: <span lang="en"><i>Raymundini</i></span>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnolds_de_Villanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnolds de Villanova (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Arnolds de Villanova</a> (1235—1311), dominikāņu mūks, izcils sholastiķis. Piedzima aristokrātiskā ģimenē kā grāfs fon Bolštedts. Pēc leģendas, bērnībā atšķīrās ar neparastu stulbumu, skaidru prātu viņš izlūdzās dievmātei Marijai, atšķīrās ar pārsteidzoši daudzpusīgām zināšanām visdažādākajās dabaszinātņu jomās; (traktāti par minerāliem, augiem, dzīvniekiem un citi). Līdz mūsdienām ir nonākuši 5 viņa traktāti par alķīmiju. Bija populārs kā mags un brīnumdaris, par viņu saglabājies daudz pasaku - par mehānisko cilvēku, runājošo galvu un tamlīdzīgas.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracelzs" title="Paracelzs">Paracelzs</a> (1493—1541) jeb Filips Aureols Teofrasts Bombasts fon Hohenheims, ārsts, pirmais no mediķiem ķīmiskā skatījumā sāka aplūkot procesus, kas noris organismā, noliedza Filozofu akmens ideju, bet alķīmijas metodes veiksmīgi pielietoja zāļu ieguvei. Pastāv pieņēmums, ka Paracelzs ietilpa <a href="/wiki/Rozenkreiceri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozenkreiceri">Rozenkreiceru</a> organizācijā. Paracelzs izstrādāja savas ārstēšanas metodes, balstoties uz pieredzi, bet pēc tam pievienoja tām nedaudz mistikas: «Maģija var mācīt ārstu labāk, nekā visas uzrakstītās grāmatas». Viņš uzskatīja, ka maģija ir ārstēšanas instinkts, talants, ko ārstam dāvā Dievs. Paracelzs aizrāvās ar Filozofu akmens meklējumiem, kas it kā spēj pārvērst parastus metālus zeltā, kā arī kalpot par dzīvības eliksīru, kas dāvā cilvēkam nemirstību.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAzaks_%C5%85%C5%ABtons" title="Īzaks Ņūtons">Īzaks Ņūtons</a> (1642–1726), fiziķis, kura tekstos raksti par alķīmiju pēc apjoma ir pirmajā vietā. Pastāv versija, ka ieceļot Ņūtonu par Anglijas Karaliskās naudas kaltuves vadītāju, šādi novērtēja ne tikai sera Īzaka uzticamību un vadītāja mākslu, bet cerēja, ka viņa alķīmiķa māka spēs papildināt karaļnama kasi, pārvēršot vai, kā alķīmiķi saka, transmutējot mazāk vērtīgus metālus zeltā.<sup id="cite_ref-Auziņš_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auziņš-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alķīmija_Latvijā"><span id="Al.C4.B7.C4.ABmija_Latvij.C4.81"></span>Alķīmija Latvijā</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Alķīmija Latvijā" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Alķīmija Latvijā"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zināms, ka ar alķīmiju nodarbojās ģenerālis <a href="/wiki/Oto_Arnolds_fon_Paikuls" title="Oto Arnolds fon Paikuls">Oto Arnolds fon Paikuls</a>, kurš vadīja <a href="/wiki/Saksijas_k%C5%ABrfirste" class="mw-redirect" title="Saksijas kūrfirste">Saksijas kūrfirstes</a> armijas <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_aplenkums_(1700)" title="Rīgas aplenkums (1700)">uzbrukumu Rīgai 1700. gadā</a>. Kad viņu 1705. gadā apcietināja un notiesāja uz nāvi, Paikuls ar alķīmijas palīdzību ieguvis zeltu, no kura esot izgatavota monēta ar uzrakstiem „<i>Carol. XII. D(ei). G(ratia). Rex Sue(cia).</i>“ un “<i>hoc aurum arte chemica conflavit Holmiae 1706. O. A. V. Paykul</i>“, kas glabājas Stokholmas karaliskajā monētu muzejā.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 gadus pēc Paikuļa sodīšanas ar nāvessodu 1719. gadā <a href="/wiki/Berl%C4%ABne" title="Berlīne">Berlīnē</a> iespieda viņa traktātu <i>Problema chymicum</i>, kurā aprakstīts ķīmiskais process zelta iegūšanai no <a href="/wiki/Amonija_sulf%C4%81ts" title="Amonija sulfāts">amonija sulfāta</a> un <a href="/wiki/Svins" title="Svins">svina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viens no 18. gadsimta alķīmisko uzskatu pētniekiem bija Jelgavas <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93tera_akad%C4%93mija" class="mw-redirect" title="Pētera akadēmija">Pētera akadēmijas</a> dabaszinātņu profesors, mineralogs <a