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of the particular—people, place, purpose—by general principle.<br />Abstraction supplies principles to die for—socialism, nationalism, equality, humanity, progress. Large scale turns human society into a rich provider of abstraction; the space that was once occupied by practical observation and direct affections is filled with ideology. The ideology is then enforced. As industry, population and rootlessness grew in the nineteenth century, abstraction got everywhere and smudged everything, like the smoke: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">To the question of daily bread, liberalism did not give much serious(...)</p></div>'>Abstraction</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/accent/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Accent</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Tone of voice, used to smuggle fraud past the listener without arousing suspicion.<br />For Aristotle, this could be a significant source of error because, in classical Greek, what a word means often depends on how it is accented. With some minor exceptions, this does not apply in English, yet the accent problem does arise in another sense not intended by Aristotle: the effect that accented words and tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence.<sup>A7</sup><br />For example, an argument can be reinforced by a tone of weary boredom, implying that the argument is already settled, and that one’s opponents(...)</div>">Accent</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/access/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Access</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Closed Access, Open Access.<br /> </div>">Access</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ad-hominem/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ad hominem</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A distraction which takes on the other person, rather than the argument itself. The Latin name for it, [<em>Argumentum</em>] <em>ad hominem</em> (or <em>ad personam</em> if this is seen as less gender-specific) is used because there is no short equivalent in English: “personal attack” is often suitable but not always. Here we have a distraction in which the argument is unheard; the discussion slips into politics: who is talking? who is paying them? who influences them? how to deal with them? It is on the basis of arguments such as these that, for instance, the science of climate change is dismissed by the(...)</div>">Ad hominem</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/advocacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Advocacy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Special Pleading.<br /> </div>">Advocacy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/agriculture/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Agriculture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Food Prospects, Lean Food.<br /> </div>">Agriculture</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/anarchism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Anarchism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Anarchism”, from the Greek <em>an</em> and <em>arches</em>, means “no chief”—hence “no rule”. But there is more than one way of interpreting this, and it has been anarchism’s big problem that people tend to settle on the wrong one—the idea of anarchy as mere chaos. It was in this sense that John Milton used it—as the state of affairs . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Where eldest Night And Chaos, Ancestors of Nature, hold Eternal Anarchie, amidst the noise Of endless warrs and by confusion stand. For hot, cold, moist, and dry, four Champions fierce Strive here for Maistrie</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em>John Milton, </em>Paradise Lost<em>, 1667.</em><sup>A15</sup></p> Let us instead(...)</div>'>Anarchism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/anomaly/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Anomaly</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Life-giving detail characteristic of a resilient system, and hated by the rationalist and the person with a mission—for whom, to describe something as an anomaly is enough to condemn it without the need for more reasons.<br />Anomaly may take the form of: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. an instructive deviation from the expected; 2. the natural expression of an evolving complex system; and/or 3. an affront to the tidy or controlling mind, warning that a system has more complexity and independence than had been assumed, and that it will consequently be a source of pain and surprise until eliminated.</p> In other words,(...)</div>'>Anomaly</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/appropriate-technology/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Appropriate Technology</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Technology designed to fit the particular circumstances of the people who are to use it; if they need a solution which is cheap to build, small-scale, made from local materials, easy to operate, simple to maintain and energy-efficient, then appropriate technology can set about providing it. It is adapted to the small scale of local skills and materials, as distinct from the large scale of mass production.<br />Unfortunately, appropriate technology has an identity problem. E.F. Schumacher, who developed the concept, preferred “intermediate” technology, so for the moment we will stay with that:(...)</div>">Appropriate Technology</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/argumentum-ad/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Argumentum ad . . .</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>“Argument on the grounds of . . .”.<br />This way of classifying arguments was invented by the philosopher and physician John Locke (1690).<sup>A46</sup><br />Examples: Ad Hominem, Big Stick, Cant, Expertise, Fear, Genetic Fallacy, Ignorance, Money, Pity, Wolf.<br /> </div>">Argumentum ad . . .</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/arms-race/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Arms Race</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The ratchet effect in which international rivals each feel compelled to advance the technology and scale of their armaments because the other side is doing so. Also a metaphor for the race of technical change, in which each advance creates new risks which can only be solved by further advance.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />GRIN (Genetics, Robotics, Information Technology and Nanotechnology), Reductionism, Regrettable Necessities.</div>">Arms Race</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/arts/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Arts</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Explorations of meaning expressed in narrative truth.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Carnival, Culture, Ironic Space, Second Nature.</div>">Arts</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/assent-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Assent, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that an argument is correct because it is approved by the majority, or by the authorities.<br />The power of the majority has been recognised, from Aristotle onwards, as a potential form of tyranny. It is capable of “the most cruel oppression and injustice” (Edmund Burke); “The tyranny of the majority is among the evils against which society requires to be on its guard” (John Stuart Mill).<sup>A47</sup> And, for Alexis de Tocqueville, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">No monarch is so absolute that he can gather all the forces of society into his own hands and overcome resistance as can a majority endowed with the right of(...)</p></div>'>Assent, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/authority/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Authority</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Freedom.<br /> </div>">Authority</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/bad-faith/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Bad Faith</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A breakdown of common presence, conversation and common interest. It can take several forms: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. No common presence: My approach to interaction is to appeal to abstractions and rules which allow me to avoid noticing or recognising anything about you or your situation (Hyperbole).</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. No conversation: Language is disconnected from truth in any of its forms. The other person (the victim) can have no idea whether the information he is getting from me is true or not. Every statement is a ploy, a tactic.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. No common tolerance: I relish your misfortune; what is bad for you is good for me,(...)</p></div>'>Bad Faith</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/balletic-debate/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Balletic Debate</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A debate whose participants are so fluent that they can dance past each other in a performance of great beauty and skill. But to no purpose.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Harebrain Fracture, Rhetorical Capture.</div>">Balletic Debate</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/barter/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Barter</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Barter can make a contribution to reciprocity in a local economy whose income flow has broken down, but it is limited.<sup>B1</sup> With barter, you can make a direct exchange of goods and services without having to get hold of the cash first, and this copes well with simple trading relationships between nations (e.g., arms for oil), or between allotments (carrots for cucumbers), but in a market it is impracticable. Each exchange pair (such as haircuts-for-bread) is one “trading post”, but to make a barter market work, you need a lot more trading posts than you might think (in fact, G(G-1)/2(...)</div>">Barter</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/begging-the-question" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Begging the Question</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Petitio principii</em>)<br />A circular argument, which uses its conclusion as part of the argument to prove its conclusion, sometimes in light disguise.<sup>B3</sup> For instance: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION: Would the use of biotechnology help to feed the world?</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">ANSWER: Yes. Why? Because, if we don’t use it, many will starve.</p> That discussion is evidently getting nowhere; the person who argues in this way may or may not be aware that the assumption which she implies is already agreed is what the argument is actually about. More examples: There is no need to worry about oil depletion. Why? Because the people(...)</div>'>Begging the Question</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/betrayal/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Betrayal</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>If trust exists, the possibility of breaking it—betrayal—exists, too. In a culture which values trust, betrayal is viewed with horror. It opens up the possibility that the friendships, loyalty and trust that hold society together and make it comprehensible are not what they seem. Dante’s <em>Inferno</em> reserves for traitors the deepest pit of hell.<sup>B8</sup> Betrayal destroys any “now” in which logic can operate: an enemy has at least the merit of existing in the present; the betrayer derives his value in his new life from what he was, and yet his old life has been repudiated; there is nothing there.(...)</div>">Betrayal</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/big-stick/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Big Stick, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad baculum</em>)<br />The threat, or use, of force as a means of persuasion.<sup>B10</sup><br />The role of force in argument was discussed by Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole in their <em>Logic, Or the Art of Thinking</em> (1662), and it was the strongest form of the fallacy—physically attacking one’s opponent until he gives in—that they had in mind. Naturally, they disapproved: “Any reasonable person will reject whatever is urged in so offensive a manner and not even the most stupid will listen.”<sup>B11</sup><br />The threat can take many forms—blackmail, loss of job, execution—but its original meaning persisted in its(...)</em></div>">Big Stick, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/binary/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Binary</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Bivalence.<br /> </div>">Binary</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/biofuels/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Biofuels</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects.<br /> </div>">Biofuels</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/biomass/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Biomass</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects.<br /> </div>">Biomass</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/biotechnology/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Biotechnology</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See GRIN (Genetics, Robotics, Information Technology and Nanotechnology).<br /> </div>">Biotechnology</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/bivalence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Bivalence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Bivalence exists where an argument is about a matter of either/or, true or false, black or white, self-hate or self-love. There is no middle position—or this is thought to be so.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Dialectic, Fuzzy Logic.</div>">Bivalence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/blame/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Blame</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that you have explained and in part solved a problem when its complexities have been focused, summarised and embodied in a person, a group, or other agent. A goat, perhaps.<br />Blame is therefore a quick way of making up your mind about a situation which you have not understood, or it at least provides a useful distraction. It avoids the need to explain a person’s behaviour or an event, still less to trace the sequence of cause-and-effect through to its origins. It is a way of making sure that trouble, once it comes, will settle in, its causes forever undiscovered.<br />If blame for an(...)</div>">Blame</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/boredom/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Boredom</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Distress caused by exposure to circumstances offering low levels of stimulus, an unintended but life-threatening consequence of the banality, regulation and risk-aversion which corrodes our culture.<br />(2) Adaptation, or addiction, to a life with minimal stimulus, leading in due course to an inability to cope with an argument or an event that surprises.<br />(3) A moment of freedom from urgency, opening the way to the reflection that makes you a person.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Narcissism, Calibration, Exhilaration.</div>">Boredom</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/borsodis-law/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Borsodi’s Law</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>“Distribution costs will tend to move in inverse proportion to production costs.”<br />That is, although small-scale local production of food, goods and services tends to be more expensive (per unit produced) than large-scale centralised production, these costs are offset by lower distribution costs (i.e., less transport).<br />It does not follow that locally-produced goods will always be cheaper, because so many variable factors (such as wages and fuel costs) are involved, as well as the economies of scale that are available to larger systems. However, it does follow that, as the cost of fuel for(...)</div>">Borsodi’s Law</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/boundaries-and-frontiers/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Boundaries and Frontiers</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Boundaries and limits are necessary conditions for a system to have any meaning and identity. They give a system its structure and stability; as E.F. Schumacher writes, boundaries . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . produce ‘structure’. . . . Now, a great deal of structure has collapsed, and a country is like a big cargo ship in which the load is in no way secured. It tilts, and all the load slips over, and the ship founders.<sup>B17</sup></p> Boundaries have three crucial functions. First, they control access to the system, to the commons and the community, empowering the people who live within them with the expectation(...)</div>'>Boundaries and Frontiers</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/building/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Building</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Building.<br /> </div>">Building</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/bullshit/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Bullshit</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) The waffle produced by someone who is expected to know what he is talking about, but does not.<br />(2) An accusation thrown at a person who is hoping to lift the discussion from the reductionist torpor into which it has sunk.<br />(3) Brief description of a content-free argument.<sup>B19</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Charisma, Icon, Intelligence, Empty Sandwich.