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class="vector-toc-text"> 2 The Myth of the Old Guard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Myth_of_the_Old_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subcultures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subcultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subcultures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subcultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lesbians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesbians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lesbians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesbians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaf_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaf_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Deaf people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaf_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootblacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootblacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bootblacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootblacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_age_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_age_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Various age groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various_age_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leather_Pride_Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leather_Pride_Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Leather Pride Flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leather_Pride_Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Locations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Locations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bars,_sex_clubs_and_urban_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" title="Leather – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leather" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%85" title="خرده‌فرهنگ چرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرده‌فرهنگ چرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_cuir" title="Communauté cuir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté cuir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura_leather" title="Subcultura leather – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Subcultura leather" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%AA%27%D7%A8" title="לת'ר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לת'ר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leerfetisjisme" title="Leerfetisjisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leerfetisjisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="レザーフェティシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レザーフェティシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura_do_couro" title="Subcultura do couro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Subcultura do couro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Тирии (субкультара) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тирии (субкультара)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leather subculture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4derklubb" title="Läderklubb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läderklubb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9%E6%88%80" title="皮革戀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Subculture involving leather garments</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leather,_Latex,_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg/300px-Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg/450px-Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg/600px-Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Pride flag">Leather Pride flag</a>, a symbol for the leather community, designed by <a href="/wiki/Tony_DeBlase" title="Tony DeBlase">Tony DeBlase</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> Leather subculture denotes practices and styles of dress organized around <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activities</a> that involve <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> garments, such as <a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Vest">vests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">chaps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bondage_harness" title="Bondage harness">harnesses</a>, or other items. Wearing leather garments is one way that participants in this culture self-consciously distinguish themselves from mainstream sexual cultures. Many participants associate leather culture with <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> practices and its many <a href="/wiki/Fetish_subculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetish subculture">subcultures</a>. For some, black leather clothing is an <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> that expresses heightened <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> or the appropriation of sexual power; love of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">motorcycle clubs</a> and independence; and/or engagement in <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">sexual kink</a> or leather <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual fetish">fetishism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The emergence of gay leather as a coherent subculture can be traced back to the second half of the 1940s and the 1950s in major cities of the US. Later, it also developed in other urban centers in most industrialized capitalist countries.<a href="#cite_note-:16-2">[2]</a> While gay leather developed 20 years after heterosexual European and American fetish styles, it did so relatively isolated from those existing circles and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> Although there is some evidence of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM activities</a> among gay men before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, this "pre-leather" scene has not been extensively researched. Due to pathologization and criminal prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)" title="Kink (sexuality)">kinkiness</a> in many parts of the world, many practitioners were extremely cautious and secretive about their activities. As a result, only few sources have survived. The same is true for the early days of the leather scene after World War II. One exception is <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Steward" title="Samuel Steward">Samuel Steward</a> (1909–1993) who lived in the US and extensively documented his kinky sexual encounters with other men. He also was part of a study of gay BDSM practices by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formative_Years_(1940-1968)">Formative Years (1940-1968)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formative Years (1940-1968)">edit</a>]</div> The formative period of gay leather subculture took place in the 1940s and 1950s. It mainly originated from two groups: Post-WWII California bikers in Los Angeles and "pre-leather" butch BDSM practitioners in New York City. The leather look first emerged in Los Angeles and subsequently was adopted by men in New York City, Chicago and San Francisco in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> A significant portion of the leather community consisted of <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> servicemen and servicewomen returning from WWII, who were congregating in large US cities after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet" title="Operation Magic Carpet">returning</a> to their home country in 1945 and 1946.<a href="#cite_note-:21-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_(1953).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_%281953%29.jpg/220px-Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_%281953%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_%281953%29.jpg/330px-Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_%281953%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_%281953%29.jpg/440px-Triumph_Thunderbird_from_the_movie_%22The_Wild_One%22_%281953%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Triumph Thunderbird from the movie "The Wild One"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg/220px-Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg/330px-Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg/440px-Physique_Pictorial_Vol_17_No_1_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the magazine Physique Pictorial volume 17 number 1 by Tom of Finland, 1968</figcaption></figure> In Los Angeles, the gay leather scene developed from a broader biker-leather culture. Protective motorcycle clothing at this time was made of tough leather, usually <a href="/wiki/Cowhide" title="Cowhide">cowhide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horsehide" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsehide">horsehide</a>. Biker culture reflected a disaffection with the mainstream culture of post-World War II America, a disaffection whose notoriety — and therefore appeal — expanded after the sensationalized news coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Hollister_riot" title="Hollister riot">Hollister "riot"</a> of 1947. The 1953 film <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_One" title="The Wild One">The Wild One</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> wearing jeans, a T-shirt, a leather jacket, and cloth biker cap that later inspired leather bike caps, played on pop-cultural fascination with the Hollister "riot" and promoted an image of masculine independence that resonated with some men who were dissatisfied with mainstream culture.<a href="#cite_note-ebar.com-6">[6]</a> The Wild One has been quoted numerous times as formative imagery by leathermen, who described its leather look as masculine, sexual and radical. Although the film didn't create the symbolics of leather, it helped to standardize the masculine leather aesthetic and provided it with nationwide exposure.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dom_Orejudos" title="Dom Orejudos">Etienne</a>, whose suggestive drawings of well-endowed leather-clad muscle men were published in <a href="/wiki/Physique_Pictorial" title="Physique Pictorial">Physique Pictorial</a> and elsewhere, contributed to the spread of the outlaw biker aesthetic among gay men.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> Motorcycle culture also reflected some men's disaffection with the cultures more organized around <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musical theater</a>), and/or <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp style</a>. Pioneering gay motorcycle clubs included the <a href="/wiki/Satyrs_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satyrs Motorcycle Club">Satyrs Motorcycle Club</a>, established in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in 1954; <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> Motorcycle Club in Los Angeles, which split from the Satyrs in 1958. As well, the gay leather community that emerged from the motorcycle clubs also became the practical and symbolic location for men's open exploration of <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">kink</a> and <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">S&M</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin1998-8">[8]</a> Even in those early years, different styles of gay male leather practices could be observed: Strict, formal S&M that was based on military traditions, informal "rough sex"<a href="#cite_note-OG_Tradition-9">[9]</a> or "buddy sexuality"<a href="#cite_note-rubin_OG-10">[10]</a> associated with motorcycle clubs, and leather fetishism, as well as a mixture of all of those three. These varied widely between regions, causing much debate today over which traditions are the original or true traditions, or whether the "romanticized versions of leather history" ever existed at all.<a href="#cite_note-wiseman_leather-11">[11]</a> Over time, the practitioners of kink and BDSM were joined by those who were primarily interested in the aesthetics and atmosphere of the leather scene. New York City, which was a hub for queer life at the time, had a small community of gay BDSM practitioners that was already established in the 1940s. It was organized in the form of informal social networks, mostly through word of mouth and supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Code_(cryptography)" title="Code (cryptography)">encoded</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_advertisement" title="Personal advertisement">personal ads</a> in newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-occupytampa.org-12">[12]</a> Another fixture were private parties by local players.<a href="#cite_note-:16-2">[2]</a> One facilitator of recurring parties between 1950 and 1953 was Bob Milne, who had moved from Boston to New York City after multiple altercations with law enforcement, including a conviction for homosexual acts in his home. He was well known beyond the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> The New Yorker community appropriated California-style biker leather got appropriated in the mid-1950s, probably around the release of The Wild One (1953). Dedicated motorcycle clubs didn't emerge in New York City until the 1960s, though.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> The earliest documented bars frequented by leathermen were a cluster of venues in New York City at 50th Street and 3rd Avenue, called the "bird circuit", namely the Golden Pheasant Restaurant, the Blue Parrot Cafe and the Swan Club. Later, Shaw's (1953), the Lodge (1954) and the Big Dollar (1959) emerged as early "leather-friendly" bars.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> The lodge also imposed a dress code of leather, meaning mostly leather motorcycle jackets. After Milne's departure in 1953 Frank Olson became a central player in New York City, mostly by facilitating contacts between practitioners via telephone and in leather-friendly bars, and organizing private parties in New York City and at <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a> resort. Especially during the mid-60s crackdown on gay bars leading up to the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a> he held the loose group together.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> In 1970 Milne opened his own leather bar with his lover Don Morrison, the Eagle's Nest, later renamed the Eagle.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"If you knew Frank Olson, it was your ticket to meeting other people who were into S&M. [...] Frank was the go-to-guy New York — in London it was Felix, Berlin it was George. It guaranteed you could always find a heavy sex night in the city. You could be pretty sure that if you got tied up, you wouldn't get killed."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Don Morrison, Fire Island Pines Historical Society, Interview with New York's original leather daddies: Frank Olson and Don Morrison</cite></div></blockquote> Dedicated leather bars slowly emerged between the 1950s and the 1960s in major Cities of the US (notably New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco) and in Europe, gaining immense popularity in the 1970s. According to Lucas Hilderbrand, leather bars played an important role by giving the scene coherence as well as providing sites for assembly. Especially in the period before Stonewall, the patrons were regularly threatened by police raids. In contrast, the motorcycle clubs' regular bike runs provided opportunities for undisturbed partying and sex outdoors. In the 1970s, leather bars also became sponsors of leather contests, as well as sexual spaces (sex in bars was illegal, but mostly tolerated), evident in the back rooms, dark corners or basements which had become a regular feature of many establishments.