href="/wiki/Johans_Jakobs_Ferbers" title="Johans Jakobs Ferbers">Johans Jakobs Ferbers</a> (1743—1790), kas 1780. gadā Pēterburgā latīniski publicēja savu traktātu "Minerālvielu savstarpējās pārvēršanās hipotēzes pārbaude" (<a href="/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda">latīņu</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Examen hypotheseos de transmutalionibus corporum mineralium</i></span>). Profesors Ferbers noraidīja <a href="/wiki/Hipot%C4%93ze" title="Hipotēze">hipotēzi</a>, ka visi minerāli cēlušies no kādas pirmskābes, bet pieļāva, ka dabā ļoti lēni tomēr notiek minerālu pārvērtības.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arī <a href="/wiki/Vecs%C4%93lpils" title="Vecsēlpils">Sēlpils</a> un Sunākstes luterāņu mācītājs un apgaismotājs <a href="/wiki/Gothards_Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Stenders" title="Gothards Frīdrihs Stenders">Gothards Frīdrihs Stenders</a> (Vecais Stenders, 1714-1796) <a href="/wiki/S%C4%93lija" title="Sēlija">Sēlijā</a> nodarbojās ar garīgo alķīmiju, ko 80 gadu vecumā aprakstīja savā traktātā "Maģijas atslēga. Slepenais dabas viedums no Gudrības akmens, vēsturiski, fiziski un praktiski apgaismots, ko papildina skaidrojošs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leksikons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leksikons (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">leksikons</a> un pielikums". (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda">vācu</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Clavis magiae. Die geheime Naturweisheit vom Stein der Weisen, historisch, physisch und praktisch beleuchtet. Nebst einen hermetischen Lexiko und Anhang</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alķīmija un zelta materializēšana (1. daļa)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alķīmija un zelta materializēšana (2. daļa)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auziņš-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Auziņš_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Auziņš_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Auziņš_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Auziņš_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Auziņš_3-4">3,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/tehnologijas-un-zinatne/alkimijas-atstatais-mantojums-un-slavenakais-alkimikis-izaks-nutons-profesora-auzina-zinatnes-sleja.a485912/">Alķīmijas atstātais mantojums un slavenākais alķīmiķis Īzaks Ņūtons.</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rcis_Auzi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Mārcis Auziņš">Mārcis Auziņš</a>, zinātnes sleja, lsm.lv 2022. gada 16. decembrī</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Ottow: Otto Arnold von Paykul. <i>Krieger, Alchemist und Schicksalsgenosse Patkuls</i>. In: Jahrbuch des baltischen Deutschtums. Band XXII 1975. Lüneburg 1974. S. 51 - 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Problema chymicum, oder, Des weyland (tit.) Herren General Lieutenants O. A. v. P. chymnischer Proces, wodurch nach Proportion eines Quentleins praeparirten Sulphuris Antimonii, anderthalb Loth Bley in das schöneste und feineste Gold verwandelt worden: allen der wahren Chymie Liebhabern…./ [Otto Arnold von Paykull]; Berlin: Pape, 1719, [8], 20 Seiten; 4°;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Stradi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Jānis Stradiņš">Jānis Stradiņš</a>. Zinātnes un augstskolu sākotne Latvijā. Rīga: Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds, 2009. - 274 lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuskripts <i>Clavis magiae</i> glabājas <a href="/wiki/T%C4%93rbatas_Universit%C4%81te" class="mw-redirect" title="Tērbatas Universitāte">Tērbatas Universitātes</a> bibliotēkā, top bilingvāls (latviski un vāciski) izdevums</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B7%C4%ABmija&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. 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