</div>">Bullshit</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/butterfly-effect/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Butterfly Effect, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The case where small causes lead to big consequences. This applies to a system with an energy source which enables events to ripple through it, improving, impairing, or simply changing its behaviour or its fitness for the environment it is in. It applies most obviously in the field of weather forecasting, and was discovered by the mathematical meteorologist Edward Lorenz in 1959.<br />While experimenting with a computer programme designed to supply forecasts for months ahead, Lorenz set out to verify a simulation that he had already run, and to extend it further into the future. For the new(...)</div>">Butterfly Effect, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/calibration/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Calibration</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The scale against which an institution measures what is “good” and decides how to act. Example: if guided by a scale calibrated in terms of “Health and Safety”, an institution may develop a busy and elaborate burden of regulation—and, given a chance, keep adding to it.<br />But the scale may be recalibrated quite suddenly and radically. “Health and Safety” could be sharply replaced by other calibrations, such as “Boredom Kills”—which might approve without question anything which reduces the burden of regulation, and helps people to sustain the interest and joy in life whose absence increases(...)</div>">Calibration</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/call-and-response/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Call and Response</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The principle by which localities can call on their local authorities for assistance to develop projects, without themselves losing the initiative: a variant of the principle of pull.<br />A well-established example comes from Portland, Oregon, now widely recognised for its neighbourhood associations and the extent of their initiative-taking in decisions affecting the city: local government <em>responds</em> to citizens’ requests for action, providing an incentive for participation to deepen over several decades. It did not come easily: the discussions that led to it were often acrimonious, and(...)</div>">Call and Response</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/canard/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Canard</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An assertion which is simple, widely-accepted and wrong. The derivation is uncertain but it is thought to come from the French vendre un canard à moitié, to half-sell a duck (i.e., not to make the deal at all). Usually used to dismiss an unwelcome truth: “That old canard about nuclear energy being dangerous . . .”.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Self-Evident, Fallacies.</div>">Canard</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/cant/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cant</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad cantum</em>). An argument based on assurances of goodness and good intentions.<br />Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother were suckers. First, the grandmother opened her cottage door to the bass-voiced wolf claiming to be Little Red Riding Hood. Then Little Red Riding Hood got into bed with, and was eaten by, the wolf, who had disguised himself by wearing the grandmother’s clothes. She had noticed some anomalies: “What big ears you have”, she said, doubtfully. “The better to hear you with”, said the wolf. Oh, that’s all right, then.<br />The story, though changed in many details over(...)</div>">Cant</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/capital/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Capital</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Capital (in <em>Lean Logic</em>) is a particular kind of arrangement of matter, energy and information. The default arrangement of these three elements is disorderly and diffuse — entropic — but sometimes, in the right conditions, they clump together in unlikely and interesting ways; as life, for example.<sup>C8</sup><br />The key property for such ‘unlikely arrangements’ to qualify as capital is that of being of instrumental value to something. Something, somewhere finds them useful. This means that arrangements of matter, energy and information may move in and out of being capital, depending on context.<br(...)</div>">Capital</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/capture-and-concentration" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Capture and Concentration</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(often shortened to “concentration”)<br />The practice, characteristic of civic societies, of concentrating population and production in large-scale centres (hubs), and maintaining an extended transport system to support them. As the civic society gets larger, it has to build even bigger infrastructures for energy, food, communication, waste disposal, law and order, administration and transport. This is the giant intermediate economy which will fail when reliable flows of energy break down, and it is the key aim of the Lean Economy to devise ways of living without it.<br />Efforts to address the(...)</div>">Capture and Concentration</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/carbon-capture-and-storage/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Carbon Capture and Storage</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects.<br /> </div>">Carbon Capture and Storage</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/carbon-offsetting/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Carbon Offsetting</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A system by which individuals and organisations arrange for part or all of their emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) to be offset—reduced to net zero—by paying someone else to reduce or absorb emissions by the same amount.<br />The value of carbon offsetting as a response to climate change is debated. It is criticised on the grounds that it does not address the fundamental task, which is to reduce our fuel-dependency and carbon emissions <em>and</em> to work with others to the same end—that is, to achieve the energy descent. On the contrary, carbon offsetting eases consciences and(...)</div>">Carbon Offsetting</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/caritas/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Caritas</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Caring encounter: a principle associated particularly with medieval Christianity, by which a community recognised the duty of care among its extended networks of family relationship and reciprocal obligation. <em>Caritas</em> is close to charity (meaning 2), except that:<br />(a) it is the expression of a humane and orderly culture and community, whereas charity has more the sense of an individual act; and<br />(b) it has no implication that the other person is in trouble or worse-off than you: it is the mutual bond of care between equals that holds the political economy together, giving it the stability it(...)</div>">Caritas</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/carnival/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Carnival</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Celebrations of music, dance, torchlight, mime, games, feast and folly have been central to the life of community for all times other than those when the pretensions of large-scale civilisation descended like a frost on public joy. Carnival is a big word: it spans the buffoonery of the Feasts of Fools, the erotic Saturnalia of Rome, the holy holidays of the Church’s calendar and the agricultural year, and local days of festival in which communities, for most of history, have put down their work and concentrated on enjoying themselves.<br />The making and sustaining of community requires deep(...)</div>">Carnival</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/casuistry/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Casuistry</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Case-by-case judgment. It is a meticulous approach, acknowledged in essence by Aristotle but developed in full as one of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages.<sup>C56</sup><br />Casuistry cultivated what it saw as good practice in thinking. It aimed at, and often achieved, a benign combination of: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. closely-observed detail of the individual case,</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. a frame of reference (here, the Christian ethic) within which to think about it, and</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. well-defined feedback, so that opinion could evolve incrementally in the light of the individual cases.</p> Within the church, there was—along with the universal(...)</div>'>Casuistry</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/causes-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Causes, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that an event that follows another event was therefore caused by it. Among the crimes against the logic of causes, we have the cases of . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. . . . <em>claimed credit</em>. Example: “The high quality of research at our top universities is a tribute to the success of this Government’s education policy.”</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. . . . <em>looking no further</em>. The immediate cause is taken to be a complete explanation. Example: “The train was late because the driver didn’t turn up.” Contrast with the Five Whys, which dig through layers of explanation.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. . . . <em>the invisible shadow</em>. The use of imaginary(...)</p></div>'>Causes, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ceremony/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ceremony</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A form of ritual, typically formal and on a relatively large scale. It affirms, or can affirm, an implicit contract of membership between a community and its members.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Culture, Carnival, Religion.</div>">Ceremony</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/certainty-fallacies-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Certainty, Fallacies of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Certainty—confidence in a material truth beyond reasonable doubt—is not itself a fallacy. A fallacy does occur, however, when certainty takes the form of: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. defence of a position, by all means, logical and otherwise; or</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. insistence that the other person’s proposition has to be certain and proven beyond any conceivable challenge, before it can be accepted as relevant. Example: “It was the excellent music teaching she had at home and at school that made it possible for her to become a professional pianist.” “You see, you simply don’t know that: she might have taught herself on the(...)</p></div>'>Certainty, Fallacies of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/character/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Character</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Moral courage, depth, resourcefulness—being capable of originality and surprise, not being easily destroyed by criticism or failure. In the authoritarian state, character in this sense is a nuisance, unpredictable and hard to seduce with cant; the state’s task is therefore depersonalisation, making people mild, dependent, programmable with imposed and universal principles. In the Lean Economy, by contrast, character will be built, by slow prudence, to make a mild people rugged.<sup>C64</sup><br />The idea of character is out of phase with a depersonalising culture that places its confidence in process,(...)</div>">Character</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/charisma/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Charisma</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) The gift of grace that enhances the moral authority of a leader in the eyes of his or her followers.<sup>C78</sup><br />(2) The ability to express interesting and inspiring opinion; the quality of leadership.<br />(3) A tactic for achieving promotion, recognition or status, despite being intellectually not up to it. Charismatic exhibitionists are entranced by their own mental ability; they try to control others, whom they tend to see as extensions of themselves, and they are intolerant of criticism. They tend not to believe that others have anything useful to tell them, they are liable to take more credit(...)</div>">Charisma</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/charity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Charity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Assistance with money or time for a person or cause which lies outside the range of the giver’s reciprocal obligations; givers and receivers do not generally know each other’s names; no reciprocal response is expected.<br />(2) Warm manners. Manners on their own, for all their virtues, can sometimes suggest coldness and distance; charity cures this. It means, for instance, the manners to hold back from exploiting an advantage (e.g., in an argument); to suppose that the other person may have a case which works for her, though you do not agree; to care for a person, despite being, for the(...)</div>">Charity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/chierarchy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cheirarchy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(the first syllable rhymes with “sky”; Greek: <em>cheiros</em> hand + <em>archos</em> rule). The rule of hands—self-government by the people who are doing the work: making and sustaining their own local institutions and social capital, applying their own judgment and skills, participating in the ecosystem, affirming the natural authority of presence.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Lean Education.</div>">Cheirarchy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/choice/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Choice, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The assumption that we do what we choose.<br />It sometimes happens that a well-intentioned friend or relation takes it as an assumption that the things you do in your life reflect choices that you have made. After all, if you hadn’t chosen them, you wouldn’t be doing them, would you? But it may not be as simple as that. You may find yourself committed, for instance, to your local Transition initiative, or to any of the things you do as a citizen, because you believe that it has to be done, whether or not you have time for it and really enjoy doing that sort of thing more than, for instance,(...)</div>">Choice, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/civic-society/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Civic Society</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A developed political economy; part of the sequence of civilisations which have risen and fallen during the last 10,000 years or so, whose traces are found in their architecture and artefacts.<br />Our own Western society—now reduced in intelligence and resilience, but much increased in size and complication in the form of the global market economy—is the latest in that sequence. In fact, not all of them have fallen. China, for instance, has gone through many phases of creative destruction, or <em>kaikaku</em>, none of them conclusive (Unlean).<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Regrettable Necessities, Relative(...)</div>">Civic Society</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/civility/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Civility</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The settled manners which underwrite the existence of a republic. This is “republic” in the sense of a society whose members contributed to its laws and decisions sufficiently to feel some sense of ownership, upholding the freedom to build communities with distinctive, individuated, character and common purpose.<br /> </div>">Civility</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/climacteric/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Climacteric</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A stage in the life of a system in which it is especially exposed to a profound change in health or fortune. One theory in early medical thinking was that climacterics occurred in the human life at intervals of seven years; a variant was that they occurred at odd multiples of seven years (7, 21, 35, 49, etc), and this survives in the use of “climacteric” as a name for mid-life hormonal changes. Climacterics for human society could be taken to include the end of the last ice age, and the beginnings of agriculture and of industry.<sup>C81</sup><br />The climacteric considered in <em>Lean Logic</em> is the(...)</div>">Climacteric</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/climate-change/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Climate Change</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The Earth’s climate is part of an ecological system which, despite spinning in cold space, manages to regulate its temperature and support life. Its ability to do so is shaped by three things: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Endowment: the physical properties of the Earth—its size and distance from the sun and moon; its continents and oceans; its life; the composition of gases; the laws of physics; the whole of its inheritance; the story so far.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. Internal dynamics: the way in which the many parts of the system interact, with diversity and ingenuity.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. Forcings: changes which are imposed from “outside”. But(...)