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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmapala_and_the_serpent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmapala_and_the_serpent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dharmapala and the serpent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmapala_and_the_serpent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odantapuri&params=25.197_N_85.518_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°11′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°31′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.197°N 85.518°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.197; 85.518</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist Mahavihara</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Odantapuri</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort,_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort%2C_Bihar.jpg/250px-Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort%2C_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort%2C_Bihar.jpg/375px-Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort%2C_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort%2C_Bihar.jpg/500px-Old_ruined_gate_of_the_fort%2C_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="544" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Photograph of the old ruined gate of the fort at Bihar Sharif in Bihar, taken by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_David_Beglar" title="Joseph David Beglar">Joseph David Beglar</a> in the 1870s. The fort is believed to have been part of the Odantapuri university.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odantapuri is located in India"><img alt="Odantapuri is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-India_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.855%;left:57.869%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Odantapuri"><img alt="Odantapuri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within India</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Bihar_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odantapuri is located in Bihar"><img alt="Odantapuri is located in Bihar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_Bihar_relief_map.svg/250px-India_Bihar_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_Bihar_relief_map.svg/375px-India_Bihar_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/India_Bihar_relief_map.svg/500px-India_Bihar_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="708" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.528%;left:44.577%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Odantapuri"><img alt="Odantapuri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Odantapuri (Bihar)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Bihar</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odantapuri&params=25.197_N_85.518_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°11′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°31′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.197°N 85.518°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.197; 85.518</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Centre of learning</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">8th–9th century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">13th century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data">Destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> in the late 12th-century</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Odantapuri</b> (also called <b>Odantapura</b> or <b>Uddandapura</b>) was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahavihara</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Sharif" title="Bihar Sharif">Bihar Sharif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is believed to have been established by the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Gopala_I" title="Gopala I">Gopala I</a> in the 8th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and was situated in <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptional evidence also indicates that the Mahavihara was supported by local Buddhist kings like the <a href="/wiki/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya" title="Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya">Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balogh2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balogh2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>vihara</i> fell in decline in the 11th century, and was looted and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>, a Turkic Muslim invader in the late 1100s, when he launched multiple raids on Bihar and adjoining territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_David_Beglar" title="Joseph David Beglar">Joseph David Beglar</a> first identified the city of Bihar (Bihar Sharif) with Odantapuri; as the city used to be called <i>Bihar Dandi</i> or <i>Dand Bihar</i>, which is a contraction of <i>Dandpur Bihar</i> (derived from "Dandpura Vihara").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small brass image of Buddha's birth mother <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Mahamaya</a>, bearing a votive inscription on the back that mentioned the name <i>Uddandapura</i>, was also discovered in Bihar Sharif.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on inscriptions along with local tradition and literary evidence, it is believed that the modern town of Bihar Sharif is built on the ancient site of Odantapuri.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About the location of Odantapuri, <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Das" title="Sarat Chandra Das">S.C.Das</a> depending on the account by Sumpa Khan-po (18th century Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>) thought that it was “erected on a hill near the town of modern Behar.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">dge-’dun-chos-’phel</a> stated: “On the railway line from <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>, there is a station called Bihar-Sharif. If one looks to the west after reaching the station, one will see a low mound." This is said to contain the ruins of Odantapuri Vihara.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is likely a reference to the locality of <i>Gadh Par</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bihar Sharif which is a huge mound itself. A number of sculptures of the Pala period and some partial brick structures have occasionally been reported from this mound.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area around <i>Gadh Par</i> (or <i>Garhpar</i>) used to have the remains of an ancient fort<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounded by a wide moat, which was visible till the time <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Buchanan Hamilton</a> visited it in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hamilton, it was built by a <i>Maga <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i> (king of Magadha), and was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Mohammedans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammedans">Muhammedans</a> in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort is believed to have been part of the Odantapuri university. </p><p>Over the years many civil and municipal buildings like the Civil Court and <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_College,_Biharsharif" title="Nalanda College, Biharsharif">Nalanda College</a> were built over it. By the 1960s, the ruins of the fort had almost totally disappeared as the area was occupied by a portion of the town itself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original campus of <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Memorial_College" title="Sardar Patel Memorial College">Sardar Patel Memorial College</a> was also built in that area, and both the college and the neighbourhood are still called 'Udantpuri' after the name of the ancient university.