ALCHIMIE - Encyclopædia Universalis

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Au mieux, on la r\u00e9duisait \u00e0 un ensemble de techniques artisanales pr\u00e9chimiques ayant pour objet la composition des teintures, la fabrication synth\u00e9tique des gemmes et des m\u00e9taux pr\u00e9cieux. Au xix e \u00a0si\u00e8cle encore, Marcelin Berthelot ne voyait dans les op\u00e9rations alchimiques que des exp\u00e9riences de chimie, dont l'objet principal \u00e9tait la recherche de la synth\u00e8se de l' or . Afin d'\u00e9chapper aux enqu\u00eates de police ou pour masquer leurs \u00e9checs, les alchimistes auraient us\u00e9 d'un langage chiffr\u00e9 dont seuls les adeptes poss\u00e9daient la clef. On en faisait ainsi soit des faux-monnayeurs soit des imposteurs. 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Une synthèse du savoir ésotérique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, L'alchimie chinoise" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/2-l-alchimie-chinoise/"> 2. L'alchimie chinoise </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, L'alchimie indienne" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/3-l-alchimie-indienne/"> 3. L'alchimie indienne </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, Les alchimistes alexandrins" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/4-les-alchimistes-alexandrins/"> 4. Les alchimistes alexandrins </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, L'alchimie arabe" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/5-l-alchimie-arabe/"> 5. L'alchimie arabe </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, L'alchimie occidentale" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/6-l-alchimie-occidentale/"> 6. L'alchimie occidentale </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, La littérature alchimique" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/7-la-litterature-alchimique/"> 7. La littérature alchimique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, L'univers symbolique du Grand Œuvre" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/8-l-univers-symbolique-du-grand-oeuvre/"> 8. L'univers symbolique du Grand Œuvre </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ALCHIMIE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/9-bibliographie/"> 9. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ALCHIMIE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yA911751_0"><i class="anchor" id="yA911751_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH00I093" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Alchimie" href="/media/alchimie-ph00i093/"><img id="PH00I093" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_ph00i093_606128f368.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Alchimie - crédits : G. Nimatallah/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Jan van der Straet (dit Stradanus ou Stradano, 1523-1605), Le Laboratoire d'alchimie, 1571. Palazzo Vecchio, Florence." data-copyright="G. Nimatallah/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="431" height="600" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Alchimie </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> G. Nimatallah/ De Agostini/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> L'alchimie a longtemps été confondue avec l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' occultisme est apparu au xix e siècle sous deux aspects d'importance et de valeur fort inégales : philosophique et sociologique.. En tant que syncrétisme hâtif et superficiel, diffusé et vulgarisé par l'une des plus abondantes littératures mystico-magiques de tous les temps, l'occultisme présente peu d'intérêt philosophique et scientifique, et l'on peut critiquer sévèrement..." title="Article : OCCULTISME" href="/encyclopedie/occultisme/">occultisme</a>, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Étymologiquement, la magie désigne l'art des mages, caste sacerdotale des Mèdes, qui cultivaient l' astrologie et autres sciences ésotériques. Mais le mot a pris un sens plus vaste pour désigner les croyances et les pratiques qui ne rentrent pas dans les rites des cultes organisés et qui supposent la croyance en une force surnaturelle immanente à la nature. Cette définition, assez am..." title="Article : MAGIE" href="/encyclopedie/magie/">magie</a> et même la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fait de civilisation trop souvent dissocié de ce qui le sous-tend, la sorcellerie est mise en œuvre de croyances, de techniques et d'arts magiques, dont la faible plasticité et la reproduction inchangée depuis des siècles attestent la permanence de certaines modalités du fonctionnement