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> From the 1960s onward, leather bars became a central fixture of gay leather life, that provided a gathering space for the community and a point of entry into the scene for newcomers. Bars also played a key role in turning leather into a consumable aesthetic and identity, often enforced by <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress codes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-16">[16]</a> Several influencal authors, who would later write about the leather subculture, are known to have joined the scene during the mid-1960s, among them Joseph Bean,<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> Guy Baldwin,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and John Preston.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> As Guy Baldwin stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"My introduction to leather life was really my introduction to leather bar life."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guy Baldwin, A second coming out</cite></div></blockquote> The first leather bars had their origins in ordinary venues that were regularly patronized by groups of leathermen. The best-known example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(bar)" title="Gold Coast (bar)">Gold Coast</a> in Chicago, which became a popular meeting place for the local scene in the late 1950s. After the unexpected death of the owner, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Renslow" title="Chuck Renslow">Chuck Renslow</a> bought it and reopened as a queer-owned leather bar in 1960. An iconic feature were the murals done by Renslow's partner <a href="/wiki/Dom_Orejudos" title="Dom Orejudos">Dom Orejudos</a> (pen name Etienne), who also designed its logo and posters.<a href="#cite_note-:02-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-21">[21]</a> In San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco" title="South of Market, San Francisco">South of Market</a> became the hub of the leather subculture in the gay community in 1962 when the <a href="/wiki/The_Tool_Box_(bar)" title="The Tool Box (bar)">Tool Box</a> opened its doors as the first leather bar in the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-BrookCarlssonPeters1998-22">[22]</a> operated from 1962 to 1971 on the east corner of 4th Street and Harrison Street and was often frequented by motorcycle clubs like the <a href="/wiki/Satyrs_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satyrs Motorcycle Club">Satyrs</a> and Oedipus.<a href="#cite_note-:16-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Tool Box became famous nationwide due to the June 1964 Paul Welch <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> article entitled "Homosexuality In America," the first time a national publication reported on gay issues. Life's photographer was referred to the Tool Box by <a href="/wiki/Hal_Call" title="Hal Call">Hal Call</a>, who had long worked to dispel the myth that all homosexual men were effeminate. The article opened with a two-page spread of the mural of life size leathermen in the bar, which had been painted by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Arnett" title="Chuck Arnett">Chuck Arnett</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> The article described San Francisco as "The Gay Capital of America" and inspired many gay leathermen to move there.<a href="#cite_note-leatherarchives.org-26">[26]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/The_Stud_(bar)" title="The Stud (bar)">Stud</a>, along with Febe's, opened up on <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street" title="Folsom Street">Folsom Street</a> in San Francisco in 1966, other gay leather bars and establishments catering to the leather subculture followed creating a foundation for the growing gay leather community.<a href="#cite_note-BrookCarlssonPeters1998-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golden_Age_(1969-1982)">The Golden Age (1969-1982)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Golden Age (1969-1982)">edit</a>]</div> The 1970s are considered the heyday of leather culture, also referred to as the Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During this time, the subculture grew by leaps and bounds worldwide, accompanied by increasing organization, diversification, improving networks and visibility.<a href="#cite_note-:23-17">[17]</a> Leather bars became sponsors of leather contests, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Beauty_pageant" title="Beauty pageant">beauty pageants</a>, as well as sexual spaces (sex in bars was illegal, but mostly tolerated), evident in the back rooms, dark corners or basements which had become a regular feature of many establishments.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> Another feature of US-leather bars in the 1970s were <a href="/wiki/Bootblacking_(BDSM)" title="Bootblacking (BDSM)">bootblacks</a>, e.g. the Gold Coast in Chicago and the Ramrod in New York City were fitted with bootblack stands.<a href="#cite_note-:17-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Another new development was the <a href="/wiki/Hanky_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanky code">hanky code</a>, which communicated sexual preferences through colored handkerchiefs.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg/220px-Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg/330px-Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg/440px-Leather_Archives_%26_Museum_-_Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Artifacts from motorcycle clubs and leather bars on display at the <a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_%26_Museum" title="Leather Archives & Museum">Leather Archives & Museum</a> (2024)</figcaption></figure> The first leather contest was most likely the <a href="#Competitions">"Mr. Gold Coast" pageant</a> held in 1972 in the Gold Coast in Chicago, which was rebranded as <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-:02-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-21">[21]</a> Notable sex clubs of the time include the <a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft</a> (1976–1985) in New York City, Inferno weekend in Chicago (since 1976) and the Catacombs (1975–1984) in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-occupytampa.org-12">[12]</a> The "leather daddy" archetype from the late 1970s, which has <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadomasochistic</a> associations, led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Daddy_(slang)" title="Daddy (slang)">daddy</a> archetype in queer culture.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> While the scene had functioned via oral tradition and personal referral in the previous decades, the rapid growth in numerous cities was accompanied by the emergence of printed publications. This also led to greater formalization and standardization — the communities on the East and West coasts had previously developed differing traditions, such as whether S or M stood for sadist and masochist or for slave and master, or on which side keys were worn to indicate one's <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">role</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Townsend" title="Larry Townsend">Larry Townsend</a>'s The Leatherman's Handbook (1972) is considered the first non-fiction book about the leather scene. In 1974, the first issue of <a href="/wiki/Drummer_(magazine)" title="Drummer (magazine)">Drummer</a> magazine was published in Los Angeles, which was the most successful of the American leather magazines, and sold overseas.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The publication had a major impact of spreading gay leather as a lifestyle and masculinity as a gay ideal. The magazine was focused on quality writings about leather,<a href="#cite_note-barobit-35">[35]</a> accompanied by erotic foto series and illustrations, and written erotica. For example, the erotic novel Mr. Benson by <a href="/wiki/John_Preston_(American_author)" title="John Preston (American author)">John Preston</a> was first published in serialized form in Drummer magazine between 1979 and 1980 with a claimed press run of 42,000 copies per issue.<a href="#cite_note-:21-4">[4]</a> In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a> had a huge leather scene with several leather clubs in the area around <a href="/wiki/Nollendorfplatz" title="Nollendorfplatz">Nollendorfplatz</a>. The pornographic films of one of <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a>'s models <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berlin" title="Peter Berlin">Peter Berlin</a> from Berlin, such as his 1973 film Nights in Black Leather, also reflected and promoted the leather subcultural aesthetic. In 1975,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Europe's biggest fetish event started, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Berlin" title="Easter Berlin">Easter Berlin</a> Leather Festival, organized annually by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://easterberlin.de/en/blf/">Berlin Leder und Fetisch e.V.</a> MSC Hamburg began hosting an annual "international leather-party" in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Also in Europe younger men combined the aesthetic and exploration of sexual power with the <a href="/wiki/Gay_skinhead" title="Gay skinhead">gay skinhead</a> movement and social-fraternal organizations, from the late 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Slater" title="Cynthia Slater">Cynthia Slater</a>'s activism for women to be accepted within the gay leather scene in San Francisco during the late 1970s brought her to mainstream attention.<a href="#cite_note-LHF-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Call-39">[39]</a> Slater persuaded the management of San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">S/M</a> leather club the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs</a>, the most famous <a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">fisting</a> club in the world, to open up to lesbians; it was originally a gay men's club.<a href="#cite_note-occupytampa.org-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Call-39">[39]</a> It operated from 1975 to 1981, and reopened at another location from 1982 to 1984. Slater was also an early proponent of <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">S/M</a> safety, and one of the major <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> activists and educators during the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-LHF-38">[38]</a> Slater hosted <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Janus" title="Society of Janus">Society of Janus</a> safety demonstrations during the late 1970s, cultivating a space for women within the 'plurality of gay men' already present within the leather/<a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)" title="Kink (sexuality)">kink</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetish</a> <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn-diagramatic</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-Drummer-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Pat Califia</a>, who identified as a lesbian at the time, was an activist in the San Francisco leather subculture, and is credited for defining the emergence of lesbian leather subculture. On June 13, 1978, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Pat Califia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a>, and sixteen others co-founded <a href="/wiki/Samois" title="Samois">Samois</a>, a lesbian-<a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> BDSM organization in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> that existed from 1978 to 1983 and was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States. (More under "<a href="#Lesbian">Lesbian</a>" below).<a href="#cite_note-jeffreys130-41">[41]</a> In recent decades the leather community has been considered a subset of BDSM culture rather than the BDSM community being considered a subset of leather culture. Even so, the most visibly organized SM community related to leather has been a subculture of leather, as evidenced by the American competition known as <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> (IML, established 1979), and SM in the UK (established 1981). <a href="/wiki/International_Ms._Leather" title="International Ms. Leather">International Ms. Leather</a> was first held in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated126-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-rubin419-43">[43]</a> In 1979 the newly formed San Francisco lesbian motorcycle club, <a href="/wiki/Dykes_on_Bikes" title="Dykes on Bikes">Dykes on Bikes</a>, led what was then called the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade</a> for the first time<a href="#cite_note-leatherarchives1979-44">[44]</a> and has done so ever since. Since 1994, the event has been called the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> Parade. The parade now has a leather contingent. By the mid-1980s, lesbian motorcycle enthusiasts in other cities besides San Francisco began to form motorcycle clubs. Leather and Lace, a woman's leather/BDSM support and social group, was founded in Los Angeles in 1980. The women of Leather and Lace learned the "old guard" traditions from the men of Avatar.<a href="#cite_note-avatarla1-45">[45]</a> Leather and Lace had a code of conduct and a uniform that could only be worn once a member earned the right. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Age_of_Political_Mobilization_(1983–present)">The Age of Political Mobilization (1983–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Age of Political Mobilization (1983–present)">edit</a>]</div> The leather community was hit hard by several effects of the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS epidemic</a> in the mid-1980s. In the 1980s and early 1990s, lesbian leatherwomen were often involved in helping to care for gay leathermen who had been stricken with AIDS. In addition, leather title holders used their platform for fundraising purposes and advocacy work, and kinksters became more active in existing rights groups, joining the fight against AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-:21-4">[4]</a> On the one hand, the leather community faced increased hostility—both mainstream society and the vanilla queer community blamed the allegedly "extreme" and "unsafe" sex practices of gay kinksters for the outbreak of the epidemic, with <a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">fisting</a> being especially frowned upon. On the other hand, a nationwide political campaign to close sex clubs, bathhouses and similar establishments was successful, and within a few years many institutions that had played a central role within the community were shut down. The forced closing of bathhouses and increased regulation of leather bars sped up the ongoing gentrification in big cities, that already threatened their existence, so that the leather districts shrank rapidly after the explosive expansion of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-occupytampa.org-12">[12]</a> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a> in San Francisco was held for the first time, made possible by housing activists and community organizers, to provide means for fundraising, and create opportunities for members of the leather community to connect to services and vital information (e.g., regarding safer sex) that bathhouses and bars might otherwise have been situated to distribute.