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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Purpose subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-motivated_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-motivated_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Non-motivated functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-motivated_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivated_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivated_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Motivated functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivated_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Steps </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Steps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Steps subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appreciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appreciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Appreciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appreciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Public access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Theory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arrival of Modernism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Criticism_and_the_"intentional_fallacy"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Criticism_and_the_"intentional_fallacy""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Criticism_and_the_"intentional_fallacy"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Linguistic_turn"_and_its_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Linguistic_turn"_and_its_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 "Linguistic turn" and its debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Linguistic_turn"_and_its_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Classification disputes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_disputes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification disputes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Value_judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value_judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Value judgment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value_judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Art and law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Art</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 208 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-208" aria-hidden="true" > 208 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D" title="Гъуазджэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гъуазджэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuns" title="Kuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Кееркемел – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Кееркемел" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%A0%E1%89%A5" title="ሥነ ጥበብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ጥበብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86" title="فن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Արուեստ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արուեստ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A2" title="Artâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Artâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82rt" title="Ârt – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ârt" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembiapopor%C3%A3" title="Tembiapoporã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembiapoporã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Гьунарлъи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьунарлъи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A4pa" title="Yäpa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yäpa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99t" title="İncəsənət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İncəsənət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="اینجه‌صنعت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینجه‌صنعت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="শিল্পকলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিল্পকলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%93-su%CC%8Dt" title="Gē-su̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gē-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82" title="Сәнғәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәнғәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мастацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мастацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мастацтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мастацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྒྱུ་རྩལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྱུ་རྩལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetnost" title="Umjetnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arz" title="Arz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Уралиг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уралиг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ӳнер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳнер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useza" title="Useza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Useza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celf" title="Celf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Celf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86" title="فن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сэтень – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сэтень" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto" title="Arto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti" title="Arti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunst" title="Keunst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keunst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eala%C3%ADn" title="Ealaín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ealaín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellyn" title="Ellyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealain" title="Ealain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ealain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="藝術" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هۊنر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هۊنر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="કલા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi-su%CC%8Dt" title="Ngi-su̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngi-su̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0" title="예술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81heona" title="Pāheona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pāheona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Արվեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արվեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetnost" title="Umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto" title="Arto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B8k%C3%A0" title="Ǹkà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ǹkà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="কলা বারো কলাতত্ত্ব – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কলা বারো কলাতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Аивад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аивад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubugcisa" title="Ubugcisa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ubugcisa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuciko" title="Ubuciko – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuciko" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagunan" title="Kagunan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kagunan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqqumiitsuliorneq" title="Eqqumiitsuliorneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Eqqumiitsuliorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ხელოვნება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%86" title="فَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9%C5%84szt" title="Kùńszt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùńszt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өнер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өнер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanii" title="Usanii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamba" title="Yamba – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Yamba" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atizay" title="Atizay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atizay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar" title="Lar – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lar" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huner" title="Huner – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Huner" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Көркөм өнөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көркөм өнөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ert" title="Ert – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ert" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0" title="ສິນລະປະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິນລະປະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars" title="Ars – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksla" title="Māksla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Māksla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konscht" title="Konscht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konscht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menas" title="Menas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Menas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuns" title="Kuns – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kuns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nt%C9%94%CC%81ki" title="Ntɔ́ki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ntɔ́ki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/larcu" title="larcu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="larcu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavakanto" title="Zavakanto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavakanto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti" title="Arti – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arti" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ხელუანობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხელუანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86" title="فن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပါန်ကွတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပါန်ကွတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هنر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هنر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Seni" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-s%C5%ADk" title="Mī-sŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī-sŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сетеньсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сетеньсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Урлаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Урлаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="အနုပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနုပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakacakaniliga" title="Cakacakaniliga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cakacakaniliga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunst" title="Keunst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keunst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93" title="芸術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="芸術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Исбаьхьалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исбаьхьалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konst" title="Konst – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Сымыктыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сымыктыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aartii" title="Aartii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aartii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%CA%BCat" title="Sanʼat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sanʼat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="آرٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အနုပညာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အနုပညာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aat" title="Aat – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%88" title="សិល្បៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សិល្បៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/At" title="At – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="At" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka" title="Sztuka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanat" title="Sanat – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sanat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C4%83" title="Artă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapchiy" title="Kapchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Уменя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Уменя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80" title="Дьоҕур – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьоҕур" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faatufugaga" title="Faatufugaga – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faatufugaga" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airt" title="Airt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti" title="Arti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti" title="Arti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86" title="فن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buciko" title="Buciko – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Buciko" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umenie" title="Umenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetnost" title="Umetnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umetnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dnszt" title="Kōnszt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kōnszt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ھونەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھونەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уметност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уметност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetnost" title="Umjetnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Seni" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taide" title="Taide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konst" title="Konst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sining" title="Sining – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sining" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93u%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Taẓuṛi – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓuṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93uri" title="Taẓuri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taẓuri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4n%C4%9F%C3%A4t" title="Sänğät – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Sänğät" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B3" title="కళ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కళ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0" title="ศิลปะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%A0%E1%89%A5" title="ስነ ጥበብ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስነ ጥበብ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Санъат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Санъат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80ti" title="ʻĀti – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻĀti" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanat" title="Sanat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86" title="فن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisuz" title="Yisuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yisuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Arte" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Comamaht" title="Čomamaht – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čomamaht" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Nghệ thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekan" title="Lekan – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lekan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rt" title="Årt – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Årt" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A9" title="Arté – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arté" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0nn" title="Fànn – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Fànn" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艺术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuqambhi" title="Vuqambhi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vuqambhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98" title="קונסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קונסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81_%E1%BB%8Dn%C3%A0" title="Iṣẹ́ ọnà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iṣẹ́ ọnà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藝術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huner" title="Huner – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Huner" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunst" title="Kunst – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kunst" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艺术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Seni" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89" title="ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵔⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵔⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q735#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Art#Art_vs_The_arts_vs_Visual_arts_merges" title="Talk:Art">Discuss</a>) Proposed since October 2024.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> with <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Art#Art_vs_The_arts_vs_Visual_arts_merges" title="Talk:Art">Discuss</a>) Proposed since October 2024.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Creative work to evoke aesthetic response</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general concept of art. For the group of creative disciplines, see <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Art_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Art (disambiguation)">Art (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg/330px-Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg/495px-Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg/660px-Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from upper left: an 1887 <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">self-portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>; a female ancestor figure by a <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a> artist; detail from <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus" title="The Birth of Venus">The Birth of Venus</a> (c. 1484–1486) by <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>; and an <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan people">Okinawan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shisa" title="Shisa">Shisa</a> lion</figcaption></figure> Art is a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> activity centered around <a href="/wiki/Works_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Works of art">works</a> by <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imaginative</a> talents, which are expected to induce a worthwhile experience,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> generally through the expression of emotional power, <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">conceptual</a> <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>, and/or technical proficiency.<a href="#cite_note-OD-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> There is no generally agreed definition of what constitutes art,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and its interpretation has varied greatly throughout history and across cultures. In the Western tradition, the three classical branches of <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> are <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and other media such as <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a>, are included in a broader definition of "<a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>".<a href="#cite_note-OD-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a>. In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a> are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a>. The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">interpretation</a>, are explored in a branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Artworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artworks">artworks</a> are studied in the professional fields of <a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">art criticism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">history of art</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> In the perspective of the history of art,<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-11">[11]</a> artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early <a href="/wiki/Pre-historic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-historic art">prehistoric art</a> to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a>; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> One early sense of the definition of art is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, and military arts. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teke_bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Teke_bottle.JPG/170px-Teke_bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Teke_bottle.JPG/255px-Teke_bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Teke_bottle.JPG/340px-Teke_bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>20th-century bottle, <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a> peoples, Rwanda. Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.</figcaption></figure> Over time, philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, among others, questioned the meaning of art.