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definition. But this is a case where we need to know more, so here is a more considered way of looking at it. Resilience is .u00a0.u00a0.rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganise while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r45/"><sup>R45</sup></a></p>rnThere is nothing wrong with that except that it can still leave you wondering what resilience is really about, so here is another way of coming at it. Think of a shallow lake whose water is kept clear by the vegetation growing in it, which releases oxygen and maintains a healthy population of small water bugs which feed on nutrients in the water. Perhaps there are also some fish which feed on the bugs. This, we may assume, is a stable condition; sunlight gets into the water for the plants, and even though there are times when it gets an excess supply of nutrients from, say, falling leaves in the autumn, or from a local farm, it is able to cope with this by cleaning up the nutrients, and it remains clear.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r46/"><sup>R46</sup></a>rnrnHowever, one day, it receives so many nutrients from various sources that it reaches a u2018tipping pointu2019 at which, quite suddenly, it flips into a new state: turbid water, rich with algae which block out the light, killing the plants, and so reducing the oxygen level to the point at which much of the other aquatic life dies. Now it will remain in this new stable condition. Indeed, it will hold onto this condition even if the extra supply of nutrients then declines to a level which would have presented no problem for the pond in its former condition of plants and clear water. That is to say, there is a wide band of intermediate levels of nutrients at which the lake will remain turbid if it is already turbid, or clear, if is already clear.rnrn<img class="wp-image-285 aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/R-05-Resilience.jpg" alt="" width="410" height="259" />rnSo, what we have here is two states of resilience, both of which hang on to their current state with tenacity until they can do so no longer. But when the level of nutrients strays towards extremes, the whole pond ecology suddenly flips into a new state. The image often used to illustrate this consists of two adjacent basins, known as u201cvalleysu201d, or u201cbasins of attractionu201d. The system (like a ball kept in the basin by its high sides) is either in one condition or in the other, and u201cresilienceu201d means that it tends to stay in the one that it is already in, unless an[/glossary_exclude] exceptional [glossary_exclude]disturbance comes along which jolts it into the adjacent one.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r47/"><sup>R47</sup></a>rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<img class="wp-image-10170 size-full aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/R-06-Resilience-1.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="92" />rnC.S. Holling is the ecologist whose work on resilience in this sense is most widely recognised, and he defines resilience in this context as . . .rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">.u00a0.u00a0.u00a0the size of the valley or basin of attraction around a state that corresponds to the maximum perturbation that can be taken without causing a shift to an alternative stable state.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r48/"><sup>R48</sup></a></p>rn<em>Lean Logic</em>u2019s definition is this:rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Resilience is a systemu2019s tendency to stay in the condition it is already in, despite shocks.</p>rnIn fact, we could cautiously modify this by changing just one word: u201cResilience is a systemu2019s <em>ability</em> to stay in the condition it is already in, despite shocks.u201d That revision suggest that the system takes active steps to stay in the condition it is already in: it specifically compensates for, corrects and cures shocks, just as the white blood corpuscles in our bodies attack and destroy infections. The only problem with that one-word revision is that it suggests that nature is purposiveu2014and the purposive, or teleological, view of nature implies the existence of a mind and of[/glossary_exclude] intention [glossary_exclude]which we cannot really claim in the case of a pond, or an[/glossary_exclude] ecology, [glossary_exclude]or a planet. This is the idea that has brought so much trouble to James Lovelock in his theory of[/glossary_exclude] Gaia. [glossary_exclude]So let us stay out of trouble and settle for u201ctendencyu201d for now.rnrnWe can think of our definition as the Resilience Rule.[/glossary_exclude] Ecological systems [glossary_exclude]do not always succeed in staying in the condition they are already in: large events may overwhelm them, or small events (the[/glossary_exclude] butterfly effect) [glossary_exclude]can start a sequence of events that overwhelms them. But the forces of continuity and stability[/glossary_exclude] (homeostasis) [glossary_exclude]are powerfulu2014as demonstrated by the stable temperature and metabolism of our bodies. This holds true on scales ranging from smallu2014e.g., a shallow lakeu2014to largeu2014e.g., Gaiau2014though it does not change the fact that ecologiesu2019 maintenance of conditions which favour their own continuation tend, ultimately, to fail (although .u00a0.u00a0. see[/glossary_exclude] Wheel of Life).rn<p style="text-align: center;">u2014</p>rn&nbsp;rnrn[glossary_exclude]That is resilience from the ecologistu2019s point of view, but <em>Lean Logic</em>u2019s interpretation extends to[/glossary_exclude] <em>community</em>. [glossary_exclude]In the future, people may want to make conscious decisions about how to cope with disturbance. And unlike a shallow lake, they may give some thought to the matter. For instance, they may wonder whether there could be more than one kind of resilience, and whether there may be a[/glossary_exclude] choice [glossary_exclude]between themu2014and conscious strategies for getting to the preferred kind.rnrnIn order to think about this, a good place to start is with those basins, which are redrawn here. Let us suppose that the left-hand basin is the preferred state (an orderly, life-supporting community). The right-hand basin is undesiredu2014some combination of chaos, crisis and failure which the community wants to avoid. Fortunately, there is a barrier between the two basins, so that the community can say that it is resilient in the sense of being reasonably confident of remaining in the left-hand basin, unless a shock comes along which is exceptional. On the other hand, that high barrier could turn out to be a problem because, if a shock does take you over the barrier into the right-hand basin, it could be hard to get out (like the turbid lake which remains turbid, even though conditions have improved). The new state will have a resilience of its own: undesired states can be resilient, too. You will be stuck in a place you donu2019t want to be in. It might not be a place which can support the life of the community.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r49/"><sup>R49</sup></a>rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<img class="wp-image-10171 size-full aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/R-07-Resilience-1.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="92" />rnHowever, the community is also aware that exceptional shocks do happen. Quite often, in fact. So it decides to think about a strategy. The image of the basins suggests that there are two possible strategies. One is to raise the height of the barrier between them. This will reduce the probability that, when the shock comes, they will tip over into the right hand basin. The other strategy is to lower the height of the barrier between them. This will increase the probability that a shock might tip them over into the right hand basin, but it will mean thatu2014if/when that happensu2014there is a much better chance of being able to get back. This suggests that there is a case for exploring two kinds of resilience:rnrn1. preventive resilience; andrnrn2. recovery-elastic resilience.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="A-visit-to-Tuscany"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">A visit to Tuscany</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#A-visit-to-Tuscany</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnThink of two populations, each based in eight villages, living in practically identical locations, long agou2014each in fertile Tuscan valleys beside small rivers.rnrnNow imagine that, 200 years ago, their previously-similar histories diverged. One of them (call it Lu2019Aquila) decided to join together as a town, surrounded by its fields. They argued that if they joined together, they could achieve things which were not practical as separate small villages. This[/glossary_exclude] intensification [glossary_exclude]would enable them to build larger buildings, including a larger church, maintain a library, attract visiting scholars, defend themselves better against troublesome neighbours, and even cause a spot of trouble themselves if they felt like it. The other population (call them the Passero villages) just carried on as they were, in loose contact with each other, falling out sometimes, but mostly getting along and learning from each other.rnrnThen there are two disastrous events.rnrn<em>First a flood</em>. One day, there is a massive rainstorm. The rivers rise rapidly. The valleys reveal their true nature as floodplains. The consequences for Lu2019Aquila and the Passero villages are very different. Both Lu2019Aquila and the villages had been aware of the danger of flooding and had followed the policy of enlightened inaction needed to keep it to a minimum. They had conserved the watershed, especially the forests that covered it. They left untouched the marshland that flourished in the higher reaches of the river, along with the meanderings that lengthened it and evened out the flow, enabling it to hold more water than it could have held if it had been straightened.rnrnBut then Lu2019Aquila went further than that. They wanted water to irrigate their crops during dry summers, as well as reducing to the minimum the risk of flooding in the winter. To that end, they built a series of sacrificial lakes along the course of the river towards the valley. They allowed the lakes to fill up in the spring, and gradually emptied them (hence u201csacrificialu201d) in the summer, letting their water flow into the river for irrigation. They were then kept empty through the winter, except when a flood threatened, when they were allowed to fill up, holding back some of the excess water from the river, and preventing floods. During the summer, the flow of water from the lakes was used to provide power for a watermill, which ground all the flour needed by the town. Building the dams, the sluices, the canals and the mill for all this required a lot of labour. In fact, it required a whole class of manual workers, working intensely during the winter when there was less[/glossary_exclude] agricultural [glossary_exclude]work to do. It required a rather authoritarian profession of overseers and planners, and it needed to be managed by a class of priests, who lived in water temples and (since their role placed them in a strong position) demanded tribute and exercised power over everyone living downstream. But the arrangement made Lu2019Aquila rich, and it was able to build fine roads for the transport of food to its growing population.rnrnNow comes the rain. It is awesome, and yet a devastating flood is prevented. At the same time, Lu2019Aquila has a reliable flour mill and in the summer it is protected from drought.rnrnFor the Passeri, such lakes were beyond their capability. The villages were well able to get together to deal with immediate problems, but they could not contemplate a large, long-term programme like that. Their[/glossary_exclude] peasant [glossary_exclude]farmers would not agree to leave home for weeks on end in the winter to build dams and dig canals. They did not have the central organisation, nor the money to maintain a class of priests living in water temples. Instead, they adapted their farming to droughts, and made do with intermittent and rather inefficient watermills which only worked in the winter (the one village on higher ground had an inefficient windmill). This was a largely egalitarian society, not without its[/glossary_exclude] leaders [glossary_exclude]and teachers, but seeing itself as a community of individuals rather than as hired or coerced labour. In any case, the villages did not always get on very well. One of them, in particular, was a troublemaker, and was suspected of a little bit of sheep-stealing (for immediate consumption) from its neighbours. It had not reached the level of a feudu2014priests from the other villages would go and tell them off, and there was intermarriage between all the villagesu2014but they did not do large-scale cooperation. And another of the villages was quite beyond the pale, as we shall see. So serious coordinated action between all eight was out of the question.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r50/"><sup>R50</sup></a>rnrnAs such, when the rain comes to Passero, the valley is flooded, and the eight villages all respond in different ways. Here is what happens to them:rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. One of them loses almost half its livestock and some of its members; most of its stores of grain in the barns are swept away before the survivors manage to reach higher ground. And yet, they are philosophical about it. Some of the young leave home, but some come back with wives and husbands. Neighbours help them out with grain and livestock. Five years later, their barns are repaired, and they have as many people and livestock as before.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. The second village also loses many sheep and some of its people, and their homes are wrecked. They are so devastated and[/glossary_exclude] demoralised [glossary_exclude]by these losses that they lose confidence in their[/glossary_exclude] skill [glossary_exclude]as farmers. They hold a council and decide to go into business making boats. They have learned the craft to some extent, building a few rudimentary fishing boats for their neighbours, but the flood has concentrated their minds. Some may go back to farming in the valley one day if the family expands, but for now they go into a new phase in the boat-building business.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. The third village has a much more flexible response to the flood. They do not keep any livestock, so they have none to lose, and nobody has to risk their lives trying to rescue them. They have gardens, but they get their proteinu2014and earn a livingu2014from fishing. They lose most of their goods, and their houses are largely destroyed, leaving just the timber frames intact, but their fishing boats survive, tied securely to trees. The flood is flowing too fast to allow them to do anything with them, so they sit tight until the flood subsides. Then they begin the task of repairing the damage.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. The fourth village is known locally for being the tough guys of the valley. They are wrestling champions of their[/glossary_exclude] region. [glossary_exclude]No one for miles around would dare to steal any of their sheep, or try anything on with any of their women. They work on the principle of being prepared for anything: they do daily workouts and archery practice; their houses and their barns are built for endurance, on two floors. They have no use for carpets or soft furnishings. Even their sheepdogs are tough, trained to round up their flock in a moment and to drive them up into the barns. The flood when it hits them is just as deep as elsewhere, but they are not much affected by it. The flock is taken to safety in a well-rehearsed routine. Like the giant stones with which they built the foundations of their houses, and the solid wood frames which they placed on top of them, they are essentially undamaged and need time only to dry off. Repairs go ahead at speed and without complaint. No tears are shed. They have <em>Widerstandsfu00e4higkeit</em>, resistance-capability.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. The fifth village is the one with the bad reputation for causing trouble by stealing sheep. They are also caught by the flood, but they do not have far to go to reach higher ground. In fact, they get out so fast that they have time, before the worst of the flood, to go back with their horses to rescue as many of their neighbours in the second village as they can. And they make it clear that they expect to get some[/glossary_exclude] land [glossary_exclude]from them as a thank you when the second village announces that it is going into the boat-building business. After the flood they are rather better off than they were before it.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">6. For the sixth village, the experience is quite different. In fact, it cannot really be called a village at all, for this group has still not moved on from its preference for the life of the hunter-gatherer. They have no livestock, gardens or settled territory. This offends the sensibilities of the agriculturalist villages, who often feel they ought to be exterminated, but they are related by marriage, and they sometimes do the villages a favour by culling the wolves that dine off their sheep. This[/glossary_exclude] traditional [glossary_exclude]society has the advantage of simplicity, or[/glossary_exclude] elegance, [glossary_exclude]in the language of <em>Lean Logic</em>. They live in tents made from skins. They have no infrastructuresu2014no sheep, no houses, no gardens, no fishing boats. All their[/glossary_exclude] needs [glossary_exclude]are wants.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">When the flood comes, they do not even need to saddle their horsesu2014they ride bareback, and with the first sign of danger they pack up and vanish. A couple of hours later they are on one of their favourite upland camping grounds ten miles away, with the horses grazing as if nothing had happened.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">7. The seventh village is completely swept away.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">8. The eighth village is lucky. It lives a little bit up the hillside, where the land is less good, and is hard to cultivate because of the slope, but it keeps them out of danger when the water rises. They watch in horror as the other villages try, with mixed success, to save themselves. But it is a good thing that they survived, because they hold the original manuscript of the mass written for St. Maximus of Aveia, which is brought out and performed by all the villages in a[/glossary_exclude] ritual [glossary_exclude]show of solidarity and reconciliation on the Saintu2019s Day (10 June).</p>rn<em>Then the earthquake</em>. Just twenty years after the flood, there is an earthquake. Lu2019Aquila is by now a rich town, able to obtain the materials and labour it needs from the whole region. Over the years, it has used expensive limestone blocks to build impressive streets and a basilica with a dome. The Passero villages could only afford materials that were close at hand, especially wood, making for rather unimpressive timber-framed buildings rising to no more than two floors, with the spaces between the timber filled with various materials, including mud, reinforced as wattle-and-daub.rnrnWhen the earthquake comes, the buildings of Lu2019Aquila are devastated, and the loss of life is great. Much of the population has to evacuate, finding temporary accommodation all over Italy. The dams fail; the watermill is destroyed. The recovery of Lu2019Aquilau2019s economy and culture is in the balance, and people compare the disaster with the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.rnrnFor the Passeri, the effects are quite different. Their houses sway gently, and some of the mud fillings collapse, but they stay upright. People whose houses are most seriously damaged lodge with neighbours for the few weeks needed for repairs. Their watermills are damaged, but they have only ever worked for half the year, so many of the houses have handmills as a backup. Their economic life is almost unaffected, apart from the time needed for repairs, and the local farmers and other craftsmen, who are used to working with their hands and enjoy the luxury of a[/glossary_exclude] slack [glossary_exclude]economy with a short working week, patch up the houses. Soon, things are back to normal (for the sixth village, the earthquake is not a significant event at all: when the earth sways, they are amused by it).rnrnSo, let us now look at the forms of resilience displayed by Lu2019Aquila and the Passeri.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="Strategies-of-resilience"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">Strategies of resilience</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#Strategies-of-resilience</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnHere we have strategies of two fundamentally different kinds. Lu2019Aquilau2019s strategy is <em>preventive resilience</em>; the Passero villagesu2019 strategy is <em>recovery-elastic resilience</em>.rnrnThe common usage of u201cresilienceu201d contains the sense of surviving adversity which would have destroyed a less resilient[/glossary_exclude] community [glossary_exclude]or person. In <em>Lean Logic</em>, the meaning of resilience includes all that, but it also extends closer to the source of the problem; applying highly-developed skills to prevent the shock happening in the first place.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="PREVENTIVE-RESILIENCE"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">PREVENTIVE RESILIENCE</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#PREVENTIVE-RESILIENCE</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnPreventive resilienceu2014like Lu2019Aquilau2019s sacrificial lakesu2014protects a system from being substantially damaged by a hostile environment. The system has the capability of changing its environment to suit its nature, or changing its nature to suit its environment, or both. The key to preventive resilience lies in the possession of a structure consisting of many differentiated parts and functions which join up: there is[/glossary_exclude] connectednessu2014[glossary_exclude]strong interdependenceu2014forming a system, an organism, or a community with the defining characteristic of[/glossary_exclude] <em>complexity</em>.rnrn[glossary_exclude]But it has a downside. The complex systemu2019s specialised partsu2014and the long chains of interdependence between themu2014make it fragile. Damage to one part can disable the whole system. When a shock is not prevented, the consequences are likely to be devastating.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="RECOVERYELASTIC-RESILIENCE"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">RECOVERY-ELASTIC RESILIENCE</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#RECOVERYELASTIC-RESILIENCE</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnRecovery-elastic resilience, by contrast, does not avoid shock: it responds to it. So far as it can, it goes with the flow; it uses its ingenuity and invents workarounds; it is elastic, flexible. Afterwards, it engages in repair and recovery; it has endurance. Corresponding to the stories of how the different Passero villages copedu2014or failed to copeu2014with the flood, the forms of recovery-elastic resilience they displayed are, respectively:rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><a id="sacrifice"></a>1.[/glossary_exclude] <em>Sacrifice-and-succession</em>. [glossary_exclude]Although parts of the system endure, other parts are destroyed. The system allows for this by producing more than it needs to replace itself (as we see in the high fertility of virtually all plants and animals in a natural[/glossary_exclude] ecosystem). [glossary_exclude]It invests a large proportion of its assets in conserving the genetic code for the next generation and in educating the new generation in the[/glossary_exclude] culture [glossary_exclude]needed to keep the system alive. The sacrifice of parts gives the system as a whole immortality.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">In a sense, sacrifice-and-succession can be seen as a continuous process of repair. The repair doesnu2019t always provide an exact replacement, but it fills the gap, either with more of the same, or with another part of the[/glossary_exclude] ecology.</p>rn[glossary_exclude]rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. <em>New phase</em>. The system responds to the shock by shifting into a new phase, taking on a different character while the changed conditions last. One example of this is the forest which burns and then reverts to a grassland for a time, before becoming forest again. Ecologies and societies are transformed by[/glossary_exclude] climate changes; [glossary_exclude]the new state will last as long as the conditions which favour them.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r51/"><sup>R51</sup></a></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">An even more radical adaptation happens when part of the system changes permanentlyu2014or at least for the very long term. Hunting the giant herbivores of North America to extinction, urbanisation,[/glossary_exclude] genetic change, [glossary_exclude]climate change, desertification, the exhaustion of mineral and fossil fuel resourcesu2014these are all permanent changes, or associated with permanent change. If a living system changes out of recognition owing to a shock, but at least continues as a living system, that can be taken to be a form of resilienceu2014but of course it is a reminder that we need to be specific about which u201csystemu201d we are referring to. If it is, for instance, the giant herbivores of North America, they indeed proved not to be resilient to the climatic changes and other shocks following the end of the last ice age. But the[/glossary_exclude] ecosystem [glossary_exclude]they belonged to did: it adapted; life went on.