<a href="#cite_note-:24-46">[46]</a> It was and still is the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Cheap_date_-_what_to_do-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fritscher" title="Jack Fritscher">Jack Fritscher</a>'s short-story collection Corporal in Charge of Taking Care of Captain O'Malley (Gay Sunshine Press, 1984) was the first collection of leather fiction, and the first collection of fiction from <a href="/wiki/Drummer_(magazine)" title="Drummer (magazine)">Drummer</a>. The title entry Corporal in Charge was the only play published by editor <a href="/wiki/Winston_Leyland" title="Winston Leyland">Winston Leyland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Literary Award">Lambda Literary Award</a> winner Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine - An Anthology of Gay History, Sex, Politics & Culture (1991). Competing in the 1986 <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> contest inspired Steve Maidhof to organize a conference for members of the growing leather, SM, and fetish community, which would focus on education and political activism. To host this conference, named Living in Leather, Maidhof recruited several friends and leading members of Seattle's leather community including: Cookie Andrews-Hunt, Wayne Gloege, Billy Jefferson, Jan Lyon, George Nelson, and Vik Stump. Together, they formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Leather_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Leather Association">National Leather Association</a> (NLA), which officially incorporated in the summer of 1986. In October, they hosted the first Living in Leather (LIL) conference.<a href="#cite_note-nla-48">[48]</a> Adding "International" to its name in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/National_Leather_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Leather Association">National Leather Association-International</a> staged "Living in Leather" gatherings until 2002. After a period of decline around the turn of the millennium, NLA-I has become more active again and runs a series of awards for fiction and non-fiction writing.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(1993)_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%281993%29_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg/220px-%281993%29_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%281993%29_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg/330px-%281993%29_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%281993%29_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg/440px-%281993%29_March_on_Washington_for_LGB_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation_--_57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Participants representing S/M Leather Fetish in the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation 1993</figcaption></figure> In 1987, Judy Tallwing McCarthey was the leather community's keynote speaker at the <a href="/wiki/Second_National_March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian_and_Gay_Rights" title="Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights">Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Judyleather-49">[49]</a> The leather community doubled down on its efforts to depathologize consensual BDSM and end the stigmatization of BDSM practitioners. From 1987 onwards, leathermen Race Bannon and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Baldwin" title="Guy Baldwin">Guy Baldwin</a> in particular campaigned for the removal of BDSM practices from the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The current version of the DSM, <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>, excludes consensual BDSM from diagnosis when the sexual interests cause no harm or distress.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> was founded in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Renslow" title="Chuck Renslow">Chuck Renslow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_DeBlase" title="Tony DeBlase">Tony DeBlase</a> as a “community archives, library, and museum of leather, <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)" title="Kink (sexuality)">kink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> history and culture.”<a href="#cite_note-leatherarchives1-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:leather-53">[53]</a> In 1997 the (American) <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Sexual_Freedom" title="National Coalition for Sexual Freedom">National Coalition for Sexual Freedom</a> was founded; the NCSF's mission as described on its web page is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The NCSF is committed to creating a political, legal and social environment in the US that advances equal rights for consenting adults who engage in alternative sexual and relationship expressions. The NCSF aims to advance the rights of, and advocate for consenting adults in the <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>-Leather-Fetish, <a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a> Communities. We pursue our vision through direct services, education, advocacy, and outreach, in conjunction with our partners, to directly benefit these communities.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></blockquote> In 2002, an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> publicly highlighted <a href="/wiki/Jack_McGeorge" title="Jack McGeorge">Jack McGeorge</a>'s leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> leather and <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-:12-55">[55]</a> McGeorge had made no attempt to conceal his involvement in the BDSM and leather lifestyles; his full name appeared prominently on websites, and he said as much to the Post and other media. He did, however, offer his resignation to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a>, hoping to preserve the credibility of his organization (the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">U.N.</a> Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, called <a href="/wiki/UNMOVIC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMOVIC">UNMOVIC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-wp-obit-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-cv-58">[58]</a> before the weapons inspections in Iraq. Blix refused to accept McGeorge's resignation. Later, <a href="/wiki/Hua_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua Jiang">Hua Jiang</a>, spokeswoman for U.N. Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, said that being into BDSM was no more likely to be a cross-cultural problem in the Middle East than any number of other issues.<a href="#cite_note-:13-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Leno" title="Mark Leno">Mark Leno</a> was the first out leatherman to be a state legislator in the United States; he served in the California State Assembly from 2002 to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:14-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg/220px-Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg/330px-Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg/440px-Leather_Contingent_Pride_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A leather contingent at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> Parade.</figcaption></figure> In 2005 <a href="/wiki/V._M._Johnson" title="V. M. Johnson">Viola Johnson</a> started The Carter/Johnson Library & Collection, a “collection of thousands of books, magazines, posters, art, club and event pins, newspapers, event programs and ephemera showing leather, fetish, S/M erotic history."<a href="#cite_note-leatherlibrary1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-leatherlibrary2-63">[63]</a> In 2009 the Leather Hall of Fame began inducting members.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Leather & Grace, a (now defunct) organization of <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist">Unitarian Universalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">kinksters</a>, was founded in 2011, and combined a red <a href="/wiki/Flaming_chalice" title="Flaming chalice">flaming chalice</a> with the stripes of the leather pride flag for their logo.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg/220px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg/330px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg/440px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="2141" /></a><figcaption>Leathermen at <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Pride" title="Cologne Pride">Cologne Pride</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District</a> was created in <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco" title="South of Market, San Francisco">South of Market, San Francisco</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-sabatini-67">[67]</a> It includes the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_South_of_Market_Leather_History_Alley" title="San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley">San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley</a>, with four works of art, which opened in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-aaa-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jewish2-69">[69]</a> In 2024, the San Francisco Recreation and Park Commission voted to name a park at Natoma and 11th streets Rachele Sullivan Park. As she (Rachele Sullivan) was a leather leader, this vote meant San Francisco is believed to be the first American city to name any public park after a leather leader.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Lately, the leather subculture is one of many facets to semi-organized alternative sexuality. Many individuals describe long periods of introspection leading to their choice to identify as "leather".<a href="#cite_note-crossculturebdsm-71">[71]</a> Others do not necessarily associate their leather lifestyle with BDSM, and simply enjoy the sensory experience of leather.<a href="#cite_note-Vanilla_Leather-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Myth_of_the_Old_Guard">The Myth of the Old Guard</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Myth of the Old Guard">edit</a>]</div> Today, the term "Old Guard", "Old Leather" or "Old Guard Leather" has several meanings. Originally, "Old Guard" refers to the beginnings of the leather scene, from around the end of WWII in 1945 to the mid or late 1960s. Over the decades, this early period has been so strongly romanticized and idealized, both in fictional works and by practitioners themselves, that it is considered the <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> of the leather subculture by some, and its roots by others.<a href="#cite_note-:9-73">[73]</a> An example of this are the fictional works of Thom Magister. The Old Guard is usually portrayed as a secret close-knit community of like-minded men (e.g. in the form of motorcycle clubs), who developed a uniform hierarchical, high-protocol set of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> practices based on military models and lived according to a strict ethics, that included initiation, brotherhood, discipline and the pursuit of excellence.<a href="#cite_note-:8-27">[27]</a> This "pure form" of leather culture allegedly was increasingly pushed underground in the 1960s, when the first leather bars established themselves and the leather scene received an enormous influx of newcomers, not all of whom were interested in the <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetish</a> aspects of the scene. This narrative often includes serious criticism of the increasing <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politicisation" title="Politicisation">politicization</a> of the leather scene, as well as the introduction of safety principles like sane, safe, consensual (SSC), the inclusion and further education of outsiders, which all slowly gained momentum in the 1960s and reached a peak in the 1980s. The discourse about the Old Guard and its historical existence has mainly been conducted since the end of the 1980s. One example of this is the anthology Leatherfolk: radical sex, people, politics, and practice by Mark Thompson, which was published in 1992 and brought together different, sometimes contradictory perspectives on leather culture. The term "New Guard" or "New Leather" emerged in distinction from "Old Guard", with both often being portrayed as polar opposites—casual versus strict, informal versus formal. But as <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a>, Jack Rinella and Joseph Bean have pointed out, both of those expressions existed from the start within the subculture.<a href="#cite_note-:10-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-rinella_OG-76">[76]</a> With this context in mind, today "Old Guard" is often used pejoratively to describe older members of the leather community who hold conservative views which are seen as outdated or toxic, e.g. in terms of "correct" behavior or the inclusion of different groups of people within the scene.<a href="#cite_note-:14-60">[60]</a> There have been several revival attempts of a leather culture modeled after the ideal of the Old Guard, such as John Weal's The Leatherman's Protocol Handbook (2010). The author refers to his initiation by Old Guard instructors and presents a uniform protocol that allegedly all traditional leathermen followed. However, the book has been criticized as not being true to the historical facts, and incorporates practices which can be traced back to different sources, such as submissive positions of heterosexual <a href="/wiki/Gor" title="Gor">Gorean</a> BDSM.<a href="#cite_note-:13-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subcultures">Subcultures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subcultures">edit</a>]</div> Today, while some may still use the term strictly in the old-fashioned sense (i.e., the romanticized Old Guard), more than ever the leather subculture in the 21st century represents the activities of several major sub-communities.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-1">[1]</a> These include BDSM practitioners, and people who have a preference for aggressive or masculine sexual styles; people who love motorcycles; people involved in <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">kink</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual fetish">leather fetishism</a>; and people who participate in large-scale cultural and marketing events such as <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a> or leather-themed <a href="/wiki/Circuit_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit parties">circuit parties</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesbians">Lesbians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lesbians">edit</a>]</div> Although gay men are the most visible demographic of the leather community, there are numerous women who identify as leatherwomen – and women have the <a href="/wiki/International_Ms._Leather" title="International Ms. Leather">International Ms. Leather</a> (IMsL) event as their corollary to <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> (IML). An example of a leatherwoman is <a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett" title="Joan Jett">Joan Jett</a>, who has a leather pride sticker prominently displayed on her guitar. Relatively few <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> women were visible during the early emergence of the leather subculture. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Patrick Califia</a>, a trans man who identified as a lesbian at the time, was an activist in the San Francisco leather subculture, and is credited for defining the emergence of lesbian leather subculture. On June 13, 1978, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Patrick Califia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a>, and sixteen others co-founded <a href="/wiki/Samois" title="Samois">Samois</a>, a lesbian-<a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> BDSM organization in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> that existed from 1978 to 1983 and was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States. (More under "<a href="#Lesbian">Lesbian</a>" below)<a href="#cite_note-jeffreys130-41">[41]</a> In recent decades the leather community has been considered a subset of BDSM culture rather than a descendant of that culture. Even so, the most visibly organized SM community related to leather has been a subculture of leather, as evidenced by the American competition known as <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> (established 1979), and SM in the UK (established 1981). <a href="/wiki/International_Ms._Leather" title="International Ms. Leather">International Ms. Leather</a> was first held in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated126-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-rubin419-43">[43]</a> with the first winner being Judy Tallwing McCarthey,<a href="#cite_note-Judyauto5-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Judyauto1-78">[78]</a> a lesbian.