de l'esprit humain. Européenne ou exotique, elle se laisse analyser, à partir de situations assez b..." title="Article : SORCELLERIE" href="/encyclopedie/sorcellerie/">sorcellerie</a>. Au mieux, on la réduisait à un ensemble de techniques artisanales préchimiques ayant pour objet la composition des teintures, la fabrication synthétique des gemmes et des métaux précieux. Au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle encore, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MARCELIN BERTHELOT (1827-1907). Comblée d'honneurs, la carrière de Berthelot se développe dans l'âge du positivisme bourgeois, dont il demeure l'une des figures les plus écrasantes. Pontife du scientisme conquérant, il a exercé en France, à la fin de sa vie, un magistère quelque peu abusif sur le sort de la recherche et de l'enseignement scientifiques. Travailleur infatigabl..." title="Article : MARCELIN BERTHELOT (1827-1907)" href="/encyclopedie/marcelin-berthelot/">Marcelin Berthelot</a> ne voyait dans les opérations alchimiques que des expériences de chimie, dont l'objet principal était la recherche de la synthèse de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À l'état fondamental, l'or, de symbole chimique Au et de numéro atomique 79, est caractérisé par la saturation de la sous-couche 5 d et la présence d'un électron célibataire en 6 s . En fait, l'effet écran très limité de la sous-couche 5 d entraîne pour le noyau une charge effective élevée : de tous les éléments dont la sous-couche périphérique s ne comporte qu'un seul é..." title="Article : OR" href="/encyclopedie/or/">or</a>. Afin d'échapper aux enquêtes de police ou pour masquer leurs échecs, les alchimistes auraient usé d'un langage chiffré dont seuls les adeptes possédaient la clef. On en faisait ainsi soit des faux-monnayeurs soit des imposteurs. La découverte des textes alchimiques chinois, en particulier, est venue ruiner cette conception.</p><p>Ces erreurs d'interprétation des textes et cette méconnaissance des doctrines provenaient principalement des difficultés de déchiffrement du langage <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le symbolique constitue une topique, la topique du symbole . Alors que le signe est arbitraire, inventé, unilatéral, sans vie, épuisé dans sa définition, clair et défini dans sa signification, le symbole est plus qu'un signe quelconque ; c'est originairement un signe de reconnaissance, puisque l' étymologie du terme renvoie à une communauté et à une réciprocité (σ́υν) d'éc..." title="Article : SYMBOLIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/symbolique/">symbolique</a> des alchimistes. En effet, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On sait que la « lecture » d'un texte est le résultat de la confrontation de l'acquit personnel de chacun avec les données qui lui sont proposées, sous forme d'une suite de signes symboliques. Les hommes d'un milieu ou d'une époque réagissent donc, face notamment aux œuvres littéraires, autant en fonction de la culture dans laquelle ils se trouvent immergés que de leur expérience pers..." title="Article : LECTURE" href="/encyclopedie/lecture/">lecture</a> de ces traités constituait, à dessein, une épreuve initiatique. Les maîtres ont voulu que leurs disciples mobilisent toutes leurs forces intellectuelles et spirituelles, claires et obscures, pour atteindre à l'illumination. Ceux-ci doivent s'arracher à leur <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Chacun sait à quel aspect de son expérience répond le mot de temps ; mais aucune définition de la notion correspondante n'a reçu jusqu'ici, chez les savants comme chez les philosophes, une approbation unanime. Sensible à cette difficulté qu'il jugeait caractéristique de toutes les notions premières, Pascal estimait que le temps est de ces choses qu'il est impossible et même inutile de..." title="Article : TEMPS" href="/encyclopedie/temps/">temps</a> et plus encore à eux-mêmes : oublier pour se souvenir. Ils doivent oublier pour retrouver. L'alchimiste a renoncé à la gloire, il devient anonyme. Il recrée et il tente de perfectionner par l'art ce qui a été créé avant lui et laissé imparfait par la nature.</p><p>L'alchimie, aussi bien que l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'astrologie a traversé les siècles en assumant les rôles les plus divers, et il n'est pas toujours aisé de la reconnaître sous ses multiples apparences et ses statuts les plus contrastés. On lit un texte la concernant en fonction d'une certaine représentation ; ainsi celle d'un savoir sur l'humain dont les fondements se situeraient au-delà ou au-dessus de l'humain. Impliquant un état ..." title="Article : ASTROLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/astrologie/">astrologie</a> et la magie, doit être considérée comme une science traditionnelle. Elle doit être définie en fonction de ses rapports avec les structures et les valeurs des sociétés et des civilisations de type traditionnel, orientales et occidentales, antiques et médiévales où elle est née et où elle s'est développée. Il faut donc la considérer en fonction de ses propres critères et se garder de la réduire à nos systèmes.