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r52/"><sup>R52</sup></a></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. <em>Elasticity</em>. This is flexibility in action. The system invents coping strategies; it bends with the storm; it behaves in a way which is not normal for it, survives the shock, then comes back to recover its former way of life as far as it can.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. <em>Resistance</em> (but perhaps <em>Widerstandsfu00e4higkeit</em>u2014resistance-capabilityu2014gets closer to the meaning). Here we have the hardness and imperviousness of a rock. It can endure large shocks without damage. It is the opposite of a house of cards: it hangs together. A person with this quality has a sense of[/glossary_exclude] humour, [glossary_exclude]being able to laugh off[/glossary_exclude] insults; [glossary_exclude]a community with it can cope with trouble without breaking down; it is thick-skinned, bombproof. It is not so much a case of recovering from shock, or being elastic in response to it, as being hard enough to be unaffected by it. If this is in place, then the shock would have to be on a very large scale indeed for the system to notice it.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. <em>Opportunism</em>. Parts of the system use the damage as an opportunity. They fill the gaps. They use the reduction inu2014or absence ofu2014competitors as a chance to flourish in ways which would have been impossible for them if the competitors were there. Plants that live in environments that no other plants could tolerate (such as lyme grass, discussed in[/glossary_exclude] Diversity) [glossary_exclude]demonstrate this form of recovery-elastic resilience.</p>rn[/glossary_exclude]rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">6. <em>Elegance</em>. [glossary_exclude]The system has minimal infrastructure. It does not depend on long supply lines for food and materials. It is not affected by damage to essential assets over which it has no control. It has little or no[/glossary_exclude] intermediate economy, [glossary_exclude]little or no stuff. All the Passero villages have eleganceu2014this is one of the direct consequences of their[/glossary_exclude] small scaleu2014[glossary_exclude]but the sixth u2018villageu2019 has taken elegance to the limit. Or, rather, its inhabitants have kept their elegance intact, being hunter-gatherers and resisting the temptation to settle down and go into agricultureu2014which, from what they have seen of it, looks like hard work[/glossary_exclude] (Ecology: Farmers and Hunters).</p>rn[glossary_exclude]And the strategies of the seventh and eighth villages? The seventh village was swept away entirely, so it does not at first glance seem to provide an example of resilience. But in the context of all the other villages, this is a case of sacrifice-and-succession <em>on the scale of a whole village</em>, rather than only within one. It may allow the wider society to learn lessons. And the eighth village, which escaped the flood, reveals resistance in the collective sense, too, since recovery depends on the shock being survived by all the information it needsu2014by the culture and/or the DNA which it cannot rebuild. The eighth village was the systemu2019s continuity in this sense, for it was keeper of the Mass of St. Maximus. The Passeri could face the future with their key cultural icon intact.rnrnAll of these strategies of recovery-elastic resilience are possible where a system is subdivided into relatively small, weakly interconnected units, like the Passero villages. The system is[/glossary_exclude] <em>modular</em>.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="Resilient-systems"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">Resilient systems</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#Resilient-systems</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnSince resilience is of two kindsu2014<em>preventive</em> and <em>recovery-elastic</em>u2014the properties of the systems capable of each are sharply different. Preventive resilience is the form of resilience mainly open to a complex system; recovery-elastic resilience is the form of resilience mainly open to a modular system.rnrnNow, an important aside: the type of complexity that Lu2019Aquila developed is in fact a special case. It is not the fully developed complexity of an organism, although it does achieve some of the qualities of such. No, what we have here is u2018<em>as-if complexity</em>u2019u2014which this Dictionary calls[/glossary_exclude] <em>complication</em>. [glossary_exclude]In this present entry we consider cases of both true complexity and u2018as-if complexityu2019 interchangeably, because the implications of the two types of complexity are similaru2014and highly relevant to our own future. Exactly what complication means and how it comes about is explained in the dedicated entry on[/glossary_exclude] Complexity. [glossary_exclude]But for now just bear in mind: complexity as applied to a developed human society is u2018as-if complexityu2019.rnrnAnd with that said, back to the lessons of Tuscany, where we shall use u201ccomplexityu201d freely, knowing that we get to grips with the small print elsewhere.rnrnSo, resilience is of two kinds, and it is possible to see a pattern here, as each kind has its cluster of complementary properties. As summarised in the table, u201cThe Properties of Resilient Systemsu201d, we can think of resilient systems as ranging between the complex and the modular, with corresponding expressions of diversity and connectedness:rnrn&nbsp;rn<p style="padding-left: 444px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">THE PROPERTIES OF RESILIENT SYSTEMS</span></p>rnrn<table style="height: 340px;" border="1" width="508">rn<tbody>rn<tr>rn<td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;"></td>rn<td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Preventive</strong></td>rn<td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Recovery-elastic</strong></td>rn</tr>rn<tr>rn<td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>System type</strong></td>rn<td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;">Complex</td>rn<td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;">Modular</td>rn</tr>rn<tr>rn<td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Diversity</strong></td>rn<td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">Strongrn(Structural)</td>rn<td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">Weakrn(Textural)</td>rn</tr>rn<tr>rn<td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Connectedness</strong></td>rn<td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;">Strongrn(Taut)</td>rn<td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;">Weakrn(Slack)</td>rn</tr>rn</tbody>rn</table>rn&nbsp;rnrnThe characteristics of a system with regard to these three criteria define the nature and extent of the resilience it can achieve.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="SYSTEM-TYPE"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">SYSTEM TYPE</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#SYSTEM-TYPE</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnResilient systems, then, lie along the spectrum between complexity and modularity. In fact, they may occupy a range along the spectrum rather than a point, because many[/glossary_exclude] ecological systems [glossary_exclude]have attributes of both complexity and modularity. But letu2019s first consider systems which have stabilised close to one extreme or the otheru2014complex <em>or</em> modular: the antelope is complex; the herd of antelopes is modular (even though it is made up of complex antelopes).rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1.[/glossary_exclude] <em>Complex</em></p>rn[glossary_exclude]rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">A system which is capable of preventive resilience is a complex system. Complexity can be interpreted in several different ways, but for <em>Lean Logic</em> it is the property of a systemu2014such as an animalu2019s body or a self-reliant communityu2014whose parts have strong differences in function, carrying out different, complementary roles in the interests of the system as a whole. These interdependent parts and their functions are connected by extended linksu2014such as the veins and nerves in the human bodyu2014and there is little redundancy or duplication.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">In the case of an animalu2019s body, the different functions are performed by organs with specialised structures. In the case of a human society, these different functions can take the form of specialised[/glossary_exclude] professions, [glossary_exclude]duties and abilities; and as we saw in the way Lu2019Aquila set about the diverse and demanding tasks it set itself, one of the expressions of this differentiation will be varying degrees of inequality.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Either way, such differentiation of roles gives a system capability. A complex system with well-evolved specialisms can develop strategies of commanding brilliance, rising above the grim survival strategies which we associate with u201cresilienceu201d. Like Lu2019Aquila, it may be able to foresee a threat and prevent it. It may use a range of connected and coordinated tasks to achieve high levels of ambition and beauty, such as the cathedrals and orchestras of a complex human society, or the athletic virtuosity of the falcon.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r53/"><sup>R53</sup></a></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">However, the complex system has poor recovery-elastic resilience. It does not adapt easily in response to profound and sudden shock: all those connections inside a complex system make it quite inflexible and vulnerable to trauma. It cannot use the[/glossary_exclude] sacrifice-and-succession [glossary_exclude]strategy, for instance: if wounded, it is likely to die. A complex system would have been capable of some of the individual Passero responsesu2014adaptation to a new phase and opportunism, for instanceu2014but the mutually-dependent, tightly-connected functions of its parts would have made it hard, or impossible, to respond in more than one of those ways at the same time.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Complex systems do not[/glossary_exclude] travel light. [glossary_exclude]They can at times be inventive, but their complexity is likely to take the form of specialisationu2014e.g., swift running like an antelope; being capable of thriving in heat and drought like a cactus; or living in the deepest ocean depths like the eelpout. By these standards, humans have exceptional versatilityu2014but outside their capabilities, complex systems find themselves in trouble. And they only have one shot at it, whereas modular systems can fail again and again and still survive. For a complex system, just one bullet, one fall from a horse, one snakebite, is likely to be the end of the matter. Complex systems <em>need</em> their ability to prevent shock, for their recovery-elastic resilience to a shock that they donu2019t prevent is poor. The cost of their brilliance is their fragility.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r54/"><sup>R54</sup></a></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">If the hero escapes to fight another day, that tells us something about his preventive resilience. With stop-at-nothing enemies like the ones he has made, recovery-elastic resilience wouldnu2019t have been much help.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2.[/glossary_exclude] <em>Modular</em></p>rn[glossary_exclude]rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Modularity is the property of being subdivided into parts (or subassemblies,[/glossary_exclude] holons, [glossary_exclude]modulesu00a0.u00a0.u00a0.) which have a degree of independence. Every module carries out the essential functions required for its own self-reliance. There may be links of beneficial[/glossary_exclude] reciprocity [glossary_exclude]between parts, but they are not indispensable; if some modules are damaged or die, the effect does not ripple through to the restu2014every antelope or Passero village is capable of feeding itself if needs be. The modules are[/glossary_exclude] elegant [glossary_exclude]in that they avoid long and vulnerable lines of supply, and this sets a limit on their size: all the six strategies of recovery-elastic resilience depend on the systems in question having the flexibility of[/glossary_exclude] small scale. [glossary_exclude]The other two key enabling properties of modular systems are weak diversity and weak connectedness, and we shall come to these in more detail in a moment.</p>rnNow for the key link between complexity and modularity. A modular system requires that each module within it must have a high degree of local competence and independenceu2014and, in order to achieve that, the modules themselves must have complexity. If the modules are communities, they must be capable of aspects of self-reliance such as capturing and delivering the[/glossary_exclude] energy [glossary_exclude]they need, producing[/glossary_exclude] food, dealing with waste, maintaining homeostasisu2014[glossary_exclude]and that means that they will have internal structures that are far from modular. A modular (and therefore recovery-elastic) system consists of modules which are not recovery-elastic. So both kinds of resilience, both preventive and recovery-elastic resilience, can coexist within the same structureu2014but they inhabit different layers. Higher levels of complexity are characteristic of lower layers in the system: the complexity of the parts <em>supports</em> the modularity of the whole. There are qualifications to all this, but, as a general rule, preventive resilience is the individual accomplishment of a complex system; recovery-elastic resilience is the collective accomplishment of a modular system.rnrnAnd a loose, modular structure has other positive features, too, beyond the defensive capabilities of resilience. It provides space and[/glossary_exclude] freedom [glossary_exclude]for its parts to develop and apply their complex[/glossary_exclude] intelligence. [glossary_exclude]It permits diverse solutions, trial and error, evolution and local flexibility. It confers responsibility on its members to take the initiative. It affirms,[/glossary_exclude] protects [glossary_exclude]and depends on[/glossary_exclude] presence. [glossary_exclude]The complex parts of such a system are weakly linked (loosely coupled) within its modular whole. Its resilience consists of <em>both</em> the local brilliance of its parts in keeping out of trouble <em>and</em> the collective ability of the whole in recovering when that fails.rnrnThese are critical, life-saving benefits. By contrast, modular communities that seek to build their intelligence and competence by joining up into an integrated system of tightly-coupled complexity[/glossary_exclude] (complication) [glossary_exclude]may have some success for a time, but the loss of modularity that this involves will in due course destroy them.rnrnBut note the[/glossary_exclude] fuzzy [glossary_exclude]borderlines and[/glossary_exclude] anomalies [glossary_exclude]here, which ensure that any statement has to come with disclaimers and[/glossary_exclude] exceptions. [glossary_exclude]There are modular properties in complex systems (cells are constantly replacing themselves in the body; the bodyu2019s powers of recovery from non-lethal shock are considerable), and complex properties in modular systems (specialisms and exchanges of scarce materials between communities). And the crucial asset of[/glossary_exclude] community [glossary_exclude]itself sits between the two properties. So precision is off the menu. But the complementary relationship between modularity and complexity holds. Ask an antelope. The herd may lose one or many of its members and still be a herd. For a single antelope, one incision somewhere in the region of the throat is the end of it. Thatu2019s complexity for you.[/glossary_exclude]rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="DIVERSITY"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">DIVERSITY</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#DIVERSITY</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrn[glossary_exclude]Diversityu2014the variety of forms, structures or species in a systemu2014is a defining condition of resilience. And here, too, we find a spectrum, between:rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Strong (structural) diversity</em></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">In a complex system, the differences between partsu2014between the organs, the arteries and nerves of the body, for instanceu2014are radical. There is little or no duplication of form, reflecting their very different tasks. And there is strong interdependence (connectedness), with each part owing its existence to successful coordination with the others. An animal is a network of transport links: if any of them get blocked, it will probably die. Individual freedom for the diverse parts in a complex system is minimal.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. <em>Weak (textural) diversity</em></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">This is the diversity that exists between the parts of a modular systemu2014the antelopes in a herd, the communities in a network like Passero, the varieties in a species. The diversity is intrinsically restrained: it is like variations on a musical theme. There is a lot of duplication of parts.</p>rnNone of the six strategies of recovery-elastic resilience make sense unless the parts of the modular system are similar to one another. For instance, <em>sacrifice-and-succession</em> (as with the people and livestock in the first village, and the seventh village itself), only works if the parts are sufficiently like each other for the idea of replacement, or succession, to have some meaning. Adaptation to change in the form of parts collectively going into a <em>new phase</em> only makes sense if there is essential similarity between the parts in the first place. The <em>opportunist</em> strategyu2014rescuing neighbours in trouble and then claiming a rewardu2014is not the action of an enemy or a predator, but part of[/glossary_exclude] politics: [glossary_exclude]unscrupulous behaviour being transcended (just) by shared interests.rnrnThat herd of antelopes is being cited in this discussion so often that they are in danger of becoming domestic pets. Nevertheless, they cannot be bettered as an example; here is a modular population of very similar parts, so recovery-resilient that it can survive for thousands of years in an environment full of animals that want to eat them, and consisting of individuals that have a high degree of uniformityu2014or, as Elinor Ostrom calls it, homogeneity[/glossary_exclude] (Commons). [glossary_exclude]Indeed, if one part of a modular system is substantially different from the others, that is likely to bring trouble. The albino antelope has a short expectation of life.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r55/"><sup>R55</sup></a>rnrnAnd such essential uniformity has practical benefits beyond its significance as a condition of recovery-elastic resilience. Basic similarity between the parts of a modular system provides a framework for their[/glossary_exclude] cooperation, reciprocity, conversation and trust within an agreed culture [glossary_exclude]and shared language; the ample presence of your own species means a range of[/glossary_exclude] choice [glossary_exclude]for breeding and the spreading of genes beyond the local population; it invites coming-together for[/glossary_exclude] carnival, [glossary_exclude]wide shared responsibility for the environment, rapid learning from each otheru2019s invention and experience and, if necessary, cooperation for[/glossary_exclude] defence.rnrn[glossary_exclude]But there are, of course, limits to the benefits of homogeneity. In a modular system of communities like Passero there is diversity in the form of local variations, and local ecosystems too are adapted to the particular[/glossary_exclude] place [glossary_exclude]and circumstance; the specific local[/glossary_exclude] character,[glossary_exclude] particularity and enchantment is intact. Although some responses to local conditions wonu2019t work, others have at least a good chance of doing so, and the successful can then be imitated and reproduced, so evolution and[/glossary_exclude] emergence a[glossary_exclude]re in place.rnrnSuch (weak) diversity is especially important if an ecosystem is under stress, and a classic study demonstrating this was published by David Tilman and John Downing in 1994. They cultivated hundreds of grassland plots on the flatlands of Minnesota, with varying degrees of diversity. The plots that performed bestu2014notably in their ability to survive droughtu2014were those with the most (bio)diversity.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r56/"><sup>R56</sup></a> Tilman puts such diversity into its context as only one of the conditions determining the resilience of an ecosystem, but emphasises that it is a[/glossary_exclude] necessary [glossary_exclude]one. He summarises,rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Diversity must be added to composition, disturbance, nutrient supply dynamics, and climate as a determinant of ecosystem structure and dynamics.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r57/"><sup>R57</sup></a></p>rnThe weak diversity within a modular system such as a grassland is still nowhere near the structural diversity inside a complex systemu2014but some systems, such as a woodland[/glossary_exclude] ecosystem or an established community, [glossary_exclude]provide some sense of a middle ground. The woodland has modularity, with its recovery-elastic resilience; it <em>also</em> has a degree of complexity, with diverse roles and some interdependences. It has both preventive resilience and recovery-elastic resilienceu2014up to a point. In a turbulent environment where there are no certainties this limited each-way bet provides the most secure[/glossary_exclude] protection of all.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r58/"><sup>R58</sup></a>rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="CONNECTEDNESS"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">CONNECTEDNESS</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#CONNECTEDNESS</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrn[glossary_exclude]Now we come to the third pairing: slack and taut.rnrnSo far, we have established that a modular system actually depends on having complex parts. So the independence (weak connectedness) within a modular system and the interdependence (strong connectedness) within a complex system depend on each other. The parts within a complex system are so strongly connected that they have almost no freedomu2014your heart and liver must carry out instructions coming from some combination of brain, nervous system and local chemistry. But this internal interdependence confers a high degree of freedom and capability on the complex system (in this case, you) acting as a whole.rnrnIt can apply this freedom of action within the space allowed by the modular system to which it belongs (in this case, your[/glossary_exclude] community). [glossary_exclude]In other words, a complex system like you can only make use of its powers of[/glossary_exclude] intelligence [glossary_exclude]and foresightu2014its ingenious response and avoidanceu2014<em>if</em> it is part of a modular system which gives it the[/glossary_exclude] freedom [glossary_exclude]to do so.rnrnSo just as complexity and modularity are mutually dependent, so are strong connectedness (taut) and weak connectedness (slack). The taut brilliance of a complex system is only revealed and able to express itself because it lives in the context of a slack system. The complex system makes choices; the slack system enables choices to be made. And this allows the slack, modular system as a whole to benefit from the preventive resilience of its parts.rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1.[/glossary_exclude] <em>Taut [glossary_exclude](strong connectedness)</em></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">A taut, complex system makes few concessions to the freedom of its parts. The strength and astonishing capability of a complex system such as a peregrine falcon does not lie in its spare capacity and its ability to recover from trauma, but in its efficiency and in the exact, lean skill with which it earns a living. It has the[/glossary_exclude] practised [glossary_exclude]specialism of the hunter. Its assets consist of intense, taut athleticism, observation and precision, kept sharp by daily contest with animals who would prefer peregrines to starve. It is anything but slack:</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Its shape is streamlined. The rounded head and wide chest taper smoothly back to the narrow wedge-shaped detail. The wings are long and pointed; the primaries long and slender for speed, the secondaries long and broad to give strength for the lifting and carrying of heavy prey. The hooked bill can pull flesh from bones. It has a tooth on the upper mandible, which fits into a notch in the lower one. This tooth can be inserted between the neck vertebrae of a bird so that, by pressuring and twisting, the peregrine is able to snap the spinal cord. The legs are thick and muscular, the toes long and powerful. The toes have bumpy pads on their undersides that help in the gripping of prey. The bird-killing hind toe is the longest of the four, and it can be used separately for striking prey to the ground. The huge pectoral muscles give power and endurance in flight. The dark feathering around the eyes absorbs light and reduces glare. The contrasting facial pattern of brown and white may also have the effect of startling prey into sudden flight. To some extent it also camouflages the large, light-reflecting eyes.