<a href="#cite_note-Judyauto-79">[79]</a> In 1979 the newly formed San Francisco lesbian motorcycle club, <a href="/wiki/Dykes_on_Bikes" title="Dykes on Bikes">Dykes on Bikes</a>, led what was then called the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade</a> for the first time<a href="#cite_note-leatherarchives1979-44">[44]</a> and has done so ever since (since 1994, the event has been called the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> Parade). Leather and Lace, a woman's leather/BDSM support and social group, was founded in Los Angeles in 1980. The women of Leather and Lace learned the "old guard" traditions from the men of Avatar.<a href="#cite_note-avatarla1-45">[45]</a> Leather and Lace had a code of conduct and a uniform that could only be worn once a member earned the right. In New York, there was LSM. Only members of the club were allowed to know that LSM stood for <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Sex_Mafia" title="Lesbian Sex Mafia">Lesbian Sex Mafia</a>. By the mid-1980s, lesbian motorcycle enthusiasts in other cities besides San Francisco began to form motorcycle clubs. In the 1980s and early 1990s, lesbian leatherwomen were often involved in helping to care for gay leathermen who had been stricken with AIDS. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaf_people">Deaf people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deaf people">edit</a>]</div> In 1986, Baltimore Leather Association of the Deaf (BLADeaf), the first <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deaf</a> leather club in America, was founded. Its original name was Maryland Lambda Alliance of the Deaf and it had three name changes before its name was changed to BLADeaf. It was founded by Elwood C. Bennett, Scott Wilson, and Harry "Abbe" Woosley Jr. According to BLADeaf, the fact of the Baltimore Eagle being BLADeaf's home bar means the Baltimore Eagle is the world's first bar to home a deaf leather organization.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1989, a deaf chapter of the <a href="/wiki/National_Leather_Association_International" title="National Leather Association International">National Leather Association</a> called “NLA: Deaf Chapter”, which eventually became International Deaf Leather, was founded by Michael Felts, Philip Rubin, Bob Donaldson, Rolf Hagton, Jim Dunne, Bobby Andrascik and Charles Wilkinson.<a href="#cite_note-:4-82">[82]</a> International Deaf Leather held contests for the titles International Ms. Deaf Leather, International Mr. Deaf Leather, and International Deaf Leather Boy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-82">[82]</a> International Deaf Leather also bestowed the Michael Felts Lifetime Achievement Award, which in 1997 was given to Baltimore Leather Association of the Deaf (BLADeaf) cofounder Harry “Abbé” Woosley Jr., and the International Deaf Leather Recognition Award, which in 1998 was given to Baltimore Leather Association of the Deaf (BLADeaf).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> International Deaf Leather ended in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a> Deaf leathermen have continued to compete at <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">IML</a>; in 1992, IML featured three deaf contestants.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootblacks">Bootblacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bootblacks">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bootblacking_(BDSM)" title="Bootblacking (BDSM)">Bootblacking (BDSM)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shine_(27783899525).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shine_%2827783899525%29.jpg/220px-Shine_%2827783899525%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shine_%2827783899525%29.jpg/330px-Shine_%2827783899525%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shine_%2827783899525%29.jpg/440px-Shine_%2827783899525%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Bootblack working the stand at <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a>.</figcaption></figure> With the establishment of local, regional and international bootblack contests in the 1990s and early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Bootblacking_(BDSM)" title="Bootblacking (BDSM)">bootblacks</a> began to gain visibility as a subculture in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-:17-29">[29]</a> Nowadays, bootblack stands as well as classes on bootblacking are common fixtures at events, contests, conferences and parties. Bootblacking is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Service_(business)" title="Service (business)">service</a> to the leather community and the care of the gear Leatherpeople use, such as <a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Vest">vests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">chaps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bondage_harness" title="Bondage harness">harnesses</a>, or items made from <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> or other materials. They are not only preserving the physical items (many of which have been gifted, earned or inherited) but are also collecting the stories of their wearers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Therefore, bootblacks play a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> of the leather scene.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Various_age_groups">Various age groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Various age groups">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Leather_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Leather subculture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the United States, men's leather culture has been associated with men above the age of 40, but recent years have seen growing numbers of younger leather men. Also, in much of the rest of the world, including Europe and Australia, there is a merging of the established older leather community with young leathermen and leatherwomen and kink/fetish/gear communities. In Europe, younger men have combined the aesthetic and exploration of sexual power with the <a href="/wiki/Gay_skinhead" title="Gay skinhead">gay skinhead</a> movement and social-fraternal organizations like <a href="/wiki/BLUF_(fetishism)" title="BLUF (fetishism)">BLUF</a>, from the late 1970s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leather_Pride_Flag">Leather Pride Flag</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leather Pride Flag">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather pride flag</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leather,_Latex,_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg/258px-Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg/387px-Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg/516px-Leather%2C_Latex%2C_and_BDSM_pride_-_Light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Pride flag">Leather Pride flag</a>, a symbol for the leather community, designed by <a href="/wiki/Tony_DeBlase" title="Tony DeBlase">Tony DeBlase</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">leather pride flag</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Tony_DeBlase" title="Tony DeBlase">Tony DeBlase</a>, who first presented it at <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> on May 28, 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:7-88">[88]</a> DeBlase considered the flag to be a first draft and expected the community would suggest changes to the design.<a href="#cite_note-:7-88">[88]</a> While some community members wanted a say in the final design,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> the majority embraced DeBlase's original design as-is.<a href="#cite_note-:7-88">[88]</a> To this day, the flag has not undergone any significant revisions.<a href="#cite_note-:7-88">[88]</a> In June 1989 the flag was used by the leather contingent in a <a href="/wiki/Pride_Northwest" title="Pride Northwest">Portland, Oregon pride parade</a>, which was its first appearance at a <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">pride parade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-archive1989-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> Artists and photographers have played a crucial role in the leather scene. In the early days, they created works that gave the emerging subculture a face and visualized taboo sexual fantasies, whether in the form of murals in bars and clubs, drawings and photo spreads in magazines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Drummer_(magazine)" title="Drummer (magazine)">Drummer</a> magazine) or comics, and made a decisive contribution to its dissemination. In oral histories, for example, the works of <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a> are repeatedly described as influential for one's own sexual biography. Many men identified with his characters, who were pictured as mansculine and virile, thus defeating homophobic stereotypes of effeminacy. Tom's drawings were central to the development and dissemination of a more unified gay leather aesthetic, resulting in the so-called "clone look" of the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:25-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Tom's work wasn't pornography. It was salvation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert J. Pierce, Tom of Finland: The Case for Gay Art, The Soho News (6 February 1980)</cite></div></blockquote> Many artists who play a major cultural role in the leather scene are usually hardly known beyond this due to the erotic and pornographic content of their works. Exceptions are the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe and the illustrator Tom of Finland. The <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom of Finland Foundation">Tom of Finland Foundation</a> (ToFF), which was founded in 1984, aims to promote erotic art and support erotic artists through scholarship programs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Influential artists of the leather scene include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_Orejudos" title="Dom Orejudos">Dom Orejudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Arnett" title="Chuck Arnett">Chuck Arnett</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> The leather scene has thrived on its organizations and clubs, from informal networks in the 1940s and motorcycle clubs in the 1950s and 1960s to today's organizations focused on information and education. Particularly in the early days, motorcycle clubs were central social hubs, which not only provided a community for like-minded men, but also inconspicuous covers for the first BDSM associations. Pioneering motorcycle clubs formed in Los Angeles, namely the <a href="/wiki/Satyrs_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satyrs Motorcycle Club">Satyrs Motorcycle Club</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> Motorcycle Club in Los Angeles, which split from the Satyrs in 1958. Early <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> clubs included the Warlocks (1960) and the California Motor Club.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin1998-8">[8]</a> In Chicago, the first club was Second City Motorcycle Club (1965), with Chuck Renslow as its first president. It built the foundation for Chicago Hellfire Club (1971), which had the express purpose of facilitating BDSM sex and has been sponsoring Inferno since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dykes_on_bikes_(19250309242).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dykes_on_bikes_%2819250309242%29.jpg/220px-Dykes_on_bikes_%2819250309242%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dykes_on_bikes_%2819250309242%29.jpg/330px-Dykes_on_bikes_%2819250309242%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dykes_on_bikes_%2819250309242%29.jpg/440px-Dykes_on_bikes_%2819250309242%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dykes on Bikes during a Pride Parade</figcaption></figure> In New York City gay motorcycle clubs developed later than in California: Empire City MC (1964) was the first gay motorcycle club in New York, followed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> Motorbike Club (1967) and Cycle MC (1968).<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> In Europe, the first Leather Club was the Sixty Nine Club (1965) in London, other early European leather clubs include Senses (1969) in UK, MS Amsterdam (1970) and MSC Rhein-Main Frankfurt  (1970),  Loge 70 (1973) in Switzerland, MSC London (1973) and MS Belgica (c. 1974) in Brussels. The European Confederation of Motorcycle Club (ECMC) was founded as first confederation of kink and leather clubs in Europe in 1974, with leatherman Felix Jones being an important figure in that development.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Early clubs in Sydney included the South Pacific Motor Club (SPMC).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1979 the first lesbian motorcycle club <a href="/wiki/Dykes_on_Bikes" title="Dykes on Bikes">Dykes on Bikes</a> was formed in San Francisco. It has been leading the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> Parade since its establishment.<a href="#cite_note-leatherarchives1979-44">[44]</a> By the mid-1980s, lesbian motorcycle enthusiasts in other cities besides San Francisco began to form motorcycle clubs. Over time more clubs were founded that were explicitly linked to leather and BDSM. These include <a href="/wiki/Samois" title="Samois">Samois</a> (1978–83) in San Francisco as the first lesbian BDSM organization in the US, Chicago Hellfire Club (1971), 15 Association in San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/The_Eulenspiegel_Society" title="The Eulenspiegel Society">Eulenspiegel Society</a> in New York and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Janus" title="Society of Janus">Society of Janus</a> in Chicago. The Gay Male S/M Activists (GMSMA, 1981–2009) and the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Sex_Mafia" title="Lesbian Sex Mafia">Lesbian Sex Mafia (LSM)</a> were founded in 1981 in New York City. Both were committed to open enrollment, as well as a focus on education for newcomers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The principle of "<a href="/wiki/Safe,_sane_and_consensual" title="Safe, sane and consensual">safe, sane, consensual</a>" (SSC) stems from GMSMA's environment.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> There are leather clubs that are particularly committed to improving the rights of different marginalized groups within the leather scene through advocacy work and community building. The best known and most established is Onyx, which was founded 1995 for and by gay and bisexual <a href="/wiki/BIPOC" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPOC">BIPOC</a> men.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> More recently, Proteus Leather Club was founded in Europe for and by trans and non-binary people in leather.