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id="toc-Founding_and_early_years_(1898–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_years_(1919–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_years_(1919–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Interwar years (1919–1938) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_years_(1919–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath_(1939–1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_aftermath_(1939–1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 World War II and aftermath (1939–1944) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath_(1939–1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_resurgence_(1945–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_resurgence_(1945–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Postwar resurgence (1945–1971) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_resurgence_(1945–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era_(1972–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era_(1972–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Modern era (1972–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era_(1972–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restructuring_(1981–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restructuring_(1981–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Restructuring (1981–1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restructuring_(1981–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privatisation_and_the_alliance_era_(1996–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatisation_and_the_alliance_era_(1996–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Privatisation and the alliance era (1996–2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatisation_and_the_alliance_era_(1996–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID_effects,_company_and_Alliance_reforms_(2019–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID_effects,_company_and_Alliance_reforms_(2019–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 COVID effects, company and Alliance reforms (2019–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID_effects,_company_and_Alliance_reforms_(2019–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Innovations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorsport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorsport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Motorsport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motorsport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Motorsport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Motorsport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formula_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formula_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Formula One </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formula_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rallying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rallying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rallying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rallying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Financial data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicle_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vehicle production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Engine production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gearbox_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gearbox_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Gearbox production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gearbox_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Corporate governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Products and technologies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products_and_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Products and technologies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Products_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Current models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Concept cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Electric vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eco²" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eco²"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Eco² </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco²-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Autonomous vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vehicle design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vehicle_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vehicle design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Pre-design"_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pre-design"_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 "Pre-design" era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Pre-design"_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Styling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Styling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Renault Styling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Styling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Design_Department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Design_Department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Industrial Design Department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Design_Department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_Product_Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_Product_Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Engineering and Product Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_Product_Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technocentre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technocentre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Technocentre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technocentre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Tech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Tech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Renault Tech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Tech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidiaries_and_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiaries_and_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Subsidiaries and alliances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsidiaries_and_alliances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subsidiaries and alliances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subsidiaries_and_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsidiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Subsidiaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_marques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_marques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Regional marques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_marques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dacia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dacia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1.1 Dacia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dacia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Samsung_Motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Samsung_Motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1.2 Renault Samsung Motors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Samsung_Motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RCI_Banque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RCI_Banque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 RCI Banque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RCI_Banque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Retail_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Retail_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Renault Retail Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Retail_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_subsidiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_subsidiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4 Manufacturing subsidiaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_subsidiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_factories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_factories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4.1 French factories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_factories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_subsidiaries_outside_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_subsidiaries_outside_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4.2 Manufacturing subsidiaries outside France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_subsidiaries_outside_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Alliances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi_and_Daimler_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi_and_Daimler_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi and Daimler alliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi_and_Daimler_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geely_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geely_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Geely alliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geely_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 American Motors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.5 Proposed alliances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing_and_branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_and_branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Marketing and branding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marketing_and_branding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marketing and branding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marketing_and_branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renault_badge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_badge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Renault badge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_badge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typeface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typeface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Typeface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typeface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renault_MN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_MN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Renault MN </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_MN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Identité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Identité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Renault Identité </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Identité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helvetica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helvetica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.3 Helvetica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helvetica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.4 Renault Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Atelier_Renault_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Atelier_Renault_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 L'Atelier Renault Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Atelier_Renault_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renault_Classic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renault_Classic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Renault Classic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renault_Classic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Sponsorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Renault</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="مجموعة رينو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة رينو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="رنو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رنو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81" title="রেনোঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেনোঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_S.A." title="Renault S.A. – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Renault S.A." data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Рэно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Рено – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рено" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="رونو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رونو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="رنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B" title="રેનો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેનો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="르노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="रेनो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेनो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95" title="רנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A" title="ರೆನೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆನೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Рено – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рено" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B" title="റെനോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെനോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_(%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="رينو (اوتوموبيل) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رينو (اوتوموبيل)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="رنو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رنو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Рено – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рено" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="ရီနော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရီနော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="रेनो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेनो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC" title="ルノー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルノー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਰੈਨੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੈਨੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8D" title="រីណោលត៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រីណោលត៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%86" title="ڕێنۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێنۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="雷诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雷诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99" title="רענוי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רענוי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" title="雷諾汽車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雷諾汽車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="雷诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" title="Renault – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Renault" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6686#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Renault&params=48.8315_N_2.2283_E_type:landmark_region:FR">48°49′53″N 2°13′42″E / 48.8315°N 2.2283°E / 48.8315; 2.2283</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French multinational automobile manufacturer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Renault_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Renault (disambiguation)">Renault (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Renault S.A.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/200px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/300px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/400px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="46" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Renault_HQ.jpg/220px-Renault_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Renault_HQ.jpg/330px-Renault_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Renault_HQ.jpg/440px-Renault_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Renault Group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Société Renault Frères (1899-1944) Régie Nationale des Usines Renault (1944-1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a> (<a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">Société anonyme</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Euronext Paris</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronext.com/products/equities/FR0000131906-XPAR">RNO</a> <a href="/wiki/CAC_40" title="CAC 40">CAC 40</a> component</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">FR0000131906 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6686?uselang=en#P946" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1899; 125 years ago (1899-02-25)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Renault" title="Marcel Renault">Marcel Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Renault" title="Fernand Renault">Fernand Renault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide; 128 countries<a href="#cite_note-locations-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Dominique_Senard" title="Jean-Dominique Senard">Jean-Dominique Senard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luca_de_Meo" title="Luca de Meo">Luca de Meo</a> (<a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" title="Commercial vehicle">Commercial vehicles</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production output</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2,235,000<a href="#cite_note-ER2021-4">[4]</a> (2023, sales)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Renault</li><li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Alpine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mobilize_(marque)" title="Mobilize (marque)">Mobilize</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>52.37 billion<a href="#cite_note-ER2021-4">[4]</a> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €2.48 billion<a href="#cite_note-ER2021-4">[4]</a> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €2.31 billion<a href="#cite_note-ER2021-4">[4]</a> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €121.91 billion<a href="#cite_note-ER2021-4">[4]</a> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> €30.63 billion<a href="#cite_note-ER2021-4">[4]</a> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owners</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agence_des_participations_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Agence des participations de l'État">French state</a> (15.01%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> (15%)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">170,158 (Q4 2020)<a href="#cite_note-FACTSACCCO-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Transportation Renault SAS <a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Société des Automobiles Alpine SAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">S.C. Automobile Dacia S.A.</a> (99.43%) <a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a> (52.9%) <a href="/wiki/JMEV" title="JMEV">JMEV</a> (50%) <a href="/wiki/Horse_Powertrain" title="Horse Powertrain">Horse Powertrain</a> (50%) Financing <a href="/wiki/RCI_Banque" title="RCI Banque">RCI Banque</a> Retail Renault Retail Group Other <a href="/wiki/Motrio" title="Motrio">Motrio</a> International <a href="/wiki/Oyak-Renault" title="Oyak-Renault">Oyak-Renault</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault_Pars" title="Renault Pars">Renault Pars</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault_Argentina" title="Renault Argentina">Renault Argentina</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Renault España">Renault España</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault_do_Brasil" title="Renault do Brasil">Renault do Brasil</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault_India_Private_Limited" title="Renault India Private Limited">Renault India Private Limited</a> Renault Mexico Renault Maroc <a href="/wiki/Revoz" title="Revoz">Revoz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sofasa" title="Sofasa">Sofasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Somaca" title="Somaca">Somaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/">renaultgroup.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253811603">.mw-parser-output .ib-brand-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><table class="infobox hproduct ib-brand"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Renault</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_2021_Text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_2021_Text.svg/110px-Renault_2021_Text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_2021_Text.svg/165px-Renault_2021_Text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_2021_Text.svg/220px-Renault_2021_Text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="438" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data brand">Renault S.A.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renaultgroup.com/nos-marques/renault/">Official website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usines_Renault_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Usines_Renault_1932.jpg/220px-Usines_Renault_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Usines_Renault_1932.jpg/330px-Usines_Renault_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Usines_Renault_1932.jpg/440px-Usines_Renault_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3847" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption>Share of the SA des Usines Renault, issued 1 January 1932 to Louis Renault</figcaption></figure> Groupe Renault (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɛnoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">REN-oh</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rəˈnɔːlt, rəˈnoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">rə-NAWLT, rə-NOH</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡʁup ʁəno]</a>, also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automobile manufacturer</a> established in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-LAE-9">[9]</a> The company currently produces a range of cars and vans. It has manufactured <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>/coaches, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and aircraft engines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Autorail" title="Autorail">autorail</a> vehicles. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque along with subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Alpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a> from Romania and <a href="/wiki/Mobilize_(marque)" title="Mobilize (marque)">Mobilize</a>. It is part of <a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance" title="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance">Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance</a> (previously Renault–Nissan Alliance) since 1999. The French state and <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> each own a 15% share of the company. Renault also has other subsidiaries such as <a href="/wiki/RCI_Banque" title="RCI Banque">RCI Banque</a> (automotive financing), Renault Retail Group (automotive distribution), and <a href="/wiki/Motrio" title="Motrio">Motrio</a> (automotive parts). Renault has various joint ventures, including <a href="/wiki/Horse_Powertrain" title="Horse Powertrain">Horse Powertrain</a> (engine development), <a href="/wiki/Oyak-Renault" title="Oyak-Renault">Oyak-Renault</a> (Turkish manufacturing), <a href="/wiki/Renault_Nissan_Automotive_India" title="Renault Nissan Automotive India">Renault Nissan Automotive India</a> (Indian manufacturing), and <a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a> (previously Renault Samsung Motors, South Korean manufacturing). <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a>, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> since 2001. <a href="/wiki/Renault_Agriculture" title="Renault Agriculture">Renault Agriculture</a> became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer <a href="/wiki/CLAAS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLAAS">CLAAS</a> in 2008. Renault is known for its role in <a href="/wiki/Motor_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sport">motor sport</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rallying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault F1">Formula 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/DAMS#Formula_E" title="DAMS">Formula E</a>. Its early work on mathematical curve <a href="/wiki/3d_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="3d modeling">modeling</a> for car bodies is significant in the history of <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWOT_2018-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_early_years_(1898–1918)">Founding and early years (1898–1918)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and early years (1898–1918)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg/220px-Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg/330px-Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg/440px-Louis_Renault_with_his_first_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a> (1877–1944) in 1903</figcaption></figure> The Renault corporation was founded on 25 February 1899 as Société Renault Frères by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a> and his brothers <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Renault" title="Marcel Renault">Marcel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Renault" title="Fernand Renault">Fernand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAE-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Louis was a bright, aspiring young engineer who had already designed and built several prototypes before teaming up with his brothers, who had honed their business skills working for their father's <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> firm. While Louis handled design and production, Marcel and Fernand managed the business.<a href="#cite_note-AIM-12">[12]</a> The first Renault car, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Voiturette" title="Renault Voiturette">Renault Voiturette</a> 1CV, was sold to a friend of Louis' father after giving him a test ride on 24 December 1898.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg/220px-Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg/330px-Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg/440px-Renault_Voiturette_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>1901 Voiturette Renault Type D Série B</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg/220px-A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg/330px-A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg/440px-A_1911_Renault_CC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>1911 Renault CC</figcaption></figure> In 1903, Renault began to manufacture its own engines; until then it had purchased them from <a href="/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a>. The first major volume sale came in 1905 when Société des Automobiles de Place bought Renault AG1 cars to establish a fleet of taxis.<a href="#cite_note-TEMBEF-14">[14]</a> These vehicles were later used by the French military to transport troops during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> which earned them the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Renault_Taxi_de_la_Marne" title="Renault Taxi de la Marne">Taxi de la Marne</a>."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> By 1907, a significant percentage of London and Paris taxis had been built by Renault.<a href="#cite_note-TEMBEF-14">[14]</a> Renault was also the best-selling foreign brand in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> in 1907 and 1908.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1908 the company produced 3,575 units, becoming the country's largest car manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-TEMBEF-14">[14]</a> The brothers recognised the value of publicity that participation in <a href="/wiki/Motor_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor racing">motor racing</a> could generate for their vehicles. Renault made itself known through succeeding in the first city-to-city races held in Switzerland, producing rapid sales growth. Both Louis and Marcel raced company vehicles, but Marcel was killed in an accident during the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Paris-Madrid_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Madrid race">Paris-Madrid race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Although Louis never raced again, his company remained very involved, including <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Szisz" title="Ferenc Szisz">Ferenc Szisz</a> winning the first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix motor racing</a> event<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Renault_AK_90CV" title="Renault AK 90CV">Renault AK 90CV</a> <a href="/wiki/1906_French_Grand_Prix" title="1906 French Grand Prix">in 1906</a>. Louis took full control of the company as the only remaining brother in 1906 when Fernand retired for health reasons.<a href="#cite_note-AIM-12">[12]</a> Fernand died in 1909 and Louis became the sole owner, renaming the company Société des Automobiles Renault (Renault Automobile Company).<a href="#cite_note-LAE-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-TEMBEF-14">[14]</a> Renault fostered its reputation for innovation from very early on. At the time, cars were luxury items manufactured without assembly line advances. The price of the smallest Renaults at the time was 3000 <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a> (₣); an amount equal to ten years pay for the average worker. In 1905, the company introduced <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> techniques and <a href="/wiki/Taylorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylorism">Taylorism</a> in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-ROH-19">[19]</a> In 1911, Renault visited Henry Ford at the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Ford_Plant" title="Highland Park Ford Plant">Highland Park factory</a> and adopted some of the manufacturing principles from his trip.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Renault manufactured <a href="/wiki/Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Buses">buses</a> and commercial cargo vehicles in the pre-war years. The first real <a href="/wiki/Commercial_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial truck">commercial truck</a> from the company was introduced in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-TT-21">[21]</a> Renault were also an important pre-war manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a>. The firm entered the business in 1907 with the first of what would become a series of <a href="/wiki/Renault_50/60_hp" title="Renault 50/60 hp">air-cooled V8 engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:SYHartmann2-22">[22]</a> In 1911 the <a href="/wiki/Renault_90_hp" title="Renault 90 hp">Renault 90 hp</a> became the world's first <a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12</a> aircraft engine when it was exhibited at the Salon de l’Aéronautique at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:SY1-23">[23]</a> During World War I, the company branched out into <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a><a href="#cite_note-TEMBEF-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military vehicles</a> such as the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ROH-19">[19]</a> Production of aero engines also ramped up with additional licensed production of the firms' products being undertaken by various companies, including <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> who got their start in the aircraft engine business producing a batch of <a href="/wiki/Renault_70_hp" title="Renault 70 hp">Renault 70 hp</a> air-cooled V8s.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Renault's most successful aircraft engine was the <a href="/wiki/Renault_12Fe" title="Renault 12Fe">300 hp 12Fe</a> with around 5,300 built during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:SYHartmann2-22">[22]</a> The company's military designs were so successful that Louis was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> for his company's contributions.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The company exported engines to American automobile manufacturers for use in such automobiles as the <a href="/wiki/GJG" title="GJG">GJG</a>, which used a Renault 26 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> (19 kW) or 40 hp (30 kW) four-cylinder engine.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_years_(1919–1938)">Interwar years (1919–1938)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interwar years (1919–1938)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg/220px-Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg/330px-Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg/440px-Renault_Celtaquate_Berline_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Celtaquatre" title="Renault Celtaquatre">Renault Celtaquatre</a>, 1935</figcaption></figure> Louis Renault enlarged Renault's scope after 1918, producing <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial machinery">industrial machinery</a>. The war from 1914 until 1918 led to many new products.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The first Renault tractor, the Type GP was produced between 1919 and 1930. It was based on the FT tank.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Renault struggled to compete with the increasingly popular small, affordable "people's cars," while problems with the United States stock market and the workforce slowed the company's growth. Renault also had to find a way to distribute its vehicles more efficiently. In 1920, Louis signed one of its first distribution contracts with <a href="/wiki/Gueudet" title="Gueudet">Gustave Gueudet</a>, an entrepreneur from <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, France. The pre-First World War cars had a distinctive front shape caused by positioning the <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">radiator</a> behind the engine to give a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Coal_scuttle" title="Coal scuttle">coal scuttle</a>" <a href="/wiki/Hood_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hood (vehicle)">bonnet</a>. This continued through the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Only in 1930 did all models place the radiator at the front. The bonnet badge changed from circular to the familiar and continuing diamond shape in 1925. The practice of installing the radiator behind the engine against the firewall continued during the 1950s and 1960s on vehicles where the engine was installed longitudinally in the rear of the vehicle. Renault introduced new models at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a>, which was held in September or October of the year. This led to confusion about model years. For example, a "1927" model was mostly produced in 1928. Renault cars during this time period had two model lines; the economy four-cylinder engine models that in the 1930s had the suffix "Quatre" and the luxury six-cylinder models that were sold with the suffix "-six", later becoming "Stella." For example, in 1928, when Renault produced 45,809 cars, its seven models started with a 6CV, a 10CV, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Monasix" title="Renault Monasix">Monasix</a>, 15CV, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivasix" title="Renault Vivasix">Vivasix</a>, the 18/22CV and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_40CV" title="Renault 40CV">40CV</a>. Renault offered eight body styles. The longer <a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">rolling chassis</a> were available to <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilders</a>. The smaller were the most popular while the least produced was the 18/<a href="/wiki/Renault_24CV" title="Renault 24CV">24CV</a>. The most expensive body style in each range was the closed car. Roadsters and tourers (torpedoes) were the cheapest. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2017_-_Renault_Reinastella_Type_RM_2_-_1932_-_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>1932 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Reinastella" title="Renault Reinastella">Renault Reinastella</a></figcaption></figure> The London operation was important to Renault in 1928. The UK market was quite large and North America also received exports for the luxury car market. Lifted suspensions, enhanced cooling, and special bodies were common on vehicles sold abroad. Exports to the US by 1928 had declined to near-zero from their high point prior to WWI. A <a href="/wiki/Renault_40CV" title="Renault 40CV">Type NM 40CV Tourer</a> had a US list price of over US$4,600 ($81,623 in 2023 dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-31">[31]</a>), about the same as a <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_V-12" title="Cadillac V-12">Cadillac V-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Packard_Eight" title="Packard Eight">Packard Eight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat_520" title="Fiat 520">Fiat 520</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Delahaye" title="Delahaye">Delahaye</a>. Closed 7-seat limousines like the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Suprastella" title="Renault Suprastella">Renault Suprastella</a> started at US$6,000 ($106,465 in 2023 dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-31">[31]</a>). Cars were conservatively engineered and built. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivasix" title="Renault Vivasix">Renault Vivasix</a>, model PG1, was sold as the "executive sports" model beginning in 1927. Lighter weight factory steel bodies powered by a 3,180 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">cubic centimetre</a> (cc) six-cylinder motor provided a formula that lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. "de Grand Luxe Renaults", those with a <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a> over 12-foot (3.7 m), were produced in small numbers in two major types – six- and eight-cylinder. The 1927 six-cylinder Grand Renault models NM, PI and PZ introduced the new three spring rear suspension that considerably aided stability that was needed since some vehicles surpassed 90 mph (140 km/h). The straight 8-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Renault_Reinastella" title="Renault Reinastella">Reinastella</a> was introduced in 1929 and expanded to a range culminating in 1939 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Suprastella" title="Renault Suprastella">Suprastella</a>. Coachbuilders included <a href="/wiki/Kellner-B%C3%A9chereau" title="Kellner-Béchereau">Kellner</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Henri-Labourdette" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Henri-Labourdette">Labourdette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment-Rothschild" title="Clément-Rothschild">J. Rothschild et Fils</a> and Renault bodies. Closed car Renault bodies were often trimmed with interior woodwork by Rothschild. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg/220px-Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg/330px-Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg/440px-Renault_Viva_Boucher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Viva_Grand_Sport" title="Renault Viva Grand Sport">Renault Viva Grand Sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Boucher" title="Hélène Boucher">Hélène Boucher</a>. During the 1930s, Renault settled several speed world records with Caudron planes, thanks to its 6-cylinders engines and aerodynamic designs.<a href="#cite_note-Renault_2015-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1928, Renault introduced an upgraded specification to its "Stella" line. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivastella" title="Renault Vivastella">Vivastella</a>'s and Grand Renaults had upgraded interior fittings and a small star fitted above the front hood logo. This proved to be a winning differentiator and in the 1930s all cars changed to the Stella suffix from the previous two alpha character model identifiers. The Grand Renaults were built using a considerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Engines, brakes, transmissions, floor and running boards and all external body panels were aluminium. Of the few that were built, many went to scrap to aid the war effort. In 1931, Renault introduced <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> for its commercial vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TT-21">[21]</a> Renault was one of the few French vehicle manufacturers that pursued the production of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> after World War I. In the late 1920s, it attempted to produce a high-power military engine to compete with the American <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a> units, which proved unsuccessful, although its civil engines achieved better results.<a href="#cite_note-AERO-33">[33]</a> In the 1930s, the company took over the aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Caudron" title="Caudron">Caudron</a>, focusing its production in small airplanes,<a href="#cite_note-AERO-33">[33]</a> acquired a stake in <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> and partnered to establish the <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">airmail</a> company <a href="/wiki/Air_Bleu" title="Air Bleu">Air Bleu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE-34">[34]</a> Renault Caudron airplanes settled several speed world records during the 1930s. Renault continued developing tanks as part of France's rearming effort, including the <a href="/wiki/Char_D1" title="Char D1">D1</a> and the FT's replacement, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_R_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R 35">R 35</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Renault was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> as the largest car manufacturer in France. Citroën models at the time were more innovative and popular than Renault's.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, by mid-1930s the French manufacturers were hit by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Renault could initially offset losses through its tractor, railroad and weaponry businesses, while Citroën filed for <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>, and was later acquired by <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE-34">[34]</a> Renault became again the largest car manufacturer, a position it would keep until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE-34">[34]</a> Renault was finally affected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> economic crisis in 1936. The company spun off <a href="/wiki/Caudron" title="Caudron">Caudron</a> and its foundry and aircraft engine divisions into related but autonomous operations, keeping its core automotive business.<a href="#cite_note-INSEE-34">[34]</a> Between 1936 and 1938, a series of labour disputes, strikes, and worker unrest spread throughout the French automobile industry.<a href="#cite_note-Siedman1-37">[37]</a> The disputes were eventually quashed by Renault in a particularly intransigent way, and over 2,000 people lost their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Siedman1-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saltmarsh1-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_aftermath_(1939–1944)">World War II and aftermath (1939–1944)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II and aftermath (1939–1944)">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Armistice at Compiègne">French capitulation in 1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a> refused to produce tanks for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, which took control of his factories. As Renault was manufacturing the <a href="/wiki/Renault_UE" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault UE">Renault UE</a> tank for the Allies, he produced <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_L3000" title="Mercedes-Benz L3000">trucks</a> instead. On 3 March 1942, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) launched 235 low-level bombers at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Seguin" title="Île Seguin">Île Seguin, Billancourt, Paris</a> plant, the largest number aimed at a single target during the war.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> 460 metric tons (450 long tons; 510 short tons) of bombs were dropped on the plant and the surrounding area, causing extensive damage along with heavy civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> Renault resolved to rebuild the factory as quickly as possible, but bombardments continued a year later, on 4 April, this time delivered by the Americans, and on 3 and 15 September 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> A few weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a>, at the start of September 1944, the factory gates at Renault's Billancourt plant reopened.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> Operations restarted slowly, in an atmosphere poisoned by plotting and political conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> In 1936, the Billancourt factory had been the scene of violent political and industrial unrest that had surfaced under <a href="/wiki/Leon_Blum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Blum">Léon Blum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> government. The political jostling and violence that followed liberation ostensibly reflected the rivalries between <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> collaboration and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> resistance; many of the scores settled predated the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> Responding to the chaotic situation at Renault, a 27 September 1944 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of France">Council of Ministers</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_des_ministres_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil des ministres (France)">fr</a>) took place under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle's</a> presidency. Postwar European politics had quickly become polarised between communists and anti-communists, and in France de Gaulle was keen to resist <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a> attempts to monopolise the political dividends available to <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">resistance</a> heroes: politically Billancourt was a communist stronghold. The government decided to "requisition" the Renault factories.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> A week later, on 4 October, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lefaucheux" title="Pierre Lefaucheux">Pierre Lefaucheux</a>, a resistance leader with a background in engineering and top-level management, was appointed provisional administrator of the firm, assuming his responsibilities at once.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">provisional government</a> accused Louis Renault of collaborating with the Germans. In the frenzied atmosphere of those early post-liberation days, with many wild accusations, Renault was advised by his lawyers to present himself to a judge. He appeared before Judge Marcel Martin, on 22 September 1944<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> and was arrested on 23 September 1944, as were several other French automobile-industry leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> Renault's harsh handling of the 1936–1938 strikes had left him without political allies and no one came to his aid.<a href="#cite_note-Saltmarsh1-38">[38]</a> He was incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/Fresnes_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnes prison">Fresnes prison</a> where he died on 24 October 1944 under unclear circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-shame-41">[41]</a> while awaiting trial.<a href="#cite_note-ogre-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On 1 January 1945, by de Gaulle's decree, the company was posthumously expropriated from Louis Renault. On 16 January 1945, it was formally nationalised as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">[40]</a> Renault's were the only factories permanently expropriated by the French government.<a href="#cite_note-Berliet_Renault-44">[44]</a> In subsequent years, the Renault family tried to have the nationalisation rescinded by French courts and receive compensation. In 1945, and again in 1961, the Courts responded that they had no authority to review the government's actions.<a href="#cite_note-Saltmarsh1-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_resurgence_(1945–1971)">Postwar resurgence (1945–1971)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar resurgence (1945–1971)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG/220px-Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG/330px-Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG/440px-Renault_4CV_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">Renault 4CV</a></figcaption></figure> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lefaucheux" title="Pierre Lefaucheux">Pierre Lefaucheux</a>, Renault experienced both a commercial resurgence and <a href="/wiki/Labor_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unrest">labor unrest</a>, that was to continue into the 1980s. In the early 1950s, Renault assembled at least two models; "Standard Saloon" and "De Luxe Saloon" in England.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg/220px-1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg/330px-1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg/440px-1959_Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate_Transfluide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate" title="Renault Frégate">Renault Frégate</a>, 1951</figcaption></figure> In secrecy during the war, Louis Renault had developed the <a href="/wiki/Rear_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear engine">rear engine</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">4CV</a><a href="#cite_note-Autoworld197404-46">[46]</a> which was subsequently launched under Lefacheux in 1946. Renault debuted its flagship model, the largely conventional 2-litre 4-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate" title="Renault Frégate">Renault Frégate</a> (1951–1960), shortly thereafter. The 4CV proved a capable rival for cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Morris_Minor" title="Morris Minor">Morris Minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>; its sales of more than half a million ensured its production until 1961. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg/220px-Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg/330px-Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg/440px-Renault_Dauphine_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Renault Dauphine</a></figcaption></figure> After the success of the 4CV, Lefacheux continued to defy the postwar French <a href="/wiki/Paul-Marie_Pons" title="Paul-Marie Pons">Ministry of Industrial Production</a>, which had wanted to convert Renault solely to truck manufacture,<a href="#cite_note-50jahre-47">[47]</a> by directing the development of its successor. He oversaw the prototyping of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Dauphine</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lefaucheux#Death" title="Pierre Lefaucheux">his death</a>), enlisting the help of artist <a href="/wiki/Paule_Marrot" title="Paule Marrot">Paule Marrot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine#Paule_Marrot" title="Renault Dauphine">pioneering the company's textile and color division</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Dauphine</a> sold well as the company expanded production and sales further abroad, including Africa and North America.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The Dauphine sold well initially in the US, although it subsequently became outdated against increased competition, including from the country's nascent domestic compacts such as the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair" title="Chevrolet Corvair">Chevrolet Corvair</a>. Renault also sold the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Caravelle" title="Renault Caravelle">Renault Caravelle</a> roadster, which was called the Floride outside North America. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Floride_S_(2009-10-13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Renault_Floride_S_%282009-10-13%29.jpg/220px-Renault_Floride_S_%282009-10-13%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Renault_Floride_S_%282009-10-13%29.jpg/330px-Renault_Floride_S_%282009-10-13%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Renault_Floride_S_%282009-10-13%29.jpg/440px-Renault_Floride_S_%282009-10-13%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Floride" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Floride">Renault Floride</a>, 1958</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2018_-_Renault_8_Gordini_type_R1135_-_1970_-_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Launched in 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_R8_Gordini" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R8 Gordini">Renault R8 Gordini</a> was the first sportive compact car for a public consumption price.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </figcaption></figure> During the 1950s, Renault absorbed two small French heavy vehicle manufacturers (<a href="/wiki/Somua" title="Somua">Somua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latil" title="Latil">Latil</a>) and in 1955 merged them with its own truck and bus division to form the <a href="/wiki/Saviem" title="Saviem">Société Anonyme de Véhicules Industriels et d'Equipements Mécaniques</a> (Saviem).<a href="#cite_note-CBTT-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg/220px-Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg/330px-Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg/440px-Renault_R4_BW_2016-07-17_13-45-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>1966 <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">Renault 4</a></figcaption></figure> Renault then launched two successful cars – the <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">Renault 4</a> (1961–1992), a practical competitor for the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">Citroën 2CV</a>, and the rear-engined <a href="/wiki/Renault_8" title="Renault 8">Renault 8</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The larger <a href="/wiki/Renault_10" title="Renault 10">Renault 10</a> followed the success of the Renault 8, and was the last rear-engined Renault. The company achieved success with the more modern and more upmarket <a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">Renault 16</a>, a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a> launched in 1966, followed by the smaller <a href="/wiki/Renault_6" title="Renault 6">Renault 6</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R12TL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/R12TL.JPG/220px-R12TL.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/R12TL.JPG/330px-R12TL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/R12TL.JPG/440px-R12TL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>1969 <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Renault 12</a></figcaption></figure> On 16 January 1970, the manufacturer celebrated the 25th anniversary of its 1945 rebirth as the nationalised Régie Nationale des Usines Renault. The 1960s had been a decade of aggressive growth: a few months earlier, in October 1969, the manufacturer had launched the <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Renault 12</a>, combining the engineering philosophy of its hatchbacks with the more conservative "three-box" design. The four-door <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Renault 12</a> model slotted between the <a href="/wiki/Renault_6" title="Renault 6">Renault 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">Renault 16</a>. The model was a success. 1970 was also the first year during which Renault produced more than a million cars in a single year, building 1,055,803.<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1970-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era_(1972–1980)">Modern era (1972–1980)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era (1972–1980)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg/220px-Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg/330px-Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg/440px-Renault_5_Turbo_2_-_Coupe_Florio_2015_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Renault 5 Turbo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow,_front_right_(Lime_Rock).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow%2C_front_right_%28Lime_Rock%29.jpg/220px-1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow%2C_front_right_%28Lime_Rock%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow%2C_front_right_%28Lime_Rock%29.jpg/330px-1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow%2C_front_right_%28Lime_Rock%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow%2C_front_right_%28Lime_Rock%29.jpg/440px-1972_Renault_17TS_in_Yellow%2C_front_right_%28Lime_Rock%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5320" data-file-height="3341" /></a><figcaption>1972 <a href="/wiki/Renault_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 17">Renault 17</a>TS coupe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg/220px-Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg/330px-Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg/440px-Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Traverso_Renault_Fuego_GTX_TC_2000_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Renault Fuego</a> won 8 consecutive championships in the Argentinian <a href="/wiki/TC_2000_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="TC 2000 Championship">TC 2000</a> touring car racing series between 1986 and 1993.</figcaption></figure> The company's compact and economical <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a> model, launched in January 1972,<a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1972-52">[52]</a> was another success, anticipating the <a href="/wiki/1973_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 energy crisis">1973 energy crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">Renault 18</a> was introduced in 1978 and the larger <a href="/wiki/Renault_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 20">Renault 20</a> in 1975. During the mid-seventies, the already broad-based company diversified into more industries and continued to expand globally, including <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>. The energy crisis led Renault to again attempt to attack the North American market. Despite the Dauphine's success in the United States in the late 1950s and an unsuccessful assembly project in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec">Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec</a> (1964–72), Renault began to disappear from North America at the end of the decade. Renault acquired a controlling stake in <a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Automobiles Alpine</a> in 1973, and over the decades, Renault developed a collaborative partnership with <a href="/wiki/Nash_Motors" title="Nash Motors">Nash Motors</a> <a href="/wiki/Nash_Rambler" title="Nash Rambler">Rambler</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC). From 1962 until 1967, Renault assembled <a href="/wiki/Complete_knock_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete knock down">complete knock down</a> (CKD) kits of the <a href="/wiki/Rambler_Classic" title="Rambler Classic">Rambler Classic</a> sedans in its factory in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Renault did not have large or luxury cars in its product line and the "Rambler Renault" was positioned as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Heckflosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Heckflosse">Mercedes-Benz "Fintail"</a> cars. Later, Renault continued to make and sell a hybrid of AMC's <a href="/wiki/Rambler_American" title="Rambler American">Rambler American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rambler_Classic" title="Rambler Classic">Rambler Classic</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Torino" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Torino">Renault Torino</a> in Argentina (sold through IKA-Renault). Renault partnered with AMC on other projects, such as a rotary concept engine in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the company established subsidiaries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Dacia_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia (car)">Dacia</a> in Romania, and <a href="/wiki/Industrias_Kaiser_Argentina" title="Industrias Kaiser Argentina">South America</a> (many of which remain active) and forged technological cooperation agreements with <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DTI-54">[54]</a> (for instance, for the development of the <a href="/wiki/PRV_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="PRV engine">PRV</a> <a href="/wiki/V6" class="mw-redirect" title="V6">V6</a> engine, which was used in <a href="/wiki/Renault_30" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 30">Renault 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_604" title="Peugeot 604">Peugeot 604</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volvo_200_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo 200 series">Volvo 260</a> in the late 1970s). In the mid-1960s, Renault Australia was set up in Melbourne. The company produced and assembled models including the R8, R10, R12, R16, sporty R15, R17 coupes, R18, and R20. The unit closed in 1981 and the factory closed with LNC Industries taking over import and distribution of Renaults in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> When Peugeot acquired Citroën and formed <a href="/wiki/Groupe_PSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe PSA">PSA</a>, the group's collaboration with Renault was reduced, although established joint production projects were maintained. Prior its merging with Peugeot, Citroën sold to Renault the truck and bus manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Berliet" title="Berliet">Berliet</a><a href="#cite_note-DTI-54">[54]</a> in December 1974,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> merging it with its subsidiary Saviem in 1978 to create <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Véhicules Industriels</a>, which became the only French manufacturer of heavy commercial vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TT-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBTT-50">[50]</a> In 1976, Renault reorganised the company into four business areas: automobiles (for car and <a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Light commercial vehicles">light commercial vehicles</a> or LCVs), finance and services, commercial vehicles (coaches and trucks over 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">tons</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_vehicle_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross vehicle weight rating">GVW</a>), and minor operations under an industrial enterprises division (farm machinery, plastics, foundry, etc.). In 1980, Renault produced 2,053,677 cars and LCVs. The cars at the time were the Renault 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 30; the LCVs were the 4, 5, and 12 Société and the Estafette. The company added 54,086 buses/coaches and trucks.<a href="#cite_note-DTI-54">[54]</a> In North America, Renault partnered with <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC), lending AMC operating capital and buying a minority 22.5% stake in the company in late 1979. The first Renault model sold through AMC's dealerships was the R5, renamed Renault Le Car. <a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">Jeep</a> was keeping AMC afloat until new products, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jeep_XJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeep XJ">XJ Cherokee</a>, could be launched. When the bottom fell out of the <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> (4×4) truck market in early 1980, AMC was in danger of bankruptcy. To protect its investment, Renault bailed AMC out with cash – at the price of a controlling 47.5% interest.<a href="#cite_note-TCAMAIH-57">[57]</a> Renault replaced some AMC executives, and <a href="/wiki/Jose_Dedeurwaerder" title="Jose Dedeurwaerder">Jose Dedeurwaerder</a> of Renault became President of AMC.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The partnership resulted in the marketing of Jeep vehicles in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The Jeep XJ Cherokee may have been a joint AMC/Renault project since some early sketches of the XJ series were made in collaboration by Renault and AMC engineers (AMC insisted that the XJ Cherokee was designed by AMC personnel; even though a former Renault engineer designed the Quadra-Link front suspension for the XJ series).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Jeep also used wheels and seats from Renault. Part of AMC's overall strategy was to save manufacturing costs by using Renault's parts and engineering expertise when practical. This led to the improvement of the venerable <a href="/wiki/AMC_Straight-6_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="AMC Straight-6 engine">AMC inline six</a> – a Renault/Bendix-based port electronic <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> system (usually called <a href="/wiki/Renix" title="Renix">Renix</a>) transformed it into a modern, competitive powerplant with a jump from 110 to 177 hp (82 to 132 kW) with less displacement (from 4.2 to 4.0 litres). The XJC Cherokee concept, which was conceived in 1983 as a successor to the XJ series, was also a joint collaboration with AMC and Renault engineers until the design was inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler Corporation</a> in late 1987 after Renault divested AMC – which debuted in 1989 as the Jeep Concept 1 (evolving into the <a href="/wiki/Jeep_Grand_Cherokee" title="Jeep Grand Cherokee">Jeep Grand Cherokee</a> in April 1992). The Renault-AMC marketing effort in passenger cars was unsuccessful compared to the popularity of Jeep vehicles. This was because, by the time the Renault range was ready, the <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">second energy crisis</a> was over, taking with it much of the desire for economical, compact cars. One exception was the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Alliance" title="Renault Alliance">Renault Alliance</a> (an Americanised version of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9">Renault 9</a>), which debuted for the 1983 model year. Assembled at AMC's <a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha, Wisconsin</a> plant,<a href="#cite_note-TCAMAIH-57">[57]</a> the Alliance received <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a>'s domestic <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend_Car_of_the_Year" title="Motor Trend Car of the Year">Car of The Year</a> award in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Renault_car_of_the_year_USA-59">[59]</a> The Alliance's 72% US content allowed it to qualify as a domestic vehicle, making it the first car with a foreign nameplate to win the award. (In 2000, Motor Trend did away with separate awards for domestic and imported vehicles.) A surprising side effect of the AMC linkup was that Renault felt the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israel" title="Arab League boycott of Israel">Arab League boycott</a> of companies doing business with Israel, as AMC built Jeeps there under license. Plans to sell the Renault 9 in the Middle East were mothballed as a result.<a href="#cite_note-AG78a-60">[60]</a> Introductions in the US during the 1980s included the Renault Alliance GTA and GTA convertible – an automatic-top convertible with a 2.0 L engine – big for a car of its class and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Renault Fuego</a> coupé. The Alliance was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Encore" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Encore">Encore</a> (US version of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 11">Renault 11</a>), an Alliance-based hatchback.<a href="#cite_note-TCAMAIH-57">[57]</a> In 1982, Renault become the second European automaker to build cars in the US, after <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>. However, bland styling and poor product quality proved insurmountable.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Eventually, Renault sold AMC to <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler</a> in 1987 after the assassination of Renault's chairman, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Besse" title="Georges Besse">Georges Besse</a> by <a href="/wiki/Action_directe_(armed_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action directe (armed group)">Action directe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Medallion" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Medallion">Renault Medallion</a> (Renault 21 in Europe) sedan and wagon was sold from 1987 until 1989 through <a href="/wiki/Jeep-Eagle" title="Jeep-Eagle">Jeep-Eagle</a> dealerships. Jeep-Eagle was the division Chrysler created out of the former AMC. Renault imports ended after 1989. A completely new <a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">full-sized</a> 4-door sedan, the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Premier" title="Eagle Premier">Eagle Premier</a>, was developed during the partnership between AMC and Renault. The Premier design, as well as its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in <a href="/wiki/Bramalea,_Ontario" title="Bramalea, Ontario">Bramalea, Ontario</a>, Canada, were the starting point for the sleek <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_LH_platform" title="Chrysler LH platform">LH sedans</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Vision" title="Eagle Vision">Eagle Vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_300M" title="Chrysler 300M">Chrysler 300M</a>. In early 1979, as part of its attempts to expand into the US market, Renault bought a 20% stake in truck manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCICIUSJWE-63">[63]</a> The aim of this operation was to make use of the company's extensive dealership network to distribute light trucks.<a href="#cite_note-TMC-64">[64]</a> In 1983, Renault increased its stake in Mack to 44.6%.