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 60px;">.u00a0.u00a0. The eyes of a peregrine weigh approximately one ounce each; they are larger and heavier than human eyes. If our eyes were in the same proportion to our bodies as the peregrineu2019s are to his, a twelve stone man would have eyes three inches across, weighing four pounds. The whole retina of a hawku2019s eye records a resolution of distant objects that is twice as acute as that of the human retina. Where the lateral and binocular visions focus, there are deep-pitted foveal areas; their numerous cells record a resolution eight times as great as ours. This means that a hawk, endlessly scanning the landscape with small abrupt turns of the head, will pick up any point of movement; by focusing upon it he can immediately make it flare up into larger, clearer, view.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r59/"><sup>R59</sup></a></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">That is a taut system.</p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2.[/glossary_exclude] <em>Slack [glossary_exclude](weak connectedness)</em></p>rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The slack comes at the level of the modular ecology of all peregrines in an area. They hatch many times more chicks than they would need to replace the population if they all survived. There is redundancy in the population of hawks; and also in the ecology of their habitat, whose existence depends on the succession of death and life of its members. The natural,[/glossary_exclude] ecological system [glossary_exclude]is designed to take losses. It can changeu2014profoundly and quicklyu2014in response to change in the[/glossary_exclude] climate [glossary_exclude]and setting. Internal to the hawk and its ecology alike, there are complex, taut structures with little or no freedom to change their highly-evolved forms in the light of present circumstances, but the modular ecologies that they live in have redundancy and room to adapt. They have slack; they therefore have recovery-elastic resilience.</p>rnThe difference between taut and slack, then, is vital. Here is an illustration. It is about a disturbance occurring on two occasionsu2014past and futureu2014widely separated in time. The first time, the intensity of the disturbance was extreme and sudden, but the consequences for the slack systems of the time were moderate. The second time, the disturbance could be comparatively moderate, but the consequences will not, for the systems it affects have become taut and complex, and so much less able to cope with a shock they cannot prevent:rn<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The next century of human-made global warming is predicted to be far less extreme than that which occurred at 9600 BC. At the end of the Younger Dryas, mean global temperature had risen by 7u00b0C in fifty years, whereas the predicted rise for the next hundred years is less than 3u00b0C; the end of the last ice age led to a 120-metre increase in sea level, whereas that predicted for the next fifty years is a paltry 32 centimetres at most, rising to 88 centimetres by AD 2100. However, while future global warming may be less extreme than that of 9600 BC, the modern world is in a far more fragile state. .u00a0.u00a0. As a consequence, the threats to human communities and natural ecosystems are far more severe than those of prehistoric times.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r60/"><sup>R60</sup></a></p>rnIn a sense, a complex system is permanently on the threshold of collapse. It uses its taut complexity, and the capability it provides, to keep its nemesis at bay. When it can no longer do so, it reaches the tipping point which will take it back to a much less complex order. A slack, modular system lives much less close to the edge.rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<div class="ll_anchor"><a id="Feedback"></a>ttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied">rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">Feedback</span>rntttt<textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#Feedback</textarea>rntttt<span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied">rnttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>ttttt<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg>tttt</span>rnttt</span>rnttt</div>rnrnUnderlying all these properties of resilient systems is, of course, the matter of[/glossary_exclude] feedback: [glossary_exclude]u201cA resilient worldu201d, write Brian Walker and David Salt, u201cwould possess tight feedbacks (but not too tight).u201d<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r61/"><sup>R61</sup></a>rnrnSystemsu2014individuals and[/glossary_exclude] groupsu2014[glossary_exclude]need to be aware of what is going on around them, but rapid awareness does not necessarily mean rapid response. The ideal timing is not always immediate; even procrastination can have its value if what you havenu2019t yet got around to doing is nuts.rnrnAnd yet, there is a danger of[/glossary_exclude] begging some questions [glossary_exclude]here. For we have got this far, almost to the end of this brain-busting entry on resilience, without being sure of how to tell <em>which</em> system we are talking about. Consider the case of the village that made its living in part by raiding its neighbours for their sheep, for example: was the resilience that mattered to them their own resilience as a village or the resilience of all the Passero villages? We are all, in a sense, parasites to our hosts and hosts to our parasites.rnrnThis is a moment to let a picture tell the story. Here we have our familiar pair of basins from the start of this entry, but now with another pair of basins inside one of them. And of course we could extend that with a series of further basins without evident limitu2014both smaller ones inside the small pair and larger ones containing the large pair. There is likely to be interdependence between them: the small pairu2019s resilience depends on the resilience of the basin in which it lives. And yet, there is also a need for judgmentu2014for a choice of priorities, and for reflection on who you areu2014for defining the[/glossary_exclude] identity [glossary_exclude]which is a necessary condition for rational decision.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r62/"><sup>R62</sup></a>rnrn<img class="wp-image-10172 size-full aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/R-08-Resilience-1.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="92" />rnIf we were antelopes, we would not need to worry about such matters. If we made a wrong decision about who we were, and which basin it was that we wanted to stay in, then the mistake would quickly be corrected for us; we wouldnu2019t survive to make it again. Humans, by contrast, with their powers of preventive resilience, can hold off such tight feedback loops. If only resilience were a formulaic guideline for how to cope in an intensely difficult time, that would make things so much easier. Thinking about it takes us into an exploration of complexity and modularity, the deep nature of systems and the strategies of life and[/glossary_exclude] death [glossary_exclude]in a turbulent environment. And it sets things up for the story of the[/glossary_exclude] Wheel of Life, [glossary_exclude]which sees complex systems like our own civilisation through their whole life-cycle.rnrnResilience does provide some guidelines. It can be an inspiring idea, and in critical ways it sets the agenda for[/glossary_exclude] transition. [glossary_exclude]But it does not do our thinking for us; it just tells us where to start.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r63/"><sup>R63</sup></a>[/glossary_exclude]rnrn&nbsp;rnrn<strong>Related entries</strong>:rnrnReflection, Gaia, Butterfly Effect, Climacteric.","accessMode":"textual, visual","url":"https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/"}</script> <style type="text/css"> .feedzy-rss-link-icon:after { content: url("https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/plugins/feedzy-rss-feeds/img/external-link.png"); margin-left: 3px; } </style> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" 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data-rocket-location-hash="c7e6538d524e0ba87baafef4e5a95eb2" id="content"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="7e3cce4e19c8b703f746209996a22459" class="center">  <div class="single_wrap no_sidebar" > <div class="single_post"> <div class="post-15471 glossary type-glossary status-publish hentry" id="post-15471">    <div class="single_post_content has_share_pos_after">    <h1 class="postitle entry-title" >Resilience</h1>   <div class="single_metainfo ">  <i class="fa-user"></i> <a class="vcard author post-author" href="https://leanlogic.online/author/matthew/" ><span class='fn author' >David Fleming</span></a>  <i class="fa-comments-o"></i><div class="meta_comm"><a href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#comments">1 Comment</a></div>  <i class="fa-th-list"></i><div class="catag_list" ></div> </div>   <div class="share_foot share_pos_after "> <div class="share_this social_square"> <div class="social_buttons"> <span class="share_label">Share This</span> <div class="lgn_fb"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/&amp;t=Resilience" title="Share this on Facebook"><i class="fa-facebook"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_twt"> <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/&text=Resilience" title="Tweet This"><i class="fa-twitter"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_pin"> <a target="_blank" title="Pin This" href='https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/&media=https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/R-05-Resilience.jpg'><i class="fa-pinterest"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_linkedin"> <a target="_blank" title="Share this on Linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/&title=Resilience"><i class="fa-linkedin"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_stmbl"> <a target="_blank" title="Stumble This" href="https://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/&title=Resilience"><i class="fa fa-stumbleupon"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_digg"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.digg.com/submit?url=https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/&amp;title=Resilience" title="Digg This"><i class="fa fa-digg"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_email"> <a target="_blank" onclick="window.location.href='mailto:?subject='+document.title+'&body='+escape(window.location.href);" title="Email This"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a> </div> <div class="lgn_print"> <a target="_blank" onclick="window.print();" title="Print This Page"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="thn_post_wrap" > <div class="glossary-item-audio"></div><p>The ability of a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Systems Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Guidelines for thinking about networks of interaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; makes a distinction between two kinds of system: the complex system and the modular system.&lt;br /&gt;It also recognises two more kinds of system which are special applications of these: the complicated system and the ecological system. &lt;br /&gt;The four are summarised in the table below.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/systems-thinking/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">system</a> to cope with shock.</p> <p>That will do, perhaps, as a short definition. But this is a case where we need to know more, so here is a more considered way of looking at it. Resilience is . . .</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganise while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r45/"><sup>R45</sup></a></p> <p>There is nothing wrong with that except that it can still leave you wondering what resilience is really about, so here is another way of coming at it. Think of a shallow lake whose water is kept clear by the vegetation growing in it, which releases oxygen and maintains a healthy population of small water bugs which feed on nutrients in the water. Perhaps there are also some fish which feed on the bugs. This, we may assume, is a stable condition; sunlight gets into the water for the plants, and even though there are times when it gets an excess supply of nutrients from, say, falling leaves in the autumn, or from a local farm, it is able to cope with this by cleaning up the nutrients, and it remains clear.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r46/"><sup>R46</sup></a></p> <p>However, one day, it receives so many nutrients from various sources that it reaches a ‘tipping point’ at which, quite suddenly, it flips into a new state: turbid water, rich with algae which block out the light, killing the plants, and so reducing the oxygen level to the point at which much of the other aquatic life dies. Now it will remain in this new stable condition. Indeed, it will hold onto this condition even if the extra supply of nutrients then declines to a level which would have presented no problem for the pond in its former condition of plants and clear water. That is to say, there is a wide band of intermediate levels of nutrients at which the lake will remain turbid if it is already turbid, or clear, if is already clear.</p> <p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-285 aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/R-05-Resilience.jpg" alt="" width="410" height="259" srcset="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/R-05-Resilience.jpg 723w, https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/R-05-Resilience-600x378.jpg 600w, https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/R-05-Resilience-300x189.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px" /><br /> So, what we have here is two states of resilience, both of which hang on to their current state with tenacity until they can do so no longer. But when the level of nutrients strays towards extremes, the whole pond ecology suddenly flips into a new state. The image often used to illustrate this consists of two adjacent basins, known as “valleys”, or “basins of attraction”. The system (like a ball kept in the basin by its high sides) is either in one condition or in the other, and “resilience” means that it tends to stay in the one that it is already in, unless an <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Exception, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The argument that a principle is contradicted (not merely qualified) by exceptions. The possibility of understanding an issue can be blocked by an instance in which it does not apply. &lt;br /&gt;Example: &quot;Too many exams make children depressed and demoralised.” &quot;Not at all—our Prudence &lt;em&gt;loves&lt;/em&gt; her exams!”&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Generalisation Fallacies, Composition, Personal Experience.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/exception-the-fallacy-of/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">exceptional</a> disturbance comes along which jolts it into the adjacent one.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r47/"><sup>R47</sup></a></p> <p> </p> <p><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-10170 size-full aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/R-06-Resilience-1.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="92" /><br /> C.S. Holling is the ecologist whose work on resilience in this sense is most widely recognised, and he defines resilience in this context as . . .</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . the size of the valley or basin of attraction around a state that corresponds to the maximum perturbation that can be taken without causing a shift to an alternative stable state.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r48/"><sup>R48</sup></a></p> <p><em>Lean Logic</em>’s definition is this:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Resilience is a system’s tendency to stay in the condition it is already in, despite shocks.</p> <p>In fact, we could cautiously modify this by changing just one word: “Resilience is a system’s <em>ability</em> to stay in the condition it is already in, despite shocks.” That revision suggest that the system takes active steps to stay in the condition it is already in: it specifically compensates for, corrects and cures shocks, just as the white blood corpuscles in our bodies attack and destroy infections. The only problem with that one-word revision is that it suggests that nature is purposive—and the purposive, or teleological, view of nature implies the existence of a mind and of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intention</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the properties (Rule 1) of a system designed on the principles of lean thinking. This first, critical, stage defines what you want to achieve: resist the temptation to add numerous other objectives, since this will only destroy the focus and rule out the possibility of discovering a common purpose. But you don’t need to resist the temptation to adopt an aim which is beyond what you think you can achieve—for among the resources available to you is pull, and its speciality is discovering solutions.&lt;br /&gt;But of course it isn’t as simple as that, for two reasons. First, overall aims consist(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/intention/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">intention</a> which we cannot really claim in the case of a pond, or an <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecology: The Scholars</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;em&gt;(see also Ecology: Farmers and Hunters)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environments, and the word refers equally to these natural systems themselves (a woodland, a pond). The closely-related subject of ecological, or environmental, ethics extends moral judgment beyond human affairs to the ways humans interact with nature. The two aspects of ecology combined—the science and the ethics—is a field as large as the planet’s history. Here is a shortened version:&lt;sup&gt;E22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ll_anchor&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;ctc-inline-copy &quot; aria-label=&quot;Copied&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;ctc-inline-copy-text &quot;&gt;The science of ecology&lt;/span&gt; &lt;textarea style=&quot;display: none;&quot; class=&quot;ctc-inline-copy-textarea&quot;(...)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecology-the-scholars/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecology</a>, or a planet. This is the idea that has brought so much trouble to James Lovelock in his theory of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Gaia</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The idea of planet Earth as a resilient ecological system, able to maintain its environment in a state consistent with its needs.&lt;br /&gt;In the early 1970s, the scientist James Lovelock suggested that the planet’s living ecology regulates its atmosphere and temperature to shape the conditions it lives in. It does not merely adapt to change; it influences change. It makes its planet inhabitable. At the suggestion of the novelist William Golding, Lovelock named this phenomenon after the Greek goddess of Earth, Gaia.&lt;sup&gt;G1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though ridiculed at first, Lovelock began to give it substance as a theoretical(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/gaia/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Gaia</a>. So let us stay out of trouble and settle for “tendency” for now.</p> <p>We can think of our definition as the Resilience Rule. <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecological System</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the four types of system discussed in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; (for context, see the summary table in Systems Thinking).&lt;br /&gt;The ecological system occupies the space between the complex system and the modular system, and incorporates both. Here we have both strong &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; weak diversity, taut &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; slack connectedness; a panarchy of systems and subsystems (holons) known to us as forests, meadows, deserts, oceans, the ecology of lions and antelopes and, on a larger scale, Gaia herself.&lt;br /&gt;Ecological systems challenge the concept of resilience because, whatever the shock, an ecology of some kind will endure—if(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecological-system/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Ecological systems</a> do not always succeed in staying in the condition they are already in: large events may overwhelm them, or small events (the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Butterfly Effect, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The case where small causes lead to big consequences. This applies to a system with an energy source which enables events to ripple through it, improving, impairing, or simply changing its behaviour or its fitness for the environment it is in. It applies most obviously in the field of weather forecasting, and was discovered by the mathematical meteorologist Edward Lorenz in 1959.&lt;br /&gt;While experimenting with a computer programme designed to supply forecasts for months ahead, Lorenz set out to verify a simulation that he had already run, and to extend it further into the future. For the new(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/butterfly-effect/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">butterfly effect</a>) can start a sequence of events that overwhelms them. But the forces of continuity and stability (<a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Homeostasis</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Feedback &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Homeostasis.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/homeostasis/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">homeostasis</a>) are powerful—as demonstrated by the stable temperature and metabolism of our bodies. This holds true on scales ranging from small—e.g., a shallow lake—to large—e.g., Gaia—though it does not change the fact that ecologies’ maintenance of conditions which favour their own continuation tend, ultimately, to fail (although . . . see <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wheel of Life, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A way of thinking about the life-cycle of complex systems (woodlands, companies, civilisations, Gaia . . .).&lt;br /&gt;These can be understood as inhabiting the space defined by two variables or dimensions: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Potential&lt;/em&gt;: a measure of the richness of the system, in the sense of being able to make interesting things happen—the quantity and diversity of plant and animal life in an ecosystem; the friendships, trust and social capital sustained in a society; the skills and accomplishments of a political economy . . .&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Connectedness&lt;/em&gt;: the extent and strength of the linkages between different parts of the(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/wheel-of-life-the/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Wheel of Life</a>).</p> <p style="text-align: center;">—</p> <p> </p> <p>That is resilience from the ecologist’s point of view, but <em>Lean Logic</em>’s interpretation extends to <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Community</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Community can mean many things. One of them refers to common interests—the Morris dancing community, the gay community, the Facebook community. These are reasonable understandings of community, but they fall outside the bounds of this entry, which explores community in the sense of living in the same place.&lt;br /&gt;The character of such communities is varied, and many attempts have been made to devise a frame of reference for making sense of their differences. The best-known way of distinguishing between them was provided by Ferdinand Tönnies, who (in 1887) pointed to the difference between the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/community/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">community</a></em>. In the future, people may want to make conscious decisions about how to cope with disturbance. And unlike a shallow lake, they may give some thought to the matter. For instance, they may wonder whether there could be more than one kind of resilience, and whether there may be a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Choice, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The assumption that we do what we choose.&lt;br /&gt;It sometimes happens that a well-intentioned friend or relation takes it as an assumption that the things you do in your life reflect choices that you have made. After all, if you hadn’t chosen them, you wouldn’t be doing them, would you? But it may not be as simple as that. You may find yourself committed, for instance, to your local Transition initiative, or to any of the things you do as a citizen, because you believe that it has to be done, whether or not you have time for it and really enjoy doing that sort of thing more than, for instance,(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/choice/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">choice</a> between them—and conscious strategies for getting to the preferred kind.