</p></div>'>Climate Change</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/closed-access/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Closed Access</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A necessary condition for the management of a commons. With limited numbers of people within its boundaries, the demands made on it, too, are limited, making them realistic and sustainable.<br />The members of a managed commons must undertake to comply with the rules necessary for its maintenance; it follows that they must exclude others who do not comply with those rules, or whose demands would exceed the limits of what it can supply.<br />The principle underlying this is known as “subtractivity”, or “rivalness”—the idea that what one person harvests from a resource subtracts from the ability of(...)</div>">Closed Access</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/closed-loop-systems/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Closed Loop Systems</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>There is a fiercely rigorous definition. In a closed-loop (aka “closed”) system, Kenneth Boulding explains, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">There are no inputs from outside and no outputs to the outside; indeed, there is no outside at all. Closed systems, in fact, are very rare in human experience, in fact almost by definition unknowable, for if there are genuinely closed systems around us, we have no way of getting information into them or out of them; and hence if they are really closed, we would be quite unaware of their existence. We can only find out about a closed system if we participate in it. Some isolated(...)</p></div>'>Closed Loop Systems</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/cognitive-dissonance/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cognitive Dissonance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A condition of anxiety or internal conflict which arises when new information, or pressure from other people, is in conflict with an opinion which has already been settled, or an action which has already been taken.<br />Possible responses include a deliberate attempt to explain away the new information, or to block it out. If this fails, rationalisation may allow the person to come to terms with the decision by deciding that it was all right, after all—coping with the unbearable by learning to like it.<br />Ultimately, there remains the risk, or possibility, of switching—calibrating—suddenly to a(...)</div>">Cognitive Dissonance</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/cohesion/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cohesion</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Society’s ability to hold itself together over a long period, despite stresses which would otherwise break it apart. The market economy is an effective system for sustaining social order: the distribution of goods, services and other assets is facilitated by buying and selling, supporting a network of exchange to which everyone has access. But if the flow of income fails, the powerfully-bonding combination of money and self-interest will no longer be available on its present all-embracing scale, and perhaps not at all. It will then be necessary to rely instead on the cohesive properties(...)</div>">Cohesion</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/collapse/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Collapse</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Climacteric, The Wheel of Life.<br /> </div>">Collapse</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/common-capability/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Common Capability</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An aim which becomes available if and only if it is a collective aim—the transformation in possibility that takes place when others join your focus on achieving something. It is the opposite of the Fallacy of Composition, which deals with the case where something which is possible for one person (e.g., the pleasures of a deserted beach) is not available for all. Common capability, by contrast, underpins the whole phenomenon of civic societies in every age: it is possible to travel by train only because lots of other people want to do so; it is possible to build pyramids, viaducts or a(...)</div>">Common Capability</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/common-purpose/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Common Purpose</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Common purpose is a shared intention to achieve a shared goal, where collective aims are advanced by the individual purpose, and individual aims are advanced by the collective purpose.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Common Capability, Emergence, Presence, TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas).</div>">Common Purpose</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/commons/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Commons, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A common-pool resource, such as land, or a marine fishery, or a community, whose benefits are shared amongst the people who use it or live in it.<br />Private property rights are, by comparison, straightforward: the owner has (or can reasonably be presumed to have) a sense of responsibility towards the property he or she owns, and a desire for its continuity. He or she will stand to gain from its improvement over the long term, or lose if it deteriorates. There are many exceptions to this, but the record of care for land where an individual has autonomy—as in the case of a family farm—is good.(...)</div>">Commons, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/community/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Community</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Community can mean many things. One of them refers to common interests—the Morris dancing community, the gay community, the Facebook community. These are reasonable understandings of community, but they fall outside the bounds of this entry, which explores community in the sense of living in the same place.<br />The character of such communities is varied, and many attempts have been made to devise a frame of reference for making sense of their differences. The best-known way of distinguishing between them was provided by Ferdinand Tönnies, who (in 1887) pointed to the difference between the(...)</div>">Community</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/compassion/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Compassion</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>There are two meanings. First, there is the important insight that it is possible to feel with—or to suffer with (Latin: <em>pati</em> to suffer + <em>cum</em> with)—one’s enemies, or with people whom we don’t know and whose interests are different from ours. The historian Karen Armstrong traces the way in which compassion in this sense began to develop consciously during the Axial Age (900–200 BC), which was the formative period of the great world traditions such as China’s Confucianism and Taoism, India’s Hinduism and Buddhism, Israel’s monotheism and philosophical rationalism in Greece. This was a time(...)</div>">Compassion</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/competitiveness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Competitiveness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The production of goods and services at a price which is at least as low as that of other producers of similar things of similar quality. Competitiveness is a defining property of the market economy; it needs no justification—and just in case it did, it would be necessary only to point to the fact that producers who are not competitive have to raise their game or cease to exist.<br />And yet, economic competitiveness is not the fixed landmark it is thought to be. It is a special case. It exists only under the circumstances of a taut market—that is, an efficient market, committed to employing(...)</div>">Competitiveness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/complexity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Complexity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a system consisting of many complementary tasks carried out by highly specialised parts, which are joined up in networks of information, control and distribution.<sup>C238</sup><br />Each part of a complex system depends on most, or all, of the other parts being in good working order at all times and providing them with the reciprocal services they need. This means that a complex system is vulnerable to shock. If something goes wrong, it is in trouble. It has poor recovery-elastic resilience, but it compensates for this by having well-developed preventive resilience: it is good at keeping(...)</div>">Complexity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/composition-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Composition, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that, because an asset or accomplishment is available to one person, it must therefore be available to all. In fact, there is a class of goods—known as positional goods—that can never be available to all, however much incomes may rise, and whatever forms of social engineering may be attempted. Examples:<sup>C248</sup> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Strict scarcities</em> (i.e., goods whose supply cannot rise in response to demand). There is only a limited number of idyllic houses in the remote countryside, period houses in pleasant towns and Old Masters. Even if incomes rose so that everyone could pay more for them,(...)</p></div>'>Composition, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/conflict/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Conflict</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Big Stick, Play, Reciprocity and Cooperation, Fortitude, Lean Defence.<br /> </div>">Conflict</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/connectedness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Connectedness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The extent to which the parts of a system are joined up in links of reciprocity, dependency and/or control.<br />In a complex system there is a tautly connected network of exchange of information, instructions, control and stimulus—of oxygen, water, sugars, adrenaline and endorphins, or of food, goods and services, or of weapons and reinforcements. These lines of communication are key to the competence of the complex system, but they also make it vulnerable because they are costly to maintain; they can be destroyed, are hard to repair, and a breakage in just one of them can be enough to(...)</div>">Connectedness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/constructivism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Constructivism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The idea that enlightened leaders can steer a society in desirable directions. As attempted, for instance, by Vladimir Lenin and by many autocratic leaders and democratic reformers before and since. This is not in all cases a fallacy: leadership and foresight can in principle do some good.<br />The point made by critics such as Friedrich Hayek is that culture and civilisation are not, in fact, consequences of deliberate human design, but the products of society’s gradually evolving institutions; civilisation depends on behaviour, not on goals. Hayek saw Keynesian economics as a form of(...)</div>">Constructivism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/contract/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Contract</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An arrangement made between two or more parties, committing them to certain obligations which they are required to fulfil even if, at a later time, they do not want to, or find it difficult to do so.<br />The contract may be implicit or explicit, but even an implicit contract is likely to be signalled by gesture or ceremony which affirms the contract’s existence. Contract is endorsed by law and custom and recorded in documents and other instruments, and sanctions may be material, but the contract itself has no material expression. You cannot see it. You cannot say where it is. The paper may be(...)</div>">Contract</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/contrarian-fallacy-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Contrarian Fallacy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument which dismisses one proposition by emphasising another one. For example, the proposition, “Many London households in the age of Handel achieved a high level of culture and civility” may be disputed on the grounds that “eighteenth century London still had desperate poverty and open sewers.”<br />The problem is not that the objection is false; it is that it can effectively see off the original statement, which disappears from the discussion, allowing the easy ride of catch-all cynicism to continue uninterrupted. The Contrarian Fallacy—the inverse of the three monkeys who hear no(...)</div>">Contrarian Fallacy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/control-overload/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Control Overload</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The final breakdown that occurs when an attempt is made to control a system comprehensively. Every control usurps local decision-making, and needs to be controlled itself, so that, with each added control, there is more to be controlled, until the system is crushed by the weight of it all.<br />It is hard to stop because in the latter stages, failures keep occurring, which prompt the installation of more controls.<br />Examples: financial regulation; anti-terror/enemy-of-the-state regimes; state-controlled health services; law and order when rivalries develop; fast-breeder nuclear reactors (see “The(...)</div>">Control Overload</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/conversation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Conversation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><strong>(1)</strong> Cooperative problem-solving and deliberation (Latin: <em>de</em> thoroughly + <em>librare</em> weigh), including deliberation with oneself. A moment of deference is due to the power of conversation: often it comes empty-handed but sometimes, crucially, it is the bearer of good judgment, raising the collective IQ by—who knows?—20 points? Do nothing that matters without consulting a conversation.<br /><strong>(2)</strong> The <em>how</em> of encounter.<br /><strong>(3)</strong> The interaction that builds a community; the process of emergence. As the artist Santiago Bell demonstrated at the Bromley by Bow community where he was resident, craftsmanship and(...)</div>">Conversation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/cooperation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cooperation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Reciprocity and Cooperation.<br /> </div>">Cooperation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/county/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>County</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Counties began their career as the defining administrative unit in England under King Alfred’s land reforms, introduced following his defeat of the Viking army at the Battle of Edington, near Chippenham in 878. Their essential form and function remained in place until the Local Government Act, which came into force on 1 April 1974.<sup>C260</sup><br />Before Alfred’s intervention, shires got a mention here and there, but the recognised territorial unit was that of the long-standing settlements of the peoples, or tribes, of England. Places took their names from the people that lived there. Many of those(...)</div>">County</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/courage/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Courage</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Fortitude, Practice, Virtues, <em>Tao</em>, Betrayal.<br /> </div>">Courage</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/courtesy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Courtesy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The art of listening and reflection. It requires a taught or instinctive logic literacy and manners—foregoing distractions, deceptions, fallacies and abstractions. It requires presence, and particular courtesies such as not interrupting—and (a variant), not interrupting, guessing wrongly what the other person was going to say, and then launching into an unstoppable flow of disagreement with what you assumed he would.<br />It means not finishing the other person’s sentences, not quickly losing concentration while the other person is speaking, not hurrying the other person along with impatient(...)</div>">Courtesy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/cowardice/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cowardice</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Lack of courage to defend, by argument or action, a value which a person believes to be right. The reason may be that the idea requires more careful thought than the alternative position; or that persistence would be lonely, or risky.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Betrayal, Calibration, Character, Ideology, Reflection.</div>">Cowardice</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/crafts/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Crafts</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Highly accomplished manual skills.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Practice, Profession.</div>">Crafts</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/creative-block/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Creative Block</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) The stage of uncertainty, pessimism and loss of confidence through which a person must pass in order to achieve a creative and rooted insight.