</p><p>L'alchimie ressemble à une science physico-chimique, mais elle est aussi et surtout une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À l'analyse que Freud avait faite de la religion dans L'Avenir d'une illusion (1926), Romain Rolland opposait une « sensation religieuse qui est toute différente des religions proprement dites » : « sensation de l'éternel », « sentiment océanique » qui peut être décrit comme un « contact » et comme un « fait » (lettre à S. Freud, 5 déc. 1927). En 1929, il lui ..." title="Article : MYSTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/mystique/">mystique</a> expérimentale. Sa nature est à la fois matérielle et spirituelle, et elle observe principalement les relations entre la vie des métaux et l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le monde occidental, la notion d'âme s'est constituée lentement et ne remonte pas à la nuit des temps. On peut suivre les étapes qui jalonnent l'émergence d'un principe spirituel du vivant et qui aboutissent à sa justification philosophique par Platon et Aristote . Souvent remise en cause dans les écoles postérieures au profit de théories matérialistes ou mécanistes de l'âme,..." title="Article : ÂME" href="/encyclopedie/ame/">âme</a> universelle. Elle désire délivrer l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le concept d'« esprit », dont la spécificité a sans cesse fluctué à travers les différentes cultures et tout au long de l'histoire des idées, semble de nos jours être pris à nouveau comme référence majeure, notamment par des biologistes, qui y voient « un mot au sens suffisamment large pour pouvoir englober toutes les réactions, des plus élémentaires aux plus évoluées, c'est..." title="Article : ESPRIT, philosophie" href="/encyclopedie/esprit-philosophie/">esprit</a> par la matière et délivrer la matière par l'esprit. Par de nombreux aspects, elle s'apparente à l'art, mais à un art suprême : le traditionnel « Art d'Amour ». Elle propose à l'homme de triompher du temps ; elle est une recherche de l'absolu.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> —  ENCYCLOPÆDIA UNIVERSALIS</p><p>Le mot « alchimie » provient de l'arabe <em>al-kīmiyā</em>, conservé dans le provençal <em>alkimia </em>et dans l'espagnol <em>alquimia. </em>Les noms anglais et allemand ont gardé une dérivation médiévale, attestée aussi dans les anciens noms français « alquémie » et « arkémie » (<span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle).</p><p>La signification du substantif préarabe <em>kīmiyā</em>, précédé de l'article défini <em>al</em>, est encore controversée. Littré a rapproché les mots « chimie » et « alchimie » du grec Χυμ́ια, de Χυμ́ος, « suc », supposant que l'on désignait ainsi primitivement « l'art relatif aux sucs ». Diels a proposé d'y reconnaître plutôt le grec χυμα, « fusion », lequel indiquerait le caractère métallurgique de ces techniques antiques. Von Lippmann et Gundel ont rejeté l'hypothèse de Diels. Le mot <em>kīmiyā</em>, par l'intermédiaire du syriaque, dériverait du grec χημ́ια et il aurait été formé sur l'égyptien <em>kam-it </em>ou <em>kem-it</em>, « noir » ; il évoquerait soit la « terre noire », nom traditionnel, selon Plutarque, de l'Égypte, pays qui aurait été le berceau des arts chimiques et alchimiques, soit la « noirceur » caractéristique de la décomposition de certains métaux.</p><p>L'<em><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Une expression grecque, évoquant à la fois le « cercle » – kuklos – des connaissances et la transmission du savoir à l'enfance – paideia –, reprise par Quintilien pour former un mot latin passé dans les langues modernes au xvi e siècle, a transcendé la référence à ce que nous nommons l'« encyclopédie ». 