</p> <p>In order to think about this, a good place to start is with those basins, which are redrawn here. Let us suppose that the left-hand basin is the preferred state (an orderly, life-supporting community). The right-hand basin is undesired—some combination of chaos, crisis and failure which the community wants to avoid. Fortunately, there is a barrier between the two basins, so that the community can say that it is resilient in the sense of being reasonably confident of remaining in the left-hand basin, unless a shock comes along which is exceptional. On the other hand, that high barrier could turn out to be a problem because, if a shock does take you over the barrier into the right-hand basin, it could be hard to get out (like the turbid lake which remains turbid, even though conditions have improved). The new state will have a resilience of its own: undesired states can be resilient, too. You will be stuck in a place you don’t want to be in. It might not be a place which can support the life of the community.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r49/"><sup>R49</sup></a></p> <p> </p> <p><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-10171 size-full aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/R-07-Resilience-1.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="92" /><br /> However, the community is also aware that exceptional shocks do happen. Quite often, in fact. So it decides to think about a strategy. The image of the basins suggests that there are two possible strategies. One is to raise the height of the barrier between them. This will reduce the probability that, when the shock comes, they will tip over into the right hand basin. The other strategy is to lower the height of the barrier between them. This will increase the probability that a shock might tip them over into the right hand basin, but it will mean that—if/when that happens—there is a much better chance of being able to get back. This suggests that there is a case for exploring two kinds of resilience:</p> <p>1. preventive resilience; and</p> <p>2. recovery-elastic resilience.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="A-visit-to-Tuscany"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">A visit to Tuscany</span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#A-visit-to-Tuscany</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Think of two populations, each based in eight villages, living in practically identical locations, long ago—each in fertile Tuscan valleys beside small rivers.</p> <p>Now imagine that, 200 years ago, their previously-similar histories diverged. One of them (call it L’Aquila) decided to join together as a town, surrounded by its fields. They argued that if they joined together, they could achieve things which were not practical as separate small villages. This <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intensification Paradox</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The paradox by which a developing economy, whose productivity is improving, actually requires &lt;em&gt;increasing&lt;/em&gt; quantities of labour (and the other factors of production, land and capital) to keep each individual supplied with food and shelter. Represented simply as the cost—in terms of labour, land and capital—of supporting the life of one person, the process of development is a process of declining efficiency.&lt;sup&gt;I54&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At first this seems odd because—as Adam Smith described—in the developing intermediate economy, we see a vast &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; in output per person, perhaps through improved technology.(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/intensification-paradox/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">intensification</a> would enable them to build larger buildings, including a larger church, maintain a library, attract visiting scholars, defend themselves better against troublesome neighbours, and even cause a spot of trouble themselves if they felt like it. The other population (call them the Passero villages) just carried on as they were, in loose contact with each other, falling out sometimes, but mostly getting along and learning from each other.</p> <p>Then there are two disastrous events.</p> <p><em>First a flood</em>. One day, there is a massive rainstorm. The rivers rise rapidly. The valleys reveal their true nature as floodplains. The consequences for L’Aquila and the Passero villages are very different. Both L’Aquila and the villages had been aware of the danger of flooding and had followed the policy of enlightened inaction needed to keep it to a minimum. They had conserved the watershed, especially the forests that covered it. They left untouched the marshland that flourished in the higher reaches of the river, along with the meanderings that lengthened it and evened out the flow, enabling it to hold more water than it could have held if it had been straightened.</p> <p>But then L’Aquila went further than that. They wanted water to irrigate their crops during dry summers, as well as reducing to the minimum the risk of flooding in the winter. To that end, they built a series of sacrificial lakes along the course of the river towards the valley. They allowed the lakes to fill up in the spring, and gradually emptied them (hence “sacrificial”) in the summer, letting their water flow into the river for irrigation. They were then kept empty through the winter, except when a flood threatened, when they were allowed to fill up, holding back some of the excess water from the river, and preventing floods. During the summer, the flow of water from the lakes was used to provide power for a watermill, which ground all the flour needed by the town. Building the dams, the sluices, the canals and the mill for all this required a lot of labour. In fact, it required a whole class of manual workers, working intensely during the winter when there was less <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Agriculture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Food Prospects, Lean Food.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/agriculture/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">agricultural</a> work to do. It required a rather authoritarian profession of overseers and planners, and it needed to be managed by a class of priests, who lived in water temples and (since their role placed them in a strong position) demanded tribute and exercised power over everyone living downstream. But the arrangement made L’Aquila rich, and it was able to build fine roads for the transport of food to its growing population.</p> <p>Now comes the rain. It is awesome, and yet a devastating flood is prevented. At the same time, L’Aquila has a reliable flour mill and in the summer it is protected from drought.</p> <p>For the Passeri, such lakes were beyond their capability. The villages were well able to get together to deal with immediate problems, but they could not contemplate a large, long-term programme like that. Their <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Peasant</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A person practising small-scale, mixed, energy-efficient, fertility-conserving farming designed chiefly for local subsistence. It is integrated into local culture. It is the defining practice of the community. This model of agriculture, however, became briefly obsolete as the market economy, with its abundant cheap energy, enabled a different one to develop which did not need to supply its own energy and sustain its own fertility.&lt;br /&gt;Peasant farming is a skilled and efficient way of sustaining food production within the limits of the ecology. It is an eco-ethic, sustaining the measured(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/peasant/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">peasant</a> farmers would not agree to leave home for weeks on end in the winter to build dams and dig canals. They did not have the central organisation, nor the money to maintain a class of priests living in water temples. Instead, they adapted their farming to droughts, and made do with intermittent and rather inefficient watermills which only worked in the winter (the one village on higher ground had an inefficient windmill). This was a largely egalitarian society, not without its <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Leadership</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Character.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/leadership/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">leaders</a> and teachers, but seeing itself as a community of individuals rather than as hired or coerced labour. In any case, the villages did not always get on very well. One of them, in particular, was a troublemaker, and was suspected of a little bit of sheep-stealing (for immediate consumption) from its neighbours. It had not reached the level of a feud—priests from the other villages would go and tell them off, and there was intermarriage between all the villages—but they did not do large-scale cooperation. And another of the villages was quite beyond the pale, as we shall see. So serious coordinated action between all eight was out of the question.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r50/"><sup>R50</sup></a></p> <p>As such, when the rain comes to Passero, the valley is flooded, and the eight villages all respond in different ways. Here is what happens to them:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. One of them loses almost half its livestock and some of its members; most of its stores of grain in the barns are swept away before the survivors manage to reach higher ground. And yet, they are philosophical about it. Some of the young leave home, but some come back with wives and husbands. Neighbours help them out with grain and livestock. Five years later, their barns are repaired, and they have as many people and livestock as before.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. The second village also loses many sheep and some of its people, and their homes are wrecked. They are so devastated and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Demoralisation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Moral fatigue. Loss of belief in one’s own way of life, its myth, and its competence. The salient forms of demoralisation are:&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. The loss of self-belief by a traditional society. Contact with a society with a more advanced technology and (so it seems) more comforts for less work has destroyed the confidence of almost all traditional societies which have found themselves in this situation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;Examples: the collapse of culture and skills in the traditional self-reliant societies of Ladakh and Ireland that followed exposure to the market economy.&lt;sup&gt;D22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;2. The hopelessness following trauma(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/demoralisation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">demoralised</a> by these losses that they lose confidence in their <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Skills</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Manual Skills.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/skills/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">skill</a> as farmers. They hold a council and decide to go into business making boats. They have learned the craft to some extent, building a few rudimentary fishing boats for their neighbours, but the flood has concentrated their minds. Some may go back to farming in the valley one day if the family expands, but for now they go into a new phase in the boat-building business.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. The third village has a much more flexible response to the flood. They do not keep any livestock, so they have none to lose, and nobody has to risk their lives trying to rescue them. They have gardens, but they get their protein—and earn a living—from fishing. They lose most of their goods, and their houses are largely destroyed, leaving just the timber frames intact, but their fishing boats survive, tied securely to trees. The flood is flowing too fast to allow them to do anything with them, so they sit tight until the flood subsides. Then they begin the task of repairing the damage.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. The fourth village is known locally for being the tough guys of the valley. They are wrestling champions of their <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Region</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Nation &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; The Tragedy of the Regions, County.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/region/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">region</a>. No one for miles around would dare to steal any of their sheep, or try anything on with any of their women. They work on the principle of being prepared for anything: they do daily workouts and archery practice; their houses and their barns are built for endurance, on two floors. They have no use for carpets or soft furnishings. Even their sheepdogs are tough, trained to round up their flock in a moment and to drive them up into the barns. The flood when it hits them is just as deep as elsewhere, but they are not much affected by it. The flock is taken to safety in a well-rehearsed routine. Like the giant stones with which they built the foundations of their houses, and the solid wood frames which they placed on top of them, they are essentially undamaged and need time only to dry off. Repairs go ahead at speed and without complaint. No tears are shed. They have <em>Widerstandsfähigkeit</em>, resistance-capability.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. The fifth village is the one with the bad reputation for causing trouble by stealing sheep. They are also caught by the flood, but they do not have far to go to reach higher ground. In fact, they get out so fast that they have time, before the worst of the flood, to go back with their horses to rescue as many of their neighbours in the second village as they can. And they make it clear that they expect to get some <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Land</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The problem of access to land is fundamental and acute. The self-reliant localities of the future will need land; including in the less industrialised nations, whose small farmers have lost their land to the large-scale agriculture of the global market. Land is in many ways the hardest problem of all. Depending of course on the size of the population, the demand for land can be expected to exceed supply. Most wars, including civil wars, are about land. The land problem is a wicked problem.&lt;sup&gt;L1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One interesting person to chew these things over with is Ebenezer Howard, the man behind Social(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/land/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>land</a> from them as a thank you when the second village announces that it is going into the boat-building business. After the flood they are rather better off than they were before it.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">6. For the sixth village, the experience is quite different. In fact, it cannot really be called a village at all, for this group has still not moved on from its preference for the life of the hunter-gatherer. They have no livestock, gardens or settled territory. This offends the sensibilities of the agriculturalist villages, who often feel they ought to be exterminated, but they are related by marriage, and they sometimes do the villages a favour by culling the wolves that dine off their sheep. This <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tradition</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The standing of tradition at present is low. It is patronised as a theme for tourists; it is the nostalgia of old age, a repudiated symbol of the past, of privilege, of pre-scientific ignorance, inconsistent with the serious business of a competitive economy; an affront to common sense. Not so: tradition is indispensable for a functioning society; it is serious business. It does three vital things:&lt;br /&gt;First, it is the substance of culture. Culture does not necessarily advance in the sense of getting &lt;em&gt;better&lt;/em&gt;; it changes slowly as each creative contribution becomes part of it. As T.S. Eliot(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/tradition/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">traditional</a> society has the advantage of simplicity, or <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Elegance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a small-scale, or subdivided, system which does not, therefore, need the complication of a large-scale infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;Self-reliant community, being substantially free of the complications of the large-scale, has economies of reduced scale. The holonic form, consisting of many smaller parts interacting for a common purpose, means that there are lots of edges extending throughout the system. With this high edge-ratio, material needs can be exchanged, and the waste they produce can be recycled on the proximity principle—work is done close to where its output is wanted; waste(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/elegance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">elegance</a>, in the language of <em>Lean Logic</em>. They live in tents made from skins. They have no infrastructures—no sheep, no houses, no gardens, no fishing boats. All their <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Necessity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) &quot;The plea for every infringement of human freedom.” (William Pitt, 18 November 1783)&lt;br /&gt;(2) The considered product of reflection.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Distraction, Hyperbole, Needs and Wants.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/necessity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">needs</a> are wants.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">When the flood comes, they do not even need to saddle their horses—they ride bareback, and with the first sign of danger they pack up and vanish. A couple of hours later they are on one of their favourite upland camping grounds ten miles away, with the horses grazing as if nothing had happened.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">7. The seventh village is completely swept away.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">8. The eighth village is lucky. It lives a little bit up the hillside, where the land is less good, and is hard to cultivate because of the slope, but it keeps them out of danger when the water rises. They watch in horror as the other villages try, with mixed success, to save themselves. But it is a good thing that they survived, because they hold the original manuscript of the mass written for St. Maximus of Aveia, which is brought out and performed by all the villages in a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ritual</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A performative utterance which makes something happen, points to spiritual depth and complexity, establishes or confirms the identity of a community or institution, and gives recognition to the implicit functions and reciprocal obligations which make up the fabric of social order.&lt;br /&gt;The function of ritual is complex, but it centres on the fundamental matter of existence. Institutions—the communities and social inventions that make a society—have an identity problem. Does an institution actually exist, or is it just a collection of people doing something they happen to want to do today? Does(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ritual/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ritual</a> show of solidarity and reconciliation on the Saint’s Day (10 June).</p> <p><em>Then the earthquake</em>. Just twenty years after the flood, there is an earthquake. L’Aquila is by now a rich town, able to obtain the materials and labour it needs from the whole region. Over the years, it has used expensive limestone blocks to build impressive streets and a basilica with a dome. The Passero villages could only afford materials that were close at hand, especially wood, making for rather unimpressive timber-framed buildings rising to no more than two floors, with the spaces between the timber filled with various materials, including mud, reinforced as wattle-and-daub.</p> <p>When the earthquake comes, the buildings of L’Aquila are devastated, and the loss of life is great. Much of the population has to evacuate, finding temporary accommodation all over Italy. The dams fail; the watermill is destroyed. The recovery of L’Aquila’s economy and culture is in the balance, and people compare the disaster with the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.</p> <p>For the Passeri, the effects are quite different. Their houses sway gently, and some of the mud fillings collapse, but they stay upright. People whose houses are most seriously damaged lodge with neighbours for the few weeks needed for repairs. Their watermills are damaged, but they have only ever worked for half the year, so many of the houses have handmills as a backup. Their economic life is almost unaffected, apart from the time needed for repairs, and the local farmers and other craftsmen, who are used to working with their hands and enjoy the luxury of a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Slack and Taut</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The two ends of the spectrum of connectedness, and one of the three pairings of properties which define the extent of a system’s resilience.&lt;br /&gt;Slack is central to the ability of a system to recover from shock. It enables it to cope with losses, and it makes space for choice. It is also needed in well-defined ways for that special case of resilience—a post-industrial Lean Economy.&lt;br /&gt;By contrast, a price-based economy is taut. For goods to command a price they must be scarce, and a taut market is one in which this scarcity is present. As summarised in one of the defining phrases of economics,(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/slack-and-taut/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">slack</a> economy with a short working week, patch up the houses. Soon, things are back to normal (for the sixth village, the earthquake is not a significant event at all: when the earth sways, they are amused by it).</p> <p>So, let us now look at the forms of resilience displayed by L’Aquila and the Passeri.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="Strategies-of-resilience"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">Strategies of resilience</span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#Strategies-of-resilience</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Here we have strategies of two fundamentally different kinds. L’Aquila’s strategy is <em>preventive resilience</em>; the Passero villages’ strategy is <em>recovery-elastic resilience</em>.</p> <p>The common usage of “resilience” contains the sense of surviving adversity which would have destroyed a less resilient <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Community</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Community can mean many things. One of them refers to common interests—the Morris dancing community, the gay community, the Facebook community. These are reasonable understandings of community, but they fall outside the bounds of this entry, which explores community in the sense of living in the same place.&lt;br /&gt;The character of such communities is varied, and many attempts have been made to devise a frame of reference for making sense of their differences. The best-known way of distinguishing between them was provided by Ferdinand Tönnies, who (in 1887) pointed to the difference between the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/community/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">community</a> or person. In <em>Lean Logic</em>, the meaning of resilience includes all that, but it also extends closer to the source of the problem; applying highly-developed skills to prevent the shock happening in the first place.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="PREVENTIVE-RESILIENCE"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">PREVENTIVE RESILIENCE</span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#PREVENTIVE-RESILIENCE</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Preventive resilience—like L’Aquila’s sacrificial lakes—protects a system from being substantially damaged by a hostile environment. The system has the capability of changing its environment to suit its nature, or changing its nature to suit its environment, or both. The key to preventive resilience lies in the possession of a structure consisting of many differentiated parts and functions which join up: there is connectedness—strong interdependence—forming a system, an organism, or a community with the defining characteristic of <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complexity</a></em>.</p> <p>But it has a downside. The complex system’s specialised parts—and the long chains of interdependence between them—make it fragile. Damage to one part can disable the whole system. When a shock is not prevented, the consequences are likely to be devastating.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="RECOVERYELASTIC-RESILIENCE"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">RECOVERY-ELASTIC RESILIENCE</span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#RECOVERYELASTIC-RESILIENCE</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Recovery-elastic resilience, by contrast, does not avoid shock: it responds to it. So far as it can, it goes with the flow; it uses its ingenuity and invents workarounds; it is elastic, flexible. Afterwards, it engages in repair and recovery; it has endurance. Corresponding to the stories of how the different Passero villages coped—or failed to cope—with the flood, the forms of recovery-elastic resilience they displayed are, respectively:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><a id="sacrifice"></a>1. <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sacrifice-and-Succession</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The succession of life-cycles of the subdivisions, holons or parts of an ecology, whose sequence of death and renewal sustains the longevity of the ecological system as a whole and contributes to its resilience. In this context, death is benign participation, the key enabling condition of resilient, living community.