<a href="#cite_note-RCICIUSJWE-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMC-64">[64]</a> In 1987, it transferred the ownership of a 42% stake to Renault Véhicules Industriels.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Renault increased its involvement in motorsport, with novel inventions such as <a href="/wiki/Turbochargers" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbochargers">turbochargers</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> cars. Renault's Head of Engines, Georges Douin, orchestrated the installation of turbocharged engines across much of the Renault range beginning in 1980. 10% of all turbocharged European cars in 1984 were Renaults.<a href="#cite_note-Car9.84-66">[66]</a> The company's road car designs were revolutionary in other ways also – the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a> and was to remain the most well-known minivan in Europe for the next two decades. The second-generation Renault 5, the European Car of the Year-winning <a href="/wiki/Renault_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9">Renault 9</a>, and the most luxurious Renault yet, the aerodynamic <a href="/wiki/Renault_25" title="Renault 25">25</a>, were all released in the early 1980s. At the same time, poor product quality damaged the brand. The ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Renault_14" title="Renault 14">Renault 14</a> may have been the culmination of these problems in the early 1980s. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_(lhd).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_%28lhd%29.JPG/220px-Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_%28lhd%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_%28lhd%29.JPG/330px-Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_%28lhd%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_%28lhd%29.JPG/440px-Renault_Espace_2165cc_manufactured_1990_first_registered_UK_November_1995_%28lhd%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>1985 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a>, the first European multi-purpose vehicle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG/220px-Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG/330px-Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG/440px-Renault_Twingo_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo" title="Renault Twingo">Renault Twingo</a> popularized the city car in Europe from 1992. Six years later, most of its rivals began to enter the city car market.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restructuring_(1981–1995)">Restructuring (1981–1995)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Restructuring (1981–1995)">edit</a>]</div> Renaults were somewhat successful on both road and track, including the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Espace</a> launch, which was Europe's first multi-purpose vehicle, a dozen years before any competitor. However, Renault was losing a billion francs a month totaling ₣12.5 billion in 1984. The government intervened and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Besse" title="Georges Besse">Georges Besse</a> was installed as chairman; he set about cutting costs dramatically, selling many of Renault's non-core assets (Volvo stake, <a href="/wiki/Gitane" title="Gitane">Gitane</a>, Eurocar, and Renix), withdrawing almost entirely from <a href="/wiki/Motorsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorsports">motorsports</a>, and laying off many employees.<a href="#cite_note-R1985-67">[67]</a> This halved the deficit by 1986, but Besse was murdered by the communist <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Action_Directe_(terrorist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Directe (terrorist group)">Action Directe</a> in November 1986. He was replaced by Raymond Lévy, who continued Besse's initiatives, slimming the company enough that by the end of 1987, Renault was more or less financially stable. However, while Besse was convinced that Renault needed a presence in the North American market and wanted to push forward with restructuring AMC, Lévy, facing domestic losses from Renault at home, and losses from AMC in the US, along with the political climate that led to Besse's assassination, decided to sell AMC to <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> that same year. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9">Renault 9</a>, a small four-door family saloon, was voted <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> on its 1981 launch. It sold well in France, but was eventually eclipsed by its sister vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 11">Renault 11</a> hatchback, as the hatchback body style became more popular in this size of the car. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a> entered its second generation in 1984 and continued to sell well. The long-running <a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">Renault 18</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">Renault 21</a> early in 1986, adding a seven-seater estate badged as the Nevada or Savanna depending on where it was sold. Renault's top-of-the-range model in the 1980s was the <a href="/wiki/Renault_25" title="Renault 25">Renault 25</a>, launched at the end of 1983. In 1990, Renault strengthened its collaboration with Volvo by signing an agreement that allowed both companies to reduce vehicle conception costs and purchasing expenses. Renault had access to Volvo's expertise in upper market segments and in return, Volvo exploited Renault's designs for low and medium segments. In 1993, the two companies announced their intention to merge operations by 1 January 1994 and increased their cross-shareholding. The French accepted the merger, while Volvo shareholders rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-R1985-67">[67]</a> A revitalised Renault launched successful new cars in the early 1990s, accompanied by an improved marketing effort on European markets,<a href="#cite_note-R1985-67">[67]</a> including the 5 replacement, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Clio</a> in May 1990.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> The Clio was the first new model of a generation that replaced numeric identifiers with traditional nameplates. The Clio was voted <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> soon after its launch, and was one of Europe's best-selling cars in the 1990s, proving even more popular than its predecessor. Other important launches included the third-generation <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Espace</a> in 1996 and the innovative <a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo</a> in 1992, the first car to be marketed as a city car MPV (<a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-purpose vehicle">multi-purpose vehicle</a>). The Twingo was roomier than any prior cars of its size range. Twingo sales reached 2.4 million in Europe, even though the original was only built for (Continental) <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">left-hand drive</a> markets.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Sc%C3%A9nic_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a>, awarded Car of the year in Europe in 1997 and the first<a href="#cite_note-ScenicLeaderMPV-69">[69]</a> car to be marketed as a compact MPV, is the most popular MPV in Europe for 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-ScenicLeaderMPV-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privatisation_and_the_alliance_era_(1996–2019)">Privatisation and the alliance era (1996–2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Privatisation and the alliance era (1996–2019)">edit</a>]</div> It was eventually decided that the company's state-owned status was a detriment. By 1994, plans to sell shares to public investors were officially announced.<a href="#cite_note-R1985-67">[67]</a> The company was <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatised</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-28">[28]</a> This new freedom allowed the company to venture once again into markets in Eastern Europe and South America, including a new factory in Brazil and upgrades for its infrastructure in Argentina and Turkey. In December 1996, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Europe" title="General Motors Europe">General Motors Europe</a> and Renault begun to collaborate in the development of LCVs, starting with the second generation <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic</a> (codenamed X83).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg/180px-Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg/270px-Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg/360px-Renault_-_Interview_de_Carlos_Ghosn_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ghosn" title="Carlos Ghosn">Carlos Ghosn</a> led Renault's cost cutting effort in 1998–2000.</figcaption></figure> Renault's financial problems were not all fixed by the privatisation, and Renault's president, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Schweitzer_(businessman)" title="Louis Schweitzer (businessman)">Louis Schweitzer</a> gave to his then deputy, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ghosn" title="Carlos Ghosn">Carlos Ghosn</a>, the task of confronting them. Ghosn elaborated a plan to cut costs for the period 1998–2000, reducing the workforce, revising production processes, standardising vehicle parts and pushing the launch of new models. The company also undertook organisational changes, introducing a <a href="/wiki/Lean_manufacturing" title="Lean manufacturing">lean production system</a> with delegate responsibilities inspired by Japanese systems (the "Renault Production Way"), reforming work methods, and centralising <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> at its Technocentre to reduce vehicle conception costs while accelerating such conception.<a href="#cite_note-R1985-67">[67]</a> After Volvo's exit, Renault searched for a new partner to cope with an industry that was consolidating. Talks with <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, PSA and others were held and yielded a relationship with Nissan, whose negotiations with Daimler had stalled.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Starting on 27 March 1999, the Renault–Nissan Alliance is the first of its kind involving a Japanese and a French company, including <a href="/wiki/Cross_ownership" title="Cross ownership">cross-ownership</a>. Renault initially acquired a 36.8% stake at a cost of £2.7 billion in Nissan, while Nissan, in turn, took a 15% <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_stock" title="Non-voting stock">non-voting stake</a> in Renault.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Renault continued to operate as a stand-alone company, but with the intent to collaborate with its alliance partner to reduce costs. The same year, Renault bought a 51% majority stake of the Romanian company <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a> for £408.5 million,<a href="#cite_note-DEVELOPING-73">[73]</a> thus returning after 30 years, in which time the Romanians had built over 2 million cars that primarily consisted of local versions of the Renault 8, 12 and 20. In 2000, Renault acquired a <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling stake</a> of the newly formed South Korean <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a>'s automotive division for £59.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In Japan, Renault was formerly licensed by <a href="/wiki/Yanase_(car_dealership)" title="Yanase (car dealership)">Yanase Co</a>, Japan's premier seller of imported cars. However, as a result of Renault's purchase of an interest in Nissan in 1999, Yanase cancelled its licensing contract with Renault in the spring of 2000, and Nissan took over as the sole licensee, hence sales of Renault vehicles in Japan were transferred from Yanase Store locations to <a href="/wiki/Nissan#Japan" title="Nissan">Nissan Red Stage Store</a> locations. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Renault sold various assets to finance its inversions and acquisitions,<a href="#cite_note-SELLOFF-75">[75]</a> refocusing itself as a car and van manufacturer. In 1999, the company sold its <a href="/wiki/Industrial_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial automation">industrial automation</a> subsidiary, Renault Automation, to <a href="/wiki/Comau" title="Comau">Comau</a> and its engine parts division to TWR Engine Components.<a href="#cite_note-SELLOFF-75">[75]</a> In 2001, Renault sold its 50% stake in bus/coach manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Iveco_Bus" title="Iveco Bus">Irisbus</a> to co-owner <a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> subsidiary, CAT France, to Global Automotive Logistics.<a href="#cite_note-SELLOFF-75">[75]</a> Following the sale of Renault Véhicules Industriels to Volvo in 2001, the company retained a minority (but controlling) stake (20%) in the Volvo Group. In 2010 Renault reduced its shareholding to 6.5% and in December 2012 sold its remaining shares.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2004, Renault sold a 51% majority stake in its agricultural machinery division, Renault Agriculture, to CLAAS. In 2006, CLAAS increased its ownership to 80% and in 2008 took full control.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG/220px-Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG/330px-Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG/440px-Renault_Avantime_registered_February_2003_1998cc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Avantime" title="Renault Avantime">Renault Avantime</a> three-door MPV showcases Renault's distinctive design in early 2000s.</figcaption></figure> In the twenty-first century, Renault developed a reputation for distinctive, outlandish design. The second generation of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane</a> featured ambitious, angular designs that turned out to be successful, The 2000 Laguna was the second European car to feature <a href="/wiki/Keyless_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyless entry">"keyless" entry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyless_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyless ignition">ignition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Less successful were the company's more upmarket models. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Avantime" title="Renault Avantime">Avantime</a>, a unique <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-purpose vehicle">multi-purpose vehicle</a>, sold poorly and was quickly discontinued while the luxury <a href="/wiki/Renault_Vel_Satis" title="Renault Vel Satis">Vel Satis</a> model also disappointed. However, the design inspired the lines of the second-generation Mégane, the maker's most successful car. As well as its distinctive styling, Renault was to become known for its car safety by the independent company Euro NCAP<a href="#cite_note-Renault-safety-leader-NCAP-79">[79]</a> Thus, in 2001, the Laguna achieved a five-star rating,<a href="#cite_note-Renault-safety-leader-NCAP-79">[79]</a> followed in 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Modus" title="Renault Modus">Modus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and acquired control of <a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In April 2010, Renault–Nissan announced an alliance with Daimler. Renault supplied Mercedes-Benz with its brand new 1.6-litre <a href="/wiki/Turbo-diesel" title="Turbo-diesel">turbo-diesel engine</a> and Mercedes-Benz provided a 2.0 litre four-cylinder petrol engine to Renault–Nissan.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The resulting new alliance was to develop a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Smart_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart (automobile)">Smart</a> based on the Twingo.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In February 2010, Renault opened a new production factory near <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, Morocco, with an annual output capacity of 170,000 vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Initially, it manufactured the <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Lodgy" title="Dacia Lodgy">Dacia Lodgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Dokker" title="Dacia Dokker">Dacia Dokker</a> models followed in October 2013<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> by the second generation <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero" title="Dacia Sandero">Dacia Sandero</a>. The output capacity increased to 340,000 vehicles per year with the inauguration of a second production line.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The site is located in a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">free trade area</a>, neighboring Tanger Automotive City.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> According to Renault, the new factory emits zero carbon and industrial liquid discharges.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Over 100,000 vehicles were produced there in 2013. Renault expects to eventually increase production at the Tangier plant to 400,000 vehicles per year.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the 2010s, Renault increased its efforts to gain market share in the Chinese market. In 2013, it formed a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Motor_Group" title="Dongfeng Motor Group">Dongfeng Motor Group</a> named as <a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Renault" title="Dongfeng Renault">Dongfeng Renault</a>, based on a failed previous venture with the Chinese company Sanjiang.<a href="#cite_note-CHADAY-90">[90]</a> In December 2017, it signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Brilliance_Auto" class="mw-redirect" title="Brilliance Auto">Brilliance Auto</a> to create a new joint venture (Renault Brilliance Jinbei) aimed at producing light commercial vehicles and minivans under the Renault, <a href="/wiki/Jinbei_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinbei (marque)">Jinbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jinbei_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinbei (marque)">Huasong</a> marques.<a href="#cite_note-Wards-91">[91]</a> In December 2018, Renault announced it would acquire a "significant" stake in <a href="/wiki/JMCG" class="mw-redirect" title="JMCG">JMCG</a>'s electric vehicle subsidiary <a href="/wiki/JMEV" title="JMEV">JMEV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In July 2019, Renault took a 50% majority stake from JMEV through capital increase.<a href="#cite_note-nbd2-93">[93]</a> In April 2020, Renault announced it planned to withdraw from the Dongfeng Renault venture, transferring its stake to Dongfeng.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In December 2012, the Algeria's National Investment Fund (FNI), the <a href="/wiki/SNVI" title="SNVI">Société Nationale de Véhicules Industriels</a> (SNVI), and Renault signed an agreement to establish a factory near the city of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, Algeria, with the aim of manufacturing Symbol units from 2014 onwards. The production output was estimated at 25,000 vehicles. The Algerian State has a 51% stake in the facility.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In September 2013, Renault launched its brand in Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, with the aim of becoming one of the top European brands there until 2016. The model range at the time of the launch consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster" title="Dacia Duster">Duster</a> (locally assembled), the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9gane_Renault_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mégane Renault Sport">Mégane RS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Clio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur" title="Renault Captur">Captur</a> were also added.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Agence_des_participations_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Agence des participations de l'État">French government</a> upped their stake in Renault from 15% to 19.73% with the aim of blocking a resolution at the next annual general meeting that could reduce its control over the company.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2017, the government sold back shares and returned to a 15% stake as agreed with Renault.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> During 2016, Renault changed position on the viability of small (<a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a>) diesel cars in Europe, as they become significantly more expensive when re-engineered to comply with <a href="/wiki/Euro6" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro6">new emissions regulations</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">Volkswagen emissions scandal</a>. Renault believes that all small and some mid-size (<a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a>) will no longer be diesels by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> However, on Friday, 13 January 2017, Renault shares fell as the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Paris prosecutor</a> started an investigation into possible exhaust emissions cheating.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The company later recalled 15,000 cars for <a href="/wiki/Emissions_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions testing">emission testing</a> and fixing.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Renault, along with several other automobile companies, has been accused of manipulating the measurement equipment for <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NOx pollution from diesel cars. Independent tests carried out by the German car club <a href="/wiki/ADAC" title="ADAC">ADAC</a> proved that, under normal driving conditions, diesel vehicles, including the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a>, exceeded legal <a href="/wiki/European_emission_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="European emission limits">European emission limits</a> for nitrogen oxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NOx) by more than 10 times.<a href="#cite_note-adac2015-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk_2015-10-01-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com_2015-10-01-109">[109]</a> Renault denied any foul play, stating compliance with French and European standards.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In November 2018, Renault's CEO Ghosn was arrested by Japanese officials for allegedly underreporting his Nissan's salary, following an internal review conducted by the Japanese company. Renault traded shares fell more than 15% after the arrest was known.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> After Ghosn's arrest, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> and company deputy chief <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Thierry Bolloré">Thierry Bolloré</a> became the acting CEO and the board director Philippe Lagayette the acting chairman.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In January 2019, following Ghosn's resignation, Renault announced it had appointed <a href="/wiki/Jean-Dominique_Senard" title="Jean-Dominique Senard">Jean-Dominique Senard</a> as chairman and the acting CEO Bolloré as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In October 2019, Bolloré was fired and replaced by Renault's <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a> <a href="/wiki/Clotilde_Delbos" title="Clotilde Delbos">Clotilde Delbos</a> as acting CEO. Bolloré said his dismissal was a "coup" by Senard.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In January 2020, Renault announced it had named Italian <a href="/wiki/Luca_de_Meo" title="Luca de Meo">Luca de Meo</a> as its new CEO, with him taking his post on 1 July. Delbos was named as his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID_effects,_company_and_Alliance_reforms_(2019–present)">COVID effects, company and Alliance reforms (2019–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: COVID effects, company and Alliance reforms (2019–present)">edit</a>]</div> In May 2020, Renault announced a cost-cutting plan aimed at eliminating 15,000 jobs worldwide, about 10% of the company's workforce, due to falling sales and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In January 2021, as part of a company revamp, Renault said it would divide its automotive division into four business units: Renault, Dacia and <a href="/wiki/Lada" title="Lada">Lada</a>, Alpine, and Mobilize (the latter for new "new mobility services").<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In April 2021, Renault said that its revenue fell by 1.1% from the beginning of 2021 until March and it will reduce car production and focus on models with higher margins.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In November 2022, Renault said it plans to spin off the electric car development into a <a href="/wiki/Ampere_(company)" title="Ampere (company)">subsidiary company</a> tentatively called <a href="/wiki/Ampere_(company)" title="Ampere (company)">Ampère</a>.<a href="#cite_note-powersplit-120">[120]</a> It also plans to spin off its powertrain production and development operations (including internal combustion engines and hybrid systems) into a <a href="/wiki/Horse_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse project">joint venture company</a> named <a href="/wiki/Horse_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse (company)">Horse</a> with <a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> as co-owner.<a href="#cite_note-powersplit-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In January 2023, Renault said it intended to transfer almost 30% of its controlling stake in Nissan to a French trust (pending approval by both companies), reducing its shares with voting rights to a minority 15% and, in doing so, making Nissan shares in Renault to gain voting rights. The shareholding and voting ratio of both companies is set to be fixed in the future. The agreement also included Nissan investing in Ampere and projects in various markets.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In February 2023, both companies approved the going-ahead for the shareholding changes. Final details and regulatory clearances for the transaction were set to be completed by the first quarter of 2023 and it would be done by the fourth quarter. The companies also approved joint projects and Nissan's Ampere investment.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The share transfer was completed in November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-share-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Innovations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1899 Louis Renault "Driving, speed-changing mechanism and reversing gear"<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Louis Renault invented a revolutionary direct drive gear<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> with no drive belt, with much better uphill performances.</li> <li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">Renault 4</a> was the first serial car with hatchback body style</li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/Renault_8" title="Renault 8">Renault 8</a> was the first serial car with four-wheel disc brake system</li> <li>1980 – First patents for "Braking distribution device for total adherence"<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Renault Fuego</a> was the first serial car with <a href="/wiki/Remote_keyless_system" title="Remote keyless system"> keyless ently </a></li> <li>1988 CARMINAT, a real-time system for location and weather information. This program received European support from 1988, under the code Eureka EU-55 CARMINAT.<a href="#cite_note-Carminat_Renault_system-130">[130]</a> These innovations for the real-time location and human-machine interfaces are included in the Renault R-link system and Carminat <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> devices.</li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> was the second European car to feature "keyless" entry and ignition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a>. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Renault" title="Talk:Renault">talk page</a>. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> which began on 24 February, many international, particularly Western companies pulled out of Russia. Unlike most of its Western competitors, Renault was slow to announce any divestments or scaling back of its operations in Russia, drawing criticism.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 21 March, after a brief halt, Renault resumed production at the Renault Russia car plant near Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On 23 March, while addressing the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a>, Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> called for French companies, including Renault, to leave Russia.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Later that day, Renault said it had "suspended" Renault Russia operations and was "assessing the available options" regarding its AvtoVAZ ownership.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In May 2022, Renault signed agreements to sell 100% of its shares in Renault Russia to Moscow City entity and its 67.69% interest in AvtoVAZ to NAMI (the Central Research and Development Automobile and Engine Institute). The agreement provides an option for Renault to buy back its interest in AvtoVAZ, exercisable at certain times during the next six years.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motorsport">Motorsport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Motorsport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport" title="Renault Sport">Renault Sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault" title="Formula Renault">Formula Renault</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault8.12.09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Renault8.12.09.jpg/220px-Renault8.12.09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Renault8.12.09.jpg/330px-Renault8.12.09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Renault8.12.09.jpg/440px-Renault8.12.09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>1907 Renault-built Replica of their <a href="/wiki/French_Grand_Prix" title="French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a> winner, one of 4 known to exist</figcaption></figure> Renault took part in motorsport at the beginning of the 20th century, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Renault" title="Marcel Renault">Marcel Renault</a>'s racing interests and over the years acquired companies with a sporting connection such as <a href="/wiki/Gordini" title="Gordini">Gordini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine (car)">Alpine</a>. In the 1970s, Renault set up a dedicated motorsport division called <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport" title="Renault Sport">Renault Sport</a>, and, in 1978, won the <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Alpine_A442" title="Renault Alpine A442">Renault Alpine A442</a>. Renault has also achieved success in both <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rallying</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> over the past few decades. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg/250px-Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg/375px-Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg/500px-Renault_RS7_rear_Donington_Grand_Prix_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Renault has won twelve F1 Championships as engine manufacturer in Formula One.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Nigel Mansell, Damon Hill, Michael Schumacher, Alain Prost, Fernando Alonso, Sebastian Vettel and Jacques Villeneuve won eleven F1 driver's titles with cars powered by Renault engines.</figcaption></figure> The company has also backed various one-make single-seater series such as <a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault" title="Formula Renault">Formula Renault</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault" class="mw-redirect" title="World Series by Renault">Formula Renault 3.5</a>. These two racing series were a step in the career of thousands of drivers, including Formula One champions <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alonso" title="Fernando Alonso">Fernando Alonso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel" title="Sebastian Vettel">Sebastian Vettel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen" title="Kimi Räikkönen">Kimi Räikkönen</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton" title="Lewis Hamilton">Lewis Hamilton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/IndyCar" title="IndyCar">IndyCar</a> champion <a href="/wiki/Will_Power" title="Will Power">Will Power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Renault Sport develops and manufactures the Renault Sport-badged cars,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> as the Renault Clio RS (for Renault Sport) and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9gane_Renault_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mégane Renault Sport">Renault Mégane RS</a>, which own the world records in their categories, such as the Nürburgring,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and the Suzuka circuit and awards from <a href="/wiki/What_Car%3F" title="What Car?">What Car?</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evo_(magazine)" title="Evo (magazine)">Evo</a>, and other magazines. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_(Renault)_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Alonso_%28Renault%29_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg/220px-Alonso_%28Renault%29_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Alonso_%28Renault%29_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg/330px-Alonso_%28Renault%29_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Alonso_%28Renault%29_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg/440px-Alonso_%28Renault%29_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Fernando Alonso driving for Renault F1 at <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/2005_United_States_Grand_Prix" title="2005 United States Grand Prix">2005</a>, the year in which the Renault team won the first of their two Formula One championships</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg/220px-Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg/330px-Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg/440px-Renault_Alpine_A442B_Ren%C3%A9_Arnoux_at_Goodwood_2014_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Alpine_A442" title="Renault Alpine A442">Renault Alpine A442</a>, 1978 <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">Le Mans 24 Hours</a> winner, at the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Goodwood_Festival_of_Speed" title="Goodwood Festival of Speed">Goodwood Festival of Speed</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg/220px-Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg/330px-Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg/440px-Festival_automobile_international_2015_-_Renault_RS1_-_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_R.S._01" title="Renault Sport R.S. 01">Renault Sport R.S. 01</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_(1973_Rallye_Sanremo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_%281973_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg/220px-Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_%281973_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_%281973_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg/330px-Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_%281973_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_%281973_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg/440px-Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier_-_Alpine-Renault_A110_1800_%281973_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Renault Alpine A110, first Champion of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Megane_RS,_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_Megane_RS%2C_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg/220px-Renault_Megane_RS%2C_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_Megane_RS%2C_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg/330px-Renault_Megane_RS%2C_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_Megane_RS%2C_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg/440px-Renault_Megane_RS%2C_IAA_2017_IMG_0411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>Renault Megane RS, IAA 2017</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formula_One">Formula One</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formula One">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One" title="Renault in Formula One">Renault in Formula One</a></div> Renault introduced the <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbo</a> engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_RS01" title="Renault RS01">Renault RS01</a> at <a href="/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit" title="Silverstone Circuit">Silverstone</a> in 1977. The Renault team continued until 1986. From 1989 Renault supplied engines for the successful <a href="/wiki/Williams-Renault" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams-Renault">Williams-Renault</a> car. Renault took over the <a href="/wiki/Benetton_Formula" title="Benetton Formula">Benetton Formula</a> team in 2000<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> for the <a href="/wiki/F1_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 2001">2001</a> season and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Renault_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault F1">Renault F1</a> in <a href="/wiki/F1_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 2002">2002</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2005_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Formula One season">2005</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_Formula_One_Season" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Formula One Season">2006</a> the team won the Constructors' and Drivers' titles (with Fernando Alonso).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2005_French_Grand_Prix" title="2005 French Grand Prix">2005 French Grand Prix</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ghosn" title="Carlos Ghosn">Carlos Ghosn</a> set out his policy regarding the company's involvement in motorsport: <dl><dd>"We are not in Formula One out of habit or tradition. We're here to show our talent and that we can do it properly ... Formula One is a cost if you don't get the results. Formula One is an investment if you do have them and know how to exploit them."</dd></dl> Renault powered the winning 2010 <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing" title="Red Bull Racing">Red Bull Racing</a> team, and took a similar role with its old team in December 2010, when it sold its final stake to the investment group <a href="/wiki/Genii_Capital" title="Genii Capital">Genii Capital</a>, the main stakeholder<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> since December 2009,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> ending Renault's direct role in running a F1 team for the second time.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Renault bought the Enstone-based team for the 2016 season, rebranding it Renault.<a href="#cite_note-RSPRRSPC-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-F1RTN-151">[151]</a> In 2021, the team was renamed <a href="/wiki/Alpine_F1_Team" title="Alpine F1 Team">Alpine F1 Team</a> and became part of the new Alpine business unit, with Renault retained as the engine nameplate. In 2024, Renault stopped manufacturing Renault F1 engines at <a href="/wiki/Viry-Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Viry-Châtillon">Viry-Châtillon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rallying">Rallying</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rallying">edit</a>]</div> Renault has been involved in <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rallying</a> from an early era. Marcel Renault won the 1902 Rallye Paris-Vienna, but lost his life while competing in the 1903 Paris-Madrid rally.<a href="#cite_note-RALL02-154">[154]</a> During the 1950s and 1960s, Renault manufactured several small cars with <a href="/wiki/Rear_wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear wheel drive">rear wheel drive</a> in some cases, as the <a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">4CV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_R8" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R8">R8</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Dauphine</a>. These cars were well-adapted to the rally of the time, and the tuner <a href="/wiki/Amedee_Gordini" class="mw-redirect" title="Amedee Gordini">Amedee Gordini</a> collaborated with its performance.<a href="#cite_note-RALL02-154">[154]</a> In the 1950s the Renault Dauphine won several international rallies, including the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a> and the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally" title="Monte Carlo Rally">Monte Carlo Rally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RALL01-155">[155]</a> In 1973, Renault took control of <a href="/wiki/Alpine_(car_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine (car maker)">Automobiles Alpine</a>, a related company for several years, which was responsible for building successful rally cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_A110" title="Alpine A110">A110</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RALL03-156">[156]</a> A highly evolved A110 won the first <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a>, representing Alpine-Renault.<a href="#cite_note-RALL02-154">[154]</a> In 1976, the Alpine's competition department and the Gordini factory at Viry-Chatillon were merged into Renault Sport.<a href="#cite_note-RALL03-156">[156]</a> The focus shifted to Formula One, although Renault achieved several victories including the 1981 Monte Carlo Rally with the <a href="/wiki/Renault_5_Turbo" title="Renault 5 Turbo">Renault 5 Turbo</a><a href="#cite_note-RALL01-155">[155]</a> before retirement from the world rally in late 1994.<a href="#cite_note-RALL02-154">[154]</a> Renault cars also participate of <a href="/wiki/Off-roading" title="Off-roading">cross-country</a> races, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Dakar_Rally" title="Dakar Rally">Dakar Rally</a>. The Marreau brothers won the <a href="/wiki/1982_Paris%E2%80%93Dakar_Rally" title="1982 Paris–Dakar Rally">1982 edition</a> driving a <a href="/wiki/Renault_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 20">Renault 20</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">4x4</a> prototype.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Later, Renault provided a Renault Megane platform[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Schlesser" title="Jean-Louis Schlesser">Schlesser</a>-Renault <a href="/wiki/Elf_Aquitaine" title="Elf Aquitaine">Elf</a> <a href="/wiki/Buggy_(automobile)" title="Buggy (automobile)">buggies</a> that won the 1999<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and 2000 editions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The 1999 car was the first <a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">two-wheel drive</a> Dakar's winner.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Renaults won the <a href="/wiki/European_Rally_Championship" title="European Rally Championship">European Rally Championship</a> four times, in 1970, 1999, 2004 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_data">Financial data</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Financial data">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Financial data in € billions<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a> </td> <td>40.932 </td> <td>41.055 </td> <td>45.327 </td> <td>51.243 </td> <td>58.770 </td> <td>57.419 </td> <td>55.537 </td> <td>43.474 </td> <td>41.659 </td> <td>46.328 </td> <td>52.376 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a> </td> <td>0.695 </td> <td>1.998 </td> <td>2.960 </td> <td>3.543 </td> <td>5.210 </td> <td>3.302 </td> <td>-141 </td> <td>-8.046 </td> <td>967 </td> <td>-0.716 </td> <td>2.315 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Assets</a> </td> <td>74.992 </td> <td>81.551 </td> <td>90.605 </td> <td>102.103 </td> <td>109.943 </td> <td>114.996 </td> <td>122.171 </td> <td>115.737 </td> <td>113.740 </td> <td>118.319 </td> <td>121.913 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Employees </td> <td>121,807 </td> <td>117,395 </td> <td>120,136 </td> <td>124,849 </td> <td>181,344 </td> <td>183,002 </td> <td>179,565 </td> <td>170,158 </td> <td>156,466 </td> <td>105,812 </td> <td>105,497 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_production">Vehicle production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vehicle production">edit</a>]</div> Below is the ranking of vehicle production in Renault group factories in 2023:<a href="#cite_note-production_2023-163">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Vehicle produced (units) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mioveni (Romania) </td> <td>322,086 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tangier (Morocco) </td> <td>287,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bursa (Türkiye, <a href="/wiki/Oyak-Renault" title="Oyak-Renault">Oyak Renault</a>) </td> <td>284,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curitiba (Brazil) </td> <td>178,332 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Valladolid (Spain) </td> <td>172,733 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Batilly (France, <a href="/wiki/SOVAB" class="mw-redirect" title="SOVAB">SoVAB</a>) </td> <td>150,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sandouville (France) </td> <td>131,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palencia (Spain) </td> <td>129,567 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ElectriCity Maubeuge (France, <a href="/wiki/Ampere_(company)" title="Ampere (company)">Ampere</a>) </td> <td>123,149 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Busan (South Korea) </td> <td>100,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Casablanca (Morocco) </td> <td>94,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Córdoba (Argentina) </td> <td>83,586 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chennai (India, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Nissan_Automotive_India" title="Renault Nissan Automotive India">RNAIPL</a>) </td> <td>67,266 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Novo Mesto (Slovenia) </td> <td>60,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shiyan (eGT-NEV, partner in China) </td> <td>54,119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ElectriCity Douai (France, <a href="/wiki/Ampere_(company)" title="Ampere (company)">Ampere</a>) </td> <td>51,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bursa (Türkiye, with <a href="/wiki/Karsan" title="Karsan">Karsan</a>) </td> <td>41,327 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Envigado (Colombia) </td> <td>34,712 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flins (France) </td> <td>16,679 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dieppe (France, Alpine) </td> <td>4,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oran (Algeria) </td> <td>2,456 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>2,391,977 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine_production">Engine production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Engine production">edit</a>]</div> Below is the production of engines, Horse division for thermal engines and Ampere division for electric motors, in the Renault group factories in 2023:<a href="#cite_note-production_2023-163">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Engines produced (units) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Valladolid (Spain) </td> <td>969,502 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cléon (France) </td> <td>665,129 (thermal + electric) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mioveni (Romania) </td> <td>345,121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curitiba (Brazil) </td> <td>217,866 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bursa (Türkiye) </td> <td>210,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Busan (South Korea) </td> <td>96,527 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>2,504,899 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gearbox_production">Gearbox production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gearbox production">edit</a>]</div> Below is the production of gearboxes in the Renault group factories in 2023:<a href="#cite_note-production_2023-163">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Gearboxes produced (units) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Seville (Spain) </td> <td>596,576 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cacia (Portugal) </td> <td>526,627 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mioveni (Romania) </td> <td>278,509 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cléon (France) </td> <td>239,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Los Andes (Chile) </td> <td>189,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bursa (Türkiye) </td> <td>71,895 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>1,903,126 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Corporate governance">edit</a>]</div> Renault's head office is in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boulogne-164">[164]</a> The head office is located near the old Renault factories; Renault has maintained a historical presence in Boulogne-Billancourt<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> since the company's opening in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Boulogne-164">[164]</a> Renault is administered through a board of directors, an executive committee and a management committee.<a href="#cite_note-LEAD-166">[166]</a> As of January 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit">[update]</a>, members of the 19-seat board include Jean-Dominique Senard (as chairman), <a href="/wiki/Cherie_Blair" title="Cherie Blair">Cherie Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Barba" title="Catherine Barba">Catherine Barba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascale_Sourisse" title="Pascale Sourisse">Pascale Sourisse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clotilde_Delbos" title="Clotilde Delbos">Clotilde Delbos</a> is the acting CEO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_technologies">Products and technologies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Products and technologies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Renault_vehicles" title="List of Renault vehicles">List of Renault vehicles</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Best-selling Renault Group models in 2023<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> including Dacia marque </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Model </th> <th>Sales </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero" title="Dacia Sandero">Dacia/Renault Sandero</a> </td> <td>308,781    </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a> </td> <td>295,325 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster" title="Dacia Duster">Dacia/Renault Duster</a> </td> <td>256,722 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur" title="Renault Captur">Renault Captur</a> </td> <td>159,562 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a> </td> <td>128,041    </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid" title="Renault Kwid">Renault Kwid</a> </td> <td>112,472   </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master" title="Renault Master">Renault Master</a> </td> <td>107,005   </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a> </td> <td>106,400    </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Jogger" title="Dacia Jogger">Dacia Jogger</a> </td> <td>94,128 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Megane</a> </td> <td>87,614    </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_models">Current models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Current models">edit</a>]</div> Current model line up, with calendar year of introduction:<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Espace</a> (1984–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Clio</a> (1990–present; hatchback)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo</a> (1992–present; hatchback)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane</a> (1995–present; hatchback, estate) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_E-Tech_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Mégane E-Tech Electric">Mégane E-Tech Electric</a> (2021–present; crossover SUV)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo</a> (1997–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citan" title="Mercedes-Benz Citan">Mercedes-Benz Citan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Townstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Townstar">Nissan Townstar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur" title="Renault Captur">Captur</a> (2013–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Duster_Oroch" title="Renault Duster Oroch">Duster Oroch</a> (Latin America only) (2015–present; pick-up)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid" title="Renault Kwid">Kwid</a> (2015–present; hatchback)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Alaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Alaskan">Alaskan</a> (2016–present; pick-up)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Triber" title="Renault Triber">Triber</a> (2019–present; mini MPV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Arkana" title="Renault Arkana">Arkana</a> (2019–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kiger" title="Renault Kiger">Kiger</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Taliant" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Taliant">Taliant</a> (2021–present; restyled <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan" title="Dacia Logan">Dacia Logan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Austral" title="Renault Austral">Austral</a> (2022–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Rafale" title="Renault Rafale">Rafale</a> (2024–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Scenic_E-Tech" title="Renault Scenic E-Tech">Scenic E-Tech</a> (2024–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbioz" title="Renault Symbioz">Symbioz</a> (2024–present; crossover SUV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_5_E-Tech" title="Renault 5 E-Tech">5 E-Tech</a> (2024–present; hatchback)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a> vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan" title="Dacia Logan">Logan</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero" title="Dacia Sandero">Sandero</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster" title="Dacia Duster">Duster</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Renault_Samsung_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Samsung Motors">Renault Samsung</a> vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos</a> (2008–present; Renault Samsung QM5/Renault Samsung QM6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Arkana" title="Renault Arkana">Arkana</a> (2020–present; Renault Samsung XM3)</li></ul> Renault <a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Light commercial vehicles">light commercial vehicles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master" title="Renault Master">Master</a> (1980–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Interstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Interstar">Nissan Interstar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic</a> (1980–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Primastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Primastar">Nissan Primastar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo</a> (1997–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citan" title="Mercedes-Benz Citan">Mercedes-Benz Citan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Townstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Townstar">Nissan Townstar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_Express_(2021-2024)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault Express (2021-2024) (page does not exist)">Express</a> (2021–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citan" title="Mercedes-Benz Citan">Mercedes-Benz Citan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Townstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Townstar">Nissan Townstar</a>)</li></ul> Dacia light commercial vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Dokker" title="Dacia Dokker">Dokker</a> (2012–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster" title="Dacia Duster">Duster Commercial</a> (2017–present)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_cars">Concept cars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Concept cars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Renault_vehicles#Concept_cars" title="List of Renault vehicles">List of Renault vehicles: Concept cars</a></div> Renault concept cars show future design and technology directions. Since 2008, Renault has displayed various <a href="/wiki/All-electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric car">all-electric car</a> <a href="/wiki/Concept_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept vehicle">concepts</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Renault_Z.E." title="Renault Z.E.">"Z.E."</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Zero_emission" title="Zero emission">zero emission</a>, starting with a concept based on the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo" title="Renault Kangoo">Renault Kangoo</a> Be Bop. Further concepts and announcements followed, with the production of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Fluence Z.E.</a> saloon beginning in 2011 and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a> in 2012. Renault revealed the Ondelios <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid</a> concept in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> but this was overtaken by the Z.E. programme. However, Renault presented a new hybrid car in September 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Eolab" title="Renault Eolab">Eolab</a>, which incorporates various innovations that the company said will be added to production models by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In 2014 at the New Delhi Auto Show, Renault announced a new model, the Kwid Concept, which comes with helicopter drone.<a href="#cite_note-Gizmag1-175">[175]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renault 5 Prototype (2021)"><img alt="Renault 5 Prototype (2021)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg/200px-Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg/300px-Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg/400px-Renault_5_Prototype_IAA_2021_1X7A0272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4822" data-file-height="2872" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Renault 5 Prototype (2021)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="4ever Trophy (2022)"><img alt="4ever Trophy (2022)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png/182px-Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png/272px-Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png/363px-Renault_4Ever_Trophy_02.png 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1908" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 4ever Trophy (2022)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Scénic Vision (2022)"><img alt="Scénic Vision (2022)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png/200px-Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png/300px-Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png/400px-Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision_02.png 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="1404" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Scénic Vision (2022)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twingo Legend (2023)"><img alt="Twingo Legend (2023)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg/200px-Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg/300px-Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg/400px-Renault_Twingo_concept_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="1953" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Twingo Legend (2023)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="R17 Electric Restomod X ORA ÏTO (2024)"><img alt="R17 Electric Restomod X ORA ÏTO (2024)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg/200px-R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg/300px-R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg/400px-R17_electric_restomod_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="2218" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Renault_R17_Electric_Restomod_x_Ora_%C3%8Fto" title="Renault R17 Electric Restomod x Ora Ïto">R17 Electric Restomod X ORA ÏTO</a> (2024)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblème (2024)"><img alt="Emblème (2024)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg/200px-Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg/300px-Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg/400px-Renault_Embl%C3%A8me_Concept_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3854" data-file-height="2167" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Emblème (2024) </div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_vehicles">Electric vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Electric vehicles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan_Alliance#Zero-emission_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault–Nissan Alliance">Renault–Nissan Alliance zero-emission vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG/220px-Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG/330px-Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG/440px-Renault_Zoe_on_MIAS_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a>, a pure <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> with a 210 km to 230 km range</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG/220px-Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG/330px-Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG/440px-Autolib_Paris_04_2016_7374.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Renault Twizy</a> all-electric <a href="/wiki/Heavy_quadricycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy quadricycle">heavy quadricycle</a></figcaption></figure> In 2013, Renault became the leader of electric vehicles sales in Europe, thanks to its large range of vehicles (Twizy, Zoe, Fluence, Kangoo).<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a> was Europe's best selling <a href="/wiki/All-electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric car">all-electric car</a> in 2015 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Top2015-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top2016-178">[178]</a> Global Zoe sales reached the 50,000 unit mark in June 2016,<a href="#cite_note-Zoe50K-179">[179]</a> and achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Zoe150K-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Renault" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe Renault">Groupe Renault</a> global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-RN350K-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the Group has sold more than 273,550 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019. Since inception, a total of 181,893 Zoe city cars, 48,821 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo_Z.E." class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Kangoo Z.E.">Kangoo Z.E.</a> electric vans, 29,118 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twitzy</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_quadricycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy quadricycle">heavy quadricycles</a>, and 10,600 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Fluence Z.E.</a> cars have been sold globally through December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Renault2019-183">[183]</a> Beginning in 2008, Renault made agreements for its planned zero-emissions products, including with Israel, Portugal, Denmark and the US states of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-automotivedesign-europe.com-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> in Japan and the Principality of Monaco.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Serge Yoccoz is the electric vehicle project director.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2008, Renault–Nissan signed a deal to produce electric cars for an initiative in Israel with <a href="/wiki/Better_Place_(company)" title="Better Place (company)">Better Place</a>, a US company developing new non-petroleum–based transport infrastructure. Renault aimed to sell 10–20,000 cars a year in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_develop_Israel-187">[187]</a> Renault also agreed to develop exchangeable batteries for the project.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Renault collaborated with Better Place to produce a network of all-electric vehicles and thousands of <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">charging stations</a> in Denmark, planned to be operational by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Renault Fluence Z.E.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> was selected for the Israel project. It became the first zero-emission vehicle with a switchable battery,<a href="#cite_note-israel21c-191">[191]</a> with trials in 2010 undertaken with the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a>. Renault ended the partnership in 2013, following Better Place's bankruptcy, with only 1,000 vehicle sales in Israel and 240 in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Renault–Nissan and the largest French <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utility</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Électricité de France</a> (EDF), signed an agreement to promote electric vehicles in France. The partnership planned to pilot projects on battery management and charging infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Renault–Nissan also signed deals with Ireland's <a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">Electricity Supply Board</a> (ESB),<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> as part of the UK's Plugged in Places national project.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We have decided to introduce zero-emission vehicles as quickly as possible in order to ensure <a href="/wiki/Individual_mobility" title="Individual mobility">individual mobility</a> against the background of high oil prices and better environmental protection<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan<a href="#cite_note-automotivedesign-europe.com-184">[184]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Ghosn, the Renault–Nissan alliance was a fundamental step in <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> development, and that they needed each other for other issues such as battery manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicle infrastructure">charging infrastructure</a> and business strategy.<a href="#cite_note-autoblog1-196">[196]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I don't think either Renault or Nissan would have been able to launch an EV alone successfully. You can have an electric car alone. But what you cannot have is an EV business system, from batteries to recycling to cars to infrastructure to negotiation, by being alone.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan<a href="#cite_note-autoblog1-196">[196]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Renault–Nissan group is a member of the <a href="/wiki/PHEV_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PHEV Research Center">PHEV Research Center</a>. In September 2013, Renault and <a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9" title="Bolloré">Bolloré</a> announced an agreement to collaborate on a new electric vehicle and in car-sharing project.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault,_GIMS_2024,_Le_Grand-Saconnex_(GIMS0030-5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Renault%2C_GIMS_2024%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0030-5%29.jpg/220px-Renault%2C_GIMS_2024%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0030-5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Renault%2C_GIMS_2024%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0030-5%29.jpg/330px-Renault%2C_GIMS_2024%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0030-5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Renault%2C_GIMS_2024%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0030-5%29.jpg/440px-Renault%2C_GIMS_2024%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0030-5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Launch event of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_5_E-Tech" title="Renault 5 E-Tech">Renault 5 E-Tech</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_International_Motor_Show#2024" title="Geneva International Motor Show">2024 Geneva International Motor Show</a></figcaption></figure> In 2021, Renault launched a new EV and mobility brand called Mobilize<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and showed a prototype for a small Twizy-style<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> EV called the EZ-1.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Renault Group also invested into a start-up company Verkor, that should develop EV batteries and about in 2026 build a gigafactory in France.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> By 2025, the yearly output of 400,000 electric vehicles is planned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eco²">Eco²</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eco²">edit</a>]</div> In 2007 Renault introduced a new line of eco-friendly derivatives marked eco² that were based on production platforms. A minimum of 5% recycled plastic was used and the vehicle's materials were 95% reusable. Eco²'s CO2 emissions were not to exceed 140g/km, or would be <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> compatible.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> At the 2008 Fleet World Honours, Renault received the Environment Award. The chairman of Judges, George Emmerson, commented, "This was the most hotly contested category in the history of the Fleet World Honours, such is the clamour for organizations' green credentials to be recognised. There were some very impressive entries, but the panel felt that Renault's impressive range of low-emission vehicles was the most tangible, and the most quantifiable.