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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process for parchment or leather processing</div> <p><b>Liming</b> is a process used for <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> processing, in which hides are soaked in an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>. It is performed using a drum and paddle or a pit. Its objectives are:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Removal of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfibrillary_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interfibrillary proteins (page does not exist)">interfibrillary proteins</a>.</li> <li>Removal of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> proteins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">Collagen</a> swelling due to the alkaline <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.</li> <li>Collagen <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibre</a> bundle splitting.</li> <li>Removal of natural grease and fats<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Liming operations of <a href="/wiki/Cattle_hide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle hide">cattle hides</a> usually last 18 hours and are generally associated with the alkaline phase of <a href="/wiki/Beamhouse_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Beamhouse operations">beamhouse operations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal_of_interfibrillary_proteins">Removal of interfibrillary proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_(leather_processing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Removal of interfibrillary proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interfibrillary <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> are <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denatured</a> by the presence of alkali (particularly sodium sulfide), rendered soluble, facilitating their removal from the leather. Removal is done by the mechanical action of liming or reliming, but more prominently when the pelt is deswelled (during deliming). Failure to remove these proteins results in a hard, tinny leather (due to fibre glueing upon drying) that is brittle and inflexible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keratin_removal">Keratin removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_(leather_processing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Keratin removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">Keratin</a> that is present in the hair, scales and in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> of the skin is <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzed</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> (at pH values greater than 11.5). The <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a> bridges found in keratin protein are cleaved but can be reformed. Long periods of liming will result in hair removal. The main removal of keratin is performed during the unhairing operation. In traditional processing, liming and unhairing were indivisible and took place at the same time. During modern liming methods, and in particular the processing of <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">sheepskins</a>, the hair is removed first and then limed in a liming drum. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hair-save&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hair-save (page does not exist)">hair-save</a> technology, the hides are unhaired first and then limed for a further 12–18 hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alkaline_collagen_swelling">Alkaline collagen swelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_(leather_processing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alkaline collagen swelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> results in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkaline_swelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkaline swelling (page does not exist)">alkaline swelling</a> of skin. The result is an influx of water into the hide/skin, and a marked increase in fibre diameter and fibre shortening. The thickness of the skin increases, but the surface area of the pelt decreases. The weight increase, owing to the uptake of water, results in a doubling of the hide/skin weight. However, this weight also needs to take into consideration that proteins (especially the hair) have been removed, and the fleshing operation is often performed after liming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collagen_fibre_bundle_splitting">Collagen fibre bundle splitting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_(leather_processing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collagen fibre bundle splitting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The action of liming, in particular the swelling of the skin, results in the splitting of the fibre bundle sheath. Owing to the fibre diameter increasing, the bundle sheath cannot contain the thicker fibres, and it bursts open. This allows increased access to the fibres, which allows better <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>, retanning, <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatliquoring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatliquoring (page does not exist)">fatliquoring</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_(leather_processing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharphouse" class="citation book cs1">Sharphouse, J.H. <i>Leather Technician's Handbook</i>. Leather Producer's Association. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9502285-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9502285-1-6"><bdi>0-9502285-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leather+Technician%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Leather+Producer%27s+Association&rft.isbn=0-9502285-1-6&rft.aulast=Sharphouse&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiming+%28leather+processing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.S. Dutta, <i>An Introduction to the Principles of Leather Manufacture</i>, p. 160</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leather" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniline_leather" title="Aniline leather">Aniline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicast_leather" title="Bicast leather">Bicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_leather" title="Boiled leather">Boiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonded_leather" title="Bonded leather">Bonded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Buckskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff_leather" title="Buff leather">Buff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">Chamois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_leather" title="Corinthian leather">Corinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidskin" title="Kidskin">Kidskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_leather" title="Law leather">Law leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_leather" title="Morocco leather">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_leather" title="Napa leather">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubuck" title="Nubuck">Nubuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_leather" title="Patent leather">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_leather" title="Russia leather">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Shagreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearling" title="Shearling">Shearling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_cordovan" title="Shell cordovan">Shell cordovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suede" title="Suede">Suede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leather sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_leather" title="Alligator leather">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calfskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slunk" title="Slunk">Slunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_skin" title="Crocodile skin">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hagfish" title="Pacific hagfish">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leather_production_processes" title="Leather production processes">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">Deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bating_(leather)" title="Bating (leather)">Bating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">Oiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Crafting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuir_de_Cordoue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuir de Cordoue">Cuir de Cordoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_carving" title="Leather carving">Leather carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather / Leatherette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirza" title="Kirza">Kirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naugahyde" title="Naugahyde">Naugahyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presstoff" title="Presstoff">Presstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcantara_(material)" title="Alcantara (material)">Alcantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarino" title="Clarino">Clarino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leather museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Leather_Museum" title="German Leather Museum">German Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igualada_Leather_Museum" title="Igualada Leather Museum">Igualada Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Leather_Museum" title="Walsall Leather Museum">Walsall Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_leather_dressing" title="British Museum leather dressing">British Museum leather dressing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">History of hide materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" 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