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Carnival, Wheel of Life, Resilience &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Recovery-Elastic Resilience &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Sacrifice-and-Succession.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/sacrifice-and-succession/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Sacrifice-and-succession</a></em>. Although parts of the system endure, other parts are destroyed. The system allows for this by producing more than it needs to replace itself (as we see in the high fertility of virtually all plants and animals in a natural <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecosystem</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Ecological System.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecosystem/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecosystem</a>). It invests a large proportion of its assets in conserving the genetic code for the next generation and in educating the new generation in the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Culture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The culture of a community is its art, music, dance, skills, traditions, virtues, humour, carnival, conventions and conversation. These give structure and shape to community—like the foundational vertical strands used in basket-making, round which you wind the texture of the basket itself. Culture keeps social capital alive and upright. It is . . . &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;. . . all those habits and customs whereby we identify ourselves as a community instead of as a collection of atomic individuals. And what makes that possible is a sense of shared destiny, shared history, shared home, being together in one(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/culture/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">culture</a> needed to keep the system alive. The sacrifice of parts gives the system as a whole immortality.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">In a sense, sacrifice-and-succession can be seen as a continuous process of repair. The repair doesn’t always provide an exact replacement, but it fills the gap, either with more of the same, or with another part of the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecology: The Scholars</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;em&gt;(see also Ecology: Farmers and Hunters)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environments, and the word refers equally to these natural systems themselves (a woodland, a pond). The closely-related subject of ecological, or environmental, ethics extends moral judgment beyond human affairs to the ways humans interact with nature. The two aspects of ecology combined—the science and the ethics—is a field as large as the planet’s history. Here is a shortened version:&lt;sup&gt;E22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ll_anchor&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;ctc-inline-copy &quot; aria-label=&quot;Copied&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;ctc-inline-copy-text &quot;&gt;The science of ecology&lt;/span&gt; &lt;textarea style=&quot;display: none;&quot; class=&quot;ctc-inline-copy-textarea&quot;(...)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecology-the-scholars/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecology</a>.</p> <p></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. <em>New phase</em>. The system responds to the shock by shifting into a new phase, taking on a different character while the changed conditions last. One example of this is the forest which burns and then reverts to a grassland for a time, before becoming forest again. Ecologies and societies are transformed by <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Climate Change</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The Earth’s climate is part of an ecological system which, despite spinning in cold space, manages to regulate its temperature and support life. Its ability to do so is shaped by three things: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. Endowment: the physical properties of the Earth—its size and distance from the sun and moon; its continents and oceans; its life; the composition of gases; the laws of physics; the whole of its inheritance; the story so far.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;2. Internal dynamics: the way in which the many parts of the system interact, with diversity and ingenuity.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;3. Forcings: changes which are imposed from &quot;outside”. But(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/climate-change/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">climate</a> changes; the new state will last as long as the conditions which favour them.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r51/"><sup>R51</sup></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">An even more radical adaptation happens when part of the system changes permanently—or at least for the very long term. Hunting the giant herbivores of North America to extinction, urbanisation, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Genetic Fallacy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy which judges the truth of a statement mainly or exclusively by its source. In the case of &lt;em&gt;ad hominem&lt;/em&gt;, the source is a person; here the source is taken to be a theory, or a school of thought, or a political opinion—allowing the argument to be seen as typical and dismissed without further consideration. One common expression of this is the dismissal of any statement about inherited characteristics of people (other than diseases), in reaction to the gross abuse and misrepresentation of genetic sciences by the Nazis.&lt;sup&gt;G10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is a good deal of overlap between the Genetic Fallacy(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/genetic-fallacy/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">genetic</a> change, climate change, desertification, the exhaustion of mineral and fossil fuel resources—these are all permanent changes, or associated with permanent change. If a living system changes out of recognition owing to a shock, but at least continues as a living system, that can be taken to be a form of resilience—but of course it is a reminder that we need to be specific about which “system” we are referring to. If it is, for instance, the giant herbivores of North America, they indeed proved not to be resilient to the climatic changes and other shocks following the end of the last ice age. But the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecosystem</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Ecological System.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecosystem/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecosystem</a> they belonged to did: it adapted; life went on.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r52/"><sup>R52</sup></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. <em>Elasticity</em>. This is flexibility in action. The system invents coping strategies; it bends with the storm; it behaves in a way which is not normal for it, survives the shock, then comes back to recover its former way of life as far as it can.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. <em>Resistance</em> (but perhaps <em>Widerstandsfähigkeit</em>—resistance-capability—gets closer to the meaning). Here we have the hardness and imperviousness of a rock. It can endure large shocks without damage. It is the opposite of a house of cards: it hangs together. A person with this quality has a sense of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Humour</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Sensory delight in paradox.&lt;br /&gt;Humour clears away inhibitions about exploring taboo responses and solutions. It makes it all right to acknowledge a mistake; it supplies the detachment needed to judge one’s own work and improve its quality.&lt;br /&gt;It is a necessary condition for the toleration—as distinct from enforcement—of differences in role, assets and influence within the group. It sustains conversation and underwrites the existence of a group whose members work together and listen to each other; it is a source of shared belonging and mutual recognition: it . . . &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;. . . remains one of the ways(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/humour/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">humour</a>, being able to laugh off <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Insult</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Refreshing evidence of good humour and good faith.&lt;br /&gt;(2) An ambivalent act, midway between endearment and assault, which is intrinsic to the politics and play of bonding into stable and cooperative-competitive groups of male primates (Small Group).&lt;br /&gt;(3) Personal &lt;em&gt;ad hominem&lt;/em&gt; attack, closing down the possibility of reasonable dialogue.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/insult/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">insults</a>; a community with it can cope with trouble without breaking down; it is thick-skinned, bombproof. It is not so much a case of recovering from shock, or being elastic in response to it, as being hard enough to be unaffected by it. If this is in place, then the shock would have to be on a very large scale indeed for the system to notice it.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. <em>Opportunism</em>. Parts of the system use the damage as an opportunity. They fill the gaps. They use the reduction in—or absence of—competitors as a chance to flourish in ways which would have been impossible for them if the competitors were there. Plants that live in environments that no other plants could tolerate (such as lyme grass, discussed in <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Diversity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Variations between the parts of a system.&lt;br /&gt;We can think of diversity as coming in two important forms:&lt;br /&gt;First, there is strong diversity (or ‘structural diversity’). This is the diversity of the parts which carry out specialist roles within a complex system, such as the radically different—but strongly-connected—organs within the body of an animal.&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, there is the weak diversity (or ‘textural diversity’) within a modular system. Its parts are similar to each other and only loosely interdependent, but the small variations may still be necessary for it to function.&lt;br /&gt;Examples of weak(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/diversity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Diversity</a>) demonstrate this form of recovery-elastic resilience.</p> <p></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">6. <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Elegance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a small-scale, or subdivided, system which does not, therefore, need the complication of a large-scale infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;Self-reliant community, being substantially free of the complications of the large-scale, has economies of reduced scale. The holonic form, consisting of many smaller parts interacting for a common purpose, means that there are lots of edges extending throughout the system. With this high edge-ratio, material needs can be exchanged, and the waste they produce can be recycled on the proximity principle—work is done close to where its output is wanted; waste(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/elegance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Elegance</a></em>. The system has minimal infrastructure. It does not depend on long supply lines for food and materials. It is not affected by damage to essential assets over which it has no control. It has little or no <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intermediate Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>That part of the economy which consists of forms of production and other activities which, though necessary, do not directly provide the goods and services which consumers &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; want and need. That is, the intermediate economy does tasks which have to be done just to keep things going, to enable the civic society to exist on its very large scale: goods transport, sewage, landfill sites, electricity grids, social workers, police and prisons, regulation and policy-making, inspectors, bureaucrats, parking wardens, and the large and growing task of protecting and repairing the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/intermediate-economy/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">intermediate economy</a>, little or no stuff. All the Passero villages have elegance—this is one of the direct consequences of their <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Scale</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The size, or scale, of an object has a crucial influence on its nature.&lt;br /&gt;The significance is as decisive as geometry itself. Consider: the two circles are identical except that one is larger than the other. Are there any differences between them other than that simple difference in size?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yes. Their proportions differ in a fundamental way: relative to their respective areas, the circumference (edge) of the large circle is less than that of the small one. The larger a circle, the smaller its edge relative to its area; the area rises with the square of the radius, whereas the circumference(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/scale/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">small</a> scale—but the sixth ‘village’ has taken elegance to the limit. Or, rather, its inhabitants have kept their elegance intact, being hunter-gatherers and resisting the temptation to settle down and go into agriculture—which, from what they have seen of it, looks like hard work (<a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecology: Farmers and Hunters</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;em&gt;(see also Ecology: The Scholars)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Our human ecology, with its two signature properties of &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;(1) being based on agriculture, and&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;(2) supporting a large population&lt;/p&gt; is shot through with dark dilemmas.  Its awareness of this now is acute, but not, perhaps, all that much more so than it was around the time of its birth, some 8,000 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;Being understandably prejudiced in favour of the way of life we know at first hand, we tend to dismiss the life of hunter-gatherers as laughably irrelevant to anything that matters to us now. However, we do in fact have considerable knowledge about that(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecology-farmers-hunters/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Ecology: Farmers and Hunters</a>).</p> <p>And the strategies of the seventh and eighth villages? The seventh village was swept away entirely, so it does not at first glance seem to provide an example of resilience. But in the context of all the other villages, this is a case of sacrifice-and-succession <em>on the scale of a whole village</em>, rather than only within one. It may allow the wider society to learn lessons. And the eighth village, which escaped the flood, reveals resistance in the collective sense, too, since recovery depends on the shock being survived by all the information it needs—by the culture and/or the DNA which it cannot rebuild. The eighth village was the system’s continuity in this sense, for it was keeper of the Mass of St. Maximus. The Passeri could face the future with their key cultural icon intact.</p> <p>All of these strategies of recovery-elastic resilience are possible where a system is subdivided into relatively small, weakly interconnected units, like the Passero villages. The system is <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Modularity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A modular system is one whose essentially similar parts, subassemblies or holons have substantial self-reliance and independence.&lt;br /&gt;Modularity is intrinsic to resilience and is the counterpart of complexity (for modular systems in context among the four types of system discussed in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt;, see the summary table that opens Systems Thinking).&lt;br /&gt;Its three critical properties are: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. dispersal (weak interdependence between its parts, which prevents a shock rippling through the whole system);&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;2. flexibility (the substantial freedom of parts to act in diverse ways in their own and/or the(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/modularity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">modular</a></em>.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="Resilient-systems"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">Resilient <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Systems Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Guidelines for thinking about networks of interaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; makes a distinction between two kinds of system: the complex system and the modular system.&lt;br /&gt;It also recognises two more kinds of system which are special applications of these: the complicated system and the ecological system. &lt;br /&gt;The four are summarised in the table below.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/systems-thinking/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">systems</a></span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly>https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#Resilient-systems</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Since resilience is of two kinds—<em>preventive</em> and <em>recovery-elastic</em>—the properties of the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Systems Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Guidelines for thinking about networks of interaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; makes a distinction between two kinds of system: the complex system and the modular system.&lt;br /&gt;It also recognises two more kinds of system which are special applications of these: the complicated system and the ecological system. &lt;br /&gt;The four are summarised in the table below.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/systems-thinking/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">systems</a> capable of each are sharply different. <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Preventive Resilience</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Resilience.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/preventive-resilience/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Preventive resilience</a> is the form of resilience mainly <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Open Access, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that a common resource can be sustained despite the members who have responsibility for it being unable to control access to it.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Commons, Closed Access.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/open-access-fallacy/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>open</a> to a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complex</a> <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Systems Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Guidelines for thinking about networks of interaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; makes a distinction between two kinds of system: the complex system and the modular system.&lt;br /&gt;It also recognises two more kinds of system which are special applications of these: the complicated system and the ecological system. &lt;br /&gt;The four are summarised in the table below.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/systems-thinking/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">system</a>; <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Recovery-Elastic Resilience</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Resilience.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/recovery-elastic-resilience/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">recovery-elastic resilience</a> is the form of resilience mainly <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Open Access, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that a common resource can be sustained despite the members who have responsibility for it being unable to control access to it.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Commons, Closed Access.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/open-access-fallacy/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>open</a> to a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Modularity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A modular system is one whose essentially similar parts, subassemblies or holons have substantial self-reliance and independence.&lt;br /&gt;Modularity is intrinsic to resilience and is the counterpart of complexity (for modular systems in context among the four types of system discussed in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt;, see the summary table that opens Systems Thinking).&lt;br /&gt;Its three critical properties are: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. dispersal (weak interdependence between its parts, which prevents a shock rippling through the whole system);&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;2. flexibility (the substantial freedom of parts to act in diverse ways in their own and/or the(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/modularity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">modular</a> <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Systems Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Guidelines for thinking about networks of interaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; makes a distinction between two kinds of system: the complex system and the modular system.&lt;br /&gt;It also recognises two more kinds of system which are special applications of these: the complicated system and the ecological system. &lt;br /&gt;The four are summarised in the table below.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/systems-thinking/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">system</a>.</p> <p>Now, an important aside: the type of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complexity</a> that L’Aquila developed is in fact a special case. It is not the fully developed <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complexity</a> of an organism, although it does achieve some of the qualities of such. No, what we have here is ‘<em>as-if <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complexity</a></em>’—which this Dictionary calls <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complication</a></em>. In this present entry we consider cases of both true complexity and ‘as-if complexity’ interchangeably, because the implications of the two types of complexity are similar—and highly relevant to our own future. Exactly what complication means and how it comes about is explained in the dedicated entry on <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Complexity</a>. But for now just bear in mind: complexity as applied to a developed human society is ‘as-if complexity’.</p> <p>And with that said, back to the lessons of Tuscany, where we shall use “complexity” freely, knowing that we get to grips with the small print elsewhere.</p> <p>So, resilience is of two kinds, and it is possible to see a pattern here, as each kind has its cluster of complementary properties. As summarised in the table, “The Properties of Resilient Systems”, we can think of resilient systems as ranging between the complex and the modular, with corresponding expressions of diversity and connectedness:</p> <p> </p> <p style="padding-left: 444px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">THE PROPERTIES OF RESILIENT SYSTEMS</span></p> <table style="height: 340px;" border="1" width="508"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;"></td> <td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Preventive</strong></td> <td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Recovery-elastic</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>System type</strong></td> <td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;">Complex</td> <td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;">Modular</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Diversity</strong></td> <td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">Strong<br /> (Structural)</td> <td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">Weak<br /> (Textural)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 136px; text-align: center;" bgcolor="#cccccc"><strong>Connectedness</strong></td> <td style="width: 142px; text-align: center;">Strong<br /> (Taut)</td> <td style="width: 208px; text-align: center;">Weak<br /> (Slack)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>The characteristics of a system with regard to these three criteria define the nature and extent of the resilience it can achieve.