<sup>C268</sup><br />(2) Failure which prevents a person, community or culture from carrying out a bad idea, and thereby forces development of a better one.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Boredom, Wishful Thinking, Fortitude, Casuistry, Ingenuity Gap, Interest, Paradigm, Success, Hippopotamus.</div>">Creative Block</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/credit-union/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Credit Union</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A small-scale fund set up by people with a common bond of some kind, such as living in the same area, or working in a firm that can make a useful contribution to local needs and employment, but could not compete if it were fully exposed to the market economy.<br />Members of the union have to purchase some minimum number of shares, which may be as little as £1’s worth, up to a usual maximum of around £5,000, for which they receive interest in the form of dividends. The union then lends money to local people and small enterprises, and this money is therefore kept working within the area,(...)</div>">Credit Union</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/culture/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Culture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The culture of a community is its art, music, dance, skills, traditions, virtues, humour, carnival, conventions and conversation. These give structure and shape to community—like the foundational vertical strands used in basket-making, round which you wind the texture of the basket itself. Culture keeps social capital alive and upright. It is . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . all those habits and customs whereby we identify ourselves as a community instead of as a collection of atomic individuals. And what makes that possible is a sense of shared destiny, shared history, shared home, being together in one(...)</p></div>'>Culture</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/cupboard-love/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Cupboard Love</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A practical motivation which helps to sustain loving relationships. To be too explicit about it is, of course, quickly destructive, but what you get from a relationship doesn’t have to be material. It may be exchanges of social, emotional or intellectual stimulation, an occasional laugh, cheerfulness, encouragement, company, courtesy, good faith, love . . . But material reciprocity helps, and gifts, especially of food, are central to social bonding. In the future, fiercely powerful bonds of friendship and loyalty will be unconditionally necessary. They will be sustained and deepened for(...)</div>">Cupboard Love</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/currency/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Currency</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Nation, Local Currency.<br /> </div>">Currency</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/damper-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Damper, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that only the ordinary, the unremarkable, the banal, can be true. If what you are saying is surprising, you must be making it up.<br />More generally, the damper is the argument that the truth can be presumed to be somewhere in the middle between the extremes. This can be a manipulative tactic, since the “middle position” can creep towards an extreme as circumstances and expectations change. The damper can be a successful way of ensuring that the opposition never really gets going because it does not think the middle position is worth getting excited about; not realising that(...)</div>">Damper, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/dance/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Dance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Carnival, Middle Voice.<br /> </div>">Dance</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/death/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Death</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The means by which an ecosystem keeps itself alive, selects its fittest, controls its scale, gives peace to the tormented, enables young life, and accumulates a grammar of inherited meaning as generations change places.<br />A natural system lies in tension between life and death: death is as important to it as life. <em>A lot</em> of death is a sign of a healthy large population. <em>Too much</em> death is a sign that it is in danger; it is not coping; its terms of coexistence with its habitat are breaking down. <em>Too little</em> death is a sign of the population exploding to levels which will destroy it and the(...)</div>">Death</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/debt/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Debt</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Funds and assets whose owner makes them available for use by another person, usually for a price and for an agreed period.<br />It is often asserted that debt is the driver of economic growth and hence of our discontents, but it is not as simple as that. Societies discovered growth a long time before they discovered money and banks. Money smoothes the path to debt, and debt helps to smooth the path of growth, but neither are essential. A growing civic society has to build big infrastructures (such as the 1<sup>st</sup> century Roman Pont du Gard viaduct across the River Gardon in the south of France, 48(...)</div>">Debt</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/decency-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Decency, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that there are decent limits to the determination of opponents. This presumption of decency applies in long-standing democracies in which there is a common, or at least widespread, quality of good faith, but it is partly for this reason that democracies are so vulnerable: they are ripe for capture by people whose determination and ruthlessness is greater. Civility is not defended by the niceties of political correctness, but by, for a start, staying awake.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Moderation.</div>">Decency, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/deceptions/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Deceptions</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Arguments whose errors confuse and mislead.<br />Deceptions are forms of the general error of <em>non sequitur</em>—“it does not follow” (e.g., “the cat is chewing grass, so it must be Thursday”). They <em>can</em> lead to correct conclusions, despite their failure in logic (it might really be Thursday); and they may be intentional, with the arguer knowing exactly what she is doing; or unintentional, with the arguer herself being the first to be taken in. They are, however, different from distractions in that they go through the motions of accepting the rules of argument. The villainy can be just as great, but(...)</div>">Deceptions</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/defence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Defence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Defence.<br /> </div>">Defence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/deference/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Deference</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Sycophantic submission to received ideas and admired people.<br />(2) Recognition of the particular, even though it is uncomfortable or difficult, as a starting point for <em>caritas</em>, with its caring obligation and engagement, and for encounter, the act of recognising something on its own terms. Deference, or creative deference, accepts the qualities of the subject—a work of art, a tradition, an ecology, a person—despite its dissonance with easy current values.<br />The two meanings of deference are not complementary, but rather in direct opposition to each other, with the first being so dominant(...)</div>">Deference</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/definition/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Definition</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Definition is a useful way of making it clear what you are talking about. The problem starts, however, when it is supposed that the word or phrase in question has one intrinsically right meaning; the problem gets worse when it is argued that everyone should accept that meaning, and it reaches its nadir when it is combined with bivalence—a refusal to recognise any grey areas. Example: the Fallacy of Definition occurs when a person asserts that an embryo, however soon after conception, is a human, and so qualifies for all the rights that might be claimed by a citizen. The response may be(...)</div>">Definition</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/degrowth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Degrowth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Growth.<br /> </div>">Degrowth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/delocalisation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Delocalisation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The process of eliminating essential services from local towns and villages, requiring increases in the need for travel and transport, energy and time, along with a loss of social capital, self-reliance, presence and morale. Examples: the centralisation of hospitals, schools, police, magistrates courts and probation services; the closing down of post offices, shops, pubs and abattoirs; and prohibitions preventing skilled craftsmen from recruiting apprentices by imposing health and safety regulations beyond the means of a small rural business.<br />These developments—persistent symptoms of(...)</div>">Delocalisation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/democracy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Democracy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Democracy gives people the power to vote out a government which they do not like, and to install an alternative. It is a vital defence of liberty, and it is at risk.<sup>D13</sup><br />Some previous civilisations, including the Ancient Greeks, have had long periods of democracy, in which citizens were qualified to vote. Theirs was a slave-owning democracy. Ours—in the industrially developed world—is an energy-owning democracy, with political standing underpinned by widely-available access to energy, the equivalent of many slaves working for each citizen night and day.<sup>D14</sup> Democracy depends on the(...)</div>">Democracy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/demoralisation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Demoralisation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Moral fatigue. Loss of belief in one’s own way of life, its myth, and its competence. The salient forms of demoralisation are:<br />  <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. The loss of self-belief by a traditional society. Contact with a society with a more advanced technology and (so it seems) more comforts for less work has destroyed the confidence of almost all traditional societies which have found themselves in this situation.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Examples: the collapse of culture and skills in the traditional self-reliant societies of Ladakh and Ireland that followed exposure to the market economy.<sup>D22</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. The hopelessness following trauma(...)</p></div>'>Demoralisation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/denial/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Denial</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The refusal to recognise information which, if accepted, would present unwelcome truths. Denial may call on techniques (not always intentional) of drawing up arguments and selected scientific data which, together, represent a formidable case for avoiding the unwelcome knowledge.<br />Examination of this phenomenon has been called “agnatology”—the study of ignorance—and has concerned itself with, for example, the efforts of the tobacco companies in their campaign of denial on the links between their products and cancer. The torments of the climacteric (peak oil, climate change, etc) are(...)</div>">Denial</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/depletion-protocol/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Depletion Protocol</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(aka Oil Depletion Protocol; Rimini Protocol; Uppsala Protocol)<br />A proposal, drawn up by the Association for the Study of Peak Oil, designed to ensure that the decline in production of oil, which is now beginning, is maintained at a steady rate, rather than being subject to the fluctuations in price and availability which can otherwise be expected.<br />Under the Protocol, oil-producing countries would commit themselves to reducing their production at a rate which relates to the amount of oil they have left. This ‘depletion rate’ is calculated as the amount currently being extracted each year,(...)</div>">Depletion Protocol</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/devils-tunes/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Devil’s Tunes</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Simple, attractive-sounding solutions; reductionist responses to complex systems. Devils’ tunes are much easier to argue for than solutions which are consistent with systems thinking, which have the disadvantage (from the Devil’s point of view) of taking longer to explain, being harder to understand, and often involving action which is contrary to intuition and expectation; they may also begin by making matters worse before they get better.<br />There is a powerful bias in a democracy towards seduction by devils’ tunes; it should, however, be a primary objective of democratic politicians not(...)</div>">Devil’s Tunes</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/devils-voice/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Devil’s Voice</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The tactic of maintaining an argument on the ambiguous borderline between serious and “only joking”. This allows the commentator to back both horses in a two-horse race: If the argument is accepted as sound, she can take the credit for it; if it is thought to be completely ridiculous, that’s all right, because she’s only joking (but it does make the point). “To make the point” is a popular but insidious form of argument: it hovers between material truth and untruth, allowing a detachment, an absence from grounded discussion, whose main expression is noise.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Hyperbole,(...)</div>">Devil’s Voice</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/dialectic-fallacy-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Dialectic Fallacy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that all problems can be understood in terms of the struggle between two tendencies: good/evil, light/dark, right/wrong, working class/ruling class, my religion/your religion, my politics/your politics—a way of winding all life’s variety onto just two spools. The fallacy is important because it allows everything to be explained. If things are going well, that is, of course, because workers are winning the struggle for now; if things are going badly, that is down to the capitalists and they need to be punished. Here is an identity-defining cause to which anyone can belong, and(...)</div>">Dialectic Fallacy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/dialogue/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Dialogue</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>There are five types of dialogue.<br />First, there is the Critical Discussion, intended to resolve a difference of view, to understand a situation and to arrive at the material truth of the matter; it is advisable to avoid fallacies in a discussion of this kind.<sup>D33</sup><br />Secondly, Advocacy. This is intended to make a convincing case. In court, where a sharp adversary will expose them if she can, the use of fallacies is to some extent excusable, though risky. Otherwise, it is a bad idea—you are simply adding to the babble or rubbish passing for public debate.<br />Thirdly, there is Negotiation—and here,(...)</div>">Dialogue</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/different-premises/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Different Premises</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>If the starting point—the premises or assumptions—of the two parties in an argument are different, shifting them can be difficult. Socrates’ technique was to change the other person’s mind by showing that their premise led inexorably to an absurd or undesired conclusion. This is an application of what is now known as the law of non-contradiction: a statement cannot be true if it, or an inference arising from it, contradicts another statement that is known to be true. The weakness is that, if the premise is held firmly enough, the method may not work: the person “knows” that the premise(...)</div>">Different Premises</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/digestive-ethics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Digestive Ethics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The positive correlation between the fullness of a person’s stomach and the extent of his compassion.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Empty Sandwich, Looter’s Ethics.</div>">Digestive Ethics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/diplomatic-lie/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Diplomatic Lie</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) An essential lie to protect a person against an enemy. Example: lying to the Gestapo about the presence of Jews in the attic.<br />(2) A way of maintaining privacy against intrusive enquiry.<br />(3) An essential lie to protect a person from hurt. Example: “No, I did not see your wife going off with Fred at closing time.”