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href="/classification/religions/esoterisme/traditions-esoteriques/"> Traditions ésotériques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Alchimie"> <a title="Classification : Alchimie" href="/classification/religions/esoterisme/traditions-esoteriques/alchimie/"> Alchimie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Pensées asiatiques" href="/classification/philosophie/pensees-asiatiques/"> Pensées asiatiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Pensée chinoise"> <a title="Classification : Pensée chinoise" href="/classification/philosophie/pensees-asiatiques/pensee-chinoise/"> Pensée chinoise </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions" href="/classification/religions/"> Religions </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions orientales" href="/classification/religions/religions-orientales/"> Religions orientales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Tantrisme"> <a title="Classification : Tantrisme" href="/classification/religions/religions-orientales/tantrisme/"> Tantrisme </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Pensées asiatiques" href="/classification/philosophie/pensees-asiatiques/"> Pensées asiatiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Pensée indienne"> <a title="Classification : Pensée indienne" href="/classification/philosophie/pensees-asiatiques/pensee-indienne/"> Pensée indienne </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de la philosophie occidentale" href="/classification/philosophie/histoire-de-la-philosophie-occidentale/"> Histoire de la philosophie occidentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Philosophie antique"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie antique" href="/classification/philosophie/histoire-de-la-philosophie-occidentale/philosophie-antique/"> Philosophie antique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de la philosophie occidentale" href="/classification/philosophie/histoire-de-la-philosophie-occidentale/"> Histoire de la philosophie occidentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Philosophie occidentale médiévale"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie occidentale médiévale" href="/classification/philosophie/histoire-de-la-philosophie-occidentale/philosophie-occidentale-medievale/"> Philosophie occidentale médiévale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions" href="/classification/religions/"> Religions </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions monothéistes" href="/classification/religions/religions-monotheistes/"> Religions monothéistes </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Christianisme" href="/classification/religions/religions-monotheistes/christianisme/"> Christianisme </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Christianisme médiéval"> <a title="Classification : Christianisme médiéval" href="/classification/religions/religions-monotheistes/christianisme/christianisme-medieval/"> Christianisme médiéval </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yA911751_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I093" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Alchimie" href="/media/alchimie-ph00i093/"> <img id="PH00I093" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_ph00i093_606128f368.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Alchimie - crédits : G. Nimatallah/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Jan van der Straet (dit Stradanus ou Stradano, 1523-1605), Le Laboratoire d'alchimie, 1571. Palazzo Vecchio, Florence." data-copyright="G. Nimatallah/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="431" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Alchimie </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> G. Nimatallah/ De Agostini/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990390" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Marcellin Berthelot" href="/media/marcellin-berthelot-ph990390/"> <img id="PH990390" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph990390_e3ea25a8dd.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Marcellin Berthelot - crédits : C Gerschel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le chimiste et homme politique français Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907)." data-copyright="C Gerschel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="711" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Marcellin Berthelot </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> C Gerschel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yA911751_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/acides-et-bases/#c396"> <span class="rg">ACIDES & BASES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Yves GAUTIER</span> et <span rel="author">Pierre SOUCHAY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 367 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACIDES &amp; BASES" href="/encyclopedie/acides-et-bases/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Acides et bases - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/c/csm_v010155_1dab5bc3b6.