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="SYSTEM-TYPE"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">SYSTEM TYPE</span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#SYSTEM-TYPE</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Resilient systems, then, lie along the spectrum between complexity and modularity. In fact, they may occupy a range along the spectrum rather than a point, because many <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecological System</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the four types of system discussed in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; (for context, see the summary table in Systems Thinking).&lt;br /&gt;The ecological system occupies the space between the complex system and the modular system, and incorporates both. Here we have both strong &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; weak diversity, taut &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; slack connectedness; a panarchy of systems and subsystems (holons) known to us as forests, meadows, deserts, oceans, the ecology of lions and antelopes and, on a larger scale, Gaia herself.&lt;br /&gt;Ecological systems challenge the concept of resilience because, whatever the shock, an ecology of some kind will endure—if(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecological-system/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecological systems</a> have attributes of both complexity and modularity. But let’s first consider systems which have stabilised close to one extreme or the other—complex <em>or</em> modular: the antelope is complex; the herd of antelopes is modular (even though it is made up of complex antelopes).</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Complex</a></em></p> <p></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">A system which is capable of preventive resilience is a complex system. Complexity can be interpreted in several different ways, but for <em>Lean Logic</em> it is the property of a system—such as an animal’s body or a self-reliant community—whose parts have strong differences in function, carrying out different, complementary roles in the interests of the system as a whole. These interdependent parts and their functions are connected by extended links—such as the veins and nerves in the human body—and there is little redundancy or duplication.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">In the case of an animal’s body, the different functions are performed by organs with specialised structures. In the case of a human society, these different functions can take the form of specialised <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Profession</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A skill or craft which recognises obligations outside its own specialist field, taking shared responsibility for the wider community, and dedicating time, care and reflection to it in the common interest.&lt;br /&gt;We have two points of departure for thinking about whether professions do actually have that quality. First, we have Alasdair MacIntyre’s idea of practice—the expectation that in learning a difficult craft, we are likely to learn the skills of citizenship at the same time: we will learn truthfulness (for the craft will not allow you to get by without it), a sense of judgment and justice(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/profession/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">professions</a>, duties and abilities; and as we saw in the way L’Aquila set about the diverse and demanding tasks it set itself, one of the expressions of this differentiation will be varying degrees of inequality.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Either way, such differentiation of roles gives a system capability. A complex system with well-evolved specialisms can develop strategies of commanding brilliance, rising above the grim survival strategies which we associate with “resilience”. Like L’Aquila, it may be able to foresee a threat and prevent it. It may use a range of connected and coordinated tasks to achieve high levels of ambition and beauty, such as the cathedrals and orchestras of a complex human society, or the athletic virtuosity of the falcon.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r53/"><sup>R53</sup></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">However, the complex system has poor recovery-elastic resilience. It does not adapt easily in response to profound and sudden shock: all those connections inside a complex system make it quite inflexible and vulnerable to trauma. It cannot use the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sacrifice-and-Succession</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The succession of life-cycles of the subdivisions, holons or parts of an ecology, whose sequence of death and renewal sustains the longevity of the ecological system as a whole and contributes to its resilience. In this context, death is benign participation, the key enabling condition of resilient, living community.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Carnival, Wheel of Life, Resilience &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Recovery-Elastic Resilience &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Sacrifice-and-Succession.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/sacrifice-and-succession/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">sacrifice-and-succession</a> strategy, for instance: if wounded, it is likely to die. A complex system would have been capable of some of the individual Passero responses—adaptation to a new phase and opportunism, for instance—but the mutually-dependent, tightly-connected functions of its parts would have made it hard, or impossible, to respond in more than one of those ways at the same time.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Complex systems do not <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Travelling Light</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Adaptation to the failure of the intermediate economy of big infrastructures and services which will follow the breakdown of the market. The scale and consequences of the loss of these essentials will be shocking. The long-term task will be to build lean, small-scale, elegant, sustainable-resilient replacements. The Lean Economy will travel light. And there will be a major gain, since local enterprise such as hospitals and farms, can—relative to their giant equivalents—afford a greater flexibility and attention to detail; they can expect better morale, closed-loop waste management, a(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/travelling-light/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">travel light</a>. They can at times be inventive, but their complexity is likely to take the form of specialisation—e.g., swift running like an antelope; being capable of thriving in heat and drought like a cactus; or living in the deepest ocean depths like the eelpout. By these standards, humans have exceptional versatility—but outside their capabilities, complex systems find themselves in trouble. And they only have one shot at it, whereas modular systems can fail again and again and still survive. For a complex system, just one bullet, one fall from a horse, one snakebite, is likely to be the end of the matter. Complex systems <em>need</em> their ability to prevent shock, for their recovery-elastic resilience to a shock that they don’t prevent is poor. The cost of their brilliance is their fragility.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r54/"><sup>R54</sup></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">If the hero escapes to fight another day, that tells us something about his preventive resilience. With stop-at-nothing enemies like the ones he has made, recovery-elastic resilience wouldn’t have been much help.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Modularity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A modular system is one whose essentially similar parts, subassemblies or holons have substantial self-reliance and independence.&lt;br /&gt;Modularity is intrinsic to resilience and is the counterpart of complexity (for modular systems in context among the four types of system discussed in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt;, see the summary table that opens Systems Thinking).&lt;br /&gt;Its three critical properties are: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. dispersal (weak interdependence between its parts, which prevents a shock rippling through the whole system);&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;2. flexibility (the substantial freedom of parts to act in diverse ways in their own and/or the(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/modularity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Modular</a></em></p> <p></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Modularity is the property of being subdivided into parts (or subassemblies, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Holon</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A part, or subsystem, or subassembly, of a system. Every system consists of holons.&lt;br /&gt;Other names—orgs, integrons—have been suggested for them; holon is the name coined by Arthur Koestler. It comes from the Greek &lt;em&gt;holos&lt;/em&gt; (whole), with the suffix -&lt;em&gt;on&lt;/em&gt; (as in neutron), which suggests particle or part.&lt;sup&gt;H23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Local communities are holons within the wider system of society, for example, and the modularity which underpins recovery-elastic resilience comprises diverse, independent holons. Holons have the characteristic property of &quot;facing both ways”: they are complete in themselves and have substantial(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/holon/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">holons</a>, modules . . .) which have a degree of independence. Every module carries out the essential functions required for its own self-reliance. There may be links of beneficial <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reciprocity and Cooperation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Reciprocity is about the ways in which people act in each other’s interests. It may be conscious, or pleasurable, or permanent, or freely entered into, or none of these; it exists between nations, between equals, between master and slave. In some forms of reciprocity, it can be hard to distinguish between giving and receiving—as in, for instance, the reciprocity between mother and infant: the baby gets what it needs to live, and in return the mother receives the satisfactions of giving, of love, of making a person. So it comes in many forms. But, within that wide range of meaning, there(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/reciprocity-and-cooperation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">reciprocity</a> between parts, but they are not indispensable; if some modules are damaged or die, the effect does not ripple through to the rest—every antelope or Passero village is capable of feeding itself if needs be. The modules are <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Elegance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a small-scale, or subdivided, system which does not, therefore, need the complication of a large-scale infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;Self-reliant community, being substantially free of the complications of the large-scale, has economies of reduced scale. The holonic form, consisting of many smaller parts interacting for a common purpose, means that there are lots of edges extending throughout the system. With this high edge-ratio, material needs can be exchanged, and the waste they produce can be recycled on the proximity principle—work is done close to where its output is wanted; waste(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/elegance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">elegant</a> in that they avoid long and vulnerable lines of supply, and this sets a limit on their size: all the six strategies of recovery-elastic resilience depend on the systems in question having the flexibility of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Small Scale</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Scale.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/small-scale/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">small scale</a>. The other two key enabling properties of modular systems are weak diversity and weak connectedness, and we shall come to these in more detail in a moment.</p> <p>Now for the key link between complexity and modularity. A modular system requires that each module within it must have a high degree of local competence and independence—and, in order to achieve that, the modules themselves must have complexity. If the modules are communities, they must be capable of aspects of self-reliance such as capturing and delivering the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Energy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects, Lean Energy, Energy Descent Action Plan.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/energy/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">energy</a> they need, producing <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Food</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Food Prospects, Lean Food.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/food/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>food</a>, dealing with <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Waste</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Material available for use by another part of the system, or by a different system in a closed-loop arrangement.&lt;br /&gt;(2) Material discarded by a system as a means of preventing surplus which could produce unwanted growth (Intentional Waste).&lt;br /&gt;(3) Material abandoned and made unavailable to the system (and to its neighbours and wider ecological setting), which will in due course destroy it. The product of an open-loop arrangement formed by excessive scale.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Needs and Wants, Lean Materials, Pollution, Sorting Problem.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/waste/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">waste</a>, maintaining homeostasis—and that means that they will have internal structures that are far from modular. A modular (and therefore recovery-elastic) system consists of modules which are not recovery-elastic. So both kinds of resilience, both preventive and recovery-elastic resilience, can coexist within the same structure—but they inhabit different layers. Higher levels of complexity are characteristic of lower layers in the system: the complexity of the parts <em>supports</em> the modularity of the whole. There are qualifications to all this, but, as a general rule, preventive resilience is the individual accomplishment of a complex system; recovery-elastic resilience is the collective accomplishment of a modular system.</p> <p>And a loose, modular structure has other positive features, too, beyond the defensive capabilities of resilience. It provides space and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Freedom</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Is lean thinking consistent with freedom? There are clearly some senses in which it is not. The five rules of the grammar of lean thinking—intention, lean means, flow, pull and feedback—are designed to focus minds on a purpose, so there is a commitment there which may narrow individual options. The purpose may be the business of making cars or the Lean Economy’s aim of building and sustaining a community, but it cannot be achieved in a culture where—as Aristotle put it, warning us of the fallacy—&quot;freedom means doing what you like”.&lt;sup&gt;F39&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor can we expect useful results from a collective(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/freedom/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">freedom</a> for its parts to develop and apply their complex <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intelligence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) A public good. The intelligence of at least some people is a vital public good which we cannot do without if there is to be a future for the rest of us. The view of intelligence as a private perk is a measure of failure to recognise society as a connected system, which relies on individual talent as a collective asset. In the market economy, attitudes to intelligence are ambivalent, and mixed in with them is unease about it—as an embarrassment; proof of how far we still fall short of equality of opportunity to fuck up.&lt;br /&gt;(2) A public bad. The presumption is: I am intelligent, therefore(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/intelligence/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">intelligence</a>. It permits diverse solutions, trial and error, evolution and local flexibility. It confers responsibility on its members to take the initiative. It affirms, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Protection</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The act of caring for something which you value, or for which you are responsible. Protection is widely supposed to be a good thing, except in the case of economies, which are required to dance to the single tune of perpetual competition.&lt;br /&gt;Actually, the market economy has little choice. Protectionism—in the sense of, for instance, trade tariffs against foreign imports—would allow domestic industry to settle into a comfortable inefficiency which will eventually ensure that it cannot sell its goods and services abroad; which it probably wouldn’t be able to do anyway because trading partners(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/protection/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">protects</a> and depends on <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Presence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Direct participation in community and social enterprise.&lt;br /&gt;For &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt;, a social enterprise is any collective accomplishment, such as organising a festival, maintaining a school, building a community, managing a commons, helping the poor, or supporting charities and local institutions such as meals-on-wheels, churches, choirs, or the Scouts. Presence means being there, making a society, weaving a texture of belonging, motivations and affections. There is no such thing as society without it.&lt;br /&gt;Throughout the modern era, however, presence has been in progressive decline. The loss of this(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/presence/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">presence</a>. The complex parts of such a system are weakly linked (loosely coupled) within its modular whole. Its resilience consists of <em>both</em> the local brilliance of its parts in keeping out of trouble <em>and</em> the collective ability of the whole in recovering when that fails.</p> <p>These are critical, life-saving benefits. By contrast, modular communities that seek to build their intelligence and competence by joining up into an integrated system of tightly-coupled complexity (<a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.&lt;sup&gt;C238&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/complexity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">complication</a>) may have some success for a time, but the loss of modularity that this involves will in due course destroy them.</p> <p>But note the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fuzzy Logic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Logic which recognises that many qualities, such as baldness, tallness, happiness or truth, are matters of degree, expressed in shades of grey, not black-and-white. Example: the fuzzy borderline between life and death is celebrated by a lizard’s tail for a long time after it has been shed (as a defence tactic by its owner). It glows and dances in the sun, filling the space between life and death with the sexy suppleness of the &lt;em&gt;kama sutra&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;F50&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Lumpy Logic.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/fuzzy-logic/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">fuzzy</a> borderlines and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Anomaly</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Life-giving detail characteristic of a resilient system, and hated by the rationalist and the person with a mission—for whom, to describe something as an anomaly is enough to condemn it without the need for more reasons.&lt;br /&gt;Anomaly may take the form of: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. an instructive deviation from the expected; 2. the natural expression of an evolving complex system; and/or 3. an affront to the tidy or controlling mind, warning that a system has more complexity and independence than had been assumed, and that it will consequently be a source of pain and surprise until eliminated.&lt;/p&gt; In other words,(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/anomaly/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">anomalies</a> here, which ensure that any statement has to come with disclaimers and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Exception, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The argument that a principle is contradicted (not merely qualified) by exceptions. The possibility of understanding an issue can be blocked by an instance in which it does not apply. &lt;br /&gt;Example: &quot;Too many exams make children depressed and demoralised.” &quot;Not at all—our Prudence &lt;em&gt;loves&lt;/em&gt; her exams!”&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Generalisation Fallacies, Composition, Personal Experience.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/exception-the-fallacy-of/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">exceptions</a>. There are modular properties in complex systems (cells are constantly replacing themselves in the body; the body’s powers of recovery from non-lethal shock are considerable), and complex properties in modular systems (specialisms and exchanges of scarce materials between communities). And the crucial asset of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Community</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Community can mean many things. One of them refers to common interests—the Morris dancing community, the gay community, the Facebook community. These are reasonable understandings of community, but they fall outside the bounds of this entry, which explores community in the sense of living in the same place.&lt;br /&gt;The character of such communities is varied, and many attempts have been made to devise a frame of reference for making sense of their differences. The best-known way of distinguishing between them was provided by Ferdinand Tönnies, who (in 1887) pointed to the difference between the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/community/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">community</a> itself sits between the two properties. So precision is off the menu. But the complementary relationship between modularity and complexity holds. Ask an antelope. The herd may lose one or many of its members and still be a herd. For a single antelope, one incision somewhere in the region of the throat is the end of it. That’s complexity for you.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="DIVERSITY"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text "><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Diversity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Variations between the parts of a system.&lt;br /&gt;We can think of diversity as coming in two important forms:&lt;br /&gt;First, there is strong diversity (or ‘structural diversity’). This is the diversity of the parts which carry out specialist roles within a complex system, such as the radically different—but strongly-connected—organs within the body of an animal.&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, there is the weak diversity (or ‘textural diversity’) within a modular system. Its parts are similar to each other and only loosely interdependent, but the small variations may still be necessary for it to function.&lt;br /&gt;Examples of weak(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/diversity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">DIVERSITY</a></span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly>https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#DIVERSITY</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Diversity—the variety of forms, structures or species in a system—is a defining condition of resilience. And here, too, we find a spectrum, between:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Strong (structural) diversity</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">In a complex system, the differences between parts—between the organs, the arteries and nerves of the body, for instance—are radical. There is little or no duplication of form, reflecting their very different tasks. And there is strong interdependence (connectedness), with each part owing its existence to successful coordination with the others. An animal is a network of transport links: if any of them get blocked, it will probably die. Individual freedom for the diverse parts in a complex system is minimal.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. <em>Weak (textural) diversity</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">This is the diversity that exists between the parts of a modular system—the antelopes in a herd, the communities in a network like Passero, the varieties in a species. The diversity is intrinsically restrained: it is like variations on a musical theme. There is a lot of duplication of parts.