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bars,_sex_clubs_and_urban_districts">Bars, sex clubs and urban districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bars, sex clubs and urban districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam,_Netherlands,_Northern_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands%2C_Northern_Europe.jpg/220px-Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands%2C_Northern_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands%2C_Northern_Europe.jpg/330px-Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands%2C_Northern_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands%2C_Northern_Europe.jpg/440px-Warmoesstraat_street_skatch._Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands%2C_Northern_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>Cockring, now closed, was a popular leather and sex club in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warmoesstraat" title="Warmoesstraat">Warmoesstraat</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bars and clubs played a key role in the development of the gay leather scene, providing a gathering space for the community and a point of entry into the scene for newcomers, as well as turning leather into a consumable aesthetic and identity, often enforced by dress codes. They are considered the first distinct subgenre of gay bars, and with their characteristic visuals are often depicted as gay bars' most iconic form. Designated leather bars started appearing between the 1950s and 1960s in major cities, exploding in popularity in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:22-16">[16]</a> Usually, leather bars were found in industrial and working-class city neighborhoods, like <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco" title="South of Market, San Francisco">South of Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and the Manhattan <a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_District,_Manhattan" title="Meatpacking District, Manhattan">Meatpacking District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal_on_my_phone,_2017_-_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Montreal_on_my_phone%2C_2017_-_4.jpg/220px-Montreal_on_my_phone%2C_2017_-_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Montreal_on_my_phone%2C_2017_-_4.jpg/330px-Montreal_on_my_phone%2C_2017_-_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Montreal_on_my_phone%2C_2017_-_4.jpg/440px-Montreal_on_my_phone%2C_2017_-_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Black Eagle Bar in Montreal</figcaption></figure> Many major cities around the world had or have leather bars and clubs, and in some cases a concentration of these associated a particular district with the leather scene, with the most well known being the "Miracle Mile" on <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street" title="Folsom Street">Folsom Street</a> in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-:24-46">[46]</a> Dozens of leather bars are named "Eagle" or some variant thereof; although they are independently owned, these <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(bar)" title="The Eagle (bar)">Eagle bars</a> share a focus on leather, kink, and masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Leather districts include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: the Cockring (now closed) and Eagle bars and <a href="/wiki/Warmoesstraat" title="Warmoesstraat">Warmoesstraat</a> street — noting the closing of most of the leather bars once here, newspaper <a href="/wiki/Het_Parool" title="Het Parool">Het Parool</a> stated in 2015 that "the darkroom has been consigned to history because of <a href="/wiki/Grindr" title="Grindr">Grindr</a>".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Warmoesstraat" title="Warmoesstraat">Warmoesstraat</a>, the first leather bar in the country opened around 1955.<a href="#cite_note-gaybarnl-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: Scheune (bar), <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Bar" title="Tom's Bar">Tom's Bar</a>, both on <a href="/wiki/Motzstra%C3%9Fe" title="Motzstraße">Motzstraße</a>, New Action on Kleiststraße and the area around <a href="/wiki/Nollendorfplatz" title="Nollendorfplatz">Nollendorfplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(bar)" title="Gold Coast (bar)">Gold Coast</a>, GayLife newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Country_(bathhouse)" title="Man's Country (bathhouse)">Man's Country</a> bathhouse and the Chicago Eagle all were located on a street block of <a href="/wiki/Clark_Street_(Chicago)" title="Clark Street (Chicago)">Clark Street</a> (from Ainslie to Winnemac).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: the sexclubs <a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft</a> (1976–85)<a href="#cite_note-auto1-103">[103]</a> and Anvil (1974–85)<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Meatpacking District">Meatpacking District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District</a> covers the area which traditionally has had a concentration of leather bars and clubs, among others Fe-Be's, SF Eagle, The Stud, The Ramrod and the In Between.<a href="#cite_note-:16-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>: in the gay-friendly <a href="/wiki/Condesa" title="Condesa">Condesa</a> neighbourhood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toms-mexico.com/">Tom's Leather Bar</a> serves special nights for the Mexican leather community since 1995.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Influential leather bars and clubs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>City </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Opening Year </th> <th>Closing Year </th> <th>Significance </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Tool_Box_(bar)" title="The Tool Box (bar)">Tool Box</a> </td> <td>South of Market, San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>First leather bar in South of Market, murals by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Arnett" title="Chuck Arnett">Chuck Arnett</a>. Featured in "Homosexuality in America", an article published by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine 1964. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Rubin1998-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(bar)" title="Gold Coast (bar)">Gold Coast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>First designated leather bar in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, owned by leatherman <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Renslow" title="Chuck Renslow">Chuck Renslow</a>, murals by <a href="/wiki/Dom_Orejudos" title="Dom Orejudos">Dom Orejudos</a> (Etienne). Sponsor of the "Mr. Gold Coast" pageant (1972–78), which in 1979 developed into <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:17-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shaw's </td> <td>New York City </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>c. 1953 </td> <td>c. 1964 </td> <td>First "leather friendly bar" in New York City </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Big Dollar </td> <td>New York City </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>c. 1959 </td> <td>c. 1964 </td> <td>Early dedicated leather bar in New York City </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lodge </td> <td>New York City </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>c. 1954 </td> <td>c. 1964 </td> <td>First leather bar in New York City that imposed a dress code. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Why Not </td> <td>San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>First leather bar in San Francisco, managed by leatherman Tony Tavarossi, closed after a vice squad arrest. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eagle's Nest (later: the Eagle) </td> <td>New York City </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td> </td> <td>Owned by leatherman Bob Milne, became the model for numerous <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(bar)" title="The Eagle (bar)">"Eagle" bars</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe-Be's </td> <td>Folsom Street, South of Market, San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Most influencal leather bar in San Francisco in the second half of the 60s, part of the "Miracle Mile" on Folsom Street, also housed the shop A Taste of Leather. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loreley </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td> </td> <td>Probably the first leather bar in Germany. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:26-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ochsengarten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td> </td> <td>First leather bar in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and one of the first leather bars in Germany. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Anvil_(gay_club)" title="The Anvil (gay club)">The Anvil</a> </td> <td>New York City </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a> <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> <a href="/wiki/Afterhours_club" title="Afterhours club">after-hours</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_club" title="Sex club">sex club</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Backstreet" title="The Backstreet">The Backstreet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>London's longest running, and last remaining leather bar. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Eagle_police_raid" title="Atlanta Eagle police raid">Atlanta Eagle</a> </td> <td>Atlanta </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>c. 1985/1987 </td> <td> </td> <td>Subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Eagle_police_raid" title="Atlanta Eagle police raid">Atlanta Eagle police raid</a> in 2009, named a historic landmark by the City of Atlanta as the first recognized and protected LGBTQ landmark in the Deep South. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coleherne,_Earl%27s_Court" title="Coleherne, Earl's Court">Coleherne Arms 1866</a> </td> <td>Earl's Court, London </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Internationally known leather club in the 1970s and 1980s, nicknamed 'The Cloneherne'. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Members-only <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> leather bar and <a href="/wiki/Sex_club" title="Sex club">sex club</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>. Predecessor leather bars in the same building since 1968. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramrod </td> <td>Folsom Street, South of Market, San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td>? </td> <td>Part of the "Miracle Mile" on Folsom Street </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Eagle" title="San Francisco Eagle">San Francisco Eagle</a> (also SF Eagle; formerly Eagle Tavern) </td> <td>South of Market, San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_San_Francisco_Designated_Landmarks" title="List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks">San Francisco Designated Landmark</a> designated in 2021. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seattle Eagle (formerly J&L Saloon) </td> <td>Seattle </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>c. 1982 </td> <td> </td> <td>First leather bar in Seattle. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramrod_(New_York_City)" title="Ramrod (New York City)">Ramrod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, Manhattan, New York City </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>The bar was shuttered and never reopened after an act of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">anti-gay gun violence</a> in 1980. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Stud_(bar)" title="The Stud (bar)">The Stud</a> </td> <td>San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td> </td> <td>Originally part of the "Miracle Mile" on Folsom Street, owned by George Matson and Alexis Muir (Muir was a transgender woman then known as Richard Conroy). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs</a> </td> <td>San Francisco </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Gay underground sex club, mostly known for fisting. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-occupytampa.org-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toms Saloon </td> <td>Hamburg </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td> </td> <td>Murals by <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_archives,_&_libraries">Museums, archives, & libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Museums, archives, & libraries">edit</a>]</div> Many LGBT museums, archives and libraries collect material relating to leather communities, with many holding substantial collections, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Queer_Archives" title="Australian Queer Archives">Australian Queer Archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1991 <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Renslow" title="Chuck Renslow">Chuck Renslow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_DeBlase" title="Tony DeBlase">Tony DeBlase</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a> “as a community archives, library, and museum of Leather, <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)" title="Kink (sexuality)">kink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> history and culture.”<a href="#cite_note-shapiro48-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-leatherarchives1-52">[52]</a> Renslow and DeBlase founded the museum in response to the AIDS crisis, during which the leather community's history and belongings were frequently lost or intentionally suppressed and discarded.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="#cite_note-:leather-53">[53]</a> In 2005 <a href="/wiki/V._M._Johnson" title="V. M. Johnson">Viola Johnson</a> started The Carter-Johnson Leather Library, "a non-profit [501(c)(3) pending] organization that consists of a traveling collection of thousands of books, magazines, posters, art, club and event pins, newspapers, event programs and ephemera showing leather, fetish, S/M erotic history."<a href="#cite_note-leatherlibrary1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-leatherlibrary2-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_recognition">Official recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Official recognition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District</a> was created in the <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco" title="South of Market, San Francisco">South of Market (SoMa)</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-sabatini-67">[67]</a> It includes the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_South_of_Market_Leather_History_Alley" title="San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley">San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley</a>, with four works of art, which opened in 2017:<a href="#cite_note-aaa-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jewish2-69">[69]</a> the four works of art are: A black granite stone etched with a narrative by <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a>, an image of the "Leather <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">David</a>" statue by Mike Caffee, a reproduction of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Arnett" title="Chuck Arnett">Chuck Arnett</a>'s 1962 mural that was in the Tool Box (a gay leather bar),<a href="#cite_note-Jewish2-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> engraved standing stones that honor community leather institutions (one being the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">leather pride flag</a> pavement markings through which the stones emerge, and bronze bootprints along the curb which honor 28 people who were an important part of the leather communities of San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish2-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa-68">[68]</a> On May 25, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">Chicago City Council</a> voted to designate a stretch of <a href="/wiki/Clark_Street_(Chicago)" title="Clark Street (Chicago)">Clark Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uptown,_Chicago" title="Uptown, Chicago">Uptown</a> (between Winnemac Ave and Ainslie Ave) as "<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Renslow" title="Chuck Renslow">CHUCK RENSLOW</a> WAY."