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the location of Odantapuri has not yet been conclusively established.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gopala, the founder of the Pala dynasty, who ascended the throne of Bengal in 750 CE, founded the monastic university at Odantapuri. According to <a href="/wiki/Bu-ston" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-ston">Bu-ston</a>, however, the Odantapuri monastery was built by Gopala's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a>; while according to <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a>, it was founded by either Gopala or <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odantapuri was part of a network of five <a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahaviharas</a> in eastern India. The others were <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jagaddala_Mahavihara" title="Jagaddala Mahavihara">Jagaddala</a>. During the Pala period, Vikramshila was the leading monastery; and the state funding to Vikramshila and Odantapuri far exceeded what was granted to Nalanda. As a result, while Nalanda was struggling for survival around the 11th century CE, Odantapuri had a rival institution thriving under the royal patronage of Palas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taranatha mentions a king called Mahāpāla, who he claims was <a href="/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala</a>'s son, who mainly honoured the Srāvakas of Odantapuri, maintaining five hundred monks and fifty teachers. As an annexe to Odantapuri, he built a vihara called Uruvasa, to provide livelihood and accommodation to five hundred "Srāvaka Sendhapas" (Srāvaka Saindhavas or Singhala Srāvakas,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were <a href="/wiki/Sthaviravadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaviravadins">Sthaviravadins</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he allowed Vikramashila to retain its position, he made Uruvasa a centre of great veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Taranatha, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a>, along with fifty teachers in Odantapuri "permanently lived a thousand monks belonging to both <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>. Occasionally even twelve thousand monks congregated there."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple library of the Odantapuri vihara was loftier than those at Vajrasana (<a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>) and Nalanda and contained a vast collection of <a href="/wiki/Brahmanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanical">Brahmanical</a> and Buddhist works. It was burnt under the orders of one of the generals of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, when Khalji's army sacked the monastery around the end of the 12th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monks who survived the massacre fled to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various legends are associated with the establishment of Odantapuri:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_tirthika_and_the_corpse">The <i>tirthika</i> and the corpse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The tirthika and the corpse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Taranatha and Sumpa, Odantapuri was built using the gold that was miraculously obtained in a mystical process. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Tirthika" title="Tirthika">tirthika</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantrika</a></i>) called Narada, who had miraculous powers, sought a strong, brave, and truthful companion versed in all crafts and branches of knowledge, to assist him in a ritual with a corpse (<i><a href="/wiki/Shava_sadhana" title="Shava sadhana">shava sadhana</a></i>). He couldn't find anyone who met the criteria except a Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka" title="Upāsaka">upasaka</a>.</i> The <i>upaska</i> initially refused to be the assistant to a <i>tirthika</i>, but Narada convinced him by promising him wealth which could be used by the <i>upasaka</i> to spread his religion. </p><p>They performed the ritual and as it was reaching fulfilment, Narada said that when the corpse sticks its tongue out, the <i>upasaka</i> must catch it. He told him that if he catches it in the first try, he will attain supreme success (<i><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">maha-siddhi</a></i>), if he does it in the second try, he will gain intermediate success, and if he catches it in the third try, he will get small success. However, if he failed to catch it even after the third time, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vetala" title="Vetala">vetala</a></i> (corpse) will devour them both and then empty the whole world. After failing to catch the tongue twice, the <i>upasaka</i> sat with his own mouth near the corpse's, and caught its tongue with his teeth. Then the tongue became a sword, and the corpse turned into gold. When the <i>upasaka</i> held the sword he began to fly in the sky. He flew to the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Sumeru</a> and circled it along with the four <i><a href="/wiki/Dvipa" title="Dvipa">dvipas</a></i> and their <i>upa-dvipas</i>. When he returned he gave the sword to Narada, who let him have the gold but warned him not to spend it for immoral purposes. </p><p>Narada then flew to heaven, and the <i>upasaka</i> who came to be known as Unna Upasaka built the colossal temple of Odantapuri using the gold. The craftsmen and artists who worked on the building were paid with that gold, and it was also used for maintenance of 500 <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu"><i>bhikshus</i></a> and 500 <i>upasakas</i>. The gold couldn't be used by anyone after Unna's death, so before he died he buried it under the earth praying that it might benefit all living beings in future. Then he handed over the Odantapuri vihara to king Devapala. </p><p>Sumpa Khan-po mentioned that <i>Otanta</i> in <i>Otantapuri</i> (Odantapuri) meant "soaring on high".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>uddayana</i>, <i>uddyanta</i> meaning "going up or flying".