</p> <p>None of the six strategies of recovery-elastic resilience make sense unless the parts of the modular system are similar to one another. For instance, <em>sacrifice-and-succession</em> (as with the people and livestock in the first village, and the seventh village itself), only works if the parts are sufficiently like each other for the idea of replacement, or succession, to have some meaning. Adaptation to change in the form of parts collectively going into a <em>new phase</em> only makes sense if there is essential similarity between the parts in the first place. The <em>opportunist</em> strategy—rescuing neighbours in trouble and then claiming a reward—is not the action of an enemy or a predator, but part of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Politics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Deliberation about collective decisions by those affected by them.&lt;br /&gt;(2) The grief that follows when (1) breaks down.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related entries&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Nation &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Politics, Abstraction, Anarchism, Blame, Conversation, Democracy, Devil&#039;s Tunes, Green Authoritarianism, Multiculturalism, Unlean.</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/politics/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">politics</a>: unscrupulous behaviour being transcended (just) by shared interests.</p> <p>That herd of antelopes is being cited in this discussion so often that they are in danger of becoming domestic pets. Nevertheless, they cannot be bettered as an example; here is a modular population of very similar parts, so recovery-resilient that it can survive for thousands of years in an environment full of animals that want to eat them, and consisting of individuals that have a high degree of uniformity—or, as Elinor Ostrom calls it, homogeneity (<a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Commons, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A common-pool resource, such as land, or a marine fishery, or a community, whose benefits are shared amongst the people who use it or live in it.&lt;br /&gt;Private property rights are, by comparison, straightforward: the owner has (or can reasonably be presumed to have) a sense of responsibility towards the property he or she owns, and a desire for its continuity. He or she will stand to gain from its improvement over the long term, or lose if it deteriorates. There are many exceptions to this, but the record of care for land where an individual has autonomy—as in the case of a family farm—is good.(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/commons/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Commons</a>). Indeed, if one part of a modular system is substantially different from the others, that is likely to bring trouble. The albino antelope has a short expectation of life.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r55/"><sup>R55</sup></a></p> <p>And such essential uniformity has practical benefits beyond its significance as a condition of recovery-elastic resilience. Basic similarity between the parts of a modular system provides a framework for their <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cooperation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Reciprocity and Cooperation.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/cooperation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">cooperation</a>, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reciprocity and Cooperation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Reciprocity is about the ways in which people act in each other’s interests. It may be conscious, or pleasurable, or permanent, or freely entered into, or none of these; it exists between nations, between equals, between master and slave. In some forms of reciprocity, it can be hard to distinguish between giving and receiving—as in, for instance, the reciprocity between mother and infant: the baby gets what it needs to live, and in return the mother receives the satisfactions of giving, of love, of making a person. So it comes in many forms. But, within that wide range of meaning, there(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/reciprocity-and-cooperation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">reciprocity</a>, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Conversation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>&lt;strong&gt;(1)&lt;/strong&gt; Cooperative problem-solving and deliberation (Latin: &lt;em&gt;de&lt;/em&gt; thoroughly + &lt;em&gt;librare&lt;/em&gt; weigh), including deliberation with oneself. A moment of deference is due to the power of conversation: often it comes empty-handed but sometimes, crucially, it is the bearer of good judgment, raising the collective IQ by—who knows?—20 points? Do nothing that matters without consulting a conversation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(2)&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; of encounter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(3)&lt;/strong&gt; The interaction that builds a community; the process of emergence. As the artist Santiago Bell demonstrated at the Bromley by Bow community where he was resident, craftsmanship and(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/conversation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">conversation</a> and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Trust</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Trust is confidence that an obligation, explicit or implied, will be honoured. The motivation for keeping faith in this way is varied. It may be love, or a promise, or commitment to a professional standard, or a matter of going along with the purpose of the institution to which you belong. In &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt;, trust is a condition for the web of reciprocal obligation which builds community, and for the relationship between a nation and its people.&lt;br /&gt;And it is a critical capital asset, distinct from the other forms of capital; it is both producer and product of social capital. It is a necessary(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/trust/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">trust</a> within an agreed <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Culture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The culture of a community is its art, music, dance, skills, traditions, virtues, humour, carnival, conventions and conversation. These give structure and shape to community—like the foundational vertical strands used in basket-making, round which you wind the texture of the basket itself. Culture keeps social capital alive and upright. It is . . . &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;. . . all those habits and customs whereby we identify ourselves as a community instead of as a collection of atomic individuals. And what makes that possible is a sense of shared destiny, shared history, shared home, being together in one(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/culture/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">culture</a> and shared language; the ample presence of your own species means a range of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Choice, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The assumption that we do what we choose.&lt;br /&gt;It sometimes happens that a well-intentioned friend or relation takes it as an assumption that the things you do in your life reflect choices that you have made. After all, if you hadn’t chosen them, you wouldn’t be doing them, would you? But it may not be as simple as that. You may find yourself committed, for instance, to your local Transition initiative, or to any of the things you do as a citizen, because you believe that it has to be done, whether or not you have time for it and really enjoy doing that sort of thing more than, for instance,(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/choice/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">choice</a> for breeding and the spreading of genes beyond the local population; it invites coming-together for <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Carnival</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Celebrations of music, dance, torchlight, mime, games, feast and folly have been central to the life of community for all times other than those when the pretensions of large-scale civilisation descended like a frost on public joy.&lt;br /&gt;Carnival is a big word: it spans the buffoonery of the Feasts of Fools, the erotic Saturnalia of Rome, the holy holidays of the Church’s calendar and the agricultural year, and local days of festival in which communities, for most of history, have put down their work and concentrated on enjoying themselves.&lt;br /&gt;The making and sustaining of community requires deep(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/carnival/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">carnival</a>, wide shared responsibility for the environment, rapid learning from each other’s invention and experience and, if necessary, cooperation for <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Defence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Defence.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/defence/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">defence</a>.</p> <p>But there are, of course, limits to the benefits of homogeneity. In a modular system of communities like Passero there is diversity in the form of local variations, and local ecosystems too are adapted to the particular <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Place</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Space whose local narrative can still be heard, and could be heard again, given the chance.&lt;br /&gt;Place is the practical, located, tangible, bounded setting which protects us from abstractions, generalities and ideologies and opens the way to thinking as discovery. On this scale, there is elegance, and some relief from the need to be right, for if you are wrong, the small scale of place allows for revision and repair, supported by conversation.&lt;br /&gt;The philosopher David Hume considers the matter: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;There are in &lt;em&gt;England&lt;/em&gt;, in particular, many honest gentlemen, who being always employ’d in their domestic(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/place/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">place</a> and circumstance; the specific local <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Character</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Moral courage, depth, resourcefulness—being capable of originality and surprise, not being easily destroyed by criticism or failure. In the authoritarian state, character in this sense is a nuisance, unpredictable and hard to seduce with cant; the state’s task is therefore depersonalisation, making people mild, dependent, programmable with imposed and universal principles. In the Lean Economy, by contrast, character will be built, by slow prudence, to make a mild people rugged.&lt;sup&gt;C64&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea of character is out of phase with a depersonalising culture that places its confidence in process,(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/character/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">character</a>, particularity and enchantment is intact. Although some responses to local conditions won’t work, others have at least a good chance of doing so, and the successful can then be imitated and reproduced, so evolution and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Emergence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The evolution of complex outcomes from simple circumstances or rules. For instance, chess is defined by fewer than two dozen rules, but new possibilities in the game are still being discovered without limit. Ants build complex structures without having an idea of it in their minds. Richard Dawkins’ computer programme designed to simulate the evolution of species is able to produce virtual organisms of limitless variety from the expression of just nine genes. But note the corollary—if the number of rules or &quot;genes” is reduced a little, the number of possible outcomes or types of outcome(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/emergence/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">emergence</a> are in place.</p> <p>Such (weak) diversity is especially important if an ecosystem is under stress, and a classic study demonstrating this was published by David Tilman and John Downing in 1994. They cultivated hundreds of grassland plots on the flatlands of Minnesota, with varying degrees of diversity. The plots that performed best—notably in their ability to survive drought—were those with the most (bio)diversity.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r56/"><sup>R56</sup></a> Tilman puts such diversity into its context as only one of the conditions determining the resilience of an ecosystem, but emphasises that it is a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Necessary and Sufficient</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A crucial distinction between two kinds of condition required for your argument to hold true, or for an outcome or event to take place.&lt;br /&gt;As the words make plain, a condition is &lt;em&gt;necessary&lt;/em&gt; if the event could not have happened without it; it is &lt;em&gt;sufficient&lt;/em&gt; if it is enough on its own to cause or trigger the event (although, in some cases, something else could just as well have caused it). Example: Before having the energy to play in tonight’s concert I need . . . &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;a. some bangers and mash [a sufficient condition, but steak and kidney pie would do just as well];&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;b. some supper [a necessary and(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/necessary-and-sufficient/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">necessary</a> one. He summarises,</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Diversity must be added to composition, disturbance, nutrient supply dynamics, and climate as a determinant of ecosystem structure and dynamics.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r57/"><sup>R57</sup></a></p> <p>The weak diversity within a modular system such as a grassland is still nowhere near the structural diversity inside a complex system—but some systems, such as a woodland <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecosystem</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Ecological System.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecosystem/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecosystem</a> or an established <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Community</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Community can mean many things. One of them refers to common interests—the Morris dancing community, the gay community, the Facebook community. These are reasonable understandings of community, but they fall outside the bounds of this entry, which explores community in the sense of living in the same place.&lt;br /&gt;The character of such communities is varied, and many attempts have been made to devise a frame of reference for making sense of their differences. The best-known way of distinguishing between them was provided by Ferdinand Tönnies, who (in 1887) pointed to the difference between the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/community/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">community</a>, provide some sense of a middle ground. The woodland has modularity, with its recovery-elastic resilience; it <em>also</em> has a degree of complexity, with diverse roles and some interdependences. It has both preventive resilience and recovery-elastic resilience—up to a point. In a turbulent environment where there are no certainties this limited each-way bet provides the most secure <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Protection</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The act of caring for something which you value, or for which you are responsible. Protection is widely supposed to be a good thing, except in the case of economies, which are required to dance to the single tune of perpetual competition.&lt;br /&gt;Actually, the market economy has little choice. Protectionism—in the sense of, for instance, trade tariffs against foreign imports—would allow domestic industry to settle into a comfortable inefficiency which will eventually ensure that it cannot sell its goods and services abroad; which it probably wouldn’t be able to do anyway because trading partners(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/protection/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">protection</a> of all.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r58/"><sup>R58</sup></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="CONNECTEDNESS"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text "><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Connectedness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The extent to which the parts of a system are joined up in links of reciprocity, dependency and/or control.&lt;br /&gt;In a complex system there is a tautly connected network of exchange of information, instructions, control and stimulus—of oxygen, water, sugars, adrenaline and endorphins, or of food, goods and services, or of weapons and reinforcements. These lines of communication are key to the competence of the complex system, but they also make it vulnerable because they are costly to maintain; they can be destroyed, are hard to repair, and a breakage in just one of them can be enough to(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/connectedness/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">CONNECTEDNESS</a></span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly>https://leanlogic.online/glossary/resilience/#CONNECTEDNESS</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Now we come to the third pairing: slack and taut.</p> <p>So far, we have established that a modular system actually depends on having complex parts. So the independence (weak connectedness) within a modular system and the interdependence (strong connectedness) within a complex system depend on each other. The parts within a complex system are so strongly connected that they have almost no freedom—your heart and liver must carry out instructions coming from some combination of brain, nervous system and local chemistry. But this internal interdependence confers a high degree of freedom and capability on the complex system (in this case, you) acting as a whole.</p> <p>It can apply this freedom of action within the space allowed by the modular system to which it belongs (in this case, your <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Community</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Community can mean many things. One of them refers to common interests—the Morris dancing community, the gay community, the Facebook community. These are reasonable understandings of community, but they fall outside the bounds of this entry, which explores community in the sense of living in the same place.&lt;br /&gt;The character of such communities is varied, and many attempts have been made to devise a frame of reference for making sense of their differences. The best-known way of distinguishing between them was provided by Ferdinand Tönnies, who (in 1887) pointed to the difference between the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/community/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">community</a>). In other words, a complex system like you can only make use of its powers of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intelligence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) A public good. The intelligence of at least some people is a vital public good which we cannot do without if there is to be a future for the rest of us. The view of intelligence as a private perk is a measure of failure to recognise society as a connected system, which relies on individual talent as a collective asset. In the market economy, attitudes to intelligence are ambivalent, and mixed in with them is unease about it—as an embarrassment; proof of how far we still fall short of equality of opportunity to fuck up.&lt;br /&gt;(2) A public bad. The presumption is: I am intelligent, therefore(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/intelligence/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">intelligence</a> and foresight—its ingenious response and avoidance—<em>if</em> it is part of a modular system which gives it the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Freedom</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Is lean thinking consistent with freedom? There are clearly some senses in which it is not. The five rules of the grammar of lean thinking—intention, lean means, flow, pull and feedback—are designed to focus minds on a purpose, so there is a commitment there which may narrow individual options. The purpose may be the business of making cars or the Lean Economy’s aim of building and sustaining a community, but it cannot be achieved in a culture where—as Aristotle put it, warning us of the fallacy—&quot;freedom means doing what you like”.&lt;sup&gt;F39&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor can we expect useful results from a collective(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/freedom/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">freedom</a> to do so.</p> <p>So just as complexity and modularity are mutually dependent, so are strong connectedness (taut) and weak connectedness (slack). The taut brilliance of a complex system is only revealed and able to express itself because it lives in the context of a slack system. The complex system makes choices; the slack system enables choices to be made. And this allows the slack, modular system as a whole to benefit from the preventive resilience of its parts.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Taut</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Slack and Taut.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/taut/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Taut</a> (strong connectedness)</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">A taut, complex system makes few concessions to the freedom of its parts. The strength and astonishing capability of a complex system such as a peregrine falcon does not lie in its spare capacity and its ability to recover from trauma, but in its efficiency and in the exact, lean skill with which it earns a living. It has the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Practice</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A skill or craft, requiring a lifetime’s learning, and whose tight feedback loops reveal errors quickly.&lt;br /&gt;This is in sharp contrast to activities which are in various ways protected against feedback (e.g., politics, economics). Without quick feedback, actions which will in due course lead to disaster can be assumed (on the ignorance-is-bliss principle) to be successful, and firmly embedded and reinforced in irrational assumptions, appetites, reflexes and emotions which the person assumes to be right.&lt;sup&gt;P76&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The built-in feedback of practice does things. First, it nudges in the direction of the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/practice/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">practised</a> specialism of the hunter. Its assets consist of intense, taut athleticism, observation and precision, kept sharp by daily contest with animals who would prefer peregrines to starve. It is anything but slack:</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;">Its shape is streamlined. The rounded head and wide chest taper smoothly back to the narrow wedge-shaped detail. The wings are long and pointed; the primaries long and slender for speed, the secondaries long and broad to give strength for the lifting and carrying of heavy prey. The hooked bill can pull flesh from bones. It has a tooth on the upper mandible, which fits into a notch in the lower one. This tooth can be inserted between the neck vertebrae of a bird so that, by pressuring and twisting, the peregrine is able to snap the spinal cord. The legs are thick and muscular, the toes long and powerful. The toes have bumpy pads on their undersides that help in the gripping of prey. The bird-killing hind toe is the longest of the four, and it can be used separately for striking prey to the ground. The huge pectoral muscles give power and endurance in flight. The dark feathering around the eyes absorbs light and reduces glare. The contrasting facial pattern of brown and white may also have the effect of startling prey into sudden flight. To some extent it also camouflages the large, light-reflecting eyes.</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;">. . . The eyes of a peregrine weigh approximately one ounce each; they are larger and heavier than human eyes. If our eyes were in the same proportion to our bodies as the peregrine’s are to his, a twelve stone man would have eyes three inches across, weighing four pounds. The whole retina of a hawk’s eye records a resolution of distant objects that is twice as acute as that of the human retina. Where the lateral and binocular visions focus, there are deep-pitted foveal areas; their numerous cells record a resolution eight times as great as ours. This means that a hawk, endlessly scanning the landscape with small abrupt turns of the head, will pick up any point of movement; by focusing upon it he can immediately make it flare up into larger, clearer, view.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r59/"><sup>R59</sup></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">That is a taut system.