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Renslow founded numerous leather and LGBT institutions, many of which were once located on Clark St, including the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(bar)" title="Gold Coast (bar)">Gold Coast</a> bar and <a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Country_(bathhouse)" title="Man's Country (bathhouse)">Man's Country</a> bathhouse.<a href="#cite_note-:6-122">[122]</a> The city unveiled the new street sign during the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> competition that Renslow founded.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg/220px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg/330px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg/440px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a> float at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a>, begun in 1984, is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair held in September, that caps San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week". The Folsom Street Fair, sometimes simply referred to as "Folsom", takes place on <a href="/wiki/Folsom_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Folsom street">Folsom Street</a> between 8th and 13th Streets, in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market_(San_Francisco)" class="mw-redirect" title="South of Market (San Francisco)">South of Market</a> district. The event is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Cheap_date_-_what_to_do-47">[47]</a> Folsom Street Events now organizes many events each year<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Europe" title="Folsom Europe">Folsom Europe</a>. Other large events include <a href="/wiki/Easter_Berlin" title="Easter Berlin">Easter Berlin</a> (the largest leather event in Europe), <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mister_Leather_Europe" title="Mister Leather Europe">Mister Leather Europe</a>, and Amsterdam Leather Pride (see <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Leather_Pride" class="extiw" title="nl:Amsterdam Leather Pride">Wikipedia article in Dutch</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitions">Competitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Competitions">edit</a>]</div> Many leather bars and organizations hold annual pageant competitions, some of which serve as feeder competitions for larger regional, national, or international competitions such as International Mr. Leather and Mister Leather Europe.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The following table includes a non-exhaustive list of past and present leather competitions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Leather_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Leather subculture">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Organizer </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Gold Coast </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(bar)" title="Gold Coast (bar)">Gold Coast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Reorganized into IML </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a> (IML) </td> <td>International Mr. Leather Inc. </td> <td>Chicago, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Drummer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drummer_(magazine)" title="Drummer (magazine)">Drummer</a> magazine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>Disbanded </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:15-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. San Francisco Leather </td> <td>SF Bay Area Leather Alliance </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. D.C. Eagle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D.C._Eagle" title="D.C. Eagle">D.C. Eagle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Disbanded </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SF Leather Daddy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Selby" title="Alan Selby">Alan Selby</a> </td> <td>San Francisco, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Inactive </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Missouri Leather </td> <td>Gateway Motorcycle Club </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mister_Leather_Europe" title="Mister Leather Europe">Mister Leather Europe</a> (MLE) </td> <td>European Confederation of Motorcycle Clubs </td> <td>Rotating </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Mid-Atlantic Leather (MAL) </td> <td>Centaur Motorcycle Club </td> <td>Washington, D.C., <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. L.A. Leather <a href="/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)" title="Bear (gay culture)">Bear</a> </td> <td>Bears L.A. </td> <td>Los Angeles, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Ms._Leather" title="International Ms. Leather">International Ms. Leather</a> (IMsL) </td> <td>IMsLBB LLC </td> <td>Rotating </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Leather UK </td> <td>MSC London </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>Reorganized into Mr. Leather London </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>International Mr. Deaf Leather </td> <td>International Deaf Leather </td> <td>Rotating </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Disbanded </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:4-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather#International_Mr._Bootblack" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Bootblack</a> (IMrBB) </td> <td>International Mr. Leather Inc. </td> <td>Chicago, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Inactive </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. GNI Leather </td> <td>Gay Naturists International </td> <td>Rotating </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Palm Springs Leather </td> <td>Palm Springs Leather Order of the Desert </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Michigan Leather (MML) </td> <td>Mr. Michigan Leather </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saugatuck,_Michigan" title="Saugatuck, Michigan">Saugatuck</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. San Diego Eagle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(bar)" title="The Eagle (bar)">San Diego Eagle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr Ramrod </td> <td>Ramrod Fort Lauderdale </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Texas Leather </td> <td>Dallas Eagle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Inactive </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Ms._Leather#International_Ms._Bootblack_Winners" title="International Ms. Leather">International Ms. Bootblack</a> (IMsBB) </td> <td>IMsLBB LLC </td> <td>Rotating </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bavarian Mr. Leather </td> <td>Münchner Löwen Club e.V. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Fire Island Leather </td> <td>Excelsior M.C. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Eagle NYC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eagle_NYC" title="Eagle NYC">Eagle NYC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr BOLT Leather </td> <td>The BOLT Sacramento </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr Eagle LA Leather </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(bar)" title="The Eagle (bar)">Eagle LA</a> </td> <td>Los Angeles, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mister Leather Berlin </td> <td>Berlin Leder und Fetisch (BLF) e.V. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mister Leather Belgium </td> <td>MSC Belgium </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel Mr. Leather </td> <td>32 Degrees North </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mister Leather France </td> <td>ASMF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hong Kong Leatherman </td> <td>Hong Kong Leatherman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Inactive </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. & Ms. Austin Eagle </td> <td>Austin Eagle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Leather London </td> <td>London Leathermen </td> <td>London, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Leather Italia </td> <td>Leather Club Roma </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mr. Texas Eagle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Houston" title="Eagle Houston">Eagle Houston</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_popular_culture">Representation in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Representation in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The film <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(film)" title="Cruising (film)">Cruising</a> (1980), directed by <a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a>, represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of gay sexuality in Hollywood. It is based on the novel <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(novel)" title="Cruising (novel)">Cruising</a> (1970) by Gerald Walker and explores the world of men's leather subculture within the context of a murder mystery. It aimed to bring aspects of the men's leather subculture to a wider audience, showcasing different elements and practices associated with the community. At the same time, it provided outrageous insights into gay leather sexuality to satisfy curiosity of the heterosexual mainstream society. Homosexual desire and violence were presented as two sides of the same coin.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Some scenes are set at the <a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft</a> (although filming took place in the Hellfire Club<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a>), with extras recruited from the Mineshaft's patrons. Among other things, the movie features a fisting scene. The filming in 1979 massively hindered by <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(film)" title="Cruising (film)">protests</a> from the gay community. A band associated with leather culture is <a href="/wiki/Village_People" title="Village People">Village People</a>, which began in 1977. According to <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fritscher" title="Jack Fritscher">Jack Fritscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Morali" title="Jacques Morali">Jacques Morali</a> drew his inspiration for the four characters of Village People from the gay <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> leather bar and sex club <a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">the Mineshaft</a>'s dress code.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Hughes_(Village_People)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Hughes (Village People)">Glenn Hughes</a>, the original leather biker of the group, frequently attended there.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> He sported an extravagant horseshoe moustache and wore his trademark leather outfit on and off stage. As he was the band's "biker" and a real-life fanatic, he kept his motorcycle parked inside his home. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Anzalone" title="Eric Anzalone">Eric Anzalone</a> was the Leatherman/Biker of <a href="/wiki/Village_People" title="Village People">Village People</a> from 1995 to 2017, replacing original member Glenn.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> However, Glenn continued with management of the band. During his later years, he was known for storming the streets of New York City with his custom <a href="/wiki/Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a> motorcycle. Glenn, who was also referred to by the masses as "Leatherman", was named on People Magazine's 1979 list of most beautiful people. Distinct aspects of heavy metal fashion can be credited to various bands, but the band that takes the most credit for revolutionizing the look is <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a>, primarily with its singer, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Halford" title="Rob Halford">Rob Halford</a>, who openly identifies as gay and wears black leather.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-179">[179]</a> Halford wore a leather costume on stage as early as 1978 to coincide with the promotion for the <a href="/wiki/Killing_Machine" title="Killing Machine">Killing Machine</a> (Hell Bent for Leather in the United States) album. In a 1998 interview, Halford described the leather subculture as the inspiration for this look. Shortly after appropriating the leather look, Halford started appearing onstage on a roaring motor bike. Soon, the rest of the band followed. In the late 1970s, many fans of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_Loaf" title="Meat Loaf">Meat Loaf</a> began imitating the clothing of leathermen due to the association of such fashions with toughness.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Typical <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">heavy metal fashions</a> in the UK, US and Australia included leather <a href="/wiki/Battle_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle jacket">battle jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_boot" title="Combat boot">combat boots</a>, studded belts, and black <a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather jackets</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Schott_Perfecto" class="mw-redirect" title="Schott Perfecto">Schott Perfecto</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> began incorporating leather into his stage costumes during the band's 1978 <a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World_Tour" title="News of the World Tour">News of the World Tour</a>. By their 1979 <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Tour" title="Jazz Tour">Jazz Tour</a>, Mercury was wearing a full leather outfit, which he explained was inspired by clubs he frequented. Leather jackets, trousers, and accessories would feature prominently in his wardrobe for the rest of his touring career. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett" title="Joan Jett">Joan Jett</a> has a leather pride sticker prominently displayed on her guitar. The satirical mystery novel The Killer wore Leather (2013) by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Antoniou" title="Laura Antoniou">Laura Antoniou</a> is about the murder of a leather titleholder during an international leather convention (fictional event based on <a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">IML</a>).<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fetish fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FetLife" title="FetLife">FetLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanky_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanky code">Hanky code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">Latex clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leather_events" title="Category:Leather events">List of leather events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Leather_Association_International" title="National Leather Association International">National Leather Association International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pup_play" title="Pup play">Pup play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVC_clothing" title="PVC clothing">PVC clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catsuits_and_bodysuits_in_popular_media" title="Catsuits and bodysuits in popular media">Catsuits and bodysuits in popular media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Leatherfest" title="Southeast Leatherfest">Southeast Leatherfest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1-1">b</a> "Elegy for the Valley of Kings," by <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a>, in In Changing Times: Gay Men and Lesbians Encounter HIV/AIDS, ed. Levine et al., University of Chicago Press </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_2-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Gayle (2005). "Sites, settlements, and urban sex: archaeology and the study of gay leathermen in San Francisco, 1955-1995". In Schmidt, Robert A.; Voss, Barbara L. (eds.). Archaeologies of Sexuality. Routledge. pp. 62–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sites%2C+settlements%2C+and+urban+sex%3A+archaeology+and+the+study+of+gay+leathermen+in+San+Francisco%2C+1955-1995&rft.btitle=Archaeologies+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=62-88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBienvenu1998" class="citation book cs1">Bienvenu, Robert (1998). "Development of the Gay Leather style". The Development of Sadomasochism as a Cultural Style in the Twentieth-Century United States. Dissertation. pp. 220–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Gay+Leather+style&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Sadomasochism+as+a+Cultural+Style+in+the+Twentieth-Century+United+States.