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, while Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">muses</a> and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness (drunkenness, eroticism, and dreaming) in the <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaedrus (Plato)">Phaedrus</a> (265a–c), and yet in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> wants to outlaw <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s great poetic art, and laughter as well. In <a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a>, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. The dialogue Ion suggests that Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> functioned in the ancient Greek world as the Bible does today in the modern Christian world: as divinely inspired literary art that can provide moral guidance, if only it can be properly interpreted.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> With regards to the literary art and the musical arts, Aristotle considered <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, tragedy, comedy, <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyrambic</a> poetry and music to be <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimetic</a> or imitative art, each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankind's advantages over animals.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The more recent and specific sense of the word art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Fine art refers to a skill used to express the artist's creativity, or to engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of more refined or finer works of art. Within this latter sense, the word art may refer to several things: (i) a study of a creative skill, (ii) a process of using the creative skill, (iii) a product of the creative skill, or (iv) the audience's experience with the creative skill. The creative arts (art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks (art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and convey a message, mood, or symbolism for the perceiver to interpret (art as experience). Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. For some scholars, such as Kant, the sciences and the arts could be distinguished by taking science as representing the domain of knowledge and the arts as representing the domain of the freedom of artistic expression.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg/220px-Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg/330px-Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg/440px-Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3911" data-file-height="3098" /></a><figcaption>Back of a Renaissance oval basin or dish, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered <a href="/wiki/Commercial_art" title="Commercial art">commercial art</a> instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a>. Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art; to create a sense of beauty (see <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>); to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to generate strong <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a>. The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent. The nature of art has been described by philosopher <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a> as "one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Art has been defined as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formal elements</a> for their own sake, and as mimesis or <a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">representation</a>. Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson5-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> identified art as a use of indirect means to communicate from one person to another.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson5-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a> advanced the <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealist</a> view that art expresses emotions, and that the work of art therefore essentially exists in the mind of the creator.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Kant, and was developed in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Clive Bell</a>. More recently, thinkers influenced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> have interpreted art as the means by which a community develops for itself a medium for self-expression and interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Dickie_(philosopher)" title="George Dickie (philosopher)">George Dickie</a> has offered an <a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">institutional theory of art</a> that defines a work of art as any artifact upon which a qualified person or persons acting on behalf of the social institution commonly referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a>" has conferred "the status of candidate for appreciation".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Larry Shiner has described fine art as "not an essence or a fate but something we have made. Art as we have generally understood it is a European invention barely two hundred years old."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), narrative (storytelling), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities. During the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic period</a>, art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loewenmensch1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loewenmensch1.jpg/180px-Loewenmensch1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loewenmensch1.jpg/270px-Loewenmensch1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Loewenmensch1.jpg/360px-Loewenmensch1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="3944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenmensch" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenmensch">Löwenmensch</a> figurine, Germany, between 35,000 and 41,000 years old. One of the oldest-known examples of an artistic representation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> A shell engraved by <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-homoerectus-30">[30]</a> A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The oldest piece of art found in Europe is the <a href="/wiki/Riesenhirschknochen_der_Einhornh%C3%B6hle" class="mw-redirect" title="Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle">Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle</a>, dating back 51,000 years and made by Neanderthals. Sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a>, rock paintings and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> but the precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them. The first undisputed sculptures and similar art pieces, like the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>, are the numerous objects found at the <a href="/wiki/Caves_and_Ice_Age_Art_in_the_Swabian_Jura" title="Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura">Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura</a> UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, where the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered were found, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to the oldest musical instruments unearthed so far, with the artifacts dating between 43,000 and 35,000 BC, so being the first centre of human art.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201712Fortenberry20171_&_2-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/220px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/330px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/440px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">Cave paintings</a>, Lascaux, France, c. 17,000 BCE</figcaption></figure> Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a>, India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as <a href="/wiki/Inca_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca civilization">Inca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a> of the Western Middle Ages, much art focused on the expression of subjects about biblical and religious culture, and used styles that showed the higher glory of a heavenly world, such as the use of gold in the background of paintings, or glass in mosaics or windows, which also presented figures in idealized, patterned (flat) forms. Nevertheless, a classical realist tradition persisted in small Byzantine works, and realism steadily grew in the art of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Europe">Catholic Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a> had a greatly increased emphasis on the realistic depiction of the material world, and the place of humans in it, reflected in the corporeality of the human body, and development of a systematic method of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical perspective">graphical perspective</a> to depict recession in a three-dimensional picture space.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols2012-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tugra_Mahmuds_II.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tugra_Mahmuds_II.gif/220px-Tugra_Mahmuds_II.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Tugra_Mahmuds_II.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>The stylized signature of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was written in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. It reads "Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in Tunisia, also called the Mosque of Uqba, is one of the finest, most significant and best preserved artistic and architectural examples of early great mosques. Dated in its present state from the 9th century, it is the ancestor and model of all the mosques in the western Islamic lands.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> In the east, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>'s rejection of <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> led to emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric patterns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Further east, religion dominated artistic styles and forms too. India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance, while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines. China saw the flourishing of many art forms: jade carving, bronzework, pottery (including the stunning <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Qin">Emperor Qin</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>), poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, fiction, etc. Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty. So, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> paintings are monochromatic and sparse, emphasizing idealized landscapes, but <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> paintings are busy and colorful, and focus on telling stories via setting and composition.<a href="#cite_note-Watson1995-45">[45]</a> Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too, and also saw much interplay between the styles of calligraphy and painting. <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a> became important in Japan after the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/220px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/330px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/440px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Chinese painting by <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> artist Ma Lin, c. 1250. 24.8 × 25.2 cm</figcaption></figure> The western <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the <a href="/wiki/Clockwork_universe" title="Clockwork universe">clockwork universe</a>, as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a>'s portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer,<a href="#cite_note-Moore2010-47">[47]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">David</a>'s propagandistic paintings. This led to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> rejections of this in favor of pictures of the emotional side and individuality of humans, exemplified in the novels of <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>. The late 19th century then saw a host of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic movements">artistic movements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">fauvism</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The history of 20th-century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards, each being torn down in succession by the next. Thus the parameters of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, etc. cannot be maintained very much beyond the time of their invention. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">global</a> interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art. Thus, Japanese woodblock prints (themselves influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship) had an immense influence on impressionism and subsequent development. Later, <a href="/wiki/African_sculpture" title="African sculpture">African sculptures</a> were taken up by <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> and to some extent by <a href="/wiki/Matisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Matisse">Matisse</a>. Similarly, in the 19th and 20th centuries the West has had huge impacts on Eastern art with originally western ideas like <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Modernism">Post-Modernism</a> exerting a powerful influence.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, the idealistic search for truth, gave way in the latter half of the 20th century to a realization of its unattainability. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> said in 1970, "It is now taken for granted that nothing which concerns art can be taken for granted any more: neither art itself, nor art in relationship to the whole, nor even the right of art to exist."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> was accepted as an unavoidable truth, which led to the period of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_postmodern_critics" title="List of postmodern critics">postmodern criticism</a>, where cultures of the world and of history are seen as changing forms, which can be appreciated and drawn from only with <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> and irony. Furthermore, the separation of cultures is increasingly blurred and some argue it is now more appropriate to think in terms of a global culture, rather than of regional ones.<a href="#cite_note-Sangeeta2017-52">[52]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Work_of_Art" title="The Origin of the Work of Art">The Origin of the Work of Art</a>, Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher and seminal thinker, describes the essence of art in terms of the concepts of being and truth. He argues that art is not only a way of expressing the element of truth in a culture, but the means of creating it and providing a springboard from which "that which is" can be revealed. Works of art are not merely representations of the way things are, but actually produce a community's shared understanding. Each time a new artwork is added to any culture, the meaning of what it is to exist is inherently changed. Historically, art and artistic skills and ideas have often been spread through trade. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, where Hellenistic, Iranian, Indian and Chinese influences could mix. <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco Buddhist art</a> is one of the most vivid examples of this interaction. The meeting of different cultures and worldviews also influenced artistic creation. An example of this is the multicultural port metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> at the beginning of the 20th century, where James Joyce met writers from Central Europe and the artistic development of New York City as a cultural melting pot.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms,_genres,_media,_and_styles">Forms, genres, media, and styles</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/220px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/330px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/440px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_on_his_Imperial_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne">Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a> (French, 1806), oil on canvas</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></div> The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as <a href="/wiki/Art_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Art medium">media</a>, genre, <a href="/wiki/Art_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Art style">styles</a>, and form.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Art form refers to the <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">elements of art</a> that are independent of its interpretation or significance. It covers the methods adopted by the artist and the physical <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a> of the artwork, primarily non-semantic aspects of the work (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Figurae" title="Figurae">figurae</a>),<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contour_drawing" title="Contour drawing">contour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">dimension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Art medium">medium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">texture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">value</a>. Form may also include <a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">Design principles</a>, such as arrangement, <a href="/wiki/Formal_balance" title="Formal balance">balance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_proportion" title="Hierarchical proportion">proportion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_grouping" title="Principles of grouping">proximity</a>, and rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-Belton-58">[58]</a> In general there are three schools of philosophy regarding art, focusing respectively on form, content, and context.<a href="#cite_note-Belton-58">[58]</a> Extreme <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a> is the view that all aesthetic properties of art are formal (that is, part of the art form). Philosophers almost universally reject this view and hold that the properties and aesthetics of art extend beyond materials, techniques, and form.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Unfortunately, there is little consensus on terminology for these informal properties. Some authors refer to subject matter and content—i.e., <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotations</a>—while others prefer terms like <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(semiotics)" title="Meaning (semiotics)">meaning</a> and significance.<a href="#cite_note-Belton-58">[58]</a> Extreme Intentionalism holds that <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intent" title="Authorial intent">authorial intent</a> plays a decisive role in the meaning of a work of art, conveying the content or essential main idea, while all other interpretations can be discarded.<a href="#cite_note-Livingston-60">[60]</a> It defines the subject as the persons or idea represented,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the content as the artist's experience of that subject.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For example, the composition of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_on_his_Imperial_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne">Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne</a> is partly borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a>. As evidenced by the title, the subject is <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and the content is <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>'s representation of Napoleon as "Emperor-God beyond time and space".<a href="#cite_note-Belton-58">[58]</a> Similarly to extreme formalism, philosophers typically reject extreme intentionalism, because art may have multiple ambiguous meanings and authorial intent may be unknowable and thus irrelevant. Its restrictive interpretation is "socially unhealthy, philosophically unreal, and politically unwise".<a href="#cite_note-Belton-58">[58]</a> Finally, the developing theory of <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a> studies art's significance in a cultural context, such as the ideas, emotions, and reactions prompted by a work.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The cultural context often reduces to the artist's techniques and intentions, in which case analysis proceeds along lines similar to formalism and intentionalism. However, in other cases historical and material conditions may predominate, such as religious and philosophical convictions, sociopolitical and economic structures, or even climate and geography. <a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Art criticism</a> continues to grow and develop alongside art.<a href="#cite_note-Belton-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skill_and_craft">Skill and craft</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art#Conceptual_art_and_artistic_skill" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art and artistic skill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a>, detail from <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> (1511)</figcaption></figure> Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a <a href="/wiki/Art_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Art medium">medium</a>. Art can also refer to the developed and efficient use of a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to convey meaning with immediacy or depth. Art can be defined as an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> There is an understanding that is reached with the material as a result of handling it, which facilitates one's thought processes. A common view is that the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epithet" class="extiw" title="wikt:epithet">epithet</a> art, particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success; for <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, art, neither more nor less than his other endeavors, was a manifestation of skill.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>'s work, now praised for its ephemeral virtues, was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity.<a href="#cite_note-NewtonNeil1966-66">[66]</a> At the turn of the 20th century, the adroit performances of <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a> were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency,<a href="#cite_note-RichardsGjertson2002-67">[67]</a> yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie2005-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-DillenbergerHandley2014-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg/220px-MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg/330px-MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg/440px-MonaLisa_sfumato.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a>, c. 1503–1506, showing the painting technique of <a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">sfumato</a></figcaption></figure> A common contemporary criticism of some <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognised set of skills.<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner2009-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/My_Bed" title="My Bed">My Bed</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Physical_Impossibility_of_Death_in_the_Mind_of_Someone_Living" title="The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living">The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living</a> follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating hands-on works of art.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transition_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Transition_1880.jpg/220px-Transition_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Transition_1880.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Navajo_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo rug">Navajo rug</a> made c. 1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Escorial_93v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/B_Escorial_93v.jpg/220px-B_Escorial_93v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/B_Escorial_93v.jpg/330px-B_Escorial_93v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/B_Escorial_93v.jpg/440px-B_Escorial_93v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic art">Mozarabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Apocalypse" title="Commentary on the Apocalypse">Beatus</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a>. Spain, late 10th century</figcaption></figure> Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Schiuma2011-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-motivated_functions">Non-motivated functions</h3></div> The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.<a href="#cite_note-Schiuma2011-73">[73]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm</a>. Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility.<blockquote>Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry. – Aristotle<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote></li> <li>Experience of the mysterious. Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the universe. This experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry.<blockquote>The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science. – Albert Einstein<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote></li> <li>Expression of the imagination. Art provides a means to express the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable.<blockquote>Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation, but rather something else—something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the proper function, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken. – Immanuel Kant<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote></li> <li>Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is often the result of many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture.<blockquote>Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posed by the term 'art'. – Silva Tomaskova<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></blockquote></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivated_functions">Motivated functions</h3></div> Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) sell a product, or used as a form of communication.<a href="#cite_note-Schiuma2011-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephanidis2011-78">[78]</a> <ol><li>Communication. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication. Maps are another example. However, the content need not be scientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art.<blockquote>[Art is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication. – Steve Mithen<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></blockquote></li> <li>Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of motion pictures and video games.<a href="#cite_note-Resources2014-80">[80]</a></li> <li>The Avant-Garde. Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early 20th-century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a> that had this goal—<a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_constructivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian constructivism">Russian constructivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionism</a>, among others—are collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> arts.<blockquote>By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on and derives strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog's life. – André Breton (Surrealism)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></blockquote></li> <li>Art as a "free zone", removed from the action of the social censure. Unlike the avant-garde movements, which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal values, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism, subversion, deconstruction, etc.), becoming a more open place for research and experimentation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Art for social inquiry, subversion or anarchy. While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be used to criticize some aspect of society. <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti art">Graffiti art</a> and other types of <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> are graphics and images that are <a href="/wiki/Spray_painting" title="Spray painting">spray-painted</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencilled</a> on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).</li> <li>Art for social causes. Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> cancer,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> human rights in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> murdered and missing Aboriginal women,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> elder abuse,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a>, using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Marina_DeBris" title="Marina DeBris">Marina DeBris</a> is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.</li> <li>Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as <a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">art therapy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Art_therapy#The_Diagnostic_Drawing_Series_(DDS)" title="Art therapy">Diagnostic Drawing Series</a>, for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Hogan2001-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Art for propaganda, or commercialism. Art is often used as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Art as a fitness indicator. It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment. One <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a>'s tail. The purpose of the male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap principle</a>). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionarily important because it attracted mates.<a href="#cite_note-Dutton-98">[98]</a></li></ol> The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive, as many of them may overlap. For example, art for the purpose of entertainment may also seek to sell a product, i.e. the movie or video game. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steps">Steps</h2></div> Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number.<a href="#cite_note-What_Are_the_Stages_of_the_Creative-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_(mus%C3%A9e_Rodin)_(4528252054).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_%28mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%29_%284528252054%29.jpg/220px-Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_%28mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%29_%284528252054%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_%28mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%29_%284528252054%29.jpg/330px-Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_%28mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%29_%284528252054%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_%28mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%29_%284528252054%29.jpg/440px-Le_penseur_de_la_Porte_de_lEnfer_%28mus%C3%A9e_Rodin%29_%284528252054%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Thinker in <a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a> </figcaption></figure> In the first step, the artist envisions the art in their mind. By imagining what their art would look like, the artist begins the process of bringing the art into existence. Preparation of art may involve approaching and researching the subject matter. <a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a> is one of the main drivers of art, and may be considered to stem from instinct, impressions, and feelings.<a href="#cite_note-What_Are_the_Stages_of_the_Creative-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/220px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/330px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/440px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8242" data-file-height="5640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a>, the first in <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>'s c. 1830-1832 series <a href="/wiki/Thirty-six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji" title="Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji">Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji</a></figcaption></figure> In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surroundings" title="Surroundings">surroundings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental state</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Paintings">The Black Paintings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a>, created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on the walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> stated drugs such as <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> influenced some of their greatest hits, such as <a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolver (Beatles)">Revolver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">Trial and error</a> are considered an integral part of the creation process.<a href="#cite_note-What_Are_the_Stages_of_the_Creative-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appreciation">Appreciation</h3></div> The last step is <a href="/wiki/Art_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Art appreciation">art appreciation</a>, which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that <a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">reflection</a> is an essential step of the art process.<a href="#cite_note-What_Are_the_Stages_of_the_Creative-99">[99]</a> According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience.<a href="#cite_note-Loughran-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing/listening/etc. believe the art to be good/successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Art enjoyment can bring about a wide spectrum of emotion due to <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>. Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_access">Public access</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Metropolitan_Museum_1_%284675714481%29.jpg/220px-Metropolitan_Museum_1_%284675714481%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Metropolitan_Museum_1_%284675714481%29.jpg/330px-Metropolitan_Museum_1_%284675714481%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Metropolitan_Museum_1_%284675714481%29.jpg/440px-Metropolitan_Museum_1_%284675714481%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4615" data-file-height="3084" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. Museums are important forums for the display of <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since ancient times, much of the finest art has represented a deliberate display of wealth or power, often achieved by using massive scale and expensive materials. Much art has been commissioned by political rulers or religious establishments, with more modest versions only available to the most wealthy in society.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Nevertheless, there have been many periods where art of very high quality was available, in terms of ownership, across large parts of society, above all in cheap media such as pottery, which persists in the ground, and perishable media such as textiles and wood. In many different cultures, the <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> are found in such a wide range of graves that they were clearly not restricted to a <a href="/wiki/Social_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Social elite">social elite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> though other forms of art may have been. Reproductive methods such as <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">moulds</a> made mass-production easier, and were used to bring high-quality <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">Ancient Roman pottery</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurines</a> to a very wide market. <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">Cylinder seals</a> were both artistic and practical, and very widely used by what can be loosely called the middle class in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kipfer2000-109">[109]</a> Once <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> were widely used, these also became an art form that reached the widest range of society.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Another important innovation came in the 15th century in Europe, when <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> began with small <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a>, mostly religious, that were often very small and hand-colored, and affordable even by <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> who glued them to the walls of their homes. Printed books were initially very expensive, but fell steadily in price until by the 19th century even the poorest could afford some with printed illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2000-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_prints" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular prints">Popular prints</a> of many different sorts have decorated homes and other places for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths1996-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg/220px-Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg/330px-Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg/440px-Basel_-_2017_-_Kunstmuseum_Basel_-_Altbau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4039" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum Basel</a>, the Museum of Art in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland, is the oldest public museum of art in the world.</figcaption></figure> In 1661, the city of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, opened the first public museum of art in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum Basel</a>. Today, its collection is distinguished by an impressively wide historic span, from the early 15th century up to the immediate present. Its various areas of emphasis give it international standing as one of the most significant museums of its kind. These encompass: paintings and drawings by artists active in the Upper Rhine region between 1400 and 1600, and on the art of the 19th to 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public buildings and monuments</a>, secular and religious, by their nature normally address the whole of society, and visitors as viewers, and display to the general public has long been an important factor in their design. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a> are typical in that the most largest and most lavish decoration was placed on the parts that could be seen by the general public, rather than the areas seen only by the priests.<a href="#cite_note-Vörös2007-114">[114]</a> Many areas of royal palaces, castles and the houses of the social elite were often generally accessible, and large parts of the art collections of such people could often be seen, either by anybody, or by those able to pay a small price, or those wearing the correct clothes, regardless of who they were, as at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, where the appropriate extra accessories (silver shoe buckles and a sword) could be hired from shops outside.<a href="#cite_note-Waldie1839-115">[115]</a> Special arrangements were made to allow the public to see many royal or private collections placed in galleries, as with the <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Collection#Collection_in_Paris" title="Orleans Collection">Orleans Collection</a> mostly housed in a wing of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais Royal">Palais Royal</a> in Paris, which could be visited for most of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-MeyerSavoy2014-116">[116]</a> In Italy the art tourism of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> became a major industry from the Renaissance onwards, and governments and cities made efforts to make their key works accessible. The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> remains distinct, but large donations such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Royal Library">Old Royal Library</a> were made from it to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, established in 1753. The <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> opened entirely as a gallery in 1765, though this function had been gradually taking the building over from the original civil servants' offices for a long time before.<a href="#cite_note-Fossi1999-117">[117]</a> The building now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado">Prado</a> in Madrid was built before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> for the public display of parts of the royal art collection, and similar royal galleries open to the public existed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Munich and other capitals. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a> during the French Revolution (in 1793) as a public museum for much of the former French royal collection certainly marked an important stage in the development of public access to art, transferring ownership to a republican state, but was a continuation of trends already well established.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Most modern public museums and art education programs for children in schools can be traced back to this impulse to have art available to everyone. However, museums do not only provide availability to art, but do also influence the way art is being perceived by the audience, as studies found.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Thus, the museum itself is not only a blunt stage for the presentation of art, but plays an active and vital role in the overall perception of art in modern society. Museums in the United States tend to be gifts from the very rich to the masses. (<a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City, for example, was created by <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Johnston" title="John Taylor Johnston">John Taylor Johnston</a>, a railroad executive whose personal art collection seeded the museum.) But despite all this, at least one of the important functions of art in the 21st century remains as a marker of wealth and social status.<a href="#cite_note-Findlay2012-120">[120]</a> There have been attempts by artists to create art that can not be bought by the wealthy as a status object. One of the prime original motivators of much of the art of the late 1960s and 1970s was to create art that could not be bought and sold. It is "necessary to present something more than mere objects"<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> said the major post war German artist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>. This time period saw the rise of such things as performance art, <a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">video art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>. The idea was that if the artwork was a performance that would leave nothing behind, or was an idea, it could not be bought and sold. "Democratic precepts revolving around the idea that a work of art is a commodity impelled the aesthetic innovation which germinated in the mid-1960s and was reaped throughout the 1970s. Artists broadly identified under the heading of Conceptual art ... substituting performance and publishing activities for engagement with both the material and materialistic concerns of painted or sculptural form ... [have] endeavored to undermine the art object qua object."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/250px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/375px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/500px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Versailles: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance <a href="/wiki/Court_of_honor_(architecture)" title="Court of honor (architecture)">cour d'honneur</a>, later copied all over Europe.</figcaption></figure>In the decades since, these ideas have been somewhat lost as the art market has learned to sell limited edition DVDs of video works,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> invitations to exclusive performance art pieces, and the objects left over from conceptual pieces. Many of these performances create works that are only understood by the elite who have been educated as to why an idea or video or piece of apparent garbage may be considered art. The marker of status becomes understanding the work instead of necessarily owning it, and the artwork remains an upper-class activity. "With the widespread use of DVD recording technology in the early 2000s, artists, and the gallery system that derives its profits from the sale of artworks, gained an important means of controlling the sale of video and computer artworks in limited editions to collectors."