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class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Palchinsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_%ED%8C%94%EC%B9%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="표트르 팔친스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표트르 팔친스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="پيتير پالكينسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پيتير پالكينسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Palchinskiy" title="Pyotr Palchinskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pyotr Palchinskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Palczynski" title="Piotr Palczynski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Palczynski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Пальчинский, Пётр Иоакимович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пальчинский, Пётр Иоакимович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E9%92%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="彼得·帕尔钦斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·帕尔钦斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4342907#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peter+Palchinsky%22">"Peter Palchinsky"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peter+Palchinsky%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peter+Palchinsky%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peter+Palchinsky%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peter+Palchinsky%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peter+Palchinsky%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palchinskiy_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/220px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/330px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/440px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>P. A. Palchinsky, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peter Akimovich Palchinsky</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Пётр Иоаки́мович (Аки́мович) Пальчи́нский</span>; 9 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 September] 1875–22 May 1929) was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a> engineer who played a significant role in the introduction of scientific method into Russian industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Palchinsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palchinsky was born on 9 October 1875 in <a href="/wiki/Sarapul" title="Sarapul">Sarapul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyatka_Governorate" title="Vyatka Governorate">Vyatka Governorate</a> to the family of Ioakim Fyodorovich Palchinsky and Aleksandra Vasilyevna Palchinskaya (<i>née</i> Tchaikovskaya), the sister of Russian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tchaikovsky" title="Nikolai Tchaikovsky">Nikolai Tchaikovsky</a>. Not long after, he moved with his mother and four siblings to <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, a city on the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>. He was the oldest of all his siblings. He grew up with his mother in the Volga river city of Kazan. He developed an early interest in science which led him to enroll as a student at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mining_University" title="Saint Petersburg Mining University">Mining Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1893. This was one of the elite engineering institutions of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a>. There he mixed with leading Russian scientists and was introduced to radical politics. </p><p>In 1901, Palchinsky was recruited by the Russian government to investigate the living conditions of workers in the coal mines of the Don Basin; however, his criticism of the workers' living conditions was not well received and he was dismissed from the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a> Palchinsky became interested in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>, which at the time was the largest party in Russia. He sympathized with the moderate wing of the party and was sharply critical of the radicals. He was implicated in the 1905 effort of the revolutionaries to declare a separate democratic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is not clear if he was an active participant in the movement or just a sympathizer. Because there was no hard evidence to convince the Russian government that Palchinsky had an active role in the movement, he was not brought to trial, but instead exiled under the emergency powers granted to the police during revolutionary turmoil. </p><p>He emigrated from Russia moving to London, Turin and Rome. In 1911 he directed the mining department of the <a href="/wiki/Turin_International" title="Turin International">World Industrial Exhibition</a> in Turin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After his 8-year exile, Palchinsky and his wife returned to their native land in 1913. He was deputy chair of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/War_Industry_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="War Industry Committees">Central War Industry Committee</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beissinger_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beissinger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917 he held several positions in the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a>. While probably not a formal member, he associated himself with the moderate wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and supported the war effort against Germany. In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> arranged for a takeover of the provincial government and imprisoned ministers and other officials of the Provisional Government including Palchinsky. </p><p>Palchinsky resisted the Bolsheviks rule; however, gradually, certain aspects of the new Soviet political system appealed to him and many of his associates. Their commitment to creating a planned economy, to industrialization, and to science and technology were promising to Palchinsky. </p><p>Palchinsky believed that the obstacles to the Russia's industrial advancement were not technological, but political, social, and educational. He argued that Russian engineers were not equipped to deal with the competitive world because Russian engineers did not approach problems in an "academic-dilettantish" way. Instead, they took on every problem as a purely technical one and assumed that if a solution incorporated the latest science, then it was the best solution. </p><p>Palchinsky worked with the Soviet Authorities and the Communist party in planning industry and increasing the strength of Russia, but he was strongly against any takeover by the Party of any organization of which he was a member. He opposed the interests of the Communist Party. During this time, policies started by the Bolsheviks and Stalin emphasized huge projects controlled by Moscow. These projects did not include consideration for local conditions and safety was sacrificed to output. This did not set well with Palchinsky as he had seen firsthand the death and destruction caused when consideration of local conditions and safety measures were not taken. He continued to criticize these projects and was arrested in April 1928. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Shakhty_Trial" title="Shakhty Trial">Shakhty Trial</a>, prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Krylenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Krylenko">Krylenko</a> wanted a bigger <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> of engineers. He tortured Palchinsky so he would take on the role of the leader of a state-wide conspiracy. Palchinsky did not give in. He was <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial punishment in the Soviet Union">executed</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Palchinsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palchinsky was vilified by Soviet propaganda, and then mostly forgotten, but he is given a much more favourable hearing in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Alexander Solzhenitsyn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i> (1974), pt.1 and <a href="/wiki/November_1916_(novel)" title="November 1916 (novel)"><i>November 1916</i></a> (1984) which present him as a clear-eyed, hard-working spokesman of the engineer community. </p><p>In 1996 <a href="/wiki/Loren_Graham" title="Loren Graham">Loren Graham</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_the_Executed_Engineer" title="The Ghost of the Executed Engineer">The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union</a></i> which used an account of Palchinsky's life to illustrate the role of technology in the first decade of Soviet society.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Palchinsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRedford1996" class="citation web cs1">Redford, John (February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doomedengineers.wordpress.com/2016/01/19/peter-palchinsky-1875-1929-russian-mining/">"Peter Palchinsky (1875 – 1929) Russian Mining"</a>. <i>Doomed Engineers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doomed+Engineers&rft.atitle=Peter+Palchinsky+%281875+%E2%80%93+1929%29+Russian+Mining&rft.date=1996-02&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoomedengineers.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F01%2F19%2Fpeter-palchinsky-1875-1929-russian-mining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1996" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Loren (1996). <i>The Ghost of The Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-35437-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-35437-1"><bdi>978-0-674-35437-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+of+The+Executed+Engineer%3A+Technology+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-35437-1&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVesilind2010" class="citation book cs1">Vesilind, P. Aarne (2010-08-18). <i>Engineering Peace and Justice: The Responsibility of Engineers to Society</i>. Guildford, Surrey: Springer. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-673-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-673-1"><bdi>978-1-84882-673-1</bdi></a>. <q>Peter Plalchinsky's greatest problem was that he took seriously the idea that engineers should hold paramount the health, safety and welfare of the public.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Peace+and+Justice%3A+The+Responsibility+of+Engineers+to+Society&rft.place=Guildford%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-673-1&rft.aulast=Vesilind&rft.aufirst=P.+Aarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarford2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Harford" title="Tim Harford">Harford, Tim</a> (2012-05-08). <i>Adapt: Why Success Always Starts with Failure</i>. Picador. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00755-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00755-1"><bdi>978-1-250-00755-1</bdi></a>. <q>few advisors face the fate of Peter Palchinsky...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adapt%3A+Why+Success+Always+Starts+with+Failure&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-250-00755-1&rft.aulast=Harford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i>. pp. 36–37. <q>GPU collegiums and proletarian courts... gasped to learn... of new vile deeds [done by] <a href="/wiki/Shakhty_Trial" title="Shakhty Trial">Palchinsky, von Meek, and Velichko</a>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago&rft.pages=36-37&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Palchinsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1994" class="citation journal cs1">Holloway, David (1994-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.264.5157.446">"Fatal Disharmonies: The Ghost of the Executed Engineer . Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>264</b> (5157): 446–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.264.5157.446">10.1126/science.264.5157.446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fatal+Disharmonies%3A+The+Ghost+of+the+Executed+Engineer+.+Technology+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=5157&rft.pages=446-447&rft.date=1994-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.264.5157.446&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.264.5157.446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beissinger-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beissinger_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeissinger1988" class="citation book cs1">Beissinger, Mark R. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificmanage0000beis"><i>Scientific management, socialist discipline, and Soviet power</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674794907" title="Special:BookSources/0674794907"><bdi>0674794907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+management%2C+socialist+discipline%2C+and+Soviet+power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0674794907&rft.aulast=Beissinger&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificmanage0000beis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr</a> (1973). <i>The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, I–II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. p. 374-375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago%2C+1918%E2%80%931956%3A+An+Experiment+in+Literary+Investigation%2C+I%E2%80%93II&rft.pages=374-375&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1995" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Mark B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106345">"Review of The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 168–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3106345">10.2307/3106345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Ghost+of+the+Executed+Engineer%3A+Technology+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=168-170&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3106345&rft.issn=0040-165X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3106345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Palchinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p142122742">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Пальчинский, Пётр Иоакимович, 1875-1929"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000258212&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007385683605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/183275403">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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