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_vehicles">Autonomous vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Autonomous vehicles">edit</a>]</div> Renault plans to introduce <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicle">autonomous vehicle</a> technology by 2020. The company unveiled a prototype, the Next Two (based on the Zoe), in February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_design">Vehicle design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vehicle design">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Pre-design"_era">"Pre-design" era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: "Pre-design" era">edit</a>]</div> During its early years, Renault only manufactured the cars' <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a>, while the bodywork was completed by <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilders</a>. The first car with Renault's bodywork was the "Taxi de la Marne" introduced in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-D1-207">[207]</a> Most Renault-made bodyworks were simple and <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> until the Reinastella unveiling in 1928. In the 1930s, Renault developed streamlined cars such as the Viva Grand Sport. In the 1950s, the company worked with <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Ghia" title="Carrozzeria Ghia">Ghia</a> designers.<a href="#cite_note-DMD-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault_Styling">Renault Styling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Renault Styling">edit</a>]</div> In 1961, with the assistance of the independent designer <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charbonneaux" title="Philippe Charbonneaux">Philippe Charbonneaux</a> (responsible for the R8), the company created Renault Styling as a design department, led by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Juchet" title="Gaston Juchet">Gaston Juchet</a> since 1963.<a href="#cite_note-DMD-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-GC-209">[209]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Opron" title="Robert Opron">Robert Opron</a> was named chief designer<a href="#cite_note-GC-209">[209]</a> and Renault Styling was divided into Interior, Exterior and Advanced Design groups.<a href="#cite_note-D1-207">[207]</a> In the 1960s, an in-house <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD) <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a> (CAM) system called <a href="/wiki/UNISURF" title="UNISURF">UNISURF</a> was introduced, led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9zier" title="Pierre Bézier">Pierre Bézier</a> (who popularised <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a> and worked at Renault from 1933 until 1975). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_Design_Department">Industrial Design Department</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Industrial Design Department">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, Renault named <a href="/wiki/Patrick_le_Qu%C3%A9ment" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick le Quément">Patrick le Quément</a> as chief designer<a href="#cite_note-D2-210">[210]</a> and created the Industrial Design Department to replace Renault Styling. The new division incorporated a new management system, with more technology and personnel. Renault gave it the same importance as Engineering and Product Planning, participating in product development.<a href="#cite_note-D1-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-GC-209">[209]</a> Le Quément was responsible for bold designs such as the Mégane II and the Vel Satis,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> giving Renault a more coherent and stylish image.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In 1995, Design and Quality were merged under le Quément's direction.<a href="#cite_note-D1-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-D2-210">[210]</a> Later, the new department moved to <a href="/wiki/Guyancourt" title="Guyancourt">Guyancourt</a>'s Technocentre, which also became the base for Engineering and Product Planning. The group was organised in three sections: Automobile Design; Truck, LCV and Bus Design; and Concept Cars and Advanced Design. During the next years, satellite centres opened in Spain (1999), Paris (2000), South Korea (2003), Romania (2007), India (2007),<a href="#cite_note-D1-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-GC-209">[209]</a> Brazil (2008)<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and China (2019).<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> At the end of 2009, le Quément was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_den_Acker" title="Laurens van den Acker">Laurens van den Acker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-D2-210">[210]</a> who introduced the "cycle of life" concept to Renault's design.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_Product_Planning">Engineering and Product Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Engineering and Product Planning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg/220px-Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg/330px-Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg/440px-Renault_moteur_energy_dCi_160_twin_turbo_EDC_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Renault <a href="/wiki/Twin-turbo" title="Twin-turbo">twin-turbo</a> engine</figcaption></figure> Most of Renault engineering was decentralised until 1998, when the Technocentre became the main Renault's engineering facility.<a href="#cite_note-R1985-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-TECHNO-216">[216]</a> Satellite centres exist, including Renault Technologies Americas (with branches in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico), Renault Technologies Romania (branches in Morocco, Russia, Slovenia and Turkey) and Renault Technologies Spain (branch in Portugal).<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit">[update]</a>, Renault's engineering section had over 6,500 employees worldwide, of which 34% were engineers and 63% technicians.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Engine development is in charge of a specific division, Renault Powertrains, with nearly 65 engineers.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Overseas engineering is increasing and research and design teams are in charge of adjusting existing vehicles to local needs and budgets.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit">[update]</a>, Engineering, and Product Planning, are directed by Gaspar Gascon Abellan<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Klein" title="Philippe Klein">Philippe Klein</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technocentre">Technocentre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Technocentre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG/220px-La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG/330px-La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG/440px-La_Ruche_du_technocentre_vue_depuis_les_Gogottes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>View of the Technocentre from the Jardin des Gogottes</figcaption></figure> The Renault Technocentre (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁəno tɛknɔˈsɑ̃tʁ]</a>) is the main research and development facility. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Guyancourt" title="Guyancourt">Guyancourt</a>. It covers 150 hectares (370 acres)<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> and integrates all departments involved in developing products and industrial processes (design, engineering and product planning) as well as supplier representatives. The Technocentre gathers more than 8,000 employees<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> and comprises three main sections: The Advance Precinct, The Hive and the prototype build centre. The Advance Precinct, a stepped structure surrounded by a lake, has design studios and other departments related to early design stages. The Hive is the tallest structure and includes research and engineering facilities dedicated to the development process of new vehicles. The prototype build centre is an extension of The Hive. The three main structures are accompanied by smaller technical buildings.<a href="#cite_note-TECHNO-216">[216]</a> The Technocentre was one of the first enterprises to have real-time life-size 3D modelling systems.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renault_Tech">Renault Tech</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Renault Tech">edit</a>]</div> Renault Tech is a division of <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport" title="Renault Sport">Renault Sport Technologies</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Les_Ulis" title="Les Ulis">Les Ulis</a>. It was established in 2008 and is in charge of modifying cars and vans for special purposes (<a href="/wiki/Mobility_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobility car">mobility cars</a>, driver's school cars, and <a href="/wiki/Fleet_vehicle" title="Fleet vehicle">business fleets</a>).<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidiaries_and_alliances">Subsidiaries and alliances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries and alliances">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;">Top 10 Groupe Renault vehicle sales by country, 2019<a href="#cite_note-group.renault.com-228">[228]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Vehicle sales </th> <th>Market share </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td align="right">698,723 </td> <td>25.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_avtovazA">[A]</a> </td> <td align="right">508,647 </td> <td>29.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td align="right">247,155 </td> <td>6.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td align="right">239,174 </td> <td>9.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td align="right">220,403 </td> <td>10.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td align="right">183,264 </td> <td>12.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_jinbeiB">[B]</a> </td> <td align="right">179,494 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td align="right">109,952 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td align="right">88,869 </td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td align="right">86,859 </td> <td>5.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right; margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_avtovazA">A</a> Including <a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a> sales </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_jinbeiB">B</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Jinbei_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinbei (marque)">Jinbei</a> and Huasong sales </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_offices_in_Madrid_(Spain)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Renault_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_03.jpg/220px-Renault_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Renault_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_03.jpg/330px-Renault_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Renault_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_03.jpg/440px-Renault_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Renault España">Renault España</a> offices in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_marques">Regional marques</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Regional marques">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dacia">Dacia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dacia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Automobile Dacia</a></div> In 1999, Renault acquired a 51% controlling stake from the Romanian-based manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Automobile Dacia</a>, which was later increased to 99.43%.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> As part of the Renault group, Dacia is a regional marque of entry-levels cars focused on Europe and Northern Africa which shares various models with the Renault marque.<a href="#cite_note-AUTONEWS-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Renault_Samsung_Motors">Renault Samsung Motors</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Renault Samsung Motors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a></div> Renault acquired the car division of Samsung on 1 September 2000 in a $560 million deal for 70%,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> eventually increasing its stake to 80.1%.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The majority of the company's (renamed as Renault Samsung Motors) production at its Busan plant is exported under the Renault badge.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In April 2024, after being renamed Renault Korea Motors and then Renault Korea, the company unified its marketing with the Renault marque and became an assembly subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-Rep-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RCI_Banque">RCI Banque</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: RCI Banque">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RCI_Banque" title="RCI Banque">RCI Banque</a></div> RCI Banque is a wholly owned subsidiary that provides financial services for Renault marques worldwide and Nissan marques in Europe, Russia and South America.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault_Retail_Group">Renault Retail Group</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Renault Retail Group">edit</a>]</div> Renault Retail Group is Renault's wholly owned automobile distributor for Europe.<a href="#cite_note-A1-237">[237]</a> In 1997, the French branches were merged to establish the subsidiary Renault France Automobiles (RFA). In 2001, it served as the basis for Renault Europe Automobiles (REA), which managed sales in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> In 2008, the company adopted its current name.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Renault Retail Group operates in France, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-A1-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manufacturing_subsidiaries">Manufacturing subsidiaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Manufacturing subsidiaries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="French_factories">French factories</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: French factories">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>Batilly, subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_V%C3%A9hicules_Automobiles_de_Batilly" title="Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly">Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly</a> (SoVAB)<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li>ElectriCity <ul><li>Cléon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douai_Renault_Factory" title="Douai Renault Factory">Douai</a></li> <li>Maubeuge, subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge_Construction_Automobile" title="Maubeuge Construction Automobile">Maubeuge Construction Automobile</a> (MCA).<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li>Ruitz, subsidiary Société des Transmissions Automatiques (STA) owned by Renault<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dieppe, <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Automobiles_Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Société des Automobiles Alpine">Société des Automobiles Alpine</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flins_Renault_Factory" title="Flins Renault Factory">Flins</a></li> <li>Auto Châssis International (ACI) <ul><li>Le Mans<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></li> <li>Villeurbanne</li> <li>Meyzieu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandouville_Renault_Factory" title="Sandouville Renault Factory">Sandouville</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Manufacturing_subsidiaries_outside_France">Manufacturing subsidiaries outside France</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Manufacturing subsidiaries outside France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>Cacia (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cormec%C3%A1nica_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cormecánica S.A. (page does not exist)">Cormecánica S.A.</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMEV" title="JMEV">JMEV</a> (China), a joint venture majority owned by Renault and with <a href="/wiki/JMCG" class="mw-redirect" title="JMCG">JMCG</a> as the second largest shareholder<a href="#cite_note-nbd2-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyak-Renault" title="Oyak-Renault">Oyak-Renault</a> (Turkey), a joint venture between Renault and Oyak (Turkey's Armed Forces Pension Fund), established in 1969<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li>Renault Algérie (Algeria), a joint venture between SNVI (51%) and Renault (49%), established in 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Argentina" title="Renault Argentina">Renault Argentina</a> (Argentina)</li> <li>Renault Brilliance Jinbei (China), a joint venture between Renault and <a href="/wiki/Brilliance_Auto" class="mw-redirect" title="Brilliance Auto">Brilliance Auto</a>, established in 2017<a href="#cite_note-Wards-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_do_Brasil" title="Renault do Brasil">Renault do Brasil</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Renault España">Renault España</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_India_Private_Limited" title="Renault India Private Limited">Renault India</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilvoorde_Renault_Factory" title="Vilvoorde Renault Factory">Renault Industrie Belgique S.A./Renault Industrie België N.V.</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a> (South Korea)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_Med&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault Med (page does not exist)">Renault Med</a> (Morocco), a subsidiary operating the Renault-Nissan Alliance factory in Tangier<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Renault México</a> (Mexico, cars manufactured in Nissan's Aguascalientes plant since 2013)<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Pars" title="Renault Pars">Renault Pars</a> (Iran), a joint venture established in 2004 and owned by Renault (51%) and Iran's Industrial Development Renovation Organisation (IDRO) (49%)<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault South Africa (page does not exist)">Renault South Africa</a> (South Africa, cars manufactured in the Nissan's Rosslyn plant)<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoz" title="Revoz">Revoz</a> (Slovenia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofasa" title="Sofasa">Sofasa</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaca" title="Somaca">Somaca</a> (Morocco)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliances">Alliances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Alliances">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi">Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance" title="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance">Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance</a></div> For many years, Renault had a 43.4% stake in Nissan, thereby giving it effective control de jure, and Nissan held a 15% stake (with no voting rights) in Renault.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> As of November 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit">[update]</a> Renault owns 15% shares with voting rights. It has more shares in a French trust which it can use for voting in a few limited situations.<a href="#cite_note-share-125">[125]</a> As well as sharing engines and joint-development of zero-emissions technology, Nissan increased its presence in Europe by badging various Renault van models such as the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo" title="Renault Kangoo">Renault Kangoo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nissan_Kubistar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Kubistar">Nissan Kubistar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Master" title="Renault Master">Renault Master</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nissan_Interstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Interstar">Nissan Interstar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nissan_Primastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Primastar">Nissan Primastar</a>. Some passenger cars have also been badge-engineered, such as the Renault Clio-based <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Platina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Platina">Nissan Platina</a> in Brazil. The "Renault Production System" standard used by all Renault factories borrowed extensively from the "Nissan Production Way" and resulted in Renault productivity improving by 15%. The alliance led to the loss of 21,000 jobs, and the closure of three assembly and two powertrain plants.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> In March 2010 the Renault-Nissan alliance opened its first joint facility in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India, investing 45 billion rupees (US$991.1 million).<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The facility builds the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Micra" title="Nissan Micra">Nissan Micra</a>. The Renault Fluence and <a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos" title="Renault Koleos">Renault Koleos</a> are intended to be assembled there from <a href="/wiki/Knock-down_kit" title="Knock-down kit">completely knocked-down units</a>. As a result of opening its own factory, Renault ended its five-year <a href="/wiki/Mahindra_Renault_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahindra Renault Limited">Mahindra Renault</a> joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Mahindra_%26_Mahindra" title="Mahindra & Mahindra">Mahindra & Mahindra</a> company to make and sell the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Logan" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Logan">Renault Logan</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi_and_Daimler_alliance">Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi and Daimler alliance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi and Daimler alliance">edit</a>]</div> On 7 April 2010 Ghosn and <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Zetsche" title="Dieter Zetsche">Dieter Zetsche</a> announced a partnership between the three companies.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Daimler acquired a 3.10 per cent stake in Renault-Nissan and Renault and Nissan each took a 1.55 per cent stake in Daimler.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geely_alliance">Geely alliance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Geely alliance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_Powertrain" title="Horse Powertrain">Horse Powertrain</a></div> In January 2022, Renault and Chinese manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> signed an agreement by which Renault's South Korean subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Korea Motors">Renault Korea Motors</a>, would produce vehicles based on Geely <a href="/wiki/Compact_Modular_Architecture_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Modular Architecture platform">Compact Modular Architecture platform</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> initially intended for the domestic market. In December 2022, Geely acquired a 34% stake of <a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a> through capital increase as part of their partnership, although the company would continue to be majority owned by Renault and a consolidated subsidiary of it.<a href="#cite_note-Geelyshare2-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> In May 2024, Renault and Geely established a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> <a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">holding</a> aimed at producing <a href="/wiki/Powertrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Powertrains">powertrains</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> (ICE) and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> The venture dates back to an agreement between the two companies in November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Both Geely and Renault were set to transfer their <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> for ICEs and hybrid systems to the venture holding, and plans to supply engines to <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a> (part of Renault Group), <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynk_%26_Co" title="Lynk & Co">Lynk & Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton_Holdings" title="Proton Holdings">Proton</a> (part of Geely)<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a> from the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-auto-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Motors">American Motors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: American Motors">edit</a>]</div> In 1979, Renault entered into an agreement with <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC) to sell cars in the US.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> A year later, Renault acquired a 22.5% interest in AMC.<a href="#cite_note-accent-266">[266]</a> This was not the first time the two companies had worked together. In the early 1960s, Renault assembled <a href="/wiki/Complete_knock_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete knock down">CKD</a> kits and marketed Ramblers in France.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> In 1982, Renault increased its stake in AMC to 46.4%.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> The Renault Alliance/Encore (a modified version of the Renault 9 and 11) entered production in the US, but following AMC's continued decline, Renault withdrew from the US in 1987 and sold its share to Chrysler.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_alliances">Proposed alliances</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Proposed alliances">edit</a>]</div> On 30 June 2006, the media reported that General Motors convened an emergency board meeting to discuss a proposal by shareholder <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Kerkorian" title="Kirk Kerkorian">Kirk Kerkorian</a> to form an alliance with Renault-<a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Co.,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.">Nissan</a>. However, GM CEO <a href="/wiki/Rick_Wagoner" title="Rick Wagoner">Richard Wagoner</a> felt that an alliance would disproportionately benefit Renault's shareholders and that GM should receive compensation accordingly. Talks between GM and Renault ended on 4 October 2006.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> In 2007, Renault-Nissan entered talks with Indian manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bajaj_Auto" title="Bajaj Auto">Bajaj Auto</a> to develop a new ultra-low-cost car along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Nano" title="Tata Nano">Tata Nano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Renault's existing partner in India, Mahindra, was not interested in the project. The proposed joint venture did not come to fruition and in late 2009 the companies announced that Bajaj would develop and manufacturer the vehicle and supply Renault-Nissan with completed cars.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> On 7 October 2008 a Renault executive said the company was interested in acquiring or partnering with Chrysler.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> On 11 October 2008, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, Nissan and Renault had all been in discussions over the past month with Chrysler's owner <a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management" title="Cerberus Capital Management">Cerberus Capital Management</a> about acquiring Chrysler.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In May 2019, <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles" title="Fiat Chrysler Automobiles">Fiat Chrysler Automobiles</a> proposed merging its business with Renault.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The proposal was later withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Renault models have won the <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> award seven times : <ul><li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">Renault 16</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Renault_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9">Renault 9</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a> II<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio III</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Scenic_E-Tech" title="Renault Scenic E-Tech">Renault Scenic E-Tech</a></li></ul> Renault cars have won numerous national-level awards in Spain, Australia, Ireland, the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Renault_car_of_the_year_USA-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Denmark, and elsewhere. Renault and its Dacia subsidiary have won three "Autobest" car of the year awards for the Duster, Logan, and Symbol models.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Heritage_and_Activities_and_Tourism_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (Italy)">Italian Ministry of Culture</a>, in the 2016 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Art_Awards" title="Corporate Art Awards">Corporate Art Awards</a> Renault received by <a href="/wiki/PptArt" class="mw-redirect" title="PptArt">pptArt</a> the award for its Art Collection that inspired the creativity of its car designers.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing_and_branding">Marketing and branding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Marketing and branding">edit</a>]</div> Renault markets its products under three marques: Renault, Dacia and Alpine.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renault_badge">Renault badge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Renault badge">edit</a>]</div> Renault's first badge was introduced in 1900 and consisted of the Renault brothers' intertwined initials. When the company started mass production in 1906, it adopted a gear-shaped logo with a car inside it. After World War I the company used a logo depicting an FT tank. In 1923 it introduced a new circle-shaped badge, which was replaced by the "diamond" or lozenge in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Dinesh-287">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a> of Renault means a diamond that expresses the brand's firm desire to project a strong and consistent corporate image.<a href="#cite_note-EDM-288">[288]</a> The Renault diamond logo has been through many iterations.<a href="#cite_note-Dinesh-287">[287]</a> To modernise its image, Renault asked <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vasarely" title="Victor Vasarely">Victor Vasarely</a> to design its new logo in 1972. The transformed logo maintained the diamond shape. The design was later revised to reflect the more rounded lines of the brand's new styling cues.<a href="#cite_note-Renault.com-289">[289]</a> The current badge has been in use since 1992. The logo for web and print use was updated three times thereafter. In 2002 a more realistic representation inside a yellow rectangle was made which is still used as the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a> logo albeit in red. In 2004 the logo received the Renault Identité typeface. In 2007, Saguez & Partners produced a version with the wordmark and logo inside a square.<a href="#cite_note-Dinesh-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In April 2015, Renault introduced new designs to differentiate the company from the product brand, as part of the 'Passion for life' campaign. The new brand logo replaced the yellow background with a yellow stripe. A new typeface was also introduced. A corporate logo was unveiled at the 2015 Annual General Meeting, incorporating Renault, Dacia and Renault Samsung Motors.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> January 2021 saw the introduction of a new flat diamond logo alongside the Renault 5 Prototype electric concept car. The logo received so much positive feedback that Renault officially introduced the new symbol as their logo in March 2021, according to Renault's design director <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Vidal" title="Gilles Vidal">Gilles Vidal</a>, who joined the group in 2020. They plan to introduce the new diamond on many online platforms in June 2021 and the first model with the new logo featured will be revealed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The yellow associated with the company appeared initially in the diamond badge of 1946, when Renault was nationalised.<a href="#cite_note-Dinesh-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-EDM-288">[288]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Logo_1923.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1923 to 1925"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1923 to 1925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Renault_Logo_1923.svg/120px-Renault_Logo_1923.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Renault_Logo_1923.svg/180px-Renault_Logo_1923.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Renault_Logo_1923.svg/240px-Renault_Logo_1923.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1923 to 1925</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Logo_1925.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1925 to 1946"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1925 to 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_Logo_1925.svg/90px-Renault_Logo_1925.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_Logo_1925.svg/135px-Renault_Logo_1925.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_Logo_1925.svg/180px-Renault_Logo_1925.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1925 to 1946</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Logo_1946.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1946 to 1959"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1946 to 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Renault_Logo_1946.png/81px-Renault_Logo_1946.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Renault_Logo_1946.png/121px-Renault_Logo_1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Renault_Logo_1946.png/161px-Renault_Logo_1946.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="266" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1946 to 1959</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault-Logo-1959.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1959 to 1971"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1959 to 1971" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Renault-Logo-1959.svg/81px-Renault-Logo-1959.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Renault-Logo-1959.svg/122px-Renault-Logo-1959.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Renault-Logo-1959.svg/162px-Renault-Logo-1959.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1959 to 1971</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_1967.