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_(Museo_del_Louvre,_1818-19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_%28Museo_del_Louvre%2C_1818-19%29.jpg/220px-JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_%28Museo_del_Louvre%2C_1818-19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_%28Museo_del_Louvre%2C_1818-19%29.jpg/330px-JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_%28Museo_del_Louvre%2C_1818-19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_%28Museo_del_Louvre%2C_1818-19%29.jpg/440px-JEAN_LOUIS_TH%C3%89ODORE_G%C3%89RICAULT_-_La_Balsa_de_la_Medusa_%28Museo_del_Louvre%2C_1818-19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5872" data-file-height="4008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Raft_of_the_Medusa" title="The Raft of the Medusa">Raft of the Medusa</a>, c. 1820</figcaption></figure> Art has long been controversial, that is to say disliked by some viewers, for a wide variety of reasons, though most pre-modern controversies are dimly recorded, or completely lost to a modern view. <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a> is the destruction of art that is disliked for a variety of reasons, including religious ones. <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">Aniconism</a> is a general dislike of either all figurative images, or often just religious ones, and has been a thread in many major religions. It has been a crucial factor in the history of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Muhammad" title="Depictions of Muhammad">depictions of Muhammad</a> remain especially controversial. Much art has been disliked purely because it depicted or otherwise stood for unpopular rulers, parties or other groups. Artistic conventions have often been conservative and taken very seriously by <a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critics</a>, though often much less so by a wider public. The <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographic</a> content of art could cause controversy, as with late medieval depictions of the new motif of the <a href="/wiki/Swoon_of_the_Virgin" title="Swoon of the Virgin">Swoon of the Virgin</a> in scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> was controversial for various reasons, including breaches of <a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">decorum</a> through nudity and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>-like pose of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-McCue2016-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nickerson2010-126">[126]</a> The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist, but with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, and economic changes in the production of art, the artists' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art, increasing the incidence of controversies, though often reducing their significance. Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy. <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Raft_of_the_Medusa" title="The Raft of the Medusa">Raft of the Medusa</a> (c. 1820), was in part a political commentary on a recent event. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet's</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27Herbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe">Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe</a> (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world.<a href="#cite_note-RuprechtTaiana1995-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stout2018-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent's</a> <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X" title="Portrait of Madame X">Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam X)</a> (1884), caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Summers2004-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bender2014-130">[130]</a> The gradual abandonment of naturalism and the depiction of realistic representations of the visual appearance of subjects in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a rolling controversy lasting for over a century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeuysAchberg78.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BeuysAchberg78.jpg/220px-BeuysAchberg78.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BeuysAchberg78.jpg/330px-BeuysAchberg78.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BeuysAchberg78.jpg/440px-BeuysAchberg78.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Performance by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>, 1978: Everyone an artist – On the way to the libertarian form of the social organism</figcaption></figure> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso's</a> <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (painting)">Guernica</a> (1937) used arresting <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubist</a> techniques and stark <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_painting" title="Monochrome painting">monochromatic oils</a>, to depict the harrowing consequences of a contemporary bombing of a small, ancient Basque town. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Golub" title="Leon Golub">Leon Golub's</a> Interrogation III (1981), depicts a female nude, hooded detainee strapped to a chair, her legs open to reveal her sexual organs, surrounded by two tormentors dressed in everyday clothing. <a href="/wiki/Andres_Serrano" title="Andres Serrano">Andres Serrano's</a> <a href="/wiki/Piss_Christ" title="Piss Christ">Piss Christ</a> (1989) is a photograph of a crucifix, sacred to the Christian religion and representing <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a>'s sacrifice and final suffering, submerged in a glass of the artist's own urine. The resulting uproar led to comments in the United States Senate about public funding of the arts.<a href="#cite_note-ChapmanCiment2015-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown2008-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div> Before Modernism, aesthetics in Western art was greatly concerned with achieving the appropriate balance between different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> or truth to nature and the <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">ideal</a>; ideas as to what the appropriate balance is have shifted to and fro over the centuries. This concern is largely absent in other traditions of art. The aesthetic theorist <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, who championed what he saw as the naturalism of <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, saw art's role as the communication by artifice of an essential truth that could only be found in nature.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a> distinguishes three approaches to assessing the aesthetic value of art: the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic realism">Realist</a>, whereby aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of any human view; the <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivist</a>, whereby it is also an absolute value, but is dependent on general human experience; and the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_relativism" title="Aesthetic relativism">Relativist position</a>, whereby it is not an absolute value, but depends on, and varies with, the human experience of different humans.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Modernism">Arrival of Modernism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piet_Mondriaan,_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red,_Blue,_and_Yellow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/220px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/330px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/440px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5918" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Composition_with_Red_Blue_and_Yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition with Red Blue and Yellow">Composition with Red Blue and Yellow</a> (1930) by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> (Dutch, 1872–1944)</figcaption></figure> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> in the late 19th century led to a radical break in the conception of the function of art,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and then again in the late 20th century with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">postmodernism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a>'s 1960 article "Modernist Painting" defines modern art as "the use of characteristic methods of a discipline to criticize the discipline itself".<a href="#cite_note-Frascina-136">[136]</a> Greenberg originally applied this idea to the Abstract Expressionist movement and used it as a way to understand and justify flat (non-illusionistic) abstract painting: <blockquote>Realistic, naturalistic art had dissembled the medium, using art to conceal art; modernism used art to call attention to art. The limitations that constitute the medium of painting—the flat surface, the shape of the support, the properties of the pigment—were treated by the Old Masters as negative factors that could be acknowledged only implicitly or indirectly. Under Modernism these same limitations came to be regarded as positive factors, and were acknowledged openly.<a href="#cite_note-Frascina-136">[136]</a></blockquote> After Greenberg, several important art theorists emerged, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fried" title="Michael Fried">Michael Fried</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._J._Clark_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="T. J. Clark (historian)">T. J. Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Krauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalind Krauss">Rosalind Krauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Nochlin" title="Linda Nochlin">Linda Nochlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a> among others. Though only originally intended as a way of understanding a specific set of artists, Greenberg's definition of modern art is important to many of the ideas of art within the various art movements of the 20th century and early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2005-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holt2001-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop artists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">critiquing popular culture</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a>. Artists of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s expanded this technique of self-criticism beyond high art to all cultural image-making, including fashion images, comics, billboards and pornography.<a href="#cite_note-Gemünden1998-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind-everything. However, the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction.<a href="#cite_note-Duchamp_Interview_Clip-141">[141]</a> There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this. In <a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Art:_A_Cultural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Invention of Art: A Cultural History">The Invention of Art: A Cultural History</a>, Larry Shiner examines the construction of the modern system of the arts, i.e. fine art. He finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system (fine art) held art to be any skilled human activity; for example, Ancient Greek society did not possess the term art, but <a href="/wiki/Techne" title="Techne">techne</a>. Techne can be understood neither as art or craft, the reason being that the distinctions of art and <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> are historical products that came later on in human history. Techne included painting, sculpting and music, but also cooking, medicine, <a href="/wiki/Horsemanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsemanship">horsemanship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, carpentry, <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>, and farming, etc.<a href="#cite_note-BurgueteLam2011-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Criticism_and_the_"intentional_fallacy"">New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy"</h3></div> Following Duchamp during the first half of the 20th century, a significant shift to general aesthetic theory took place which attempted to apply aesthetic theory between various forms of art, including the literary arts and the visual arts, to each other. This resulted in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> school and debate concerning the intentional fallacy. At issue was the question of whether the aesthetic intentions of the artist in creating the work of art, whatever its specific form, should be associated with the criticism and evaluation of the final product of the work of art, or, if the work of art should be evaluated on its own merits independent of the intentions of the artist.<a href="#cite_note-Waugh2006-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colebrook1997-144">[144]</a> In 1946, <a href="/wiki/William_K._Wimsatt" title="William K. Wimsatt">William K. Wimsatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Beardsley" title="Monroe Beardsley">Monroe Beardsley</a> published a classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled "<a href="/wiki/Intentional_Fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional Fallacy">The Intentional Fallacy</a>", in which they argued strongly against the relevance of an <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intentionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorial intentionality">author's intention</a>, or "intended meaning" in the analysis of a literary work. For Wimsatt and Beardsley, the words on the page were all that mattered; importation of meanings from outside the text was considered irrelevant, and potentially distracting.<a href="#cite_note-Roholt2013-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hick2017-146">[146]</a> In another essay, "<a href="/wiki/Affective_fallacy" title="Affective fallacy">The Affective Fallacy</a>", which served as a kind of sister essay to "The Intentional Fallacy" Wimsatt and Beardsley also discounted the reader's personal/emotional reaction to a literary work as a valid means of analyzing a text. This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the <a href="/wiki/Reader-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Reader-response">reader-response</a> school of literary theory. Ironically, one of the leading theorists from this school, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Stanley Fish</a>, was himself trained by New Critics. Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his 1970 essay "Literature in the Reader".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> As summarized by <a href="/wiki/Berys_Gaut" title="Berys Gaut">Berys Gaut</a> and Paisley Livingston in their essay "The Creation of Art": "Structuralist and post-structuralists theorists and critics were sharply critical of many aspects of New Criticism, beginning with the emphasis on aesthetic appreciation and the so-called autonomy of art, but they reiterated the attack on biographical criticisms' assumption that the artist's activities and experience were a privileged critical topic."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> These authors contend that: "Anti-intentionalists, such as formalists, hold that the intentions involved in the making of art are irrelevant or peripheral to correctly interpreting art. So details of the act of creating a work, though possibly of interest in themselves, have no bearing on the correct interpretation of the work."<a href="#cite_note-Gaut_and_Livingston,_p.6-150">[150]</a> Gaut and Livingston define the intentionalists as distinct from formalists stating that: "Intentionalists, unlike formalists, hold that reference to intentions is essential in fixing the correct interpretation of works." They quote <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a> as stating that, "The task of criticism is the reconstruction of the creative process, where the creative process must in turn be thought of as something not stopping short of, but terminating on, the work of art itself."<a href="#cite_note-Gaut_and_Livingston,_p.6-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Linguistic_turn"_and_its_debate">"Linguistic turn" and its debate</h3></div> The end of the 20th century fostered an extensive debate known as the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">linguistic turn</a> controversy, or the "innocent eye debate" in the philosophy of art. This debate discussed the encounter of the work of art as being determined by the relative extent to which the conceptual encounter with the work of art dominates over the perceptual encounter with the work of art.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Decisive for the linguistic turn debate in art history and the humanities were the works of yet another tradition, namely the <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> and the ensuing movement of <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">poststructuralism</a>. In 1981, the artist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tansey" title="Mark Tansey">Mark Tansey</a> created a work of art titled The Innocent Eye as a criticism of the prevailing climate of disagreement in the philosophy of art during the closing decades of the 20th century. Influential theorists include <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>. The power of language, more specifically of certain rhetorical tropes, in art history and historical discourse was explored by <a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">Hayden White</a>. The fact that language is not a transparent medium of thought had been stressed by a very different form of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a> which originated in the works of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Ernst Gombrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Art" title="Languages of Art">Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols</a> came to hold that the conceptual encounter with the work of art predominated exclusively over the perceptual and visual encounter with the work of art during the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> He was challenged on the basis of research done by the Nobel prize winning psychologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> who maintained that the human visual encounter was not limited to concepts represented in language alone (the linguistic turn) and that other forms of psychological representations of the work of art were equally defensible and demonstrable. Sperry's view eventually prevailed by the end of the 20th century with aesthetic philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Nick_Zangwill" title="Nick Zangwill">Nick Zangwill</a> strongly defending a return to moderate aesthetic formalism among other alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_disputes">Classification disputes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes about art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Duchamp,_1917,_Fountain,_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/220px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/330px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/440px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, 1917, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> at the <a href="/wiki/291_(art_gallery)" title="291 (art gallery)">291</a> after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Artists" title="Society of Independent Artists">Society of Independent Artists</a> exhibit. Stieglitz used a backdrop of The Warriors by <a href="/wiki/Marsden_Hartley" title="Marsden Hartley">Marsden Hartley</a> to photograph the urinal. The exhibition entry tag can be clearly seen.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkins,_p._186-155">[155]</a></figcaption></figure> Disputes as to whether or not to classify something as a work of art are referred to as classificatory disputes about art. Classificatory disputes in the 20th century have included <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">cubist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">impressionist</a> paintings, <a href="/wiki/Duchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchamp">Duchamp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a>, the movies, <a href="/wiki/J._S._G._Boggs" title="J. S. G. Boggs">J. S. G. Boggs</a>' superlative imitations of banknotes, <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Philosopher David Novitz has argued that disagreement about the definition of art are rarely the heart of the problem. Rather, "the passionate concerns and interests that humans vest in their social life" are "so much a part of all classificatory disputes about art."<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> According to Novitz, classificatory disputes are more often disputes about societal values and where society is trying to go than they are about theory proper. For example, when the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> criticized <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Hirst</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Emin</a>'s work by arguing "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all" they are not advancing a definition or theory about art, but questioning the value of Hirst's and Emin's work.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Arthur Danto</a>, suggested a thought experiment showing that "the status of an artifact as work of art results from the ideas a culture applies to it, rather than its inherent physical or perceptible qualities. Cultural interpretation (an art theory of some kind) is therefore constitutive of an object's arthood."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a> is a label for art that intentionally challenges the established parameters and values of art;<a href="#cite_note-tate-161">[161]</a> it is a term associated with <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaism</a> and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> just before World War I,<a href="#cite_note-tate-161">[161]</a> when he was making art from <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tate-161">[161]</a> One of these, <a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917), an ordinary urinal, has achieved considerable prominence and influence on art.