<br />(4) A temporary way out of trouble. Example: “No, I did not go off with your wife at closing time.”<br />(5) The sort of lie which <em>you</em> tell (aka a white lie). Other people’s lies are plain lies.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Self-Deception, Truth.</div>">Diplomatic Lie</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/dirty-hands/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Dirty Hands</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The sign of being prepared to compromise high-flown principle in the interests of encountering a complex system, engaging with the detail and being capable of acknowledging awkward conclusions. A person willing to get his hands dirty is sufficiently secure not to need to make an icon of himself and his own high moral standing, or to join the intellectuals’ desertion of local culture and narrative; he gets to grips with the story.<br />This requires you to make the nuanced judgments of fuzzy logic, to get down into the detail, and perhaps to take a famously inconvenient route: it goes through(...)</div>">Dirty Hands</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/disconnection-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Disconnection, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The use of disconnected language to convey connected meaning.<br />Social capital—with its network of linkages, loyalties and commonalities which make a society—depends on conversation as its primary expression. There is an intense significance about the activity of simply talking to each other: as John Milton remarked, its absence—being “yoked to a mute and spiritless mate”—is the worst of violences to the yearning soul; deprive children of stories, writes the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, and you leave them anxious stutterers in their actions as in their words. The three defining(...)</div>">Disconnection, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/disingenuousness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Disingenuousness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A pretence at innocence, and a form of reductionism. The argument is: “I’m a simple man; you’re getting carried away with anxiety and complication.”<br />Disingenuousness is “sanguine”—hopeful, not recognising a problem. This disposition is more closely related to the four humours of medieval medicine—blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile—than to the matter being considered, and the derivations persist: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">• Sanguine (Latin: <em>sanguineus</em> blood): disposed to hopefulness.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">• Phlegmatic (Greek: <em>phlégma</em> inflammation; Latin <em>phlegma</em> clammy moisture of the body, phlegm, mucous secretions):(...)</p></div>'>Disingenuousness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/distraction/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Distraction</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Any fallacy which diverts attention from the argument: an usurping proposition—or the question of whether it is relevant or not—takes over, or is intended to do so. A potent source of disorder.<br />If you were having an argument with a person who was armed with a gun, angry and determined to make you see things his way, you might be tempted to concede the point, for now at least. He would have won a battle of sorts—forcing a switch of attention to something else. Distraction breaks the thread of argument by loading it with objections, threats, claims or other interventions which, whether they(...)</div>">Distraction</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/diversity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Diversity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Variations between the parts of a system.<br />We can think of diversity as coming in two important forms:<br />First, there is strong diversity (or ‘structural diversity’). This is the diversity of the parts which carry out specialist roles within a complex system, such as the radically different—but strongly-connected—organs within the body of an animal.<br />Secondly, there is the weak diversity (or ‘textural diversity’) within a modular system. Its parts are similar to each other and only loosely interdependent, but the small variations may still be necessary for it to function.<br />Examples of weak(...)</div>">Diversity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/division-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Division, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that what is true of the whole must also be true of the parts (or at least some of them): the Welsh are good at rugby; Dai must, therefore, be good at rugby. This is the inverse of the Fallacy of Composition.<sup>D54</sup><br />The fallacy comes in arguments like these: “Since we cannot save <em>all</em> the pictures from the fire; there is no point in saving any of them; since we cannot provide the best education to everyone, we cannot justify providing the best education to anyone; since we cannot get rid of every tyrant, there we cannot justify getting rid of any of them.” (See “Drained” below) <table border="1"(...)</tbody></table></div>'>Division, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/dollar-a-day-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Dollar-a-Day Fallacy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that poverty can reliably be measured in terms of money. For instance, more than one person in three, in the developed and less-developed countries, lives on a desperately low income—less than two dollars a day. At this level, we are down to a wage at or below subsistence, often combined with toxic and even lethal working conditions—that is, employment on terms no better, and on some comparisons worse, than slavery.<sup>D55</sup><br />And yet, it is also true that extremely low incomes do not always mean devastating poverty—income is not always the appropriate measure for statements about(...)</div>">Dollar-a-Day Fallacy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/dual-economy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Dual Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The principle by which transition to the Lean Economy moves ahead while the market economy alongside it is still capable of delivering social order, energy and incomes. The further that transition can advance before the climacteric, the better. There is no case for dismantling the market; that will be done for us, all too soon. The priority is to make sure that there are at least some elements of resilience in place to take over. In summary: do not destroy anything; concentrate on building the sequel with the time and resources that we have.<br />“Dual economy” in this sense should be(...)</div>">Dual Economy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/eco-efficiency/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Eco-Efficiency</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The consumption of natural assets—materials, energy, water, etc—per unit of output.<br />There is a five-step sequence: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. the derivation of products (e.g., usable materials, oil, collected water) from the available natural capital;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. the production of goods from those products;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. the services derived from the goods that have been produced;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. the use made of those services; and</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. the consumer’s behaviour and way of life which determines his or her need for the service.</p> Each of these stages provides an opportunity for improvements in efficiency, which multiply up: for instance, a 40(...)</div>'>Eco-Efficiency</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ecological-system/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecological System</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the four types of system discussed in <em>Lean Logic</em> (for context, see the summary table in Systems Thinking).<br />The ecological system occupies the space between the complex system and the modular system, and incorporates both. Here we have both strong <em>and</em> weak diversity, taut <em>and</em> slack connectedness; a panarchy of systems and subsystems (holons) known to us as forests, meadows, deserts, oceans, the ecology of lions and antelopes and, on a larger scale, Gaia herself.<br />Ecological systems challenge the concept of resilience because, whatever the shock, an ecology of some kind will endure—if(...)</div>">Ecological System</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ecology-farmers-hunters/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecology: Farmers and Hunters</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(see also Ecology: The Scholars)<br />Our human ecology, with its two signature properties of (1) being based on agriculture, and (2) supporting a large population, is shot through with dark dilemmas. Its awareness of this now is acute, but not, perhaps, all that much more so than it was around the time of its birth, some 8,000 years ago.<br />Being understandably prejudiced in favour of the way of life we know at first hand, we tend to dismiss the life of hunter-gatherers as laughably irrelevant to anything that matters to us now. However, we do in fact have considerable knowledge about that(...)</div>">Ecology: Farmers and Hunters</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ecology-the-scholars/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecology: The Scholars</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(see also Ecology: Farmers and Hunters)<br />Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environments, and the word refers equally to these natural systems themselves (a woodland, a pond). The closely-related subject of ecological, or environmental, ethics extends moral judgment beyond human affairs to the ways humans interact with nature. The two aspects of ecology combined—the science and the ethics—is a field as large as the planet’s history. Here is a shortened version:<sup>E22</sup><br /> <br /><strong>The science of ecology</strong><sup>E23</sup> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Evolution and adaptation</em> (or “autoecology”) studies the(...)</p></div>'>Ecology: The Scholars</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/economics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Economics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(see also Green Economics, Lean Economics)<br />To the question, “What is economics?”, there are two answers. Economics in one sense is about policy. It is interested in the way that goods and services are produced and distributed, in markets and the conditions that help or hinder them, and in the complex system of the national economy, its cycles of crisis and recovery, and its interactions with other national economies.<br />Economics in another sense, less widely recognised, is that which brings to problems an understanding of choices and consequences. The starting point for this is the principle(...)</div>">Economics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/economism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Economism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that matters of public policy can be interpreted mainly or completely in terms of economics, particularly a technical and constructivist view of economics designed to sustain growth. Economics builds abstractions; economism takes them literally.<br />The scale of this category error is so large that it tends to capture all our judgment. Everything but the principle of the competitive market is assumed-away, leaving economics disconnected from the texture and purposes of society, ecology and culture which it exists to serve.<sup>E86</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Rationalism, Misplaced(...)</div>">Economism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ecosystem/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ecosystem</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Ecological System.<br /> </div>">Ecosystem</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/edge/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Edge</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The edge of a system is the boundary where it interacts with its neighbours and environment. This is where it protects, cooperates, competes; where it exports waste and imports nutrients; it is where systems meet. And there are three principles to note: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Diversity and productivity</em>. At the join between two systems, there is mixing and interaction which can make the edge more complex and more productive than either of the systems on their own. This effect, as Patrick Whitefield explains, is used in permaculture, with its intimate mixture of woods and fields, its layered crops of diverse(...)</p></div>'>Edge</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/education/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Education</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Education.<br /> </div>">Education</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/efficiency/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Efficiency</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking <strong>></strong> Function <strong>></strong> Efficiency, Eco-Efficiency, Competitiveness, Economics, Lean Economics.<br /> </div>">Efficiency</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/elegance/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Elegance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The property of a small-scale, or subdivided, system which does not, therefore, need the complication of a large-scale infrastructure.<br />Self-reliant community, being substantially free of the complications of the large-scale, has economies of reduced scale. The holonic form, consisting of many smaller parts interacting for a common purpose, means that there are lots of edges extending throughout the system. With this high edge-ratio, material needs can be exchanged, and the waste they produce can be recycled on the proximity principle—work is done close to where its output is wanted; waste(...)</div>">Elegance</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/emergence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Emergence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The evolution of complex outcomes from simple circumstances or rules. For instance, chess is defined by fewer than two dozen rules, but new possibilities in the game are still being discovered without limit. Ants build complex structures without having an idea of it in their minds. Richard Dawkins’ computer programme designed to simulate the evolution of species is able to produce virtual organisms of limitless variety from the expression of just nine genes. But note the corollary—if the number of rules or “genes” is reduced a little, the number of possible outcomes or types of outcome(...)</div>">Emergence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/emotional-argument/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Emotional Argument, Fallacies of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) The fallacy that the strong presence of emotion in an argument validates it: the expression of real feeling is taken to show that the person is sincere, so she has to be right.<br />(2) The fallacy that the strong presence of emotion in an argument invalidates it: the expression of real feeling is taken to show that the person is not being rigorous, so she has to be wrong.<br />But neither of these are necessarily fallacies. The logician’s view of this is generally austere. Madsen Pirie writes, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Emotion . . . motivates us to do things, but reason enables us to calculate what to do.<sup>E94</sup></p> Not in(...)</em></div>'>Emotional Argument, Fallacies of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/emotivism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Emotivism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The doctrine that judgments are no more than expressions of preference, attitude or feeling. It is most closely associated with the philosopher G.E. Moore (<em>Principia Ethica</em>, 1903), and may be taken as the inverse of the practical, place-based, roughly communitarian view developed by Alasdair MacIntyre.<sup>E96</sup><br /> </div>">Emotivism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/empire/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Empire</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A pathological condition consisting of the usurpation, or surrender, of decision-making and sovereignty from smaller communities, including nation-states.<br />Empire is defined, not by physical boundaries, but by conformity in terms of ideology and compliance, which then has to be enforced. It generally presents itself as a force for peace, but the imposed conformity is a source of conflict, both external and internal. A repressive regime is likely to follow, and to persist until the empire breaks up.<br />Empire is the inverse of the modular and diverse structure of resilience. It can be resisted(...)</div>">Empire</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/empowerment/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Empowerment</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Empowerment, applied to the individual or the community, means being confident, being assured; having the authority to think things through and to act accordingly. In contrast, disempowerment speaks of apathy, futility, lack of hope and lack of influence over one’s own destiny. The disempowered person, population or class is one that no one listens to—the electorate that is patronised and reduced to an abstraction of consumers, not to be entrusted with doing anything for themselves unless they see a private advantage. It is about accepting passively what comes along, because there is no(...)