+Dissertation&rft.pages=220-273&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bienvenu&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation book cs1">Stein, David (2016). "From S&M to M/s: How consensual slavery became visible in the gay leather community, 1950 to 1999". Our lives, our history: consensual master/slave relationships from ancient times to the 21st century. New York, NY: Perfectbound Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9910483-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9910483-5-9"><bdi>978-0-9910483-5-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+S%26M+to+M%2Fs%3A+How+consensual+slavery+became+visible+in+the+gay+leather+community%2C+1950+to+1999&rft.btitle=Our+lives%2C+our+history%3A+consensual+master%2Fslave+relationships+from+ancient+times+to+the+21st+century&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Perfectbound+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9910483-5-9&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagister2004" class="citation book cs1">Magister, Thom (2004). "One among many: The seduction and training of a leatherman". In Thompson, Mark (ed.). Leather folk: radical sex, people, politics, and practice. 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Retrieved 18 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=yax-192+Life+in+1964%2C+part+1&rft.pub=Yawningbread.org&rft.date=1964-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yawningbread.org%2Farch_2000%2Fyax-192.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leatherarchives.org-26"><a href="#cite_ref-leatherarchives.org_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421175041/http://www.leatherarchives.org/exhibits/deblase/timeline1.htm#1964">"Leather History Timeline-Leather Archives"</a>. Leatherarchives.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leatherarchives.org/exhibits/deblase/timeline1.htm#1964">the original</a> on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leather+History+Timeline-Leather+Archives&rft.pub=Leatherarchives.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leatherarchives.org%2Fexhibits%2Fdeblase%2Ftimeline1.htm%231964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_27-1">b</a> Achilles, Nancy. (1967). "The Development of the Homosexual Bar as an Institution". In Gagnon, John H. and William Simon. New York: Harper & Row. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritscher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fritscher, Jack (2004). "Artist Chuck Arnett: His life/ our times". In Thompson, Mark (ed.). Leather folk: radical sex, people, politics, and practice. Los Angeles: Daedalus Publishing Company. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881943-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881943-20-4"><bdi>978-1-881943-20-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artist+Chuck+Arnett%3A+His+life%2F+our+times&rft.btitle=Leather+folk%3A+radical+sex%2C+people%2C+politics%2C+and+practice&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Daedalus+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-881943-20-4&rft.aulast=Fritscher&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaimKeehnenKelleyHarper2011" class="citation book cs1">Baim, Tracy; Keehnen, Owen; Kelley, William B.; Harper, Jorjet (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/728063271">Leatherman: the legend of Chuck Renslow</a> (1st ed.). Chicago: Prairie Avenue Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4610-9602-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4610-9602-3"><bdi>978-1-4610-9602-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728063271">728063271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leatherman%3A+the+legend+of+Chuck+Renslow&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prairie+Avenue+Productions&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F728063271&rft.isbn=978-1-4610-9602-3&rft.aulast=Baim&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft.au=Keehnen%2C+Owen&rft.au=Kelley%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Harper%2C+Jorjet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F728063271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leatherarchives.org/ca/index.php/LoginReg/LoginForm">"Photograph of a bootblack at the Ramrod NYC in the Digital Collection of the Leather Archives & Museum"</a>. leatherarchives.org. 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Critical Studies in Men's Fashion. 1 (1): 69–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fcsmf.1.1.69_1">10.1386/csmf.1.1.69_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-070X">2050-070X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Studies+in+Men%27s+Fashion&rft.atitle=The+hankie+code+revisited%3A+From+function+to+fashion&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-78&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fcsmf.1.1.69_1&rft.issn=2050-070X&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Saethre%2C+Eirik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintellectdiscover.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1386%2Fcsmf.1.1.69_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/larry-townsend-books-and-stories-and-written-works/reference">"Larry Townsend Books List"</a>. Ranker. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ranker&rft.atitle=Larry+Townsend+Books+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ranker.com%2Flist%2Flarry-townsend-books-and-stories-and-written-works%2Freference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbo2013" class="citation web cs1">Albo, Mike (14 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecut.com/2013/06/rise-of-the-daddies-a-new-and-sexy-gay-niche.html">"Rise of the 'Daddies': A New (and Sexy) Gay Niche"</a>. The Cut. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cut&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+%27Daddies%27%3A+A+New+%28and+Sexy%29+Gay+Niche&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.aulast=Albo&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecut.com%2F2013%2F06%2Frise-of-the-daddies-a-new-and-sexy-gay-niche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernadicou" class="citation web cs1">Bernadicou, August. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714222227/https://www.augustnation.com/jack-fritscher">"Jack Fritscher"</a>. August Nation. The LGBTQ History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustnation.com/jack-fritscher">the original</a> on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=August+Nation&rft.atitle=Jack+Fritscher&rft.aulast=Bernadicou&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustnation.com%2Fjack-fritscher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barobit-35"><a href="#cite_ref-barobit_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5158">Drummer magazine founder John Embry dies</a>. Obituary in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter" title="Bay Area Reporter">Bay Area Reporter</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmen.org/leather/exploring-leather/">"Exploring the Leather Community 2017 – CMEN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Leather+Community+2017+%E2%80%93+CMEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmen.org%2Fleather%2Fexploring-leather%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25549/one-c4-47277">"4th international leather-party (UC12328882)"</a>. USC Libraries. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25549%2Fone-c4-47277">10.25549/one-c4-47277</a>. Retrieved 13 July 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/ONE_National_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Archives" title="ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives">ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+Libraries&rft.atitle=4th+international+leather-party+%28UC12328882%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25549%2Fone-c4-47277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.25549%2Fone-c4-47277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHF-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LHF_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHF_38-1">b</a> "2014 Leather Hall of Fame Inductee Cynthia Slater (1945–1989)", Leather Hall of Fame Inductees List <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://leatherhalloffame.com/inductees-list/21-cynthia-slater">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Call-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Call_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Call_39-1">b</a> Call, Lewis. 2013. BDSM in American science fiction and fantasy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Drummer-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Drummer_40-0">^</a> "THE JANUS SOCIETY: KISS AND DON'T TELL Cynthia Slater and the Catholic Priest", Jack Fritscher. <a href="/wiki/Drummer_(magazine)" title="Drummer (magazine)">Drummer</a> 27, February 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffreys130-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeffreys130_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffreys130_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys1993" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Sheila (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FFWxDu9gn0C&q=samois+%22first+lesbian+s/m%22&pg=PA130">The Lesbian Heresy</a>. North Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Spinifex. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875559-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875559-17-6"><bdi>978-1-875559-17-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesbian+Heresy&rft.place=North+Melbourne%2C+Vic.%2C+Australia&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Spinifex&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-875559-17-6&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FFWxDu9gn0C%26q%3Dsamois%2B%2522first%2Blesbian%2Bs%2Fm%2522%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated126-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated126_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated126_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineNardiGagnon1997" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Martin P.; Nardi, Peter M.; Gagnon, John H. (18 August 1997). In Changing Times: Men and Lesbians Encounter HIV/AIDS. 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The valley of the kings: leathermen in San Francisco, 1960-1990, Volume 2. University of Michigan. p. 419.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+valley+of+the+kings%3A+leathermen+in+San+Francisco%2C+1960-1990%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Gayle+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leatherarchives1979-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leatherarchives1979_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leatherarchives1979_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leatherarchives1979_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421175041/http://www.leatherarchives.org/exhibits/deblase/timeline1.htm#1979">"Leather History Timeline-Leather Archives"</a>. Leatherarchives.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leatherarchives.org/exhibits/deblase/timeline1.htm#1979">the original</a> on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leather+History+Timeline-Leather+Archives&rft.pub=Leatherarchives.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leatherarchives.org%2Fexhibits%2Fdeblase%2Ftimeline1.htm%231979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-avatarla1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avatarla1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avatarla1_45-1">b</a> "Avatar" is probably a reference to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avatarla.org/">Avatar Club Los Angeles</a>. From the home page: <dl><dd>Welcome!</dd> <dd>This is the website of Avatar Club Los Angeles, Inc., a non-profit organization providing information and education about safe, sane, and consensual bondage, discipline, kinky and sadomasochistic (BDSM) sex between adults.</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Gayle (1998). "The Miracle Mile: South of Market and Gay Male Leather, 1962-1997". Reclaiming San Francisco: History, Politics, Culture. 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Cnn.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cheap+date+%E2%80%93+what+to+do%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folsomstreetfair.com%2Fphotos%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FLIVING%2Fpersonal%2F11%2F02%2Fcheap.date%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-nla-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nla_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leatherarchives.org/collections/catalog/CONG0002.html">"Finding Aid to the National Leather Association Collection of Records"</a>. Leather Archives and Museum. 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The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll. (2001: Rolling Stone Press) p. 1037. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0120-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0120-9">978-0-7432-0120-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-179"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Deena (5 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6tGaphXVlEC&q=%22heavy+metal+fashion%22+biker&pg=PA127">Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture – Deena Weinstein – Google Boeken</a>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786751037" title="Special:BookSources/9780786751037"><bdi>9780786751037</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+Metal%3A+The+Music+and+Its+Culture+%E2%80%93+Deena+Weinstein+%E2%80%93+Google+Boeken&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.isbn=9780786751037&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Deena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6tGaphXVlEC%26q%3D%2522heavy%2Bmetal%2Bfashion%2522%2Bbiker%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Deena (5 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6tGaphXVlEC&q=%22heavy+metal+fashion%22+biker&pg=PA30">Heavy Metal: The Music And Its Culture</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786751037" title="Special:BookSources/9780786751037"><bdi>9780786751037</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 December 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+Metal%3A+The+Music+And+Its+Culture&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.isbn=9780786751037&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Deena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6tGaphXVlEC%26q%3D%2522heavy%2Bmetal%2Bfashion%2522%2Bbiker%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsCogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William; Cogan, Brian (20 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52hFCQAAQBAJ&q=heavy+metal+fashion&pg=PA123">Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313348013" title="Special:BookSources/9780313348013"><bdi>9780313348013</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 December 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Heavy+Metal+Music&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft.isbn=9780313348013&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Cogan%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52hFCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheavy%2Bmetal%2Bfashion%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2013" class="citation web cs1">Kelly (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glbtrt.ala.org/reviews/the-killer-wore-leather-a-mystery/">"The Killer Wore Leather: A Mystery"</a>. Rainbow Round Table Book and Media Reviews. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rainbow+Round+Table+Book+and+Media+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Killer+Wore+Leather%3A+A+Mystery&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.au=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtrt.ala.org%2Freviews%2Fthe-killer-wore-leather-a-mystery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeather+subculture" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_subculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leather_subculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leather subculture">Leather subculture</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004858/http://www.leatherarchives.org/exhibits/deblase/timeline.htm">Leather Archives and Museum Leather History Timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leather" title="Template:Leather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leather" title="Template talk:Leather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leather" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniline_leather" title="Aniline leather">Aniline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicast_leather" title="Bicast leather">Bicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_leather" title="Boiled leather">Boiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonded_leather" title="Bonded leather">Bonded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Buckskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff_leather" title="Buff leather">Buff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">Chamois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_leather" title="Corinthian leather">Corinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidskin" title="Kidskin">Kidskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_leather" title="Law leather">Law leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_leather" title="Morocco leather">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_leather" title="Napa leather">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubuck" title="Nubuck">Nubuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_leather" title="Patent leather">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_leather" title="Russia leather">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Shagreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearling" title="Shearling">Shearling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_cordovan" title="Shell cordovan">Shell cordovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suede" title="Suede">Suede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leather sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_leather" title="Alligator leather">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calfskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slunk" title="Slunk">Slunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_skin" title="Crocodile skin">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hagfish" title="Pacific hagfish">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leather_production_processes" title="Leather production processes">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(leather_processing)" title="Liming (leather processing)">Liming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">Deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bating_(leather)" title="Bating (leather)">Bating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">Oiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Crafting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuir_de_Cordoue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuir de Cordoue">Cuir de Cordoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_carving" title="Leather carving">Leather carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather / Leatherette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirza" title="Kirza">Kirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naugahyde" title="Naugahyde">Naugahyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presstoff" title="Presstoff">Presstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcantara_(material)" title="Alcantara (material)">Alcantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarino" title="Clarino">Clarino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leather museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Leather_Museum" title="German Leather Museum">German Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igualada_Leather_Museum" title="Igualada Leather Museum">Igualada Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Leather_Museum" title="Walsall Leather Museum">Walsall Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_leather_dressing" title="British Museum leather dressing">British Museum leather dressing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">History of hide materials</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leather subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(material)" title="Rawhide (material)">Rawhide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BDSM" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BDSM" title="Template:BDSM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BDSM" title="Template talk:BDSM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BDSM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BDSM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BDSM" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_BDSM" title="Outline of BDSM">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_BDSM" title="Glossary of BDSM">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">Bondage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(BDSM)" title="Discipline (BDSM)">discipline</a> B&D or B/D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_roleplay" title="Animal roleplay">Animal roleplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_hood" title="Bondage hood">Bondage hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_positions_and_methods" title="Bondage positions and methods">Bondage positions and methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_suit" title="Bondage suit">Bondage suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collars_in_BDSM" title="Collars in BDSM">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BDSM_equipment" title="List of BDSM equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickle_fetishism" title="Tickle fetishism">Erotic tickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Head bondage">Head bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogtie_bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogtie bondage">Hogtie bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_furniture" title="Human furniture">Human furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM_in_culture_and_media" title="BDSM in culture and media">In culture and media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_scene" title="Interrogation scene">Interrogation scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_bondage" title="Japanese bondage">Japanese bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_BDSM" title="Legality of BDSM">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal bondage">Metal bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_(BDSM)" title="Mummification (BDSM)">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BDSM_organizations" title="List of BDSM organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_positions_and_methods" title="Bondage positions and methods">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicament_bondage" title="Predicament bondage">Predicament bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_bondage" title="Rope bondage">Rope bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-bondage" title="Self-bondage">Self-bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensation_play" title="Sensation play">Sensation play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadeagle_(position)#BDSM" title="Spreadeagle (position)">Spreadeagle position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_bondage" title="Suspension bondage">Suspension bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism" title="Total enclosure fetishism">Total enclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominance_and_submission" title="Dominance and submission">Dominance and submission</a> D&S or D/S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageplay" title="Ageplay">Ageplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Bladder desperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_worship" title="Body worship">Body worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_worship" title="Boot worship">Boot worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity_belt_(BDSM)" title="Chastity belt (BDSM)">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominatrix" title="Dominatrix">Dominatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facesitting" title="Facesitting">Facesitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_play" title="Fear play">Fear play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_submission" title="Female submission">Female submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(activity)" title="Feminization (activity)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_dominance_(BDSM)" title="Male dominance (BDSM)">Male dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_submission" title="Male submission">Male submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master/slave_(BDSM)" title="Master/slave (BDSM)">Master/slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_fetishism" title="Medical fetishism">Medical fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">Forced seduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_submission" title="Service-oriented submission">Service-oriented submission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">Sadomasochism</a> S&M or S/M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_torture" title="Breast torture">Breast torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_and_ball_torture" title="Cock and ball torture">Cock and ball torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">Erotic asphyxiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_electrostimulation" title="Erotic electrostimulation">Erotic electrostimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_spanking" title="Erotic spanking">Erotic spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figging" title="Figging">Figging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_play" title="Impact play">Impact play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_play" title="Knife play">Knife play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_piercing" title="Play piercing">Play piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_play" title="Temperature play">Temperature play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sounding" title="Urethral sounding">Urethral sounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_wand" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet wand">Violet wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_play" title="Wax play">Wax play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_humiliation" title="Erotic humiliation">Erotic humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_masochism_in_fiction" title="Sadism and masochism in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftercare_(BDSM)" title="Aftercare (BDSM)">Aftercare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_in_BDSM" title="Consent in BDSM">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_monitor" title="Dungeon monitor">Dungeon monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeplay" title="Edgeplay">Edgeplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Feminist views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorean_subculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorean subculture">Gorean subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fetish_Day" title="International Fetish Day">International Fetish Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)" title="Kink (sexuality)">Kink</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leathermen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather pride flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limits_(BDSM)" title="Limits (BDSM)">Limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munch_(BDSM)" title="Munch (BDSM)">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegging_(sexual_practice)" title="Pegging (sexual practice)">Pegging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(BDSM)" title="Play (BDSM)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_party_(BDSM)" title="Play party (BDSM)">Play party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk-aware_consensual_kink" title="Risk-aware consensual kink">Risk-aware consensual kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeword" title="Safeword">Safeword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom,_switch" title="Top, bottom, switch">Top, bottom, switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Antoniou" title="Laura Antoniou">Laura Antoniou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Desclos" title="Anne Desclos">Pauline Réage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Robbe-Grillet" title="Catherine Robbe-Grillet">Catherine Robbe-Grillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sands" title="Ariel Sands">Ariel Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Commentators and theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Brame" title="Gloria Brame">Gloria Brame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Patrick Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dossie_Easton" title="Dossie Easton">Dossie Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Hardy" title="Janet Hardy">Janet Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jacques" title="Trevor Jacques">Trevor Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Musafar" title="Fakir Musafar">Fakir Musafar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BDSM_organizations" title="List of BDSM organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eulenspiegel_Society" title="The Eulenspiegel Society">Eulenspiegel Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FetLife" title="FetLife">FetLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samois" title="Samois">Samois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Janus" title="Society of Janus">Society of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_with_BDSM_clubs" title="List of universities with BDSM clubs">Universities with BDSM clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:BDSM" title="Category:BDSM">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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