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. <em><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Slack and Taut</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The two ends of the spectrum of connectedness, and one of the three pairings of properties which define the extent of a system’s resilience.&lt;br /&gt;Slack is central to the ability of a system to recover from shock. It enables it to cope with losses, and it makes space for choice. It is also needed in well-defined ways for that special case of resilience—a post-industrial Lean Economy.&lt;br /&gt;By contrast, a price-based economy is taut. For goods to command a price they must be scarce, and a taut market is one in which this scarcity is present. As summarised in one of the defining phrases of economics,(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/slack-and-taut/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Slack</a> (weak connectedness)</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The slack comes at the level of the modular ecology of all peregrines in an area. They hatch many times more chicks than they would need to replace the population if they all survived. There is redundancy in the population of hawks; and also in the ecology of their habitat, whose existence depends on the succession of death and life of its members. The natural, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecological System</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the four types of system discussed in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; (for context, see the summary table in Systems Thinking).&lt;br /&gt;The ecological system occupies the space between the complex system and the modular system, and incorporates both. Here we have both strong &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; weak diversity, taut &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; slack connectedness; a panarchy of systems and subsystems (holons) known to us as forests, meadows, deserts, oceans, the ecology of lions and antelopes and, on a larger scale, Gaia herself.&lt;br /&gt;Ecological systems challenge the concept of resilience because, whatever the shock, an ecology of some kind will endure—if(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/ecological-system/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">ecological system</a> is designed to take losses. It can change—profoundly and quickly—in response to change in the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Climate Change</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The Earth’s climate is part of an ecological system which, despite spinning in cold space, manages to regulate its temperature and support life. Its ability to do so is shaped by three things: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;1. Endowment: the physical properties of the Earth—its size and distance from the sun and moon; its continents and oceans; its life; the composition of gases; the laws of physics; the whole of its inheritance; the story so far.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;2. Internal dynamics: the way in which the many parts of the system interact, with diversity and ingenuity.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;3. Forcings: changes which are imposed from &quot;outside”. But(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/climate-change/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">climate</a> and setting. Internal to the hawk and its ecology alike, there are complex, taut structures with little or no freedom to change their highly-evolved forms in the light of present circumstances, but the modular ecologies that they live in have redundancy and room to adapt. They have slack; they therefore have recovery-elastic resilience.</p> <p>The difference between taut and slack, then, is vital. Here is an illustration. It is about a disturbance occurring on two occasions—past and future—widely separated in time. The first time, the intensity of the disturbance was extreme and sudden, but the consequences for the slack systems of the time were moderate. The second time, the disturbance could be comparatively moderate, but the consequences will not, for the systems it affects have become taut and complex, and so much less able to cope with a shock they cannot prevent:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The next century of human-made global warming is predicted to be far less extreme than that which occurred at 9600 BC. At the end of the Younger Dryas, mean global temperature had risen by 7°C in fifty years, whereas the predicted rise for the next hundred years is less than 3°C; the end of the last ice age led to a 120-metre increase in sea level, whereas that predicted for the next fifty years is a paltry 32 centimetres at most, rising to 88 centimetres by AD 2100. However, while future global warming may be less extreme than that of 9600 BC, the modern world is in a far more fragile state. . . . As a consequence, the threats to human communities and natural ecosystems are far more severe than those of prehistoric times.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r60/"><sup>R60</sup></a></p> <p>In a sense, a complex system is permanently on the threshold of collapse. It uses its taut complexity, and the capability it provides, to keep its nemesis at bay. When it can no longer do so, it reaches the tipping point which will take it back to a much less complex order. A slack, modular system lives much less close to the edge.</p> <p> </p> <div class="ll_anchor"><a id="Feedback"></a> <span class="ctc-inline-copy " aria-label="Copied"> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-text ">Feedback</span> <textarea style="display: none;" class="ctc-inline-copy-textarea" readonly="readonly">https://leanlogic.online/glossary/teqs/#Feedback</textarea> <span class="ctc-inline-copy-icon" role="button" aria-label="Copied"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img" class="copy-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="check-icon" fill="currentColor"><path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> </span> </span> </div> <p>Underlying all these properties of resilient systems is, of course, the matter of <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Feedback</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Feedback, Resilience &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Feedback, Lean Thinking &lt;strong&gt;&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Feedback.&lt;br /&gt;&nbsp;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/feedback/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">feedback</a>: “A resilient world”, write Brian Walker and David Salt, “would possess tight feedbacks (but not too tight).”<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r61/"><sup>R61</sup></a></p> <p>Systems—individuals and groups—need to be aware of what is going on around them, but rapid awareness does not necessarily mean rapid response. The ideal timing is not always immediate; even procrastination can have its value if what you haven’t yet got around to doing is nuts.</p> <p>And yet, there is a danger of begging some questions here. For we have got this far, almost to the end of this brain-busting entry on resilience, without being sure of how to tell <em>which</em> system we are talking about. Consider the case of the village that made its living in part by raiding its neighbours for their sheep, for example: was the resilience that mattered to them their own resilience as a village or the resilience of all the Passero villages? We are all, in a sense, parasites to our hosts and hosts to our parasites.</p> <p>This is a moment to let a picture tell the story. Here we have our familiar pair of basins from the start of this entry, but now with another pair of basins inside one of them. And of course we could extend that with a series of further basins without evident limit—both smaller ones inside the small pair and larger ones containing the large pair. There is likely to be interdependence between them: the small pair’s resilience depends on the resilience of the basin in which it lives. And yet, there is also a need for judgment—for a choice of priorities, and for reflection on who you are—for defining the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Identity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The root condition for rational judgment.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Rational” here has a particular sense: a rational decision is consistent with the individual’s intention, or &lt;em&gt;conatus&lt;/em&gt;—what he is striving to do; what he is about. The intention may be selfish or enlightened; it may be mistaken; it may be altruistic or self-sacrificing: if the person wishes to do something for others without counting the cost, rational behaviour will take steps to do so. What rational decision &lt;em&gt;cannot&lt;/em&gt; do is choose a direction in the absence of context, if the decision-maker has no identity, no intention—no &lt;em&gt;conatus&lt;/em&gt;. Reason can exist(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/identity/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">identity</a> which is a necessary condition for rational decision.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r62/"><sup>R62</sup></a></p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-10172 size-full aligncenter" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/R-08-Resilience-1.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="92" /><br /> If we were antelopes, we would not need to worry about such matters. If we made a wrong decision about who we were, and which basin it was that we wanted to stay in, then the mistake would quickly be corrected for us; we wouldn’t survive to make it again. Humans, by contrast, with their powers of preventive resilience, can hold off such tight feedback loops. If only resilience were a formulaic guideline for how to cope in an intensely difficult time, that would make things so much easier. Thinking about it takes us into an exploration of complexity and modularity, the deep nature of systems and the strategies of life and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Death</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The means by which an ecosystem keeps itself alive, selects its fittest, controls its scale, gives peace to the tormented, enables young life, and accumulates a grammar of inherited meaning as generations change places.&lt;br /&gt;A natural system lies in tension between life and death: death is as important to it as life. &lt;em&gt;A lot&lt;/em&gt; of death is a sign of a healthy large population. &lt;em&gt;Too much&lt;/em&gt; death is a sign that it is in danger; it is not coping; its terms of coexistence with its habitat are breaking down. &lt;em&gt;Too little&lt;/em&gt; death is a sign of the population exploding to levels which will destroy it and the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/death/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">death</a> in a turbulent environment. And it sets things up for the story of the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wheel of Life, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A way of thinking about the life-cycle of complex systems (woodlands, companies, civilisations, Gaia . . .).&lt;br /&gt;These can be understood as inhabiting the space defined by two variables or dimensions: &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Potential&lt;/em&gt;: a measure of the richness of the system, in the sense of being able to make interesting things happen—the quantity and diversity of plant and animal life in an ecosystem; the friendships, trust and social capital sustained in a society; the skills and accomplishments of a political economy . . .&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Connectedness&lt;/em&gt;: the extent and strength of the linkages between different parts of the(...)&lt;/p&gt;</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/wheel-of-life-the/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Wheel of Life</a>, which sees complex systems like our own civilisation through their whole life-cycle.</p> <p>Resilience does provide some guidelines. It can be an inspiring idea, and in critical ways it sets the agenda for <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Transition</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The evolution from dependence to localised self-reliance.&lt;br /&gt;The Transition movement was founded in Totnes, Devon, in 2006, and over three hundred communities around the world have joined to date.&lt;sup&gt;T24&lt;/sup&gt; The movement is part of a convergence of thinking towards the principle that, if areas and communities are to be prepared for the shocks of energy, climate, economics and society, it will not be government and regulatory agencies that do it. It will be something they do for themselves. Transition, lean thinking, the Big Society and others are, from their different starting points, pointing(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/transition/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">transition</a>. But it does not do our thinking for us; it just tells us where to start.<a href="https://leanlogic.online/footnote/r63/"><sup>R63</sup></a></em></em></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Related entries</strong>:</p> <p><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reflection</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Disengagement, in order to think. It may be brief and urgent: a matter of ducking out of sight for a moment, if there is no other way.&lt;br /&gt;As Richard Chartres reminds us in his reflection on Ash Wednesday, that is what Jesus did, when pressed by an angry crowd—doodling reflectively in the dust before giving us the clincher argument against the witch-hunt and its variants: &quot;He who is without sin: let him cast the first stone.” Chartres summarises: stoop, clarify, connect.&lt;sup&gt;R26&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In less crowded circumstances, reflection is thinking time; there is local self-reliance; a flow of concentration. It is(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/reflection/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Reflection</a>, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Gaia</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The idea of planet Earth as a resilient ecological system, able to maintain its environment in a state consistent with its needs.&lt;br /&gt;In the early 1970s, the scientist James Lovelock suggested that the planet’s living ecology regulates its atmosphere and temperature to shape the conditions it lives in. It does not merely adapt to change; it influences change. It makes its planet inhabitable. At the suggestion of the novelist William Golding, Lovelock named this phenomenon after the Greek goddess of Earth, Gaia.&lt;sup&gt;G1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though ridiculed at first, Lovelock began to give it substance as a theoretical(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/gaia/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Gaia</a>, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Butterfly Effect, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The case where small causes lead to big consequences. This applies to a system with an energy source which enables events to ripple through it, improving, impairing, or simply changing its behaviour or its fitness for the environment it is in. It applies most obviously in the field of weather forecasting, and was discovered by the mathematical meteorologist Edward Lorenz in 1959.&lt;br /&gt;While experimenting with a computer programme designed to supply forecasts for months ahead, Lorenz set out to verify a simulation that he had already run, and to extend it further into the future. For the new(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/butterfly-effect/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Butterfly Effect</a>, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Climacteric</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A stage in the life of a system in which it is especially exposed to a profound change in health or fortune. One theory in early medical thinking was that climacterics occurred in the human life at intervals of seven years; a variant was that they occurred at odd multiples of seven years (7, 21, 35, 49, etc), and this survives in the use of &quot;climacteric” as a name for mid-life hormonal changes. Climacterics for human society could be taken to include the end of the last ice age, and the beginnings of agriculture and of industry.&lt;sup&gt;C81&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The climacteric considered in &lt;em&gt;Lean Logic&lt;/em&gt; is the(...)</div>" href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/climacteric/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Climacteric</a>.</p> <a href="https://leanlogic.online/list-of-entries/">« Back to List of Entries</a> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="thn_post_wrap wp_link_pages"> </div>   <div class="post_foot"> <div class="post_meta"> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="author_box "> <div class="author_avatar"> <img width="100" height="100" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/david-fleming-100x100.png" class="avatar avatar-100 photo" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/david-fleming-100x100.png 100w, https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/david-fleming-150x150.png 150w, https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/david-fleming.png 205w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px" /> </div> <div class="author_inner"> <h5>David Fleming</h5> <div class="athor_desc"> Dr David Fleming (2 January 1940 – 29 November 2010) was a cultural historian and economist, based in London, England. He was among the first to reveal the possibility of peak oil's approach and invented the influential TEQs scheme, designed to address this and climate change. He was also a pioneer of post-growth economics, and a significant figure in the development of the UK Green Party, the Transition Towns movement and the New Economics Foundation, as well as a Chairman of the Soil Association. His wide-ranging independent analysis culminated in two critically acclaimed books, 'Lean Logic' and 'Surviving the Future', published posthumously in 2016. These in turn inspired the 2020 launches of both BAFTA-winning director Peter Armstrong's feature film about Fleming's perspective and legacy - 'The Sequel: What Will Follow Our Troubled Civilisation?' - and Sterling College's unique 'Surviving the Future: Conversations for Our Time' online courses. For more information on all of the above, including Lean Logic, click the little globe below! </div> <div class="athor_social"> <a class="auth_website" href="https://www.flemingpolicycentre.org.uk/books/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-globe"></i></a> </div> </div> </div>     <div class="comments_template ">   <h3 id="comments"> One Response to “<a>Resilience</a>” </h3>   <ul class="commentlist">  <li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-419"> <div id="comment-419" class="comment-body"> <div class="comm_edit"></div> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <div class="avatar"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/df68a6d6da0296b97d8894e7a6195594?s=30&d=retro&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/df68a6d6da0296b97d8894e7a6195594?s=60&d=retro&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-30 photo' height='30' width='30' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></div> <div class="comm_auth">Jennifer</div> <a class="comm_date"><i class="fa-clock-o"></i>1 month ago</a> <div class="comm_reply"> <i class="fa-reply"></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-login" href="https://leanlogic.online/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fleanlogic.online%2Fglossary%2Fresilience%2F">Log in to Reply</a> </div> </div> <div class="org_comment"><p>Hmmmm… Fleming’s way of wielding the words complexity and other complex systems concepts do not fully match the complex adaptive systems theory in which I have been trained. Complex systems are known to be highly adaptive due to their responsiveness to environmental conditions. Can they over-respond when under duress? Yes, but I would not typify this as the norm. </p> <p>In physiology, we distinguish between homeostasis and allostasis. Allostasis is the ability of the body to adapt in useful ways to changing, or emergent (unpredictable), conditions. Allostasis can be hampered by chronic stress, depletion or other ongoing insults but the systems-level reaction would normally be to rearrange and respond proactively to circumstance. (He may intend to refer to a system under stress as “taut” but I read this more as him saying that a complex system is innately a “taut” system.)</p> <p>In complex systems theory, a system with high variability is more adaptive, as in heart rate variability. A more steady state indicates vulnerability and a reduced ability to respond to changing environmental circumstances.</p> <p>I am confused by whether he is equating modularity with simplicity? This seems like an oversimplification.<br /> The rather stark lines he draws between complexity and modularity don’t ring true for me, as they always exist in a state of interdependence, which is demonstrated by the fact that complex systems have features of nestedness and fractal behaviors. I would also submit that complexity and modularity are more processes than they are properties. Using health and the human body provides interesting examples of complexity in action that demonstrate its robustness, rather than its weakness. Likewise, a One Health understanding of the biosphere or biodiverse expression demonstrates that health at a modular level cannot represent true health due to the interconnectedness of all features. The whole (complex system) is greater than the sum of its parts (modules) is a maxim of complexity theory. </p> <p>The argument for cultural homogeneity is something that bothers me. I would compare it to something like mono-agriculture or the in-breeding of animals that causes genetic abnormality, or worse eugenics. Is he intending to imply that the separation of life forms different from each other (e.g. human “races”, plant and animal kingdoms, what else?) will promote “simplicity.” This reminds me of right wing talking points that have eviscerated DEI programs in the US under the pretense that they “lower standards.” </p> <p>He says: “if one part of a modular system is substantially different from the others, that is likely to bring trouble. The albino antelope has a short expectation of life.R55”.<br /> However, the albino bison is considered a spiritual sign in US indigenous communities, a symbol of strength and resurrection, not weakness. I feel his example is culture-bound, rather than culture-neutral. White buffalo are protected from hunters, not any innate herd violence.<br /> He continues:<br /> “And such essential uniformity has practical benefits beyond its significance as a condition of recovery-elastic resilience. Basic similarity between the parts of a modular system provides a framework for their cooperation, reciprocity, conversation and trust within an agreed culture and shared language; the ample presence of your own species means a range of choice for breeding and the spreading of genes beyond the local population; it invites coming-together for carnival, wide shared responsibility for the environment, rapid learning from each other’s invention and experience and, if necessary, cooperation for defence.”</p> <p>This sounds like an argument against mixing and mingling with people who are different, because it will weaken our resilience. I don’t resonate with that. The global elite could not be more homogenous, yet they are toxic, destructive and irresponsible. They notoriously don’t trust each other, don’t cooperate, productively converse or seem to learn much. It’s true however that they will defend themselves at any cost.</p> </div> </div> </li> </ul>  <div class="navigation"> </div>    <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Comment on this entry: <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/glossary/resilience/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><p class="must-log-in">You must be <a href="https://leanlogic.online/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fleanlogic.online%2Fglossary%2Fresilience%2F">logged in</a> to post a comment.</p><p class='comment-form-subscriptions'><label for='subscribe-reloaded'><input style='width:30px' type='checkbox' name='subscribe-reloaded' id='subscribe-reloaded' value='yes' /> Notify me of followup comments via e-mail.</label></p> </div>  </div>  </div> </div>         </div> </div> </div> <a class="to_top "><i class="fa-angle-up fa-2x"></i></a>  <div data-rocket-location-hash="69950af4ae4b4e9aa0b923cb09df0b32" class="footer_wrap layer_wrapper "> <div id="footer" > <div data-rocket-location-hash="90a07807c5d765791cc0ff4c5b6578f0" class="center"> </div>  <div data-rocket-location-hash="1bad458f64df00b7c3e416a53975f093" id="copyright" class="soc_right"> <div class="center">  <div class="copytext"></div>  <div class="foot_right_wrap">  <div id="footer_menu" class=""><div class="menu-footer"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-4420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4420"><a href="https://leanlogic.online/bibliography/">Bibliography</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4421"><a href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/">Dictionary</a></li> </ul></div></div>   <div class="foot_soc"> <div class="social_bookmarks bookmark_simple bookmark_size_large"> <a target="_blank" class="ast_fb" href="https://twitter.com/leandictionary"><i class="fa-facebook"></i></a> </div></div>  </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  <script type="rocketlazyloadscript" data-rocket-type="text/javascript">window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { jQuery('#ss360-layer').bind("DOMSubtreeModified",function(){ console.log('changed'); 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