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1971 to 1972 (This logo was not used because it is considered as a copy of the logo of the company Kent)[294][295]"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1971 to 1972 (This logo was not used because it is considered as a copy of the logo of the company Kent)[294][295]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Renault_1967.png/100px-Renault_1967.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Renault_1967.png/151px-Renault_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Renault_1967.png/201px-Renault_1967.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1195" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1971 to 1972 (This logo was not used because it is considered as a copy of the logo of the company Kent)<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Logo_1972.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1972 to 1981 (Vasarely Logo)"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1972 to 1981 (Vasarely Logo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Renault_Logo_1972.svg/90px-Renault_Logo_1972.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Renault_Logo_1972.svg/135px-Renault_Logo_1972.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Renault_Logo_1972.svg/180px-Renault_Logo_1972.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1972 to 1981 (Vasarely Logo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1981 to 1992"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1981 to 1992" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png/87px-Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png/130px-Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png/173px-Logo_Renault_1981-1992.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="371" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1981 to 1992</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_1990.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 1992 to 2004"><img alt="Logo of Renault from 1992 to 2004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Renault_1990.svg/120px-Renault_1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Renault_1990.svg/180px-Renault_1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Renault_1990.svg/240px-Renault_1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 1992 to 2004</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 2004 to 2007"><img alt="Créateur d'Automobiles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Renault_logo.svg/120px-Renault_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Renault_logo.svg/180px-Renault_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Renault_logo.svg/240px-Renault_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="82" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 2004 to 2007</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_2009_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 2007 to 2015"><img alt="Drive the Change" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Renault_2009_logo.svg/120px-Renault_2009_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Renault_2009_logo.svg/180px-Renault_2009_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Renault_2009_logo.svg/240px-Renault_2009_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="283" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 2007 to 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault from 2015 to 2021 (still used as a badge)"><img alt="Passion for Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Renault.jpg/120px-Renault.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Renault.jpg/180px-Renault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Renault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="68" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault from 2015 to 2021 (still used as a badge)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_2021_Text.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Renault since 2021"><img alt="Renault logo with text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_2021_Text.svg/120px-Renault_2021_Text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_2021_Text.svg/180px-Renault_2021_Text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Renault_2021_Text.svg/240px-Renault_2021_Text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="438" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of Renault since 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Groupe_renault_smal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groupe Renault logo up to 2021 (as distinct from the Renault diamond used for the brand)"><img alt="Groupe Renault Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Groupe_renault_smal.svg/120px-Groupe_renault_smal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Groupe_renault_smal.svg/180px-Groupe_renault_smal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Groupe_renault_smal.svg/240px-Groupe_renault_smal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="99" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groupe Renault logo up to 2021 (as distinct from the Renault diamond used for the brand)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renault Group logo from 2021 onwards"><img alt="Renault Group logo from 2021 onwards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/120px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/180px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/240px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="46" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renault Group logo from 2021 onwards</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typeface">Typeface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Typeface">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault_MN">Renault MN</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Renault MN">edit</a>]</div> Both the Renault logo and its documentation (technical as well as commercial) historically used Renault MN, a custom <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> developed by British firm <a href="/wiki/Wolff_Olins" title="Wolff Olins">Wolff Olins</a>. This type of family is said to have been designed mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was costly. A retail version of the font family was sold by URW++ as Renault.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault_Identité">Renault Identité</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Renault Identité">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, French typeface designer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Porchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François Porchez">Jean-François Porchez</a> was commissioned to design a replacement. This was shown in October of that year and was called Renault Identité.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The OpenType font family was developed from the Renault logotype created by Éric de Berranger.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helvetica">Helvetica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Helvetica">edit</a>]</div> Since 2007, as part of the Saguez & Partners revamp, all graphic advertising makes use of <a href="/wiki/Helvetica_Neue" class="mw-redirect" title="Helvetica Neue">Helvetica Neue</a> Condensed.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg/250px-L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg/375px-L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg/500px-L%27Atelier_Renault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>L'Atelier Renault in Paris, a cultural place, gastronomy restaurant and car showroom<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renault_Life">Renault Life</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Renault Life">edit</a>]</div> The Renault Life font family was built by Fontsmith Limited, based on the foundry's FS Hackney font family.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> The family consists of six fonts in three weights (Life, Regular, and Bold) and one width, with complimentary italic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Atelier_Renault_Paris">L'Atelier Renault Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: L'Atelier Renault Paris">edit</a>]</div> Renault's flagship showroom, L'Atelier Renault (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[latəlje ʁəno]</a>), is located on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> in Paris, with other manufacturers such as Peugeot, Citroën and Toyota. It opened in November 2000, located on the site of Pub Renault, which operated from 1963 until 1999. The first Renault venue at the location was the Magasin Renault in 1910, a pioneering car showroom.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> L'Atelier features a Renault Boutique as well as regular exhibitions featuring Renault and Dacia cars. An upmarket restaurant is located on the second floor, looking out onto the Champs-Élysées. The ground floor can hold up to five exhibitions at any one time. As of March 2009, 20 million visitors had visited L'Atelier Renault.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renault_Classic">Renault Classic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Renault Classic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renault_Classic" title="Renault Classic">Renault Classic</a></div> Renault Classic is a department within Renault that seeks to collect, preserve and exhibit notable vehicles from the company's history. Originally named Histoire & Collection, the collection was assembled in 2002 and its workshops formally opened on 24 April 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Renault's European advertising made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer" title="Robert Palmer">Robert Palmer</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_and_Mary" title="Johnny and Mary">Johnny and Mary</a>".<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Television advertisements initially used Palmer's original version, while a range of special recordings in different styles were produced during the 1990s, most famously the acoustic interpretation by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Taylor_(guitarist)" title="Martin Taylor (guitarist)">Martin Taylor</a> that he released on his album Spirit of Django. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sponsorship">Sponsorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sponsorship">edit</a>]</div> Renault has sponsored films as an advertising technique since 1899. A Renault Voiturette Type A, driven by Louis Renault, appeared in one of the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumières</a>' early films.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-COLCIN-311">[311]</a> Between 1914 and 1940, the company commissioned a series of documentary films to promote its industrial activities.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Renault also backed some films set in Africa during the 1920s to promote the reliability of its products on tough conditions.<a href="#cite_note-COLCIN-311">[311]</a> Since 1983, the company sponsors the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> and it has also sponsored other festivals as the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>, the Marrakech Film Festival<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival" title="BFI London Film Festival">BFI London Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Through its foundations and institutes, Renault funds projects around the world that focus on: education through scholarships,<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> road safety<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> and diversity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in France">Tanks in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Studyrama. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84472-790-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-84472-790-5"><bdi>2-84472-790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27aventure+des+entrepreneurs&rft.series=Studyrama+perspectives&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Studyrama&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-84472-790-5&rft.aulast=Boutillier&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft.au=Uzunidis%2C+Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWOT_2018-10"><a href="#cite_ref-SWOT_2018_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=131413771&site=ehost-live&scope=site">"Renault SA SWOT Analysis"</a>. 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Arco Pub. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-668-06307-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-668-06307-6"><bdi>0-668-06307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+time+classic+cars%2C+1885%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Arco+Pub&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-668-06307-6&rft.aulast=Por%C3%A1zik&rft.aufirst=Juraj&rft.au=Oravec%2C+J%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIM-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIM_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIM_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"A brief history of the House of Renault". Automotive Industries. 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Books on Demand. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86195-242-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86195-242-8"><bdi>978-3-86195-242-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Automobile+And+Its+Inventors&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-86195-242-8&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Lyman+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renault.co.uk/NMNewsItemDisplay.aspx?nid=119&nc=56&pc=4">"100 years in the driving seat: Renault celebrates a century of Grand Prix Victories"</a>. Renault UK. 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Retrieved 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+10+Best+Brand+Extensions+Ever+%28According+To+Me%29.+7%29Rolls-Royce+Aircraft+Engines&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.time.com%2F2012%2F03%2F14%2Fthe-10-best-brand-extensions-ever-according-to-me%2Fslide%2Frolls-royce-aircraft-engines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/228176/view">"Science Photo Library"</a>. sciencephoto.com. 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Vol. 26. St. James Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0026unse/page/401">401–403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-385-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-385-X"><bdi>1-55862-385-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Directory+of+Company+Histories&rft.pages=401-403&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55862-385-X&rft.aulast=Pederson&rft.aufirst=Jay+P.&rft.au=Derdak%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationaldir0026unse%2Fpage%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1974" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Michael (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmtractorsinco00will/page/31">Farm tractors in color</a>. New York: Macmillan Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmtractorsinco00will/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-629300-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-629300-5"><bdi>0-02-629300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farm+tractors+in+color&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-02-629300-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarmtractorsinco00will%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/LotDetailsPrintable.aspx?intObjectID=1016126">"Lot 128 / Sale 5545: 1909 Renault AX"</a>. christies.com. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christies.com&rft.atitle=Lot+128+%2F+Sale+5545%3A+1909+Renault+AX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2FLotDetailsPrintable.aspx%3FintObjectID%3D1016126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_31-1">b</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault_2015-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault_2015_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218174146/http://www.renaultsportf1.com/IMG/pdf/rsf1-presskit-2015-en_v6.pdf">"Renault Energy F1-2015: Media Guide"</a> (PDF). Renault Sport F1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaultsportf1.com/IMG/pdf/rsf1-presskit-2015-en_v6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renault+Sport+F1&rft.atitle=Renault+Energy+F1-2015%3A+Media+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaultsportf1.com%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Frsf1-presskit-2015-en_v6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AERO-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AERO_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AERO_33-1">b</a> Smith, Michael Stephen (2006). pp. 419–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-INSEE-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoubet1999" class="citation conference cs1">Loubet, Jean Louis (1 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/en/ppp/sommaire/imet95-96m.pdf">Restructuring in the auto industry: the precedent of the 1930s</a> (PDF). Changing for the better approaches to restructuring enterprise groups – 5th seminar of the INSEE Business Statistics Directorate. Insee Méthodes. No. 95–96. Insee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304022604/http://www.insee.fr/en/ppp/sommaire/imet95-96m.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Insee+M%C3%A9thodes&rft.atitle=Restructuring+in+the+auto+industry%3A+the+precedent+of+the+1930s&rft.issue=95%E2%80%9396&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.aulast=Loubet&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fppp%2Fsommaire%2Fimet95-96m.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2014" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J. (2014). French Tanks of World War II (1): Infantry and Battle Tanks. New Vanguard. Osprey Publishing. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-389-2"><bdi>978-1-78200-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Tanks+of+World+War+II+%281%29%3A+Infantry+and+Battle+Tanks&rft.series=New+Vanguard&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-389-2&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi" class="citation web cs1">Farhi, Stephane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120000939/http://www.autonews.com/files/euroauto/inductees/renault.htm">"The lonely man at the top of France's industrial world"</a>. autonews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonews.com/files/euroauto/inductees/renault.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autonews.com&rft.atitle=The+lonely+man+at+the+top+of+France%27s+industrial+world&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonews.com%2Ffiles%2Feuroauto%2Finductees%2Frenault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siedman1-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siedman1_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siedman1_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiedman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Siedman, Michael (2000). "The Birth of the weekend and the revolt against work: The workers of the Paris region during the popular Front (1936–1938)". Society for French Historical Studies. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+for+French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+weekend+and+the+revolt+against+work%3A+The+workers+of+the+Paris+region+during+the+popular+Front+%281936%E2%80%931938%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Siedman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saltmarsh1-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarsh1_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarsh1_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarsh1_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJollySaltmarsh2011" class="citation news cs1">Jolly, David; Saltmarsh, Matthew (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/business/global/20renault.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"To Restore Reputation of a Renault Founder, Family Goes to Court"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Restore+Reputation+of+a+Renault+Founder%2C+Family+Goes+to+Court&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Saltmarsh%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F20renault.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ben Macintyre, Agent Zigzag, p37, Bloomsbury, 2010 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1149-8">978-1-4088-1149-8</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_40-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bellu, René (2003). "Automobilia". Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1940–46 (Les Années Sans Salon). 26. Paris: Histoire & collections: 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toutes+les+Voitures+Fran%C3%A7aises+1940%E2%80%9346+%28Les+Ann%C3%A9es+Sans+Salon%29&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bellu&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shame-41"><a href="#cite_ref-shame_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2005" class="citation news cs1">Morton, Ian (14 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/2735296/Louis-Renault-and-the-shame-of-a-nation.html">"Louis Renault and the shame of a nation"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Louis+Renault+and+the+shame+of+a+nation&rft.date=2005-05-14&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmotoring%2F2735296%2FLouis-Renault-and-the-shame-of-a-nation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ogre-42"><a href="#cite_ref-ogre_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214123926/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,893292,00.html">"Foreign News: Was He Murdered?"</a>. Time. 6 February 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,893292,00.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+Was+He+Murdered%3F&rft.date=1956-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C893292%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScriba1970" class="citation news cs1">Scriba, Jay (7 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19700107&id=dT0aAAAAIBAJ&pg=5789,2899107">"The Rise and Fall of Louis Renault"</a>. The Milwaukee Journal. p. 16. Retrieved 11 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Louis+Renault&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1970-01-07&rft.aulast=Scriba&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19700107%26id%3DdT0aAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5789%2C2899107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Berliet_Renault-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Berliet_Renault_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger,_D._EWright,_SueHantrais,_LindaHoworth,_Jolyon1974" class="citation book cs1">Ager, D. E; Wright, Sue; Hantrais, Linda; Howorth, Jolyon (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlN0QLK4LhUC&q=louis+renault&pg=PA47">Language, politics, and society, p. 46-47</a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-487-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-487-8"><bdi>978-1-85359-487-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+politics%2C+and+society%2C+p.+46-47&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-487-8&rft.au=Ager%2C+D.+E&rft.au=Wright%2C+Sue&rft.au=Hantrais%2C+Linda&rft.au=Howorth%2C+Jolyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlN0QLK4LhUC%26q%3Dlouis%2Brenault%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "British Cars 1951", by Peter Chambers, APC Publications, Birmingham. Pictures and summary at p.35. 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AVERE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=6847&from_espace_adherent=0">the original</a> on 4 February 2017. 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Retrieved 1 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Renault+Zoe+and+BMW+i3+Join+The+50%2C000+Sales+Club&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Frenault-zoe-and-bmw-i3-join-the-50000-sales-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> "As of June 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit">[update]</a>, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (about 225,000), Tesla Model S (over 129,000), Votl/Ampera family (over 117,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 107,000), Toyota Prius PHV (over 75,000), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), and BMW i3 (almost 50,000)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Zoe150K-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Zoe150K_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Luke John (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/1141770/New-Renault-Zoe-2019-battery-range-electric-car">"New Renault Zoe REVEALED with more range, bigger battery and more power"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 May 2020. <q>Nearly 150,000 registrations by the end of May 2019</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=New+Renault+Zoe+REVEALED+with+more+range%2C+bigger+battery+and+more+power&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Luke+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fcars%2F1141770%2FNew-Renault-Zoe-2019-battery-range-electric-car&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RN350K-181"><a href="#cite_ref-RN350K_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223135611/http://blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com/content/renault-nissan-alliance-hits-milestone-350000-electric-vehicles-sold-maintains-position-glob">"Renault-Nissan Alliance hits milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold, maintains position as global EV leader"</a>. blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com (Press release). 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Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renault+et+son+identit%C3%A9+visuelle+...&rft.pub=Admirabledesign.com&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admirabledesign.com%2FRenault-une-nouvelle-identite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://media.renault.com/global/en-gb/renaultgroup/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=65308">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215182759/http://media.renault.com/global/en-gb/renaultgroup/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=65308">Archived</a> 15 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Artist Yann Kersalé and head chef Benoit Gauthier sign unprecedented creations for L'Atelier Renault </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fontsmith.com/blog/2015/06/15/emotive-automotive">"Emotive Automotive"</a>. fontsmith.com. 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fontsmith.com&rft.atitle=Emotive+Automotive&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fontsmith.com%2Fblog%2F2015%2F06%2F15%2Femotive-automotive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Monuments historiques", M.h. Monuments Historiques, Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites, 1990, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0153-3673">0153-3673</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M.h.+Monuments+Historiques&rft.atitle=Monuments+historiques&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0153-3673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110151908/http://www.renault.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse/en-EN/Pieces%20jointes/23415_CP_100ans_EN_Annexes_F6CE9D35.pdf">"Background"</a> (PDF). Renault. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renault.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse/en-EN/Pieces%20jointes/23415_CP_100ans_EN_Annexes_F6CE9D35.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background&rft.pub=Renault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renault.com%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FCommuniqu%25C3%25A9%2520de%2520presse%2Fen-EN%2FPieces%2520jointes%2F23415_CP_100ans_EN_Annexes_F6CE9D35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renault.com/en/passionsport/l-atelier-renault/pages/l-atelier-renault-.aspx">"L'Atelier Renault"</a>. Renault. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Atelier+Renault&rft.pub=Renault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renault.com%2Fen%2Fpassionsport%2Fl-atelier-renault%2Fpages%2Fl-atelier-renault-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2011" class="citation web cs1">Ball, Norman (20 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonjourparis.com/story/finding-car-heaven-paris/">"Finding Car Heaven at Paris Concept Car Showrooms"</a>. Bonjourparis.com. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Car+Heaven+at+Paris+Concept+Car+Showrooms&rft.pub=Bonjourparis.com&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourparis.com%2Fstory%2Ffinding-car-heaven-paris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pariscityguidepl0000unse/page/442">Petit Futé Paris. Thématique guide</a> (in French) (28 ed.). Petit Futé. 2009. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pariscityguidepl0000unse/page/442">442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-2442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-2442-0"><bdi>978-2-7469-2442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Fut%C3%A9+Paris.+Th%C3%A9matique+guide&rft.pages=442&rft.edition=28&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7469-2442-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpariscityguidepl0000unse%2Fpage%2F442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2008-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2008_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Roy P. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=646PVGF2Bd8C">Alpine and Renault: The Development of the Revolutionary Turbo F1 Car 1968–1979</a>. Veloce Publishing Ltd. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-177-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-177-5"><bdi>978-1-84584-177-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alpine+and+Renault%3A+The+Development+of+the+Revolutionary+Turbo+F1+Car+1968%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84584-177-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D646PVGF2Bd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowellsNegreiros2012" class="citation book cs1">Howells, Richard; Negreiros, Joaquim (2012). "Semiotics". Visual Culture (2nd ed.). Polity Press. pp. 127–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5070-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-5070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semiotics&rft.btitle=Visual+Culture&rft.pages=127-129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5070-8&rft.aulast=Howells&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Negreiros%2C+Joaquim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/motori/auto/sezioni/attualita/2012/11/19/news/motori_renault_e_il_grande_schermo-46999034/">"Renault e il grande schermo. Zoe nel film di Lellouche"</a> [Renault and the big screen. Zoe in the Lellouche film]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. 19 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102001606/http://www.repubblica.it/motori/auto/sezioni/attualita/2012/11/19/news/motori_renault_e_il_grande_schermo-46999034/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Renault+e+il+grande+schermo.+Zoe+nel+film+di+Lellouche&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fmotori%2Fauto%2Fsezioni%2Fattualita%2F2012%2F11%2F19%2Fnews%2Fmotori_renault_e_il_grande_schermo-46999034%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COLCIN-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COLCIN_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COLCIN_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2015" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Glenn (2015). "Strange Savages Paid Primitives Negotiating Natives". Colonial Cinema in Africa: Origins, Images, Audiences. McFarland. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7985-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7985-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-7985-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strange+Savages+Paid+Primitives+Negotiating+Natives&rft.btitle=Colonial+Cinema+in+Africa%3A+Origins%2C+Images%2C+Audiences&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7985-6&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2009" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Alain P. (2009). "Corporate Films of Industrial Work: Renault (1916–1939)". In Hediger, Vinzenz; Vonderau, Patrick (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmsthatworkind00hedi">Films that Work</a>. Film Culture in Transition. Amsterdam University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmsthatworkind00hedi/page/n167">167</a>–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-012-3"><bdi>978-90-8964-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corporate+Films+of+Industrial+Work%3A+Renault+%281916%E2%80%931939%29&rft.btitle=Films+that+Work&rft.series=Film+Culture+in+Transition&rft.pages=167-186&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-012-3&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Alain+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmsthatworkind00hedi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCréquy2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Créquy, Perrine (16 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2008/05/15/04010-20080515ARTFIG00691-renault-transporte-sean-penn.php">"Renault transporte Sean Penn"</a> [Renault carries Sean Penn]. Le Figaro (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302175153/http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2008/05/15/04010-20080515ARTFIG00691-renault-transporte-sean-penn.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Renault+transporte+Sean+Penn&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Cr%C3%A9quy&rft.aufirst=Perrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fsocietes-francaises%2F2008%2F05%2F15%2F04010-20080515ARTFIG00691-renault-transporte-sean-penn.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045929/http://media.renault.com/global/en-gb/renaultgroup/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=60541">"Renault is the new main sponsor of the 71st Venice international film festival!"</a>. Renault. 24 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.renault.com/global/en-gb/renaultgroup/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=60541">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renault+is+the+new+main+sponsor+of+the+71st+Venice+international+film+festival%21&rft.pub=Renault&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.renault.com%2Fglobal%2Fen-gb%2Frenaultgroup%2FMedia%2FPressRelease.aspx%3Fmediaid%3D60541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215201517/https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=EB042E24-591E-435B-95D2-C382674865C7">"Renault"</a>. 2012 BFI Film Festival. British Film Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=EB042E24-591E-435B-95D2-C382674865C7">the original</a> on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2012+BFI+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=Renault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatson.bfi.org.uk%2Flff%2FOnline%2Fdefault.asp%3FdoWork%3A%3AWScontent%3A%3AloadArticle%3DLoad%26BOparam%3A%3AWScontent%3A%3AloadArticle%3A%3Aarticle_id%3DEB042E24-591E-435B-95D2-C382674865C7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoblog.com/2012/05/10/renault-will-fund-electro-mobility-classes-in-france/">"Got scholarship? Renault will fund electro-mobility classes in France"</a>. autoblog.com. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Got+scholarship%3F+Renault+will+fund+electro-mobility+classes+in+France&rft.pub=autoblog.com&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoblog.com%2F2012%2F05%2F10%2Frenault-will-fund-electro-mobility-classes-in-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carpages.co.uk/renault/renault_sponsors_national_road_safety_week_06_11_04.asp">"Renault Sponsors UK's National Road Safety Week"</a>. carpages.co.uk. 6 November 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carpages.co.uk&rft.atitle=Renault+Sponsors+UK%27s+National+Road+Safety+Week&rft.date=2004-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carpages.co.uk%2Frenault%2Frenault_sponsors_national_road_safety_week_06_11_04.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocks1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Cocks, Brian (March–May 1992). "A Question of Capacity". Air Enthusiast. No. 45. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=A+Question+of+Capacity&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=58-59&rft.date=1992-03%2F1992-05&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuq2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cuq" title="Benjamin Cuq">Cuq, Benjamin</a> (October 2013). Le livre noir de Renault [The Renault's Black Book] (in French). Paris: First Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7540-5229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7540-5229-0"><bdi>978-2-7540-5229-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+noir+de+Renault&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=First+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=978-2-7540-5229-0&rft.aulast=Cuq&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renault" title="Template:Renault"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renault" title="Template talk:Renault"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renault" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renault"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renault" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_5_E-Tech" title="Renault 5 E-Tech">5 E-Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Clio/Lutecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan" title="Dacia Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Megane_E-Tech_Electric" title="Renault Megane E-Tech Electric">Megane E-Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero" title="Dacia Sandero">Sandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan#Renault_Taliant" title="Dacia Logan">Taliant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pickup trucks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Navara" title="Nissan Navara">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Duster_Oroch" title="Renault Duster Oroch">Oroch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPVs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Triber" title="Renault Triber">Triber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crossovers/SUVs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_4_E-Tech" title="Renault 4 E-Tech">4 E-Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Arkana" title="Renault Arkana">Arkana/Mégane Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Austral" title="Renault Austral">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur" title="Renault Captur">Captur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster" title="Dacia Duster">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kardian" title="Renault Kardian">Kardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kiger" title="Renault Kiger">Kiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos/QM6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos" title="Renault Koleos">Grand Koleos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid" title="Renault Kwid">Kwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Rafale" title="Renault Rafale">Rafale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Scenic_E-Tech" title="Renault Scenic E-Tech">Scenic E-Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbioz" title="Renault Symbioz">Symbioz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Express_(2020)" title="Renault Express (2020)">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Dokker" title="Dacia Dokker">Kangoo (Latin America)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master" title="Renault Master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/120px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/180px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/240px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="46" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Bigster" title="Dacia Bigster">Bigster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_Niagara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault Niagara (page does not exist)">Niagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numeric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_6" title="Renault 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_7" title="Renault 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_8_and_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 8 and 10">8 and 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_9_and_11" title="Renault 9 and 11">9 and 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_14" title="Renault 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_15_and_17" title="Renault 15 and 17">15 and 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_19" title="Renault 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_20/30" title="Renault 20/30">20 and 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_25" title="Renault 25">25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Alliance" title="Renault Alliance">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Avantime" title="Renault Avantime">Avantime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur#Renault_Captur/Kaptur_"Global_Access"_(HA;_2016)" title="Renault Captur">Captur (GA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Dokker" title="Dacia Dokker">Dokker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Alliance" title="Renault Alliance">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence" title="Renault Fluence">Fluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Fluence Z.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Grand Espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Modus" title="Renault Modus">Grand Modus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Grand Scénic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kadjar" title="Renault Kadjar">Kadjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo#Kangoo_Z.E." title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo Z.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Latitude" title="Renault Latitude">Latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Lodgy" title="Dacia Lodgy">Lodgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Medallion" title="Eagle Medallion">Medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Modus" title="Renault Modus">Modus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Premier" title="Eagle Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Micra" title="Nissan Micra">Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Rodeo" title="Renault Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Safrane" title="Renault Safrane">Safrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Almera#N17" title="Nissan Almera">Scala (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Samsung_SM3" title="Renault Samsung SM3">Scala (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbol" title="Renault Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Talisman" title="Renault Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Samsung_SM7" title="Renault Samsung SM7">Talisman (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKA-Renault_Torino" title="IKA-Renault Torino">Torino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vel_Satis" title="Renault Vel Satis">Vel Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Virage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Wind" title="Renault Wind">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Zoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">4CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Caravelle" title="Renault Caravelle">Caravelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Colorale" title="Renault Colorale">Colorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Juvaquatre" title="Renault Juvaquatre">Dauphinoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Caravelle" title="Renault Caravelle">Floride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate" title="Renault Frégate">Frégate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Ondine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Between wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_GS" title="Renault GS">GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_KJ" title="Renault KJ">KJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_KZ" title="Renault KZ">KZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_MT" title="Renault MT">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_NN" title="Renault NN">NN</a></li> <li>Quatre <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Celtaquatre" title="Renault Celtaquatre">Celtaquatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Juvaquatre" title="Renault Juvaquatre">Juvaquatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Monaquatre" title="Renault Monaquatre">Monaquatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Novaquatre" title="Renault Novaquatre">Novaquatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Primaquatre" title="Renault Primaquatre">Primaquatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivaquatre" title="Renault Vivaquatre">Vivaquatre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Six <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Monasix" title="Renault Monasix">Monasix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivasix" title="Renault Vivasix">Vivasix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivasport" title="Renault Vivasport">Vivasport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Nervasport" title="Renault Nervasport">Nervasport</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stella <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Monastella" title="Renault Monastella">Monastella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Nervastella" title="Renault Nervastella">Nervastella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Primastella" title="Renault Primastella">Primastella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Reinastella" title="Renault Reinastella">Reinastella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Suprastella" title="Renault Suprastella">Suprastella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivastella" title="Renault Vivastella">Vivastella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Viva_Grand_Sport" title="Renault Viva Grand Sport">Vivastella Grand Sport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre–WWI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_40CV" title="Renault 40CV">40CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_AX" title="Renault AX">AX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Taxi_de_la_Marne" title="Renault Taxi de la Marne">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Towncar" title="Renault Towncar">CB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Voiturette" title="Renault Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Type_Y" title="Renault Type Y">Y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport" title="Renault Sport">Renault Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_AK_90CV" title="Renault AK 90CV">AK 90CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_5_Turbo" title="Renault 5 Turbo">5 Turbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Clio Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_Spider" title="Renault Sport Spider">Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_V6_RS" title="Renault Clio V6 RS">Clio V6 Renault Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_R.S._01" title="Renault Sport R.S. 01">Renault Sport R.S. 01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Clio RS">Renault Clio RS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_RS" title="Renault Mégane RS">Renault Mégane RS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sandero_RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Sandero RS">Renault Sandero RS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gordini" title="Gordini">Gordini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dauphine Gordini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_8" title="Renault 8">Renault 8</a> Gordini</li> <li>Renault 12 Gordini</li> <li>Renault 17 Gordini</li> <li>Clio Gordini RS</li> <li>Twingo Gordini</li> <li>Twingo Gordini RS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Wind" title="Renault Wind">Wind Gordini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts / prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_5_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 5 EV">5 EV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R5_Turbo_3E" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R5 Turbo 3E">R5 Turbo 3E Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_A110-50" title="Alpine A110-50">Alpine A110-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Alaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Alaskan">Alaskan Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Altica" title="Renault Altica">Altica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Argos" title="Renault Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Be_Bop" title="Renault Be Bop">Be Bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur#Captur_concept" title="Renault Captur">Captur Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Clio R.S.16 Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_DeZir" title="Renault DeZir">DeZir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Egeus" title="Renault Egeus">Egeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Eolab" title="Renault Eolab">Eolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_%C3%89toile_Filante" title="Renault Étoile Filante">Étoile Filante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_EZ" title="Renault EZ">EZ-GO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_EZ" title="Renault EZ">EZ-PRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_EZ" title="Renault EZ">EZ-ULTIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fiftie" title="Renault Fiftie">Fiftie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence#Concept" title="Renault Fluence">Fluence Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Fluence Z.E. Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Frendzy" title="Renault Frendzy">Frendzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#Initiale_Paris" title="Renault Espace">Initiale Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo_Z.E." class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Kangoo Z.E.">Kangoo Z.E. Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kiger" title="Renault Kiger">Kiger Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid#Kwid_concept" title="Renault Kwid">Kwid concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid#Kwid_Climber_concept" title="Renault Kwid">Kwid Climber Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid#Kwid_Racer_concept" title="Renault Kwid">Kwid Racer concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_E-Tech_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Mégane E-Tech Electric">Mégane eVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Morphoz" title="Renault Morphoz">Morphoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Nepta" title="Renault Nepta">Nepta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Racoon" title="Renault Racoon">Racoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R-Space" title="Renault R-Space">R-Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Scénic Vision">Scénic Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbioz_(concept_car)" title="Renault Symbioz (concept car)">Symbioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Talisman#Talisman_Concept" title="Renault Talisman">Talisman Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trezor" title="Renault Trezor">Trezor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#Twin'Run" title="Renault Twingo">Twin'Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#Twin'Z" title="Renault Twingo">Twin'Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy Z.E. Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy Z.E. R.S. F1 Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Z.E." title="Renault Z.E.">Z.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zo" title="Renault Zo">Zo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Zoe Z.E. Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoom" title="Renault Zoom">Zoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic commercial vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_1_000_kg" title="Renault 1 000 kg">1 000 kg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Estafette" title="Renault Estafette">Estafette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Express" title="Renault Express">Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renault_engines" title="List of Renault engines">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Straight-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-4">Straight-4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Cl%C3%A9on-Alu_engine" title="Renault Cléon-Alu engine">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Billancourt_engine" title="Renault Billancourt engine">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Cl%C3%A9on-Fonte_engine" title="Renault Cléon-Fonte engine">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_D-Type_engine" title="Renault D-Type engine">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Energy_engine" title="Renault Energy engine">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_F-Type_engine" title="Renault F-Type engine">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_F7R_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault F7R engine">F7R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_G-Type_engine" title="Renault G-Type engine">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douvrin_engine" title="Douvrin engine">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_K-Type_engine" title="Renault K-Type engine">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R-Type_engine" title="Renault R-Type engine">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA-Renault_X-Type_engine" title="PSA-Renault X-Type engine">X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>V6</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Renault_CH-Type_engine" title="Renault CH-Type engine">CH</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Renault_EF-Type_engine" title="Renault EF-Type engine">EF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/V6_ESL_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="V6 ESL engine">L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/V6_PRV_engine" title="V6 PRV engine">PRV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Renault_E-Tech_Series_(Formula_One_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault E-Tech Series (Formula One engine)">E-Tech</a></dd> <dt>V8</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zytek_ZRS03" title="Zytek ZRS03">ZRS03</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Renault_RS_engine" title="Renault RS engine">RS</a></dd> <dt>V10</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Renault_RS_engine" title="Renault RS engine">RS</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional marques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries and joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordini" title="Gordini">Gordini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Powertrain" title="Horse Powertrain">Horse Powertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMEV" title="JMEV">JMEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motrio" title="Motrio">Motrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyak-Renault" title="Oyak-Renault">Oyak-Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Argentina" title="Renault Argentina">Renault Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_do_Brasil" title="Renault do Brasil">Renault do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Renault España">Renault España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_India_Private_Limited" title="Renault India Private Limited">Renault India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Korea" title="Renault Korea">Renault Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico#Renault-Nissan_Alliance_(Renault_S.A._and_Nissan_Motor_Company,_Ltd.)" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Renault México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Pars" title="Renault Pars">Renault Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoz" title="Revoz">Revoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCI_Banque" title="RCI Banque">RCI Banque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofasa" title="Sofasa">Sofasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaca" title="Somaca">Somaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliet" title="Berliet">Berliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudron" title="Caudron">Caudron-Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Renault" title="Dongfeng Renault">Dongfeng Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitane" title="Gitane">Gitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuliez_Bus" title="Heuliez Bus">Heuliez Bus</a> (37.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveco_Bus" title="Iveco Bus">Irisbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Agriculture" title="Renault Agriculture">Renault Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Russia" title="Renault Russia">Renault Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renix" title="Renix">Renix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Renault" title="Dongfeng Renault">Sanjiang Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviem" title="Saviem">Saviem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renault_vehicles" title="List of Renault vehicles">List of Renault vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance" title="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance">Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renault" title="Category:Renault">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Renault" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Renault">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renault_vehicle_assembly_sites_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_France_assembly" title="Template:Renault France assembly"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renault_France_assembly" title="Template talk:Renault France assembly"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renault_France_assembly" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renault France assembly"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renault_vehicle_assembly_sites_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a> vehicle assembly sites in France</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_V%C3%A9hicules_Automobiles_de_Batilly" title="Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly">Batilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douai_Renault_Factory" title="Douai Renault Factory">Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flins_Renault_Factory" title="Flins Renault Factory">Flins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maubeuge_Construction_Automobile" title="Maubeuge Construction Automobile">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandouville_Renault_Factory" title="Sandouville Renault Factory">Sandouville</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg/90px-AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg/135px-AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg/180px-AubergenvilleUsine_Renault01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annonay_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annonay factory (page does not exist)">Annonay</a>1</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blainville-sur-Orne_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blainville-sur-Orne factory (page does not exist)">Blainville-sur-Orne</a>2</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourg-en-Bresse_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourg-en-Bresse factory (page does not exist)">Bourg-en-Bresse</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Seguin" title="Île Seguin">Île Seguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Agriculture" title="Renault Agriculture">Le Mans</a>3</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rorthais_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rorthais factory (page does not exist)">Rorthais</a>1</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9nissieux_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vénissieux factory (page does not exist)">Vénissieux</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1Sold to <a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a> 2Sold to <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> 3Sold to <a href="/wiki/Claas" title="Claas">Claas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renault_aero_engines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_aeroengines" title="Template:Renault aeroengines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renault_aeroengines" title="Template talk:Renault aeroengines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renault_aeroengines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renault aeroengines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renault_aero_engines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aero engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_35-40_hp_V-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 35-40 hp V-4 (page does not exist)">35-40 hp V-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_45_hp_V-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 45 hp V-8 (page does not exist)">45 hp V-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_50/60_hp" title="Renault 50/60 hp">Renault 50/60 hp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_70_hp" title="Renault 70 hp">70 hp Type WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_70_hp" title="Renault 70 hp">70 hp Type WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_80_hp" title="Renault 80 hp">80 hp Type WS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_90_hp" title="Renault 90 hp">90 hp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_100_hp_V-12" title="Renault 100 hp V-12">100 hp V-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_120_hp_V-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 120 hp V-12 (page does not exist)">120 hp V-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_160_hp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 160 hp (page does not exist)">160 hp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_190_hp_V-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 190 hp V-12 (page does not exist)">190 hp V-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_200_hp_V-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 200 hp V-12 (page does not exist)">200 hp V-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_265_hp_V-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 265 hp V-12 (page does not exist)">265 hp V-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_438" title="Renault 438">438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_446&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 446 (page does not exist)">446</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 454 (page does not exist)">454</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_456&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 456 (page does not exist)">456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_468&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 468 (page does not exist)">468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 626 (page does not exist)">626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_4B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 4B (page does not exist)">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_4P" title="Renault 4P">4P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_6P" title="Renault 6P">6P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_6Q" title="Renault 6Q">6Q</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_7A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 7A (page does not exist)">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 8A (page does not exist)">8A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 8B (page does not exist)">8B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 8C (page does not exist)">8C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_8G" title="Renault 8G">8G</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 9A (page does not exist)">9A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 9C (page does not exist)">9C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_9P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 9P (page does not exist)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_90_hp" title="Renault 90 hp">12A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_130_hp_V-12" title="Renault 130 hp V-12">12D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12E (page does not exist)">12E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_12F" title="Renault 12F">12F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_12Fe" title="Renault 12Fe">12Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12H (page does not exist)">12H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12J (page does not exist)">12J</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12K (page does not exist)">12K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12M (page does not exist)">12M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12N (page does not exist)">12N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_12R" title="Renault 12R">12R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_As_411" title="Argus As 411">12S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_As_411" title="Argus As 411">12T</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_18J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 18J (page does not exist)">18J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_4P" title="Renault 4P">Bengali 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_6P" title="Renault 6P">Bengali 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renault_passenger_cars_timeline_1920s–1950s_—_next_»" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_timeline_1921-1960" title="Template:Renault timeline 1921-1960"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renault_timeline_1921-1960" title="Template talk:Renault timeline 1921-1960"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renault_timeline_1921-1960" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renault timeline 1921-1960"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renault_passenger_cars_timeline_1920s–1950s_—_next_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a> passenger cars timeline 1920s–1950s — <a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_vehicles_timeline_1945_to_1989" title="Template:Renault vehicles timeline 1945 to 1989">next »</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" width="12%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1920s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1930s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1940s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1950s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2.2%">0</td> <td width="2.2%">1</td> <td width="2.2%">2</td> <td width="2.2%">3</td> <td width="2.2%">4</td> <td width="2.2%">5</td> <td width="2.2%">6</td> <td width="2.2%">7</td> <td width="2.2%">8</td> <td width="2.2%">9 </td> <td width="2.2%">0</td> <td width="2.2%">1</td> <td width="2.2%">2</td> <td width="2.2%">3</td> <td width="2.2%">4</td> <td width="2.2%">5</td> <td width="2.2%">6</td> <td width="2.2%">7</td> <td width="2.2%">8</td> <td width="2.2%">9 </td> <td width="2.2%">0</td> <td width="2.2%">1</td> <td width="2.2%">2</td> <td width="2.2%">3</td> <td width="2.2%">4</td> <td width="2.2%">5</td> <td width="2.2%">6</td> <td width="2.2%">7</td> <td width="2.2%">8</td> <td width="2.2%">9 </td> <td width="2.2%">0</td> <td width="2.2%">1</td> <td width="2.2%">2</td> <td width="2.2%">3</td> <td width="2.2%">4</td> <td width="2.2%">5</td> <td width="2.2%">6</td> <td width="2.2%">7</td> <td width="2.2%">8</td> <td width="2.2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">4-cylinder engine</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">4CV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_KJ" title="Renault KJ">KJ</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_NN" title="Renault NN">NN</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Juvaquatre" title="Renault Juvaquatre">Juvaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Juvaquatre" title="Renault Juvaquatre">Juvaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_MT" title="Renault MT">MT</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Celtaquatre" title="Renault Celtaquatre">Celtaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Juvaquatre" title="Renault Juvaquatre">(Juv.) Break / Dauphinoise</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Monaquatre" title="Renault Monaquatre">Monaquatre</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Novaquatre" title="Renault Novaquatre">Novaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Dauphine</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Primaquatre" title="Renault Primaquatre">Primaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Colorale" title="Renault Colorale">Colorale</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_GS" title="Renault GS">10HP (GS/IG/)</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_KZ" title="Renault KZ">KZ</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivaquatre" title="Renault Vivaquatre">Vivaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate" title="Renault Frégate">Frégate</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_12HP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 12HP (page does not exist)">12HP 2812cc</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_15HP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 15HP (page does not exist)">15HP 3178cc</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_18HP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 18HP (page does not exist)">18HP 4535cc</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="41"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Inline-six_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-six