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Aux alchimistes revient le mérite d'avoir préparé les acides forts minéraux : chlorhydrique, sulfurique (la préparation de « l'huile de vitriol » par calcination du sulfate de fer, était connue avant 1600), nitrique (la préparation de l' eau-forte par calcination d'un mélange d'alun et de nitrate de... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/arsenic/"> <span class="rg">ARSENIC</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean PERROTEY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 499 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ARSENIC" href="/encyclopedie/arsenic/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Arsenic : formules 1 à 4 - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/3/csm_de041472_833ac0b9c1.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'arsenic est l'élément chimique de symbole As et de numéro atomique 33. Bien qu'il soit très répandu dans le règne minéral et dans les organismes vivants, une quarantaine d'éléments sur quatre-vingt-douze sont plus abondants que lui ; il ne représente qu'environ cinq millionièmes en masse de la croûte...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/avicenne/#c396"> <span class="rg">AVICENNE, </span><span class="rm">arabe IBN SĪNĀ (980-1037)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Henry CORBIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 904 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AVICENNE, arabe IBN SĪNĀ (980-1037)" href="/encyclopedie/avicenne/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Avicenne - crédits : AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/4/csm_ph020267_9ebe1f5eba.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...d'amour ou de haine, ou à quelque chose de semblable (<em>De </em><em>mirabilibus</em><em></em><em>mundi</em>). Plus précisément encore, il affirme, en se référant à Avicenne, que l' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'alchimie a longtemps été confondue avec l' occultisme , la magie et même la sorcellerie . Au mieux, on la réduisait à un ensemble de techniques artisanales préchimiques ayant pour objet la composition des teintures, la fabrication synthétique des gemmes et des métaux précieux. Au xix e siècle encore, Marcelin Berthelot ne voyait dans les opérations alchimiques que des expér..." title="Article : ALCHIMIE" href="/encyclopedie/alchimie/">alchimie</a> appartient à la magie, en ce sens qu'elle est fondée sur les forces occultes de la psyché humaine qui, elle, reçoit des <em>virtutes</em><em></em><em>coelestes...</em> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/johann-joachim-becher/"> <span class="rg">BECHER </span><span class="pc">JOHANN JOACHIM </span><span class="rm">(1635-1682)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges BRAM</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">232 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Alchimiste allemand né à Spire et mort à Londres. En 1663, Johann Joachim Becher est professeur de médecine à l'université de Mayence où il avait obtenu ses grades de médecin en 1661. Il semble ne pas pouvoir tenir en place et commence une existence errante : en 1664, il quitte Mayence pour Munich...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/alchimie/"> Afficher les 40 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yA911751_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PURIFICATION" href="/index/purification/"> <span class="rg">PURIFICATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SCIENCES TRADITIONNELLES" href="/index/sciences-traditionnelles/"> <span class="rg">SCIENCES TRADITIONNELLES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ZOSIME DE PANOPOLIS (IIIe s.)" href="/index/zosime-de-panopolis/"> <span class="rg">ZOSIME DE PANOPOLIS </span><span class="rm">(</span><span class="pc">III<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="rm">s.)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TRANSMUTATION, alchimie" href="/index/transmutation-alchimie/"> <span class="rg">TRANSMUTATION, </span><em class="it">alchimie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SPAGIRIE" href="/index/spagirie/"> <span class="rg">SPAGIRIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BERNARD DE TRÉVISE (1406-1490)" href="/index/bernard-de-trevise/"> <span class="rg">BERNARD DE TRÉVISE </span><span class="rm">(1406-1490)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : IMMORTALITÉ" href="/index/immortalite/"> <span class="rg">IMMORTALITÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ILLUMINATION" href="/index/illumination/"> <span class="rg">ILLUMINATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FEU