</div>">Empowerment</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/empty-sandwich-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Empty Sandwich, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A statement which sounds plausible but which is discovered to actually mean nothing at all. It does not even have the distinction of being wrong; it inhabits a dry and barren logic of its own: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The more people see of one another and the more they do business with each other, the less likely they are to go to war. A more mobile world will also be a more stable world, both politically and socially.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>Rod Eddington, outgoing chief executive of British Airways and the government’s transport advisor, presenting the case for a national/EU-wide road pricing scheme, June 2005.</em><sup>E100</sup></p><br />  <br /><strong>Related(...)</strong></div>'>Empty Sandwich, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/encounter/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Encounter</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The act of recognising something—a person, a practice, a system—on its own terms; the particular character and wholeness of the other is acknowledged; judgment and opinion about him/her/it are set in a relevant context, rather than in the context of universal general principle or immoveable mindset.<br />To acknowledge the wholeness of a system—a woodland, a person, a planet, nature—means being aware that you are in the presence of something which has business and an agenda of its own, and which cannot be tamed by your understanding. To see nature as a whole, as its own self, you need to(...)</div>">Encounter</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/energy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Energy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects, Lean Energy, Energy Descent Action Plan.<br /> </div>">Energy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/energy-descent-action-plan/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Energy Descent Action Plan</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The “energy descent” is the phased decline in energy dependence needed in response both to climate change and to the depletion of fuels (Energy Prospects).<sup>E103</sup><br /><br />The idea of descent in this context was suggested by Howard and Elisabeth Odum in <em>A Prosperous Way Down</em> (2001). Ted Trainer, in his <em>Renewable Energy Cannot Sustain a Consumer Society</em> (2007), pointed out that the decline in fossil fuel supply will leave a gap which cannot be filled in the foreseeable future, leaving no alternative to a steep reduction in our dependence on energy. And the permaculturist David Holmgren’s work over(...)</div>">Energy Descent Action Plan</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/energy-prospects/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Energy Prospects</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><br /> <br />Here is a summary of the prospects for each of the main energy sources on which we now rely:<br /> <br /><strong>THE FOSSIL FUELS </strong><br /><strong>OIL</strong><br />For the first 100 years of the oil industry’s dazzling history, alarms about the imminent depletion of oil were commonplace (Wolf Fallacy). These alarms were false, but the alarmists were right about one thing: there is a limited amount of accessible oil in the ground and, if it continues to be used, the rate at which it can be extracted will eventually go into decline, from which it will not recover.<br />“Peak oil” is the view that “eventually” means about now—that is, the second(...)</div>">Energy Prospects</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/entropy-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Entropy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A measure of disorder and randomness in a system. Every living system consists of orderly and complex structures, as in the intricate tissue of plants and animals. The Second Law of Thermodynamics tells us that, as events take place—as work is done—this order dissipates: the tissues decay. It can be repaired if there is a sufficient supply of the energy of the right kind and in the right concentration. In the case of our planet, that source of energy is almost entirely the sun—both the modern sun (sunlight) and the ancient sun (stored in oil, coal and gas)—supplemented on a minor scale(...)</div>">Entropy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/equivocation-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Equivocation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The use of words in ways which are strictly true but which the other person is intended to interpret differently. Example: “Maybe there was something in the cake that didn’t agree with him” (after gangsters leapt out of the cake and machine-gunned the hero in <em>Some Like It Hot</em>).<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Implicature.</div>">Equivocation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/eroticism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Eroticism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Our society fills much empty space with thoughts of sex, yet it is not comfortable with the erotic. Far from integrating it into its culture, it buries it deep in the private sphere—a personal matter, like remembering to take your medication. At the end of the road we are travelling on, desire will be not a hunger to be celebrated, but an issue to be sorted.<br />The erotic is an energy source. Its energy is desire—intense, beyond your own control and intention, and unsafe, like a cliff path without a handrail. You lack detachment: you are there, right at the edge. This is not your territory:(...)</div>">Eroticism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ethics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ethics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(see also Ecology: The Scholars)<br />There is a sense in which the core ethic is the one which guides (or would guide, if it were observed) our relationship with the natural environment. There is strict feedback here: if it is not obeyed, it will in due course destroy.<br />The problem is the time-lag: the payback may be deep in the future, or even unknown to those who are engaged in the choice. Choices made now by you will have consequences after your death, beyond your foresight, in places that you have never visited, for species of which you have no knowledge. And the links between cause and(...)</div>">Ethics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/exception-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Exception, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The argument that a principle is contradicted (not merely qualified) by exceptions. The possibility of understanding an issue can be blocked by an instance in which it does not apply. Example: “Too many exams make children depressed and demoralised.” “Not at all—our Prudence <em>loves</em> her exams!”<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Generalisation Fallacies, Composition, Personal Experience.</div>">Exception, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/exhilaration/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Exhilaration</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The state of mind and body that occurs after accomplishing something difficult against the odds, especially if it has involved cooperation. It is the product in part of the release of the hormone serotonin, in the sequence: accomplishment <strong>></strong> serotonin <strong>></strong> exhilaration. The psychologist Oliver James discusses evidence of a fall in serotonin levels during the twentieth century, but they could rise again, with exhilarating consequences, in step with the successful accomplishment of the Wheel of Life.<sup>E212 </sup><br /> </div>">Exhilaration</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/exit/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Exit</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The tactic of walking out of an argument which is not going your way, or of switching your business from a trader who does not supply what you want. This is the presumed and normal sanction in the market economy. The alternative is “voice”: to stay with the argument (or with the same trader), to communicate, and open the way to an improvement. Community building will need voice.<sup>E213</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Loyalty.</div>">Exit</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/expectations/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Expectations</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The attitudes and assumptions which shape the way we make sense of events and plan our response. Unless our expectations are right, or at least expressed as a considered set of probabilities, we plan to fail. But, right or wrong, expectations are self-reinforcing, for we see what we expect to see. We may not realise how critical expectations are in guiding perception, but they are decisive. In the context of our perception of art, the art historian E.H. Gombrich reminds us of . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . the role which our own expectations play in the deciphering of the artists’ cryptograms. We come to(...)</p></div>'>Expectations</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/expertise-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Expertise, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad verecundiam</em>)<br />Argument based on an uncritical appeal to expert opinion, pointing to the shame that (in the expert’s opinion) the other person ought to feel at challenging their expertise.<sup>E215</sup><br />Those who consider themselves experts defend their status in many ways, and here are six: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. The <em>Train Crash Fallacy</em>: a claim to instant expertise derived from a single personal experience.<sup>E216</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. The <em>Genetic Fallacy</em>: judging an argument by its source rather than by its content.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. The <em>Spillover Fallacy</em>: belief that expertise in one field of science confers the right to pronounce on(...)</p></div>'>Expertise, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/f-word-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>F-Word Fallacy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that, by using the F-word, you make it plain that you are cutting through all elaboration and pretentious rubbish and getting to the heart of the matter with laser-like discipline (which the other side may lack). The F-word may reveal that you are so high on certainty that you have forgotten to make any argument at all. And yet, in the presence of bad faith, shock and absence, the F-word and its relatives may be well justified: it is a wake up call. The F-word is the emotions’ version of the discreet cough.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Indignation, Insult.</div>">F-Word Fallacy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/fallacies/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fallacies</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Errors with staying power. To be a fallacy, someone must fall for it, as Lewis Carroll points out, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Any argument which <em>deceives</em> us, by seeming to prove what it does not really prove, may be called a ‘Fallacy’ (derived from the Latin verb <em>fallo</em> “I deceive”).<sup>F1</sup></p> Both formal and informal logic recognise the existence of fallacies. From the point of view of formal logic, a fallacy is an error which violates the laws of reasoning; it can be demonstrated as an error in many ways—with the use of (for instance) symbols, diagrams, words, maths, computer syntax. These, in the terms of formal(...)</div>'>Fallacies</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/false-analogy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>False Analogy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The tactic of switching from the original question into an example or metaphor which causes confusion.<br />The Duke of Clarence, the good guy who was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine in <em>Richard III</em>, had a premonition in a dream about skulls on the seabed with jewels in their eyes. It was not a bad analogy, as it turned out. And, although it didn’t help him much, it told him something about what was coming; wetness, death and greed were neatly wrapped up. The trouble starts when the power of analogy is misused to take people’s mind off the argument and leave them gazing into the eyes of an(...)</div>">False Analogy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/false-consistency/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>False Consistency</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that you can avoid having to choose between two alternatives by arguing for both.<br />This temptation can arise when you are faced with two or more options which, though desirable in themselves, are inconsistent, or cannot be adopted at the same time as key defining objectives. For example, in the field of education, “access” and “excellence” are both things which any well-intentioned government might want, as are “tradition” and “change”, not to mention “sustainability” and “development”. The Utilitarian principle of “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” also has this(...)</div>">False Consistency</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/false-inference/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>False Inference</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument that draws false conclusions from observations.<br />The observation may be true, but the inference drawn from it is false. In some forms of the fallacy, the inference itself is never explicitly stated, but it turns out to be a necessary step to reach the conclusion. Example: <p style="padding-left: 20px;">[This year’s] examination results published in your paper reveal that in A levels, girls outperform boys in 25 of 31 subjects at Grade A; in AS levels, girls outperform boys in 26 of 31 subjects at Grade A; and in GCSE girls outperform boys in 23 out of 27 subjects at Grade A*, and in 24 out of 27 subjects at(...)</p></div>'>False Inference</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/false-opposite/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>False Opposite</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(aka False Antithesis/Dichotomy)<br />A fallacy of definition: a word is defined by <em>not</em> being its opposite.<br />Example: “integration” must be a good thing because it is the opposite of “disintegration” (a bad thing). But integration could also be taken to be the opposite of concepts like independence or freedom, which are good things, in which case such reasoning from opposites would make “integration” bad. The opposite of “consistency” is “inconsistency” (a bad thing); but it could also be “diversity”.<br />This fallacy is trivial but it is popular, and it is often present as the self-evident truth at(...)</div>">False Opposite</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/false-premise/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>False Premise</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A premise is a proposition (often self-evident) from which another follows. An argument which starts with a false premise and draws consistent inferences from there is valid in logic, though its conclusions will almost always be wrong.<sup>F12</sup><br />An argument based on a false premise from which an <em>incorrect</em> inference is drawn has a greater chance of stumbling upon the right conclusion: I will find the way home by following the local ley lines, so we will get there safely.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Different Premises, False Inference.</div>">False Premise</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/false-sameness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>False Sameness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that different things are in essence the same. This is what passes for acute insight—sweeping away the detail and getting to the heart of the matter. It is pub certainty which, in the morning, you unfortunately still believe: all uses of armed forces are forms of militarism; violent videos are no different from bedtime folk tales; the present climate change is the same as previous wobbles in the climate; street crime now is the same as it was in the eighteenth century; a defence of the invasion of Iraq in 2003 means defending the idea of invading Iran in 2008. A fabric of(...)</div>">False Sameness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/family/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Family</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Small Group, Reciprocity and Cooperation, Home, Lean Household, Public Sphere and Private Sphere.<br /> </div>">Family</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/fear/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fear</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad metum</em>). An argument designed to force you to agree with a proposition by indicating the fearful consequences that could follow if you didn’t. It is probably an empty threat. Stay cool and you will likely be able to make that plain.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Big Stick, Violence.</div>">Fear</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/feedback/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Feedback</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking <strong>></strong> Feedback, Resilience <strong>></strong> Feedback, Lean Thinking <strong>></strong> Feedback.