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the legend, the temple was called so because Unna had flown over Sumeru and seen the mountain along with its four <i>dvipas</i>, and hence built Odantapuri in its model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmapala_and_the_serpent">Dharmapala and the serpent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dharmapala and the serpent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India_and_Tibet" title="History of Buddhism in India and Tibet">History of Buddhism in India and Tibet</a></i>, Bu-ston recounts the story of Dharmapala's birth and how he built the monastery at Odantapuri. </p><p>Gopala's queen Dedda Devi, who was the daughter of a king of the <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_dynasty" title="Bhadra dynasty">Bhadra dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had no power over Gopala; and hence asked a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> for some magical power so that she could bring him under her influence. The Brahmin brought an enchanted drug from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and gave it to the queen's maidservant. While crossing a bridge, the maidservant fell down and the drug was carried away by the stream to the ocean. It was seized and swallowed by the king of the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nagas</a>, who was the sovereign of the ocean. By the power of the drug, he became subjected to power of the queen, and united with her. From their union, a son named Dharmapala was born. </p><p>At an auspicious hour when religious ceremonies for the child were being performed, the head of a serpent haughtily rose up, which caused the king to get enraged. He resolved to cut it off, but a ring was shown to him, on which he beheld the characters of the Nagas. He then continued to worship, and devoted himself to the child's education. </p><p>When Dharmapala grew up, he was possessed with a desire to build a temple more magnificent than others and enquired soothsayers on this matter. They said that it was necessary to make a wick out of cotton belonging to ascetics and Brahmins, get oil from houses of kings and merchants, obtain an oil-burner from a place of penance, and burn a lamp using those and place it before the tutelary deity. If the king addressed an entreaty, the serpent of Dharmapala would throw the lamp away, and the temple must be built where the lamp falls. </p><p>The lamp was lit, but suddenly a raven appeared and threw the lamp into a lake. Dharmapala was distressed, but that night the king of the Nagas came to him and said — "I am thy father, and I will cause this lake to dry up. Thou shalt build thy temple in the place of it. (In order to bring this about) thou must perform sacrifices for seven weeks." This was accordingly done. On the 21st day the lake was dried up, and in its place the temple of Odantapuri was built.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetan sources indicate that the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a> monastery, which was the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet, was modelled upon Odantapuri (which in turn was modelled after Sumeru and the four <i>dvipas</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction">Destruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks,_A.D._1193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/221px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/332px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/443px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>The image, in the chapter on India in <i>Hutchison's Story of the Nations</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">James Meston</a>, depicts the Muslim Turkic general Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar, India. Khaliji destroyed the Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In around 1193 CE, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> chieftain out to make a name for himself, was in the service of a commander in <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>. The Persian historian, <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj-i-Siraj">Minhaj-i-Siraj</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat-i_Nasiri" title="Tabaqat-i Nasiri">Tabaqat-i Nasiri</a></i>, recorded his deeds a few decades later. Khalji was assigned two villages on the border of Bihar which had become a political no-man's land. Sensing an opportunity, he began a series of plundering raids into Bihar and was recognised and rewarded for his efforts by his superiors. Emboldened, Khalji decided to attack a fort in Bihar and was able to successfully capture it, looting it with a great booty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200441_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200441-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was destroyed with all of its inhabitants slaughtered and the library burnt. He later came to know that the fort was a <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">vihara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote of this attack:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinhaj-ud-Din1881552_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinhaj-ud-Din1881552-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress and acquired great booty. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven, and they were all slain. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. On becoming acquainted [with the contents of those books], it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindui tongue, they call a college [مدرسه] Bihar.</p></blockquote> <p>This passage refers to an attack on a Buddhist monastery (the "Bihar" or <i>Vihara</i>) and its monks (the shaved Brahmans). The exact date of this event is not known, with scholarly estimates ranging from 1197 to 1206. </p><p>While many historians believe that this monastery which was mistaken for a fort was Odantapura, some are of the opinion that it was Nalanda instead;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200441_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200441-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri mentions "Adwand Bihar" among the conquests of Khalji,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is obviously a corruption of the name "Uddandapura vihara".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, considering that the two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart, both very likely befell a similar fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh196514_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh196514-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taranatha writes that the emperor of Magadha had fortified the monastery and stationed some soldiers with whom the monks joined in repulsing the invaders. He mentions that one of the early raids on Odantapuri was repulsed and the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turushka</a> force of five hundreds was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the biography of <a href="/wiki/Dharmasvamin" title="Dharmasvamin">Dharmasvamin</a>, who journeyed to India between 1234 and 1236, Odantapuri was turned into a military headquarters of the Turkic forces after its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>gaṛh</i> means 'fort' in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (inherited from <a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a>) - <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:गढ़">Wiktionary, 'गढ़'</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnupam2001" class="citation journal cs1">Anupam, Hitendra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148119">"Significance of Tibetan Sources in the Study of Odantapuri and Vikaramsila Mahavihars"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>61</b>: <span class="nowrap">424–</span>428. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148119">44148119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Significance+of+Tibetan+Sources+in+the+Study+of+Odantapuri+and+Vikaramsila+Mahavihars&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anupam&rft.aufirst=Hitendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balogh2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balogh2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh2021" class="citation book cs1">Balogh, Daniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ"><i>Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne</i></a>. British Museum Research Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861592289" title="Special:BookSources/9780861592289"><bdi>9780861592289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pithipati+Puzzles%3A+Custodians+of+the+Diamond+Throne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=British+Museum+Research+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780861592289&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLk0NzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Anand (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854933">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Destruction' and 'Decline' of Nālandā Mahāvihāra: Prejudices and Praxis"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1391-720X">1391-720X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854933">43854933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.atitle=%27Destruction%27+and+%27Decline%27+of+N%C4%81land%C4%81+Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra%3A+Prejudices+and+Praxis&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43854933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1391-720X&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43854933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2018" class="citation web cs1">Jha, DN (2018-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites">"The destruction of ancient Buddhist sites"</a>. <i>The Caravan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caravan&rft.atitle=The+destruction+of+ancient+Buddhist+sites&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=DN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaravanmagazine.in%2Freviews-and-essays%2Fdn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Odantapuri">"Odantapuri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Odantapuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FOdantapuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeglar1878" class="citation book cs1">Beglar, J. D. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92pBAQAAIAAJ&q=Dandpur"><i>Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir, and Bhagalpur, the Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum, & Birbhum, Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872-73</i></a>. 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(1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&dq=Uddandapura&pg=PA116"><i>The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06856-8"><bdi>978-90-04-06856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22P%C3%A5ala-Sena%22+Schools+of+Sculpture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06856-8&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLA3AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DUddandapura%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumpa_Khan-po_Yeçe_Pal_Jor1908" class="citation book cs1">Sumpa Khan-po Yeçe Pal Jor (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pagsamjonzang00jorgoog/page/141/mode/2up"><i>Pag Sam Jon Zang</i></a>. Translated by Das, Sarat Chandra. University of California. Calcutta, Pub. by the Presidency Jail Press. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pag+Sam+Jon+Zang&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Calcutta%2C+Pub.+by+the+Presidency+Jail+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Sumpa+Khan-po+Ye%C3%A7e+Pal+Jor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpagsamjonzang00jorgoog%2Fpage%2F141%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1969" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Dipak Kumar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533799"><i>Viharas In Ancient India</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viharas+In+Ancient+India&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Dipak+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanth2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panth, Rabindra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0"><i>Nālandā-- Buddhism and the World: Golden Jubilee Volume</i></a> (in Hindi). Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88242-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88242-02-3"><bdi>978-81-88242-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%81land%C4%81--+Buddhism+and+the+World%3A+Golden+Jubilee+Volume&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Nava+Nalanda+Mahavihara&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-88242-02-3&rft.aulast=Panth&rft.aufirst=Rabindra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWIEAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A2%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajani2020" class="citation book cs1">Rajani, M. B. (2020-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kyAAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Odantapuri&pg=PA71"><i>Patterns in Past Settlements: Geospatial Analysis of Imprints of Cultural Heritage on Landscapes</i></a>. 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(1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6O_FAAAAMAAJ">"Notes on a Tibetan account of Bengal"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Bihar Research Society</i>. <b>27</b>: 384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Bihar+Research+Society&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+Tibetan+account+of+Bengal&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=384&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6O_FAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbu_ston_rin_chen_grub" class="citation book cs1">bu ston rin chen grub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofbuddhismbustonobermillere.part2historyofbuddhisminindiatibet_430_V"><i>History Of Buddhism In India and Tibet</i></a>. Translated by Obermiller, Eugene. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Buddhism+In+India+and+Tibet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.au=bu+ston+rin+chen+grub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbuddhismbustonobermillere.part2historyofbuddhisminindiatibet_430_V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2007" class="citation book cs1">Powers, John (2007-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbxvDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22first+monastery,+which+was+called+Samye%22&pg=PA148"><i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i></a>. Shambhala Publications. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-282-2"><bdi>978-1-55939-282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2007-11-09&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-282-2&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbxvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522first%2Bmonastery%2C%2Bwhich%2Bwas%2Bcalled%2BSamye%2522%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130"><i>Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-671-5"><bdi>978-81-8475-671-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+seven+rivers%3A+History+of+India%27s+Geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-671-5&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu-O9eNmQXMC%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200441-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200441_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200441_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2004">Chandra 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaniKumar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rajani, M. B.; Kumar, Viraj (2021-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-021-1230-0">"Where Was Odantapuri Located?"