engine">6-cylinder engine</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Monasix" title="Renault Monasix">Monasix</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Monastella" title="Renault Monastella">Monastella</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Primastella" title="Renault Primastella">Primastella</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_18HP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 18HP (page does not exist)">18HP 4218cc</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivastella" title="Renault Vivastella">Vivastella</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivasix" title="Renault Vivasix">Vivasix</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vivasport" title="Renault Vivasport">Vivasport</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_22HP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault 22HP (page does not exist)">22HP 4767cc</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Viva_Grand_Sport" title="Renault Viva Grand Sport">Vivastella Grand Sport</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_40CV" title="Renault 40CV">CG,ES,JP 9120cc</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="41"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Straight-eight_engine" title="Straight-eight engine">8-cylinder engine</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Nervastella" title="Renault Nervastella">Nervastella</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Reinastella" title="Renault Reinastella">Reinastella</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Suprastella" title="Renault Suprastella">Suprastella</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Nervasport" title="Renault Nervasport">Nervasport</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Nervasport#Nerva_Grand_Sport" title="Renault Nervasport">Grand Sport</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_previous_—_Renault_car_timeline,_1940s–1980s_—_next_»" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1921-1960">« previous</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a> car timeline, 1940s–1980s — <a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_vehicles_timeline,_European_market,_1980%E2%80%932019" title="Template:Renault vehicles timeline, European market, 1980–2019">next »</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" width="10%">Type </td> <td colspan="5" width="10%">1940s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1980s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy car</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 3">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">4</a> </td> <td colspan="27" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">4</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Supermini_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini car">Supermini</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">4CV</a> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">5</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renault_7" title="Renault 7">7</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">5</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Small family car</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Juvaquatre" title="Renault Juvaquatre">Juvaquatre</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Dauphine</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_6" title="Renault 6">6</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_14" title="Renault 14">14</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_9_%26_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9 & 11">9 / 11</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_19" title="Renault 19">19</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><a href="/wiki/Renault_8_and_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 8 and 10">8 / 10</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Colorale" title="Renault Colorale">Colorale</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">12</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">18</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">21</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fr%C3%A9gate" title="Renault Frégate">Frégate</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_16" title="Renault 16">16</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_20/30" title="Renault 20/30">20 / 30</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_25" title="Renault 25">25</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_15_and_17" title="Renault 15 and 17">15 / 17</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Fuego</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/IKA-Renault_Torino" title="IKA-Renault Torino">Torino</a> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Caravelle" title="Renault Caravelle">Caravelle</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports car</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Alpine_GTA/A610" title="Renault Alpine GTA/A610">Alpine GTA</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Large_MPV" class="mw-redirect" title="Large MPV">Large MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#8FBC8F"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Espace</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Off-road_vehicle" title="Off-road vehicle">Off-roader</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Rodeo" title="Renault Rodeo">Rodeo 4 / 6</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Rodeo" title="Renault Rodeo">Rodeo</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="22" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Estafette" title="Renault Estafette">Estafette</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master" title="Renault Master">Master</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#EFEFEF">Legend </td> <td colspan="48" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>     Models with <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">RR-layout</a></li> <li>     Developed by <a href="/wiki/Industrias_Kaiser_Argentina" title="Industrias Kaiser Argentina">IKA</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">AMC</a></li> <li>     Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Matra" title="Matra">Matra</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_previous_—_Renault_vehicles_timeline,_European_market,_1980–2019_—_next_»" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="«_previous_—_Renault_vehicles_timeline,_European_market,_1980–2019_—_next_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Renault_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Early Renault vehicles">« previous</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a> vehicles timeline, European market, 1980–2019 — <a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_vehicles_timeline,_European_market,_2020_to_date" title="Template:Renault vehicles timeline, European market, 2020 to date">next »</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="10%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2000s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2010s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/City_car" class="mw-redirect" title="City car">City car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">4</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#1" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo I</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#2" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo II</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#3" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo III</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Supermini" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini">Supermini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_5#5" title="Renault 5">5</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_5#Super" title="Renault 5">Super 5</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#1" title="Renault Clio">Clio I</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#2" title="Renault Clio">Clio II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#3" title="Renault Clio">Clio III</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#4" title="Renault Clio">Clio IV</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#5" title="Renault Clio">Clio V</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Zoe</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_7" title="Renault 7">7</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbol#Clio_Symbol" title="Renault Symbol">Clio Symbol</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbol#2" title="Renault Symbol">Symbol II</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan#Second_generation_(L52/K52;_2012)" title="Dacia Logan">Symbol III</a><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">TR</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Modus" title="Renault Modus">Modus</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur#1B" title="Renault Captur">Captur I</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur#II" title="Renault Captur">Captur II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_19" title="Renault 19">19</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#3" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane III</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#4" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_14" title="Renault 14">14</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_9_and_11" title="Renault 9 and 11">11</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane I</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#2" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane II</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_9_and_11" title="Renault 9 and 11">9</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_19" title="Renault 19">19</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Sedan I</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#2" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Sedan II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence" title="Renault Fluence">Fluence</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#4" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Sedan IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Estate I</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#2" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Grand Tour II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#3" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Grand Tour III</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#4" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Grand Tour IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#1" title="Renault Scénic">Mégane Scénic → Scénic I</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#2" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#3" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic III</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#4" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kadjar" title="Renault Kadjar">Kadjar</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos#HY" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos I</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos#HC" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">18</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">21</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna#X56" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna I</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna#X74" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna II</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna#X91" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna III</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Talisman" title="Renault Talisman">Talisman</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#1" title="Renault Espace">Espace I</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#2" title="Renault Espace">Espace II</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#3" title="Renault Espace">Espace III</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#4" title="Renault Espace">Espace IV</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#5" title="Renault Espace">Espace V</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_20/30" title="Renault 20/30">20 / 30</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_25" title="Renault 25">25</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Safrane" title="Renault Safrane">Safrane</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Vel_Satis" title="Renault Vel Satis">Vel Satis</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Latitude" title="Renault Latitude">Latitude</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Fuego</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Avantime" title="Renault Avantime">Avantime</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna#3" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_Spider" title="Renault Sport Spider">Spider</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Wind" title="Renault Wind">Wind</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">LAV</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Express" title="Renault Express">Express</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo#I" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo I</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo#II" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">LCV</a> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic#first_generation" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic I</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic#X83" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a 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colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/City_car" class="mw-redirect" title="City car">City car</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#3" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo III</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Supermini" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini">Supermini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#5" title="Renault Clio">Clio V</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Zoe</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan#Second_generation_(L52/K52;_2012)" title="Dacia Logan">Symbol III</a><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">TR</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan#Renault_Taliant" title="Dacia Logan">Taliant</a><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">TR</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur#II" title="Renault Captur">Captur II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Arkana" title="Renault Arkana">Arkana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#4" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_E-Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Mégane E-Tech">Mégane E-Tech</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#4" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Sedan IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#4" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Grand Tour IV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#4" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic IV</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kadjar" title="Renault Kadjar">Kadjar</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Austral" title="Renault Austral">Austral</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos#HC" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos II</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Scenic_E-Tech" title="Renault Scenic E-Tech">Scénic E-Tech</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Rafale" title="Renault Rafale">Rafale</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Talisman" title="Renault Talisman">Talisman</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#5" title="Renault Espace">Espace V</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#6" title="Renault Espace">Espace VI</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">LAV</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo#II" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo II</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo#III" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo III</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">LCV</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic#X82" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic III</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master#3" title="Renault Master">Master III</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renault_vehicles_timeline,_Latin_American_market,_1980s–2010s_-_next_»" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renault_vehicles_timeline,_Latin_American_market,_1980s%E2%80%932010s" title="Template:Renault vehicles timeline, Latin American market, 1980s–2010s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Renault_vehicles_timeline,_Latin_American_market,_1980s%E2%80%932010s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Renault vehicles timeline, 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style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="10%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2000s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2010s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a> / <a href="/wiki/City_car" class="mw-redirect" title="City car">City car</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">4</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Twingo#1" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kwid" title="Renault Kwid">Kwid</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Supermini" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini">Supermini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#2" title="Renault Clio">Clio II</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio#1" title="Renault Clio">Clio I</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero#First_generation_(B90;_2008)" title="Dacia Sandero">Sandero I</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero#Second_generation_(B52;_2012)" title="Dacia Sandero">Sandero II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFDF00"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Zoe I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan#First_generation_(L90/U90/F90;_2004)" title="Dacia Logan">Logan I</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbol#Clio_Symbol" title="Renault Symbol">Clio Sedan / Citius</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Symbol#2" title="Renault Symbol">Symbol</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Logan#Second_generation_(L52/K52;_2012)" title="Dacia Logan">Logan II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster#First_generation_(HS;_2010)" title="Dacia Duster">Duster I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kaptur" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Kaptur">Captur</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Small family car / Compact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_9_and_11" title="Renault 9 and 11">11</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane I</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#EFDF00"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#3" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane III</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_19" title="Renault 19">19</a> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_9_and_11" title="Renault 9 and 11">9</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Sedan I</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence" title="Renault Fluence">Fluence</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_19" title="Renault 19">19</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#2" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Sedan II</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#1" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Estate I</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#2" title="Renault Mégane">Mégane Grand Tour II</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#1" title="Renault Scénic">Mégane Scénic → Scénic I</a> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#EFDF00"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic#2" title="Renault Scénic">Grand Scénic II</a> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#b7222f"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Koleos#HY" title="Renault Koleos">Koleos I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">21</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_18" title="Renault 18">18</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#EFDF00"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna#X56" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna I</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_20/30" title="Renault 20/30">30</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#9685f7"><a href="/wiki/IKA-Renault_Torino" title="IKA-Renault Torino">Torino</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Fuego" title="Renault Fuego">Fuego</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">LAV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Express" title="Renault Express">Express</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo#I" title="Renault Kangoo">Kangoo I</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Dokker" title="Dacia Dokker">Kangoo II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">LCV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic#first_generation" title="Renault Trafic">Trafic I</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Estafette" title="Renault Estafette">Estafette</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master#2" title="Renault Master">Master II</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Master#3" title="Renault Master">Master III</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Pickup_Truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickup Truck">Pickup Truck</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#798166"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Duster_Oroch" title="Renault Duster Oroch">Duster Oroch → Oroch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFEFEF">Legend </td> <td colspan="41" style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>     Based in <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Dacia" title="Automobile Dacia">Dacia</a> models</li> <li>     Manufactured in Europe</li> <li>     Manufactured in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li>     Developed by <a href="/wiki/Industrias_Kaiser_Argentina" title="Industrias Kaiser Argentina">IKA</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">AMC</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Automotive_industry_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Template:Automotive industry in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Automotive_industry_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: ;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aixam" title="Aixam">Aixam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auverland" title="Auverland">Auverland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Chatenet" title="Automobiles Chatenet">Automobiles Chatenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellier">Bellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9" title="Bolloré">Bolloré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Automobiles" title="Bugatti Automobiles">Bugatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Mercedes-Benz Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartville,_Hambach,_France" title="Smartville, Hambach, France">Smart France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Chapelle" title="De La Chapelle">De La Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delage" title="Delage">Delage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exagon_Engineering" title="Exagon Engineering">Exagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genty_Akylone" title="Genty Akylone">Genty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveco_Bus" title="Iveco Bus">Iveco Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heuliez_Bus" title="Heuliez Bus">Heuliez Bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligier" title="Ligier">Ligier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcar_(brand)" title="Microcar (brand)">Microcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motob%C3%A9cane" title="Motobécane">Motobécane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexter">Nexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya_SAS" title="Navya SAS">Navya SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Auto_Concept" title="Norma Auto Concept">Norma Auto Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGO_(Automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="PGO (Automobile)">PGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Vehicle_Innovation" title="Power Vehicle Innovation">PVI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe Renault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Alpine" title="Automobiles Alpine">Alpine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACMAT" title="ACMAT">ACMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arquus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquus">Arquus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpa" title="Scorpa">Scorpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECMA" title="SECMA">SECMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Automobiles" title="DS Automobiles">DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_France" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing France">Toyota Motor Manufacturing France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y.O_Concept" title="Y.O Concept">Y.O Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturi (automobile)">Venturi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerocarene" title="Aerocarene">Aerocarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACMA_(Ateliers_de_construction_de_motocycles_et_d%27automobiles)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACMA (Ateliers de construction de motocycles et d'automobiles)">ACMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACOMA_(Ateliers_de_Construction_de_Mat%C3%A9riaux)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACOMA (Ateliers de Construction de Matériaux)">ACOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amilcar" title="Amilcar">Amilcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avions_Voisin" title="Avions Voisin">Avions Voisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollack_Netter_and_Co" title="Bollack Netter and Co">BNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliet" title="Berliet">Berliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellanger_(automobile)" title="Bellanger (automobile)">Bellanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignan_(automobile)" title="Bignan (automobile)">Bignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delahaye" title="Delahaye">Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facel_Vega" title="Facel Vega">Facel Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_SAF" title="Ford SAF">Ford SAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuliez" title="Heuliez">Heuliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hommell" title="Hommell">Hommell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Hotchkiss" title="Automobiles Hotchkiss">Hotchkiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine-Dietrich" title="Lorraine-Dietrich">Lorraine-Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumeneo_Neoma" title="Lumeneo Neoma">Lumeneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Marathon" title="Automobiles Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matford" title="Matford">Matford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathis_(automobile)" title="Mathis (automobile)">Mathis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_electric" title="Mia electric">Mia electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(automobile)" title="Monica (automobile)">Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mors_(automobile)" title="Mors (automobile)">Mors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPM_Motors" title="MPM Motors">MPM Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Group" title="PSA Group">PSA Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_L._Rosengart" title="Automobiles L. Rosengart">Rosengart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Automobiles_Pilain_(SAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Société des Automobiles Pilain (SAP)">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmson" title="Salmson">Salmson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviem" title="Saviem">Saviem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAB_(Societe_d%27Exploitation_et_d%27Application_des_Brevet)" class="mw-redirect" title="SEAB (Societe d'Exploitation et d'Application des Brevet)">SEAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simca" title="Simca">Simca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matra" title="Matra">Matra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Ren%C3%A9_Bonnet" title="Automobiles René Bonnet">René Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talbot (automobile)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DB_(car)" title="DB (car)">Deutsch-Bonnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot-Lago" title="Talbot-Lago">Talbot-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturi (automobile)">Venturi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: ;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricfil" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricfil">Electricfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faurecia" title="Faurecia">Faurecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPmobility" title="OPmobility">OPmobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot GTI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peugeot_Sport" title="Peugeot Sport">Peugeot Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport" title="Renault Sport">Renault Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordini" title="Gordini">Gordini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodemo_Moteurs" title="Sodemo Moteurs">Sodemo Moteurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeo" title="Valeo">Valeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: ;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RCI_Banque" title="RCI Banque">RCI Banque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: ;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Automobile" title="Cité de l'Automobile">Cité de l'Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Aventure_Peugeot" title="Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot">Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Automobile_Reims_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Automobile Reims Champagne">Musée Automobile Reims Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Classic" title="Renault Classic">Renault Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: ;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9tromobile" title="Rétromobile">Rétromobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_NCAP" title="Euro NCAP">Euro NCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Grand_Prix" title="French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoroutes_of_France" title="Autoroutes of France">Autoroutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Category:Automotive industry in France">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automotive industry in France">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_CAC_40_companies_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CAC_40_companies" title="Template:CAC 40 companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CAC_40_companies" title="Template talk:CAC 40 companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CAC_40_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CAC 40 companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_CAC_40_companies_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/CAC_40" title="CAC 40">CAC 40</a> companies of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Last updated: 30 September 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Liquide" title="Air Liquide">Air Liquide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a></li> <li><a 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Algeria&#124;link=Algeria_Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" title="Template:Automotive industry in Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Algeria&#124;link=Algeria_Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Automotive industry in Algeria</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport in Algeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ENMTP" title="ENMTP">ENMTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sofare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofare">Sofare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrag" title="Etrag">Etrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNVI" title="SNVI">SNVI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORYX_Motors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORYX Motors (page does not exist)">ORYX Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VMS_Industrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VMS Industrie (page does not exist)">VMS Industrie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycma (page does not exist)">Cycma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonacome" title="Sonacome">Sonacome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_Moteurs_Tracteurs" title="Complexe Moteurs Tracteurs">CMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Tractors_Company" title="Algerian Tractors Company">Algerian Tractors Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europactor_Algeria" title="Europactor Algeria">Europactor Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industries_M%C3%A9caniques_Maghr%C3%A9bines" title="Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines">IMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Algeria" title="Mercedes-Benz Algeria">Mercedes-Benz Algeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renault Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_Algeria" title="Rheinmetall Algeria">Rheinmetall Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatel_Liebherr" title="Somatel Liebherr">Somatel Liebherr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" title="Category:Automotive industry in Algeria">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_Algeria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automotive industry in 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data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316145857929623020282">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10039419-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36157568">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008396249&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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