<br /> </div>">Feedback</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/festival/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Festival</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Celebration of collective joy.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Carnival, Invisible Goods, Intentional Waste, Play, Ritual.</div>">Festival</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/fine-distinction-intolerance/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fine-Distinction-Intolerance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Refusal to make a substantial judgment which may turn—at the margin—on insubstantial differences. Example: selection for admission to a school or university.<br />But life is a network of fine distinctions; the ability to observe them is called judgment.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Fuzzy Logic, Disingenuousness, False Sameness, Slippery Slope.</div>">Fine-Distinction-Intolerance</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/five-whys/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Five Whys</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The practice of tracing a problem back through multiple layers of cause-and-effect to its ultimate cause—or at least back to the problem which, if repaired, would have a good chance of preventing it happening again. Observation finds that five layers of “Why?” are typically required. Although this is scarcely a new idea (in air accident investigation, for instance), the practice of meticulously tracing the source even of minor or routine errors was a major advance when it was established by Taiichi Ohno at the Toyota Motor Company in Japan after the Second World War, as a standard(...)</div>">Five Whys</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/flow/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Flow</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the properties of a system designed according to the principles of lean thinking (Rule 3). The aim is to achieve a regular flow of work on a scale small enough for participants to be aware of—and to respond to—local diversity and detail. It avoids batches and blockbusting projects full of unexamined error. It enables incremental learning and improvement, and it invites participation from the people involved. When flow is in place, the conditions are right for pull.<sup>F16</sup><br />But there is more to it than that. Flow is a key—perhaps <em>the</em> key—principle of a life that makes sense to the person(...)</div>">Flow</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/fluency-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fluency, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A plausible facility with speech which upstages an actual understanding of the subject. It brings no surprises; it is sociable, and it has endurance: the argument goes to the last man or woman talking.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Balletic Debate, Harebrain Fracture, Narrative Truth.</div>">Fluency, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/food/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Food</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Food Prospects, Lean Food.<br /> </div>">Food</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/food-prospects/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Food Prospects</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The world’s ability to feed itself is not secure, and the headline concerns are well-recognised:<sup>F18</sup> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">• <em>Land</em>: Demand for land is increasing due to population growth, the need to produce food in bulk for cities and their supermarkets, and the spread of the “western diet” based on animal products and highly processed foods. This is forcing local farmers to leave the land or find ways of subsisting on minimal areas, allowing little or no space for crop rotation and local habitats. It has also led to the invasion of natural ecosystems such as forests and peatlands, as well as of nations.<sup>F19</sup></p> <p style="padding-left:(...)</p></div>'>Food Prospects</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/formal-logic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Formal Logic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the two main kinds of logic. Formal logic deals with the form of an argument rather than its content, and it studies language, deduction and reasoning. It is closely related to mathematics.<sup>F36</sup><br />One of its core rules is <em>modus ponens</em> (“the affirming mode”): a technical term sometimes used by students as a brand name for the whole of formal logic, as in “<em>modus ponens</em> and all that”. <em>Modus ponens</em> is an inference from two premises. The first premise is conditional, consisting of an “antecedent” and a “consequent”; the second premise simply confirms that the antecedent applies in this(...)</div>">Formal Logic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/fortitude/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fortitude</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Persistence in the face of trouble, danger, conflict, mockery, fatigue, solitude, demoralisation, guilt or fear.<br />It can be mere bloody-mindedness, of course; it is the connection with judgment that matters. And yet, the judgment itself may be intuitive.<br />Bloody-mindedness can save the day.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Humility, Moderation, Presence, Character, Promiscuous Ethics, Tradition, Virtues.</div>">Fortitude</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/frankness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Frankness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The exposure of ideas and opinions, formerly forbidden by the ethics and values of society, which can be expected to erupt in the disorderly conditions that will follow the climacteric. Under the surface in the well-behaved citizen, there is a second nature, to whom outrageous thoughts and opinions occur, but which the person has no trouble in censoring and keeping in check. In deeply destabilised conditions, however, that second nature tends to break out; the decency-censor is ignored; the person’s second nature becomes, simply, her nature.<br />The shock of a new frankness has been(...)</div>">Frankness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/freedom/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Freedom</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Is lean thinking consistent with freedom? There are clearly some senses in which it is not. The five rules of the grammar of lean thinking—intention, lean means, flow, pull and feedback—are designed to focus minds on a purpose, so there is a commitment there which may narrow individual options. The purpose may be the business of making cars or the Lean Economy’s aim of building and sustaining a community, but it cannot be achieved in a culture where—as Aristotle put it, warning us of the fallacy—“freedom means doing what you like”.<sup>F39</sup><br />Nor can we expect useful results from a collective(...)</div>">Freedom</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/fuzzy-logic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Fuzzy Logic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Logic which recognises that many qualities, such as baldness, tallness, happiness or truth, are matters of degree, expressed in shades of grey, not black-and-white. Example: the fuzzy borderline between life and death is celebrated by a lizard’s tail for a long time after it has been shed (as a defence tactic by its owner). It glows and dances in the sun, filling the space between life and death with the sexy suppleness of the <em>kama sutra</em>.<sup>F50</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Lumpy Logic.</div>">Fuzzy Logic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/gaia/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Gaia</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The idea of planet Earth as a resilient ecological system, able to maintain its environment in a state consistent with its needs.<br />In the early 1970s, the scientist James Lovelock suggested that the planet’s living ecology regulates its atmosphere and temperature to shape the conditions it lives in. It does not merely adapt to change; it influences change. It makes its planet inhabitable. At the suggestion of the novelist William Golding, Lovelock named this phenomenon after the Greek goddess of Earth, Gaia.<sup>G1</sup><br /><br />Though ridiculed at first, Lovelock began to give it substance as a theoretical(...)</div>">Gaia</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/galley-skills/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Galley Skills</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Skills which, requiring a lot of talent, learning and practice, eventually trap the skilled person into moving in a direction about which he or she has no say. Examples: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. There are only limited alternatives for an appropriately trained biochemist other than to work in the field of biotechnology.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. Molecular scientists are likewise drawn into nanotechnology.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. There is little nuclear physicists can do other than design, build and operate nuclear power stations.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. The most able economists are able to build mathematical models of the economy which may be more brilliant than they(...)</p></div>'>Galley Skills</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/generalisation-fallacies/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Generalisation Fallacies</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Too little: The insistence that it is not justifiable to make any statement at all unless you can give a complete story, covering every detail; the refusal to draw general conclusions, or meaning of any kind, from the particular.<sup>G9</sup><br />(2) Too much: A generalisation which misleads by: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">a. asserting or assuming that what happened in one case, or a few cases, happens in most or all cases (Memory Fillers); or</p><br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;">b. by leaving out essential details; or</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">c. by failing to recognise exceptions.</p> —<br />In fact, it is dubious to think of either of these as a fallacy. <em>Lean Logic</em> asserts the case both for(...)</div>'>Generalisation Fallacies</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/genetic-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Genetic Fallacy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy which judges the truth of a statement mainly or exclusively by its source. In the case of <em>ad hominem</em>, the source is a person; here the source is taken to be a theory, or a school of thought, or a political opinion—allowing the argument to be seen as typical and dismissed without further consideration. One common expression of this is the dismissal of any statement about inherited characteristics of people (other than diseases), in reaction to the gross abuse and misrepresentation of genetic sciences by the Nazis.<sup>G10</sup><br />There is a good deal of overlap between the Genetic Fallacy(...)</div>">Genetic Fallacy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/genetic-modification/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Genetic Modification</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(aka Genetic Engineering)<br />A technique for modifying the genetic make-up of an organism by inserting into it a gene bearing a desired trait extracted from another organism.<sup>G13</sup><br />Several applications of gene technology are being developed—e.g., in medicine—but this entry discusses only the case of its use on plants and animals with a view to increasing agricultural yields, improving pest resistance and generating other characteristics which are thought to be desirable.<sup>G14</sup><br /> <br /><strong>The promises</strong> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Increased yields</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">In fact, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are not at present designed to increase(...)</p></div>'>Genetic Modification</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/gifts/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Gifts</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Assets transferred voluntarily and without payment. At first sight, “giving” seems to be straightforward: the giver confers the gift freely. And yet, there is in return an unspoken expectation—it cannot be explicit—that he will in due course receive something back. The give-and-take of mutual obligation is so inseparable from the idea of the gift that there turns out to be no such thing as the “free” gift. The very notion of giving implies—or at least affirms an expectation of—receiving. All gifts have strings attached; indeed, the word itself is full of ambiguity: “gift”, with its(...)</div>">Gifts</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/globalisation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Globalisation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A brief anomaly arising from cheap transport and communications: the modular structure of self-reliant, diverse political economies breaks down into a scale-free network of production, consumption and exchange, working to common principles and standards. The outcome is an unstable social order, without the firewalls and diversity needed to prevent problems (and recoveries) sluicing throughout it without containment or limit.<br />This smoothed-out, deconstructed pathology is seen as a virtue, and as the defining goal of the competitive, commercial ideal. It has freed itself from the bounded(...)</div>">Globalisation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/good-faith/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Good Faith</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The existence of four qualities in relationships between people: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Common presence, justifying the use of the word “we”.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. Conversation: consensus on the rules of logic and veracity, even if frequently breached.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. Common tolerance: a presumption that, even if its conclusions are unkind, the conversation itself will ring true—that, at this foundational level in people’s relationship with the earth and each other,</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;">alle shalle be wele, and alle maner of thing shalle be wele.<sup>G53</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. Common courtesy, enabling participants in a conversation to be heard.</p>  <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Bad Faith,(...)</div>'>Good Faith</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/good-shepherd-paradox/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Good Shepherd Paradox, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The paradox of the shepherd that cares for his sheep, even at the risk of his own life, only to surrender them for slaughter in the end.<br />This paradox is one of the keys to an understanding of natural systems. All natural ecologies contain paired properties which seem to be inconsistent but are in fact enabling characteristics: making and unmaking, my lunch and your undoing, your lunch and my undoing, extravagance and efficiency, life and death.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Hunt.</div>">Good Shepherd Paradox, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/grammar/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Grammar</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The way a language works: the received principles which enable it to communicate meaning, colour and joy.<br />That, at least, is the meaning of grammar as applied to language. But <em>Lean Logic</em> uses it in an extended sense as one of the key implications and elements of lean thinking. Lean thinking affirms that it is those who are actually engaged in a task who are better placed to decide on responses to events and shocks, and to invent local solutions, than is a centralised authority remote from the detail; there is local freedom to think. But this requires that there should be consensus on what(...)</div>">Grammar</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/green/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Green</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The colour of hope, and of the desire, in response to the grey and brutal surfaces of the industrial city, to recover, protect, affirm, or just be reminded of, the natural world. Political parties which made this their main purpose adopted the name in the 1980s, but the idea, latent since mankind began to live in cities, has been intense since the early days of steam power. Here it is, extravagantly but sharply stated by John Ruskin, reflecting on the question, “What have we done?” <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Gentlemen of England, if ever you would have your country breathe the pure breath of heaven again, and(...)</p></div>'>Green</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/green-authoritarianism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Green Authoritarianism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Environmental hazards are just the kind of threat—the enemy—which authoritarian regimes need. A main purpose of <em>Lean Logic</em> is to argue that there is another option: lean thinking, which does not tell people what to do, but sets up a clear frame of reference which stimulates—pulls along—the ingenuity and intelligence of people to develop their own responses. Green authoritarianism starts innocently with sensible-sounding regulation, and then grows without limit: it has the advantage that it never has to be argued through because it short-circuits straight to the begged question: “You have(...)