</a>. <i>Resonance</i>. <b>26</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1287–</span>1304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12045-021-1230-0">10.1007/s12045-021-1230-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-712X">0973-712X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resonance&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Odantapuri+Located%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1287-%3C%2Fspan%3E1304&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12045-021-1230-0&rft.issn=0973-712X&rft.aulast=Rajani&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Viraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12045-021-1230-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinhaj-ud-Din1881552-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinhaj-ud-Din1881552_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinhaj-ud-Din1881">Minhaj-ud-Din 1881</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH_G_Raverty1873" class="citation book cs1">H G Raverty (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82765"><i>Tabakat I Nasiri</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabakat+I+Nasiri&rft.date=1873&rft.au=H+G+Raverty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.82765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTāranātha_(Jo-nang-pa)1990" class="citation book cs1">Tāranātha (Jo-nang-pa) (1990). Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yXn-lVdqGgC&dq=Uddandapura&pg=PA442"><i>Tāranātha's History of Buddhism in India</i></a>. Translated by Chimpa, Lama; Chattopadhyaya, Alaka. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0696-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C4%81ran%C4%81tha%27s+History+of+Buddhism+in+India&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0696-2&rft.au=T%C4%81ran%C4%81tha+%28Jo-nang-pa%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yXn-lVdqGgC%26dq%3DUddandapura%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1943). "The Muslim Conquest of Bengal". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396"><i>The History of Bengal</i></a>. Vol. II. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Conquest+of+Bengal&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bengal&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=B.+R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.24396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh196514-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh196514_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhosh1965">Ghosh 1965</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1988" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, Sukumar (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C"><i>Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0498-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0498-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0498-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monks+and+Monasteries+of+India%3A+Their+History+and+Their+Contribution+to+Indian+Culture&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0498-2&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Sukumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxRHYFd0fB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC"><i>Volume 1 of Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8124110645" title="Special:BookSources/978-8124110645"><bdi>978-8124110645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+1+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8124110645&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Ghosh, Amalananda</a> (1965). <i>A Guide to Nalanda</i> (5 ed.). New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Nalanda&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=The+Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Amalananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinhaj-ud-Din1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj-i-Siraj">Minhaj-ud-Din, Maulana</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Tabakat-i-nasiri-AGeneralHistoryOfTheMuhammadanDynastiesOfAsia/"><i>Tabakat-i-Nasiri – A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia Including Hindustan</i></a>. Translated by Major H. G. Raverty. p. 552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabakat-i-Nasiri+%E2%80%93+A+General+History+of+the+Muhammadan+Dynasties+of+Asia+Including+Hindustan&rft.pages=552&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Minhaj-ud-Din&rft.aufirst=Maulana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTabakat-i-nasiri-AGeneralHistoryOfTheMuhammadanDynastiesOfAsia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdantapuri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebdha240.htm">The Six Buddhist Universities</a></li></ul> <div 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id="Ancient_Dharmic_centres_of_higher_learning114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> centres of higher learning</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major centres of learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nandadirghi_Mahavihara" title="Nandadirghi Mahavihara">Nandadirghi</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odantapuri</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pushpagiri_Vihara" title="Pushpagiri Vihara">Pushpagiri</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Raktamrittika_Mahavihara" title="Raktamrittika Mahavihara">Raktamrittika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vallabhi_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhi University">Vallabhi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jagaddala_Mahavihara" title="Jagaddala Mahavihara">Jagaddala</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other centres of learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikrampur_Vihara" title="Bikrampur Vihara">Bikrampur Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanheri_Caves" title="Kanheri Caves">Kanheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitgiri" title="Lalitgiri">Lalitgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansar,_India" title="Mansar, India">Mansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Vihara" title="Pandit Vihara">Pandit Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri,_Odisha" title="Ratnagiri, Odisha">Ratnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalban_Vihara" title="Shalban Vihara">Shalban Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_Peeth" title="Sharada Peeth">Sharada Peeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunethradevi_Pirivena" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunethradevi Pirivena">Sunethradevi Pirivena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telhara_monastery" title="Telhara monastery">Telhara monastery</a></li> <li><a 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