ARTS DU, sciences traditionnelles" href="/index/arts-du-feu-sciences-traditionnelles/"> <span class="rg">FEU </span><span class="pc">ARTS DU, </span><em class="it">sciences traditionnelles</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉLIXIR" href="/index/elixir/"> <span class="rg">ÉLIXIR</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ROYAUTÉ SACRÉE" href="/index/royaute-sacree/"> <span class="rg">ROYAUTÉ SACRÉE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MÉTAUX PRÉCIEUX, histoire" href="/index/metaux-precieux-histoire/"> <span class="rg">MÉTAUX PRÉCIEUX, </span><em class="it">histoire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PHARMACOPÉE" href="/index/pharmacopee/"> <span class="rg">PHARMACOPÉE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FORGERON" href="/index/forgeron/"> <span class="rg">FORGERON</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BASILE VALENTIN (XIVe-XVe s.)" href="/index/basile-valentin/"> <span class="rg">BASILE VALENTIN </span><span class="rm">(</span><span class="pc">XIV<sup class="sup">e</sup>-XV<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="rm">s.)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ISLAM SCIENCES DE L'" href="/index/sciences-de-l-islam/"> <span class="rg">ISLAM </span><span class="pc">SCIENCES DE L'</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TA'WIL" href="/index/ta-wil/"> <span class="rg">TA'WIL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GNOSE" href="/index/gnose/"> <span class="rg">GNOSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHINE, histoire : des origines à la fondation de l'Empire (221 av. J.-C.)" href="/index/chine-histoire-des-origines-a-la-fondation-de-l-empire-221-av-j-c/"> <span class="rg">CHINE, </span><em class="it">histoire : des origines à la fondation de l'Empire (221 av. J.-C.)</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CINABRE (sulfure de mercure)" href="/index/cinabre/"> <span class="rg">CINABRE </span><span class="rm">(sulfure de mercure)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALAMBIC" href="/index/alambic/"> <span class="rg">ALAMBIC</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXÉGÈSE" href="/index/exegese/"> <span class="rg">EXÉGÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOLEIL SYMBOLISME & DIVINITÉS DU" href="/index/symbolisme-et-divinites-du-soleil/"> <span class="rg">SOLEIL </span><span class="pc">SYMBOLISME & DIVINITÉS DU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOTÉRIOLOGIE" href="/index/soteriologie/"> <span class="rg">SOTÉRIOLOGIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALEXANDRINE LITTÉRATURE" href="/index/litterature-alexandrine/"> <span class="rg">ALEXANDRINE </span><span class="pc">LITTÉRATURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDE, doctrines philosophiques et religieuses" href="/index/inde-doctrines-philosophiques-et-religieuses/"> <span class="rg">INDE, </span><em class="it">doctrines philosophiques et religieuses</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHINOISE PENSÉE" href="/index/pensee-chinoise/"> <span class="rg">CHINOISE </span><span class="pc">PENSÉE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GRANET MARCEL (1884-1940)" href="/index/marcel-granet/"> <span class="rg">GRANET </span><span class="pc">MARCEL </span><span class="rm">(1884-1940)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MÉTALLURGIE, histoire" href="/index/metallurgie-histoire/"> <span class="rg">MÉTALLURGIE, </span><em class="it">histoire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BALANCE, symbolisme" href="/index/balance-symbolisme/"> <span class="rg">BALANCE, </span><em class="it">symbolisme</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HAṬHA-YOGA" href="/index/hatha-yoga/"> <span class="rg">HAṬHA-YOGA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : YOGIN ou YOGI" href="/index/yogin-yogi/"> <span class="rg">YOGIN </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">YOGI</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MYSTIQUE MUSULMANE" href="/index/mystique-musulmane/"> <span class="rg">MYSTIQUE MUSULMANE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MÉDIÉVALE PENSÉE" href="/index/pensee-medievale/"> <span class="rg">MÉDIÉVALE </span><span class="pc">PENSÉE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MÉDECINE ARABE" href="/index/medecine-arabe/"> <span class="rg">MÉDECINE ARABE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GRAND ŒUVRE, alchimie" href="/index/grand-oeuvre-alchimie/"> <span class="rg">GRAND ŒUVRE, </span><em class="it">alchimie</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div 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