<a href="#cite_note-tate-161">[161]</a> Anti-art is a feature of work by <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> the lo-fi <a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a> movement, and the <a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tate-161">[161]</a> though it is a form still rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tate-161">[161]</a> who describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Anti-anti-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-anti-art">anti-anti-art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts; however, like the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, or advertising, it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential in a way that they usually are not in a painting, for example.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_judgment">Value judgment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg/170px-Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg/255px-Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg/340px-Aboriginal_hollow_log_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Aboriginal hollow log tombs. National Gallery, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> Somewhat in relation to the above, the word art is also used to apply judgments of value, as in such expressions as "that meal was a work of art" (the cook is an artist), or "the art of deception" (the highly attained level of skill of the deceiver is praised). It is this use of the word as a measure of high quality and high value that gives the term its flavor of subjectivity. Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism. At the simplest level, a way to determine whether the impact of the object on the senses meets the criteria to be considered art is whether it is perceived to be attractive or repulsive. Though perception is always colored by experience, and is necessarily subjective, it is commonly understood that what is not somehow aesthetically satisfying cannot be art. However, "good" art is not always or even regularly aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers. In other words, an artist's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic. Also, art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-provoking reasons. For example, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>'s painting depicting the Spanish shootings of 3 May 1808 is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians. Yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability in composition and execution and produces fitting social and political outrage. Thus, the debate continues as to what mode of aesthetic satisfaction, if any, is required to define 'art'.<a href="#cite_note-AddisonBurgess2012-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FergusonMansbach2008-167">[167]</a> The assumption of new values or the rebellion against accepted notions of what is aesthetically superior need not occur concurrently with a complete abandonment of the pursuit of what is aesthetically appealing. Indeed, the reverse is often true, that the revision of what is popularly conceived of as being aesthetically appealing allows for a re-invigoration of aesthetic sensibility, and a new appreciation for the standards of art itself. Countless schools have proposed their own ways to define quality, yet they all seem to agree in at least one point: once their aesthetic choices are accepted, the value of the work of art is determined by its capacity to transcend the limits of its chosen medium to strike some universal chord by the rarity of the skill of the artist or in its accurate reflection in what is termed the <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a>. Art is often intended to appeal to and connect with human emotion. It can arouse <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> feelings, and can be understood as a way of communicating these feelings. Artists express something so that their audience is aroused to some extent, but they do not have to do so consciously. Art may be considered an exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>; that is, what it is to be human.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> By extension, it has been argued by Emily L. Spratt that the development of <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">generative artificial intelligence</a>, especially in regard to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">artificial intelligence art</a> and its uses with images, necessitates a re-evaluation of aesthetic theory in art history today and a reconsideration of the limits of human creativity.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music and artificial intelligence</a> has taken a similar path. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_law">Art and law</h2></div> An essential legal issue are art <a href="/wiki/Forgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgeries">forgeries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replicas</a> and works that are strongly based on other works of art. Intellectual property law plays a significant role in the art world. Copyright protection is granted to artists for their original works, providing them with exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display their creations. This safeguard empowers artists to govern the usage of their work and safeguard against unauthorized copying or infringement.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The trade in works of art or the export from a country may be subject to legal regulations. Internationally there are also extensive efforts to protect the works of art created. The <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shield_International" title="Blue Shield International">Blue Shield International</a> try to ensure effective protection at the national level and to intervene directly in the event of armed conflicts or disasters. This can particularly affect museums, archives, art collections and excavation sites. This should also secure the economic basis of a country, especially because works of art are often of tourist importance. The founding president of Blue Shield International, <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a>, explained an additional connection between the destruction of cultural property and the cause of flight during a mission in Lebanon in April 2019: "Cultural goods are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often no longer have any prospects and as a result flee from their homeland."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-unifil.unmissions.org-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In order to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">diversity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> protects the <a href="/wiki/Living_Human_Treasure" title="Living Human Treasure">living human treasure</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Safeguarding_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage">Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craftivism" title="Craftivism">Craftivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">List of art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">List of art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a>, a guide to the subject of art presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment_in_art" title="Visual impairment in art">Visual impairment in art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSparshott1982" class="citation book cs1">Sparshott, Francis Edward (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">The Theory of the Arts</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5701-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5701-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-5701-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+the+Arts&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5701-2&rft.aulast=Sparshott&rft.aufirst=Francis+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZuX_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OD-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OD_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OD_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art">"Art: definition"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art">the original</a> on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art%3A+definition&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-3"><a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art">"art"</a>. Merriam-Websters Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=art&rft.pub=Merriam-Websters+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414033831/https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art">"Conceptual Art | Definition of Conceptual Art by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Conceptual Art"</a>. Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art">the original</a> on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Art+%7C+Definition+of+Conceptual+Art+by+Oxford+Dictionary+on+Lexico.com+also+meaning+of+Conceptual+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fconceptual_art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Davies1991" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Davies (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6peJnXr4L5gC">Definitions of Art</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9794-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-9794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Definitions+of+Art&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9794-0&rft.au=Stephen+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6peJnXr4L5gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Stecker1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert Stecker (1997). Artworks: Definition, Meaning, Value. 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University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16354-9"><bdi>978-0-299-16354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Art+Today&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-299-16354-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoriesofarttod0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari2007" class="citation book cs1">Vasari, Giorgio (18 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8rvdsxGokwC&q=Vasari+lives+of+painters,+sculptors+and+painters">The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307432391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307432391"><bdi>978-0307432391</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015308/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8rvdsxGokwC&q=Vasari+lives+of+painters,+sculptors+and+painters">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Most+Excellent+Painters%2C+Sculptors%2C+and+Architects&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0307432391&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8rvdsxGokwC%26q%3DVasari%2Blives%2Bof%2Bpainters%2C%2Bsculptors%2Band%2Bpainters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/https://www.oed.com/">"Art, n. 1"</a>. OED Online. Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com">the original</a> on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=Art%2C+n.+1&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennick1979" class="citation book cs1">Kennick, W. E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQFDSQAACAAJ">Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. xi–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-05391-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-05391-8"><bdi>978-0-312-05391-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1064878696">1064878696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Philosophy%3A+Readings+in+Aesthetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xi-xiii&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1064878696&rft.isbn=978-0-312-05391-8&rft.aulast=Kennick&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQFDSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-11"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art">"Art"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401162058/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F630806%2Fart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins1995" class="citation journal cs1">Elkins, James (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136">"Art History and Images That Are Not Art (with previous bibliography)"</a>. The Art Bulletin. 77 (4): 553–571. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3046136">10.2307/3046136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136">3046136</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818132943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. <q>Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art, and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Art+History+and+Images+That+Are+Not+Art+%28with+previous+bibliography%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=553-571&rft.date=1995-12&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3046136%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3046136&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3046136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 73–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 40–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Aristotle, Poetics I 1447a </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Aristotle, Poetics III </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Aristotle, Poetics IV </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanguages2007" class="citation book cs1">Languages, Oxford (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303050203/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/shorter-oxford-english-dictionary-9780199206872?cc=in&lang=en">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a> (6th ed.). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 119–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2"><bdi>978-0-19-920687-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/170973920">170973920</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/shorter-oxford-english-dictionary-9780199206872?cc=in&lang=en">the original</a> on 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=119-121&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F170973920&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920687-2&rft.aulast=Languages&rft.aufirst=Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fshorter-oxford-english-dictionary-9780199206872%3Fcc%3Din%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 287–326 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> David Novitz, The Boundaries of Art, 1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Richard Wollheim, <a href="//archive.org/details/artitsobjectswit0000woll" class="extiw" title="iarchive:artitsobjectswit0000woll">Art and its objects</a>, p. 1, 2nd ed., 1980, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29706-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29706-0">0-521-29706-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson5-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson5_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson5_22-1">b</a> Jerrold Levinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-26tL4shIPkC&pg=PA5">The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics</a>, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927945-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927945-4">0-19-927945-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Jerrold Levinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-26tL4shIPkC&pg=PA16">The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics</a>, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927945-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927945-4">0-19-927945-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> R.G. Collingwood's view, expressed in The Principles of Art, is considered in Wollheim, op. cit. 1980 pp. 36–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, "The Origin of the Work of Art", in Poetry, Language, Thought, (Harper Perennial, 2001). See also <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, "Cézanne's Doubt" in The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader, Galen Johnson and Michael Smith (eds), (Northwestern University Press, 1994) and <a href="/wiki/John_Russon" title="John Russon">John Russon</a>, Bearing Witness to Epiphany, (State University of New York Press, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> W. E. Kennick, <a href="//archive.org/details/artphilosophyrea0000kenn_n7x1" class="extiw" title="iarchive:artphilosophyrea0000kenn n7x1">Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979, p. 89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-05391-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-05391-6">0-312-05391-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Shiner 2003. <a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Art:_A_Cultural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Invention of Art: A Cultural History">The Invention of Art: A Cultural History</a>. 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Guardian Unlimited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208180701/https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=African+Cave+Yields+Evidence+of+a+Prehistoric+Paint+Factory&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F14%2Fscience%2F14paint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyranoski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cyranoski, David (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/news/world-s-oldest-art-found-in-indonesian-cave-1.16100">"World's oldest art found in Indonesian cave"</a>. Nature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2014.16100">10.1038/nature.2014.16100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189968118">189968118</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012358/https://www.nature.com/news/world-s-oldest-art-found-in-indonesian-cave-1.16100">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+art+found+in+Indonesian+cave&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2014.16100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189968118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cyranoski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-s-oldest-art-found-in-indonesian-cave-1.16100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-35"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229">"Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Place+Stanislas%2C+Place+de+la+Carri%C3%A8re+and+Place+d%27Alliance+in+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/">"World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Oldest+Figurative+Art+is+Now+an+Official+World+Treasure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Foldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349">"Earliest music instruments found"</a>. BBC News. 24 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earliest+music+instruments+found&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18196349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201712Fortenberry20171_&_2-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201712Fortenberry20171_&_2_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodge2017">Hodge 2017</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, pp. 1 & 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Gombrich, pp. 83, 75–115, 132–141, 147–155, 163, 627. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Gombrich, pp. 86–89, 135–141, 143, 179, 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols2012-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols2012_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Nichols2012" class="citation book cs1">Tom Nichols (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzMRpHo0QHUC">Renaissance Art: A Beginner's Guide</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-178-9"><bdi>978-1-78074-178-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225449/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzMRpHo0QHUC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Art%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-178-9&rft.au=Tom+Nichols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzMRpHo0QHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA104">The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance</a>. MIT Press. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262081368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262081368"><bdi>978-0262081368</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123155340/https://books.google.com/books?id=IaM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genius+of+Arab+Civilization%3A+Source+of+Renaissance&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0262081368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIaM9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Gombrich, pp. 127–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Gombrich, pp. 634–635 </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson1995-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson1995_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Watson1995" class="citation book cs1">William Watson (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC">The Arts of China 900–1620</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09835-8"><bdi>978-0-300-09835-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225448/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+China+900%E2%80%931620&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09835-8&rft.au=William+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-v5jUKaCxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Gombrich, p. 155, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2010-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2010_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Moore2010" class="citation book cs1">Colin Moore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C">Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change</a>. A&C Black. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0591-7"><bdi>978-1-4081-0591-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. 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Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Enlightenment+An+Anthology+Prepared+for+the+Enlightenment+Book+Club&rft.pages=1-45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosenfels.org%2FThe_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwEjAQAAMAAJ">The New York Times Book Review</a>. Vol. 1, 84. The New York Times Company. 1979. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwEjAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. 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Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947697-31-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-947697-31-7"><bdi>978-1-947697-31-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vqs4DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. 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Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+did+New+York+City+become+the+centre+of+the+western+art+world%3F&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitymonitor.ai%2Fhorizons%2Fhow-did-new-york-city-become-centre-western-art-world-2466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Walton" title="Kendall Walton">Walton, Kendall L.</a> (1 January 1970). "Categories of Art". The Philosophical Review. 79 (3): 334–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183933">10.2307/2183933</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183933">2183933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Categories+of+Art&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=334-67&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2183933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2183933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Kendall+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988">. Walton distinguishes between paintings and sculptures, but he also distinguishes further between sub-categories, such as cubist paintings and paintings in the style of Cezanne, classical sonatas and music in the style of late Beethoven. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonelle1992" class="citation book cs1">Monelle, Raymond (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202">Linguistics and Semiotics in Music</a>. Routledge. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3718652099" title="Special:BookSources/978-3718652099"><bdi>978-3718652099</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015304/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. 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Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elements+of+Art&rft.btitle=Art+History%3A+A+Preliminary+Handbook&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Belton&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffccs.ok.ubc.ca%2Fabout%2Flinks%2Fresources%2Farthistory%2Felements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuDeng2014" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Min; Deng, Guifang (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xy.cmsproxy.sysu.edu.cn/pub/hkmacc/docs/2014-12/20141215194213014875.pdf">"Against Zangwill's Extreme Formalism About Inorganic Nature"</a> (PDF). Philosophia. 43 (1): 249–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11406-014-9575-1">10.1007/s11406-014-9575-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55901464">55901464</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063746/https://xy.cmsproxy.sysu.edu.cn/pub/hkmacc/docs/2014-12/20141215194213014875.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia&rft.atitle=Against+Zangwill%27s+Extreme+Formalism+About+Inorganic+Nature&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=249-57&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11406-014-9575-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55901464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Min&rft.au=Deng%2C+Guifang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxy.cmsproxy.sysu.edu.cn%2Fpub%2Fhkmacc%2Fdocs%2F2014-12%2F20141215194213014875.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingston-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Livingston_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1998" class="citation journal cs1">Livingston, Paisley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831041725/https://works.bepress.com/paisley_livingston/67/">"Intentionalism in Aesthetics"</a>. New Literary History. 29 (4): 831–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnlh.1998.0042">10.1353/nlh.1998.0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53618673">53618673</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/paisley_livingston/67">the original</a> on 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Intentionalism+in+Aesthetics&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=831-46&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnlh.1998.0042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53618673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Paisley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fpaisley_livingston%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunkBeckFelton1844" class="citation book cs1">Munk, Eduard; Beck, Charles; Felton, Cornelius Conway (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metresofgreeksro00munk">The Metres of the Greeks and Romans</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metresofgreeksro00munk/page/1">1</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metres+of+the+Greeks+and+Romans&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Munk&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft.au=Beck%2C+Charles&rft.au=Felton%2C+Cornelius+Conway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetresofgreeksro00munk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1899" class="citation book cs1">Tolstoy, Leo (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisart00maudgoog">What is Art?</a>. Crowell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisart00maudgoog/page/n40">24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Art%3F&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatisart00maudgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmiroğluKoş2014" class="citation conference cs1">Emiroğlu, Melahat Küçükarslan; Koş, Fitnat Cimşit (16–20 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semio2014.org/en/design-semiotics-and-post-structuralism">Design Semiotics and Post-Structuralism</a>. 12th World Congress of Semiotics. New Bulgarian University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142120/https://semio2014.org/en/design-semiotics-and-post-structuralism">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Design+Semiotics+and+Post-Structuralism&rft.place=New+Bulgarian+University&rft.date=2014-09-16%2F2014-09-20&rft.aulast=Emiro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Melahat+K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkarslan&rft.au=Ko%C5%9F%2C+Fitnat+Cim%C5%9Fit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemio2014.org%2Fen%2Fdesign-semiotics-and-post-structuralism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreskin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Breskin, Vladimir (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901145415/https://vip.iva.dk/signs/Articles_Signs_International_Section/2010/Breskin_(2010)_Signs_Triad_eng_final_rev_2010.pdf">"Triad: Method for studying the core of the semiotic parity of language and art"</a> (PDF). Signs – International Journal of Semiotics. 3: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1902-8822">1902-8822</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vip.iva.dk/signs/Articles_Signs_International_Section/2010/Breskin_(2010)_Signs_Triad_eng_final_rev_2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs+%E2%80%93+International+Journal+of+Semiotics&rft.atitle=Triad%3A+Method+for+studying+the+core+of+the+semiotic+parity+of+language+and+art&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1902-8822&rft.aulast=Breskin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvip.iva.dk%2Fsigns%2FArticles_Signs_International_Section%2F2010%2FBreskin_%282010%29_Signs_Triad_eng_final_rev_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ">The Illustrated London News</a>. Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited. 1872. p. 502. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+London+News&rft.pages=502&rft.pub=Illustrated+London+News+%26+Sketch+Limited&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-oc-AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewtonNeil1966-66"><a href="#cite_ref-NewtonNeil1966_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_NewtonWilliam_Neil1966" class="citation book cs1">Eric Newton; William Neil (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ">2000 Years of Christian Art</a>. Harper & Row. p. 184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000+Years+of+Christian+Art&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Eric+Newton&rft.au=William+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsSfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RichardsGjertson2002-67"><a href="#cite_ref-RichardsGjertson2002_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk_RichardsStephen_Gjertson2002" class="citation book cs1">Kirk Richards; Stephen Gjertson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ">For glory and for beauty: practical perspectives on Christianity and the visual arts</a>. American Society of Classical Realism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9636180-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9636180-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9636180-4-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+glory+and+for+beauty%3A+practical+perspectives+on+Christianity+and+the+visual+arts&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Classical+Realism&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9636180-4-7&rft.au=Kirk+Richards&rft.au=Stephen+Gjertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaBGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie2005-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie2005_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Leslie2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard Leslie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C">Pablo Picasso: A Modern Master</a>. New Line Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59764-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59764-094-7"><bdi>978-1-59764-094-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pablo+Picasso%3A+A+Modern+Master&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=New+Line+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59764-094-7&rft.au=Richard+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiE8Es-9j3e0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DillenbergerHandley2014-69"><a href="#cite_ref-DillenbergerHandley2014_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_DillenbergerJohn_Handley2014" class="citation book cs1">Jane Dillenberger; John Handley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ">The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso</a>. Univ of California Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27629-1"><bdi>978-0-520-27629-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Art+of+Pablo+Picasso&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27629-1&rft.au=Jane+Dillenberger&rft.au=John+Handley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uglDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleiner2009-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Kleiner2009_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_S._Kleiner2009" class="citation book cs1">Fred S. Kleiner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C">Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 24–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57364-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57364-7"><bdi>978-0-495-57364-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57364-7&rft.au=Fred+S.+Kleiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUK_jTggtYl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation book cs1">White, Luke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828">Damien Hirst's Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime</a>. Tate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849763875" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849763875"><bdi>978-1849763875</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093924/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damien+Hirst%27s+Shark%3A+Nature%2C+Capitalism+and+the+Sublime&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1849763875&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fresearch-publications%2Fthe-sublime%2Fluke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ">La Belle Assemblée</a>. Vol. V. J. Bell. 1808. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Belle+Assembl%C3%A9e&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=J.+Bell&rft.date=1808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpucAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiuma2011-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiuma2011_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiuma2011_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiuma2011_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Schiuma2011" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Schiuma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC">The Value of Arts for Business</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49665-0"><bdi>978-1-139-49665-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+Arts+for+Business&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49665-0&rft.au=Giovanni+Schiuma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wyboE8aWDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. "[Book 10:] The Poetics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authorama.com/the-poetics-2.html">Republic</a>. Note: Although speaking mostly of poetry here, the Ancient Greeks often speak of the arts collectively. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508210426/https://www.authorama.com/the-poetics-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BBook+10%3A%5D+The+Poetics&rft.btitle=Republic&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Fthe-poetics-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein" class="citation cs2">Einstein, Albert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608192924/https://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay.htm">The World as I See It</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+I+See+It&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Feinstein%2Fessay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Immanuel Kant, Critique of Aesthetic Judgement (1790). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Silvia Tomaskova, Places of Art: Art and Archaeology in Context: (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephanidis2011-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephanidis2011_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine_Stephanidis2011" class="citation book cs1">Constantine Stephanidis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qble3WYcH0cC">HCI International 2011 Posters' Extended Abstracts: International Conference, HCI International 2011, Orlando, FL, July 9–14, 2011, Proceedings</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 529–533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22094-4"><bdi>978-3-642-22094-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225441/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qble3WYcH0cC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HCI+International+2011+Posters%27+Extended+Abstracts%3A+International+Conference%2C+HCI+International+2011%2C+Orlando%2C+FL%2C+July+9%E2%80%9314%2C+2011%2C+Proceedings&rft.pages=529-533&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-22094-4&rft.au=Constantine+Stephanidis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQble3WYcH0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Steve Mithen. The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science. 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-Resources2014-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Resources2014_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_Resources_Management_Association2014" class="citation book cs1">Information Resources Management Association (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BaXBQAAQBAJ">Digital Arts and Entertainment: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications</a>. US: IGI Global. p. 976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-6115-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-6115-8"><bdi>978-1-4666-6115-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225441/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BaXBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Arts+and+Entertainment%3A+Concepts%2C+Methodologies%2C+Tools%2C+and+Applications&rft.place=US&rft.pages=976&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4666-6115-8&rft.au=Information+Resources+Management+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BaXBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525141532/https://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">"André Breton, Manifesto of Surrealism (1924)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andr%C3%A9+Breton%2C+Manifesto+of+Surrealism+%281924%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcf.ua.edu%2FClasses%2FJbutler%2FT340%2FSurManifesto%2FManifestoOfSurrealism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini" title="Maurizio Bolognini">Maurizio Bolognini</a> this is not only associated with the <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">postmodern</a> rejection of all canons but with a process of secularization of art, which is finally considered as "a mere (albeit essential) convention, sustained and reproduced by the art system (artists, galleries, critics, collectors), providing a free zone, that is, a more open place for experimentation, removed from the constraints of the practical sphere.": see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurizio_Bolognini2008" class="citation book cs1">Maurizio Bolognini (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b">"chap. 3"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm">Postdigitale</a>. Rome: Carocci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-430-4739-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-430-4739-0"><bdi>978-88-430-4739-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110118081511/https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chap.+3&rft.btitle=Postdigitale&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-430-4739-0&rft.au=Maurizio+Bolognini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolognini.org%2Fbolognini_PDIG.htm%23ch3b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2011" class="citation news cs1">Trotter, Jeramia (15 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222053732/https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165">"RiverKings raising autism awareness with art"</a>. WMC tv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165">the original</a> on 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WMC+tv&rft.atitle=RiverKings+raising+autism+awareness+with+art&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=Jeramia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthaven-hornlake.wmctv.com%2Fnews%2Farts-culture%2Friverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art%2F52165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html">"Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism"</a>. Daily News-Miner. 4 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114443/https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News-Miner&rft.atitle=Art+exhibit+aims+to+raise+awareness+of+autism&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsminer.com%2Farticle_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf">"Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism"</a> (PDF). Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084906/https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anchorage+art+exhibit+to+raise+awareness+about+autism&rft.pub=Alaska+Department+of+Health+and+Social+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhss.alaska.gov%2FNews%2FDocuments%2Fpress%2F2011%2FAnchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhl2013" class="citation news cs1">Ruhl, Ashleigh (18 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html">"Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness"</a>. Gazettes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020654/https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazettes&rft.atitle=Photographer+Seeks+Subjects+To+Help+Raise+Cancer+Awareness&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Ruhl&rft.aufirst=Ashleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazettes.com%2Flifestyle%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fphotographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness%2Farticle_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/">"Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer"</a>. The Palm Beach Post. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Bra+art+raising+awareness+for+breast+cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmbeachpost.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer%2FvgBSm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2007" class="citation news cs1">Flynn, Marella (10 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/">"October art walk aims to raise money, awareness for breast cancer"</a>. Flagler College Gargoyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220001350/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flagler+College+Gargoyle&rft.atitle=October+art+walk+aims+to+raise+money%2C+awareness+for+breast+cancer&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Marella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgargoyle.flagler.edu%2F2007%2F10%2Foctober-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630141018/https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness%23.UdA8P33LfK5">"Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking"</a>. WDTN Channel 2 News. 26 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness#.USb6vFeIqAg">the original</a> on 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WDTN+Channel+2+News&rft.atitle=Students+get+creative+in+the+fight+against+human+trafficking&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdtn.com%2Fdpp%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmontgomery%2Fud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness%23.USb6vFeIqAg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075346/https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml">"Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize"</a>. WWMT, Newschannel 3. 10 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml">the original</a> on 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WWMT%2C+Newschannel+3&rft.atitle=Looking+to+raise+awareness+at+ArtPrize&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwmt.com%2Fshared%2Fnewsroom%2Ftop-stories%2Fstories%2Fwwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130703164121/https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness">"SciCafe – Art/Sci Collision: Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness"</a>. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness">the original</a> on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SciCafe+%E2%80%93+Art%2FSci+Collision%3A+Raising+Ocean+Conservation+Awareness&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Fcalendar%2Fscicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130403085335/https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp">"SMU students raise awareness with 'Art for Darfur'"</a>. SMU News Release. 4 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp">the original</a> on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMU+News+Release&rft.atitle=SMU+students+raise+awareness+with+%27Art+for+Darfur%27&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmu.edu%2Fnewsinfo%2Freleases%2F07138c.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly2012" class="citation news cs1">Donnelly, Greg (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/">"Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070145/https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3"><bdi>978-0-306-46158-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510234320/https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46158-3&rft.au=Barbara+Ann+Kipfer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXneTstDbcC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34jbjgEACAAJ">Ancient Coins as Works of Art</a>. Museum Haaretz. 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225435/https://books.google.com/books?id=34jbjgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Coins+as+Works+of+Art&rft.pub=Museum+Haaretz&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34jbjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2000-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2000_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Hugo_Tucker2000" class="citation book cs1">George Hugo Tucker (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfbNzcqgYM4C">Forms of the "medieval" in the "Renaissance": A Multidisciplinary Exploration of a Cultural Continuum</a>. Rookwood Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886365-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886365-20-9"><bdi>978-1-886365-20-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225435/https://books.google.com/books?id=zfbNzcqgYM4C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+the+%22medieval%22+in+the+%22Renaissance%22%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Exploration+of+a+Cultural+Continuum&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Rookwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-886365-20-9&rft.au=George+Hugo+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfbNzcqgYM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths1996-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths1996_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Griffiths1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Griffiths" title="Antony Griffiths">Antony Griffiths</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printsprintmakin00grif">Prints and Printmaking: An Introduction to the History and Techniques</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printsprintmakin00grif/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20714-1"><bdi>978-0-520-20714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+and+Printmaking%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+History+and+Techniques&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20714-1&rft.au=Antony+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprintsprintmakin00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045331/https://unigeschichte.unibas.ch/lokal-global/das-verhaeltnis-zu-politik-und-gesellschaft/kooperationen-in-der-stadt/museen-startseite.html">"550 Jahre Universität Basel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unigeschichte.unibas.ch/lokal-global/das-verhaeltnis-zu-politik-und-gesellschaft/kooperationen-in-der-stadt/museen-startseite.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=550+Jahre+Universit%C3%A4t+Basel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funigeschichte.unibas.ch%2Flokal-global%2Fdas-verhaeltnis-zu-politik-und-gesellschaft%2Fkooperationen-in-der-stadt%2Fmuseen-startseite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vörös2007-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Vörös2007_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyőző_Vörös2007" class="citation book cs1">Győző Vörös (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StEyE9jkMHEC">Egyptian Temple Architecture: 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt, 1907–2007</a>. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-662-084-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-662-084-4"><bdi>978-963-662-084-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225435/https://books.google.com/books?id=StEyE9jkMHEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Temple+Architecture%3A+100+Years+of+Hungarian+Excavations+in+Egypt%2C+1907%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-963-662-084-4&rft.au=Gy%C5%91z%C5%91+V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStEyE9jkMHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldie1839-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Waldie1839_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Waldie1839" class="citation book cs1">Adam Waldie (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBs7AQAAIAAJ">The Select Circulating Library</a>. A. Waldie. p. 367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225434/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBs7AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Select+Circulating+Library&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=A.+Waldie.&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Adam+Waldie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBs7AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeyerSavoy2014-116"><a href="#cite_ref-MeyerSavoy2014_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_MeyerBenedicte_Savoy2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Meyer; Benedicte Savoy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhroBQAAQBAJ">The Museum Is Open: Towards a Transnational History of Museums 1750–1940</a>. De Gruyter. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029882-6"><bdi>978-3-11-029882-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225434/https://books.google.com/books?id=xhroBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum+Is+Open%3A+Towards+a+Transnational+History+of+Museums+1750%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-029882-6&rft.au=Andrea+Meyer&rft.au=Benedicte+Savoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxhroBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fossi1999-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Fossi1999_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria_Fossi1999" class="citation book cs1">Gloria Fossi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYUh_6F-hc8C">The Uffizi: The Official Guide : All of the Works</a>. Giunti Editore. pp. 8–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-01487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-09-01487-9"><bdi>978-88-09-01487-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=lYUh_6F-hc8C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uffizi%3A+The+Official+Guide+%3A+All+of+the+Works&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Giunti+Editore&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-09-01487-9&rft.au=Gloria+Fossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYUh_6F-hc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1999" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Robert W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpD9NgeQozEC">Public Access to Art in Paris: A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800</a>. Penn State Press. pp. 281–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04434-7"><bdi>978-0-271-04434-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpD9NgeQozEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Access+to+Art+in+Paris%3A+A+Documentary+History+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+1800&rft.pages=281-283&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04434-7&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpD9NgeQozEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusanne_GrünerEva_SpeckerHelmut_Leder2019" class="citation journal cs1">Susanne Grüner; Eva Specker & Helmut Leder (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719">"Effects of Context and Genuineness in the Experience of Art"</a>. Empirical Studies of the Arts. 37 (2): 138–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0276237418822896">10.1177/0276237418822896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150115587">150115587</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124215151/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Empirical+Studies+of+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Context+and+Genuineness+in+the+Experience+of+Art&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-152&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0276237418822896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150115587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Susanne+Gr%C3%BCner&rft.au=Eva+Specker&rft.au=Helmut+Leder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330414719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findlay2012-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Findlay2012_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Findlay2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael Findlay (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6jJ5FvdLjcC">The Value of Art</a>. Prestel Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-641-08342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-641-08342-7"><bdi>978-3-641-08342-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6jJ5FvdLjcC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+Art&rft.pub=Prestel+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-641-08342-7&rft.au=Michael+Findlay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6jJ5FvdLjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1969" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp, Willoughby (December 1969). "An Interview with Joseph Beuys". Artforum. 8 (4): 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Joseph+Beuys&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1969-12&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Willoughby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Rorimer, Anne: New Art in the 60s and 70s Redefining Reality, p. 35. Thames and Hudson, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineman2007" class="citation news cs1">Fineman, Mia (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slate.com/id/2162382/">"YouTube for Artists The best places to find video art online"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907063859/https://www.slate.com/id/2162382">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=YouTube+for+Artists+The+best+places+to+find+video+art+online.&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.aulast=Fineman&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2162382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Robertson, Jean and Craig McDaniel: Themes of Contemporary Art, Visual Art after 1980, p. 16. Oxford University Press, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-McCue2016-125"><a href="#cite_ref-McCue2016_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_McCue2016" class="citation book cs1">Maureen McCue (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ">British Romanticism and the Reception of Italian Old Master Art, 1793–1840</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17148-5"><bdi>978-1-317-17148-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Romanticism+and+the+Reception+of+Italian+Old+Master+Art%2C+1793%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-17148-5&rft.au=Maureen+McCue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxW43DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickerson2010-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Nickerson2010_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_K._Nickerson2010" class="citation book cs1">Angela K. Nickerson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC">A Journey into Michelangelo's Rome</a>. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-8547-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-8547-3"><bdi>978-1-4587-8547-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+into+Michelangelo%27s+Rome&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4587-8547-3&rft.au=Angela+K.+Nickerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5hnJaIh36eoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuprechtTaiana1995-127"><a href="#cite_ref-RuprechtTaiana1995_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvina_RuprechtCecilia_Taiana1995" class="citation book cs1">Alvina Ruprecht; Cecilia Taiana (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC">Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-269-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-269-0"><bdi>978-0-88629-269-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reordering+of+Culture%3A+Latin+America%2C+the+Caribbean+and+Canada+in+the+Hood&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88629-269-0&rft.au=Alvina+Ruprecht&rft.au=Cecilia+Taiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonoI0AI-JJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stout2018-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Stout2018_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Stout2018" class="citation book cs1">John C. Stout (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ">Objects Observed: The Poetry of Things in Twentieth-Century France and America</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0157-0"><bdi>978-1-4875-0157-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+Observed%3A+The+Poetry+of+Things+in+Twentieth-Century+France+and+America&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-0157-0&rft.au=John+C.+Stout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxBaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summers2004-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Summers2004_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_J._Summers2004" class="citation book cs1">Claude J. Summers (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ">The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts</a>. Cleis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57344-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57344-191-9"><bdi>978-1-57344-191-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queer+Encyclopedia+of+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pub=Cleis+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57344-191-9&rft.au=Claude+J.+Summers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNCJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bender2014-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Bender2014_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarim_Bender2014" class="citation book cs1">Narim Bender (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ">John Sargent: 121 Drawings</a>. Osmora Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7659-0006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7659-0006-1"><bdi>978-2-7659-0006-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Sargent%3A+121+Drawings&rft.pub=Osmora+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-7659-0006-1&rft.au=Narim+Bender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSEPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChapmanCiment2015-131"><a href="#cite_ref-ChapmanCiment2015_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_ChapmanJames_Ciment2015" class="citation book cs1">Roger Chapman; James Ciment (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ">Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices</a>. Routledge. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47351-0"><bdi>978-1-317-47351-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Issues%2C+Viewpoints+and+Voices&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47351-0&rft.au=Roger+Chapman&rft.au=James+Ciment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXO9nBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2008-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2008_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Arthur_Brown2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian Arthur Brown (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjbUAwAAQBAJ">Noah's Other Son: Bridging the Gap Between the Bible and the Qur'an</a>. A&C Black. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2996-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2996-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-2996-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225430/https://books.google.com/books?id=JjbUAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Other+Son%3A+Bridging+the+Gap+Between+the+Bible+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2996-4&rft.au=Brian+Arthur+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjbUAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> "go to nature in all <a href="/wiki/Singleness_of_heart" title="Singleness of heart">singleness of heart</a>, rejecting nothing and selecting nothing, and scorning nothing, believing all things are right and good, and rejoicing always in the truth". <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin, John</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a>, Volume I, 1843. London: Smith, Elder and Co. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Wollheim 1980, Essay VI. pp. 231–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a>, Differencing the Canon. Routledge, London & New York, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06700-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06700-6">0-415-06700-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frascina-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frascina_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frascina_136-1">b</a> Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. ed. Francis Frascina and Charles Harrison, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2005-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2005_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_P._Harris2005" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan P. Harris (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzAIu3LziIC">Writing Back to Modern Art: After Greenberg, Fried, and Clark</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32429-8"><bdi>978-0-415-32429-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225429/https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzAIu3LziIC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Back+to+Modern+Art%3A+After+Greenberg%2C+Fried%2C+and+Clark&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32429-8&rft.au=Jonathan+P.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TzAIu3LziIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt2001-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Holt2001_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kenneth_Holt2001" class="citation book cs1">David Kenneth Holt (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWedB7SA-KMC">The Search for Aesthetic Meaning in the Visual Arts: The Need for the Aesthetic Tradition in Contemporary Art Theory and Education</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-773-0"><bdi>978-0-89789-773-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225429/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWedB7SA-KMC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Aesthetic+Meaning+in+the+Visual+Arts%3A+The+Need+for+the+Aesthetic+Tradition+in+Contemporary+Art+Theory+and+Education&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-773-0&rft.au=David+Kenneth+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWedB7SA-KMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gemünden1998-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Gemünden1998_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Gemünden1998" class="citation book cs1">Gerd Gemünden (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C">Framed Visions: Popular Culture, Americanization, and the Contemporary German and Austrian Imagination</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08560-6"><bdi>978-0-472-08560-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framed+Visions%3A+Popular+Culture%2C+Americanization%2C+and+the+Contemporary+German+and+Austrian+Imagination&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08560-6&rft.au=Gerd+Gem%C3%BCnden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Mpfn_pue34C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ">The New Yorker</a>. F-R Publishing Corporation. 2004. p. 84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=F-R+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BcnAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchamp_Interview_Clip-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Duchamp_Interview_Clip_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haon2DXWvLk">Duchamp Two Statements</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-BurgueteLam2011-142"><a href="#cite_ref-BurgueteLam2011_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_BurgueteLui_Lam2011" class="citation book cs1">Maria Burguete; Lui Lam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC">Arts: A Science Matter</a>. World Scientific. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4324-93-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4324-93-9"><bdi>978-981-4324-93-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts%3A+A+Science+Matter&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4324-93-9&rft.au=Maria+Burguete&rft.au=Lui+Lam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKmND2ImrGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waugh2006-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Waugh2006_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Waugh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Waugh" title="Patricia Waugh">Patricia Waugh</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LXMA_7Ko9YC">Literary Theory and Criticism: An Oxford Guide</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929133-5"><bdi>978-0-19-929133-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225427/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LXMA_7Ko9YC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. 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Manchester University Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4987-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-4987-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225427/https://books.google.com/books?id=aT-8AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Literary+Histories%3A+New+Historicism+and+Contemporary+Criticism&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4987-3&rft.au=Claire+Colebrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaT-8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roholt2013-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Roholt2013_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiger_C._Roholt2013" class="citation book cs1">Tiger C. Roholt (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=US6aAAAAQBAJ">Key Terms in Philosophy of Art</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3246-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-3246-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225427/https://books.google.com/books?id=US6aAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. 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Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+the+arts%3A+an+introduction+to+aesthetics&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpratt2018" class="citation journal cs1">Spratt, Emily L. (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324232798">"Computers and art in the age of machine learning"</a>. XRDS: Crossroads. 24 (3). ACM: Association for Computing Machinery: 8–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3186697">10.1145/3186697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4714734">4714734</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225074041/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324232798_Computers_and_art_in_the_age_of_machine_learning">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XRDS%3A+Crossroads&rft.atitle=Computers+and+art+in+the+age+of+machine+learning&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8-20&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3186697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4714734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spratt&rft.aufirst=Emily+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F324232798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprattElgammal2014" class="citation arxiv cs1">Spratt, Emily L.; Elgammal, Ahmed (29 September 2014). "Computational Beauty: Aesthetic Judgment at the Intersection of Art and Science". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.2488">1410.2488</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CV">cs.CV</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Computational+Beauty%3A+Aesthetic+Judgment+at+the+Intersection+of+Art+and+Science&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1410.2488&rft.aulast=Spratt&rft.aufirst=Emily+L.&rft.au=Elgammal%2C+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAragon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aragon, Lorraine V. (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793">"Pluralities of Power in Indonesia's Intellectual Property Law, Regional Arts and Religious Freedom Debates"</a>. Anthropological Forum. 32 (1): 20–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00664677.2022.2042793">10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4677">0066-4677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248300879">248300879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Forum&rft.atitle=Pluralities+of+Power+in+Indonesia%27s+Intellectual+Property+Law%2C+Regional+Arts+and+Religious+Freedom+Debates&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-40&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248300879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0066-4677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00664677.2022.2042793&rft.aulast=Aragon&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00664677.2022.2042793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825150547/https://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D15207%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Legal+Instruments%3A+Second+Protocol+to+the+Hague+Convention+of+1954+for+the+Protection+of+Cultural+Property+in+the+Event+of+Armed+Conflict+1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D15207%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari: Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual. UNESCO, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-unifil.unmissions.org-174"><a href="#cite_ref-unifil.unmissions.org_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict">"UNIFIL – Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict, 12 Apr 2019"</a>. 12 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081110/https://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNIFIL+%E2%80%93+Action+plan+to+preserve+heritage+sites+during+conflict%2C+12+Apr+2019.&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funifil.unmissions.org%2Faction-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German – The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter 23.1, Spring 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatzl2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matzl, Christoph (28 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krone.at/1911689">"Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austrian+Armed+Forces+Mission+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft.aulast=Matzl&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krone.at%2F1911689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2017" class="citation book cs1">Fortenberry, Diane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ">The Art Museum</a> (Revised ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsxDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2017" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2017). The Short Story of Art. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78067-968-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78067-968-6"><bdi>978-1-78067-968-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Art&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78067-968-6&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li>Oscar Wilde, Intentions, 1891</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Gilbert" title="Katharine Gilbert">Katharine Everett Gilbert</a> and Helmut Kuhn, A History of Esthetics. Edition 2, revised. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1953.</li> <li>Stephen Davies, Definitions of Art, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Felshin" title="Nina Felshin">Nina Felshin</a>, ed. But is it Art?, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Zegher" title="Catherine de Zegher">Catherine de Zegher</a> (ed.). Inside the Visible. MIT Press, 1996</li> <li>Evelyn Hatcher, ed. Art as Culture: An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art, 1999</li> <li>Noel Carroll, Theories of Art Today, 2000</li> <li>John Whitehead. Grasping for the Wind, 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ann_Holly" title="Michael Ann Holly">Michael Ann Holly</a> and Keith Moxey (eds.) Art History Aesthetics Visual Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300097891" title="Special:BookSources/0300097891">0300097891</a></li> <li>Shiner, Larry. <a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Art:_A_Cultural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Invention of Art: A Cultural History">The Invention of Art: A Cultural History</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75342-3">978-0-226-75342-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Arthur Danto</a>, The Abuse of Beauty: Aesthetics and the Concept of Art. 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Arnold" title="Dana Arnold">Dana Arnold</a> and Margaret Iversen, eds. Art and Thought. London: Blackwell, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631227156" title="Special:BookSources/0631227156">0631227156</a></li> <li>Jean Robertson and Craig McDaniel, Themes of Contemporary Art, Visual Art after 1980, 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Antony Briant and <a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a>, eds. Digital and Other Virtualities: Renegotiating the image. London and NY: I.B. Tauris, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441676313" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441676313">978-1441676313</a></li> <li>Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N. The New Story of Science: mind and the universe, Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-833-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-833-7">0-89526-833-7</a> (this book has significant material on art and science)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>. Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic, 2002</li> <li>Botar, Oliver A.I. Technical Detours: The Early Moholy-Nagy Reconsidered. Art Gallery of The Graduate Center, The City University of New York and The Salgo Trust for Education, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599713571" title="Special:BookSources/978-1599713571">978-1599713571</a></li> <li>Burguete, Maria, and Lam, Lui, eds. (2011). Arts: A Science Matter. World Scientific: Singapore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4324-93-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4324-93-9">978-981-4324-93-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Armstrong" title="Carol Armstrong">Carol Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Zegher" title="Catherine de Zegher">Catherine de Zegher</a>, eds. Women Artists at the Millennium. Massachusetts: October Books/The MIT Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/026201226X" title="Special:BookSources/026201226X">026201226X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" title="Sidney Colvin">Colvin, Sidney</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Art">"Art" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 657–660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Art&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=657-660&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, Man and His Symbols. London: Pan Books, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330253212" title="Special:BookSources/0330253212">0330253212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.H._Gombrich" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Gombrich">E.H. Gombrich</a>, The Story of Art. London: Phaidon Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714832470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714832470">978-0714832470</a></li> <li>Florian Dombois, <a href="/wiki/Ute_Meta_Bauer" title="Ute Meta Bauer">Ute Meta Bauer</a>, Claudia Mareis and Michael Schwab, eds. Intellectual Birdhouse. Artistic Practice as Research. London: Koening Books, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3863351182" title="Special:BookSources/978-3863351182">978-3863351182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristine_Stiles" title="Kristine Stiles">Kristine Stiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Selz" title="Peter Selz">Peter Selz</a>, eds. Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986</li> <li>Kleiner, Gardner, Mamiya and Tansey. Art Through the Ages, Twelfth Edition (2 volumes) Wadsworth, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64095-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64095-8">0-534-64095-8</a> (vol 1) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64091-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64091-5">0-534-64091-5</a> (vol 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a>, Art and its Objects: An introduction to aesthetics. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077405">1077405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Gompertz" title="Will Gompertz">Will Gompertz</a>. What Are You Looking At?: 150 Years of Modern Art in the Blink of an Eye. New York: Viking, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670920495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670920495">978-0670920495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a>, A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics, translated from the Polish by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Kasparek" title="Christopher Kasparek">Christopher Kasparek</a>, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> art at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/art" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/art">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Art" class="extiw" title="c:Art">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Art" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Art">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Art" class="extiw" title="q:Art">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/art" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/art">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/art" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/art">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Art" class="extiw" title="v:Art">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Art <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Art">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-17;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-17;brand=default;query=Dictionary%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Ideas#1">Art and Play from the Dictionary of the History of ideas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190600/https://witcombe.sbc.edu/arthlinks.html">In-depth directory of art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/">Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collection</a> (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716205617/https://www.ahds.ac.uk/">Visual Arts Data Service (VADS)</a> – online collections from UK museums, galleries, universities</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.RevolutionArtMagazine.com/">RevolutionArt – Art magazines with worldwide exhibitions, callings and competitions</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdajian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adajian, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/art-definition/">"The Definition of Art"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Art&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Adajian&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fart-definition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template talk:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/815177/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007461">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934758p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934758p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562288">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116538&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525289">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058154&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294802205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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102.485 1 Template:Lang"," 5.56% 99.328 1 Template:Sfnm"," 5.02% 89.703 22 Template:ISBN"," 4.69% 83.799 1 Template:Sister_project_links"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.092","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17098526,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdajian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Waldie1839\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvina_RuprechtCecilia_Taiana1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrea_MeyerBenedicte_Savoy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngela_K._Nickerson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntony_Griffiths1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAragon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristotle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_Ann_Kipfer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBotellaZenasniLubart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreskin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Arthur_Brown2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaire_Colebrook1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaude_J._Summers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochran-SmithLytle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Moore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColvin1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstantine_Stephanidis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyranoski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarren_Hudson_Hick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Kenneth_Holt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeborah_Solomon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonnelly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkins1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmiroğluKoş2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_NewtonWilliam_Neil1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortenberry2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFred_S._Kleiner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Hugo_Tucker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerd_Gemünden1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiovanni_Schiuma2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlancey1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGloria_Fossi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich,_Ernst.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyőző_Vörös2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInformation_Resources_Management_Association2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJane_DillenbergerJohn_Handley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_C._Stout2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_P._Harris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennick1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk_RichardsStephen_Gjertson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanguages2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingston1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoughran2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_BurgueteLui_Lam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathema2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzl2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaureen_McCue2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurizio_Bolognini2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Findlay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonelle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunkBeckFelton1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarim_Bender2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_AddisonLesley_Burgess2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovitz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoël_Carroll2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Waugh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Leslie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Stecker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_ChapmanJames_Ciment2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhl2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangeeta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermanMorrissey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparshott1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpratt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSprattElgammal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Davies1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_Hogan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusanne_GrünerEva_SpeckerHelmut_Leder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaysom2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiger_C._Roholt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolstoy1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Nichols2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Watson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuDeng2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYale_H._FergusonRichard_W._Mansbach2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aesthetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Art world\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Branches of the visual arts\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 6,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 64,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Merge\"] = 2,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp.\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","21.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","14.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","14.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","8.9"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1497\u003E","40","3.6"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Identifiers:1647\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.6"],["(for generator)","20","1.8"],["[others]","100","8.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xn2z5","timestamp":"20241124160814","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Art","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q735","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q735","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-07T13:20:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T03:01:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/34\/Art-portrait-collage_2.jpg","headline":"field of work focused on creating expressive work intended to be appreciated for its beauty or emotional power (use Q838948 for the resulting work)"}</script> </body> </html>