</div>">Green Authoritarianism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/green-economics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Green Economics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The original—and still the core—intention of green economics is to achieve consistency between the environment and economics. But agendas of various kinds and the opportunity provided for a broadly-based critique of economics have complicated matters, so green economics now comes in many forms. Here are three:<br />First, there is <em>internalisation</em>. This consists of ways of bringing environmental variables (such as emissions of carbon dioxide) into the market—into the world of measurable value and exchange—by attaching prices to them (see Economics <strong></strong> #5).<sup>G55</sup><br />Secondly, there is the <em>liberal agenda</em>.(...)</div>">Green Economics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/grim-reality-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Grim Reality, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The assumption that good things, such as communities where people talk to each other and help each other, are either fantasy (when proposed for the future), or nostalgia (when described as the past). Grimness lends plausibility: if the effects of a proposed new regulation are grim and joyless enough, that is proof that it is really necessary.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Time Fallacies.</div>">Grim Reality, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/grin/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>GRIN</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The convergent technology, now being developed, comprising Genetic modification, Robotics, Information technology and Nanotechnology.<br /> </div>">GRIN</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/grope/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Grope</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>To feel your way, with the alertness that comes in the pitch dark, undeterred by not knowing whether you are going to get there, or how, and emboldened by your ignorance from having to face up to how hard it is going to be.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Success.</div>">Grope</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/groups-and-group-sizes/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Groups and Group Sizes</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The table below summarises the basic structure of groups and their corresponding reciprocities. <br />For the detail see the entries for each of the five groups - Small Group, Neighbourhood, Community, County, Nation - and the entry for Reciprocity and Cooperation.<br />">Groups and Group Sizes</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/growth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Growth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>There are two meanings relevant to <em>Lean Logic</em>: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. The natural development of an immature system or organism to maturity.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. A pathology in which a mature system or organism continues to grow.</p> This entry is about the pathology, an affliction of economics. The necessity for growth will be discussed in two distinct contexts - the intrinsic need for growth in a market economy; and the intrinsic need for growth in <em>all</em> large-scale economies:<br /> <br /><strong>The intrinsic need to grow in a market economy</strong><br />Our present political economy depends on economic growth measured in terms of gross domestic product(...)</div>'>Growth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/harebrain-fracture/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Harebrain Fracture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A condition in which the victim has become disconnected from reality but is able to persuade herself and others by the fluency of her delivery.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Irrelevance, Virtual Crowd.</div>">Harebrain Fracture</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/harmless-lunatic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Harmless Lunatic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A person whose interpretation of a problem is radically different from the received view, and who therefore lives in a storm of ridicule and contempt before turning out to be right.<br />Oh, all right—not all harmless lunatics do turn out to be right, not all lunatics turn out to be harmless, and not all harmless people are lunatics, but the record of dissidents in thinking afresh about problems, and developing solutions despite expert scorn, is impressive. In the cooler language of the research monograph, summarising its results, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Local-level institutions learn and develop the capability to(...)</p></div>'>Harmless Lunatic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/harmonic-order/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Harmonic Order</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The seeming untidiness of a resilient system which has been allowed to develop diverse and appropriate responses to local detail.<br />Small groups do not need orderly structures of organisation with a manager at the top. Larger groups do—unless they are subdivided into small groups or holons working to a common purpose and building up their own competence.<br />One of the reasons why managing a large organisation is difficult is that it is hard to see what is going on. Managements therefore turn to the next best thing, which is summary data. Statistics make work visible. The result is that(...)</div>">Harmonic Order</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/health/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Health</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Health.<br /> </div>">Health</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hierarchy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hierarchy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A model of systems design, in which the parts of a system are grouped together into holons (aka subassemblies), and those holons are in turn grouped, and so on upwards in a hierarchy of increasing complexity. Each holon comprises a hierarchy of smaller holons; and each holon itself exists within a larger hierarchy.<br />The problem with that understanding of the intimate connections of parts and wholes within a system is that—if taken too literally—it is too neat. Ecosystems are irregular and complex, with many hierarchies overlapping in space, time and function, so they are better known as(...)</div>">Hierarchy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/high-ground-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>High Ground, The Fallacy of the</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is the simple tactic (a distraction) of insisting that the argument is very much more serious, with much greater moral substance or urgency, than the other person appears to think, and that to continue with his line of argument would therefore not only be wrong but also irresponsible. It may, truly, be necessary to point out the urgency of a problem, but that is only the context for the argument; it should not be allowed to usurp the argument itself. Example: “Get real, we’re talking about total collapse of energy → we have to develop nuclear power” (<em>or</em> “. . . food supplies →(...)</div>">High Ground, The Fallacy of the</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hippopotamus/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hippopotamus</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A symbol of the limits to the ability of argument to make sense of things, in the presence of the big facts of nature. The hippopotamus in this sense comes from the Book of Job in which, after a lot of argument, God speaks from the whirlwind and draws the chattering intellectuals’ attention to the facts of nature, heavy with energy and charisma: the lion, the thunder, Orion’s Belt, the whale who makes the sea boil, and the battle horse who, having swallowed the ground with fierceness and rage, “saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the(...)</div>">Hippopotamus</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/holism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Holism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The art—in contrast with reductionism — of seeing a complex system as a whole. Holism knows the limits to its understanding; it acknowledges that the system has its wildness, its privacy, its own reasons, its defences against invasive explanation. It does not approach systems with crafted innocence and call it evidence-based science. It does not pretend to understand the whole school just on the evidence of dissecting the geography teacher. It is not embarrassed by the application of judgment.<sup>H20</sup><br />But holism can lead the way into fallacies. First, it can be misconstrued as a mandate for(...)</div>">Holism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/holon/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Holon</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A part, or subsystem, or subassembly, of a system. Every system consists of holons.<br />Other names—orgs, integrons—have been suggested for them; holon is the name coined by Arthur Koestler. It comes from the Greek <em>holos</em> (whole), with the suffix -<em>on</em> (as in neutron), which suggests particle or part.<sup>H23</sup><br />Local communities are holons within the wider system of society, for example, and the modularity which underpins recovery-elastic resilience comprises diverse, independent holons. Holons have the characteristic property of “facing both ways”: they are complete in themselves and have substantial(...)</div>">Holon</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/home/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Home</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Home is the household where you feel you belong.<br />The household is by far the most productive part of our political economy. It makes people. It teaches near-perfect grasp of a language. It creates and makes in us the essential skills of conversation, listening, looking at the person who is talking to you; it transmits humour, loyalty, love, manners, reciprocity; it builds confidence and identity; it enables its members to discover which sex they are; given a chance, it arranges its own food, cooks it, serves it up and sustains a conversation while it is eaten; it is a library and reading(...)</div>">Home</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/homeostasis/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Homeostasis</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking <strong>></strong> Feedback <strong>></strong> Homeostasis.<br /> </div>">Homeostasis</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hope/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hope</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Success.<br /> </div>">Hope</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/household-group/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Household Group</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Small Group, Groups and Group Sizes, Reciprocity and Cooperation, Lean Household, Home.<br /> </div>">Household Group</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/household-production/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Household Production</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Household.<br /> </div>">Household Production</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/humility-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Humility, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that humility is a natural qualification for good judgment.<br />Humility is a virtue. Its absence closes the mind, leaving the victim defended from inconvenient truth. Its presence suggests a willingness to consider a contrary view, to defer to the unexpected, to encounter distinctiveness and difference. But humility as an abstraction, as an aim, an achievement in its own right, can make trouble. All too easily, it is a form of Pharisaism: since I am humble, my motives are above suspicion; if you disagree, that is a sad sign that you lack my plain and humble nature; being humble,(...)</div>">Humility, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/humour/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Humour</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Sensory delight in paradox.<br />Humour clears away inhibitions about exploring taboo responses and solutions. It makes it all right to acknowledge a mistake; it supplies the detachment needed to judge one’s own work and improve its quality.<br />It is a necessary condition for the toleration—as distinct from enforcement—of differences in role, assets and influence within the group. It sustains conversation and underwrites the existence of a group whose members work together and listen to each other; it is a source of shared belonging and mutual recognition: it . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . remains one of the ways(...)</p></div>'>Humour</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hunt-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hunt, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A system for accepting responsibility (now that human beings have usurped so much of the ecology) for maintaining a healthy population of wild animals in an agricultural landscape, protecting their habitats, stabilising their population, culling the older, sick and injured animals and treating nature with the ceremony and respect which it deserves.<br />The complex paradox of the hunt requires reflection which lies beyond the easy certainties of guilt and reductionism.<sup>H39</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Causes, Good Shepherd.</div>">Hunt, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hyperbole/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hyperbole</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument that deceives by metaphor or exaggeration, and sometimes by changing the meaning of words.<sup>H40</sup><br />There is a lot to be said for exaggeration—the wilder the better. Here are some suggestions about how to be excused from having to talk to a lady you are trying to avoid: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Will your grace command me any service to the world’s end? I will go on the slightest errand now to the Antipodes that you can devise to send me on; I will fetch you a tooth-picker now from the furthest inch of Asia, bring you the length of Prester John’s foot, fetch you a hair off the great Cham’s beard, do you any(...)</p></div>'>Hyperbole</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hyperunemployment/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hyperunemployment</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Unemployment so high that the government cannot raise enough taxation revenue to fund unemployment benefits and pensions (and cannot borrow enough to fill the gap). How high this is depends primarily on (a) the proportion of the workforce out of work, and for how long, and (b) the rate of taxation. Tax could in principle rise to very high levels. The authorities in the declining years of Rome were willing to take tax rates to the limit. Farmers in the third century were reduced to selling their children into slavery as the only way of meeting the tax demands from Rome, or to abandoning(...)</div>">Hyperunemployment</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/hypocrisy-scourge-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Hypocrisy (Scourge), The Fallacy of the</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that, if what I do falls below the standards of what I say, my argument can be dismissed without further ado. This fallacy arises from the obvious discomforts of a contrast between good words and bad deeds, like those of <em>Measure for Measure’s</em> Angelo: upright in public, outrageous in private.<br />And yet, if an argument is a good one, dissonant deeds do nothing to contradict it. In fact, the hypocrite may have something to be said for him. For instance, he may not be making any claims at all about how he lives, but only about his values in the context of the argument. There is no(...)</div>">Hypocrisy (Scourge), The Fallacy of the</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/icon-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Icon, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument summarised in one ready-made idea: a silver bullet, often of the kind which thinks the job is done when it has found someone to blame. Icons are words or phrases which act as a substitute for—or which distract attention from—the argument, crowding out reflection.<br />Once fixed on the iconic word, the argument is over: “reform”, “diversity”, “competition”, “qualifications”, “level playing field”, “equality”, “transparent”, “fair”, “democratic”, “accessible”, “vibrant”, “modernising”; <em>or </em>“selfishness”, “greed”, “violence”, “privilege”, “elitist”, “exclusive”, “discriminatory”,(...)</div>">Icon, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/identity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Identity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The root condition for rational judgment.<br />“Rational” here has a particular sense: a rational decision is consistent with the individual’s intention, or <em>conatus</em>—what he is striving to do; what he is about. The intention may be selfish or enlightened; it may be mistaken; it may be altruistic or self-sacrificing: if the person wishes to do something for others without counting the cost, rational behaviour will take steps to do so. What rational decision <em>cannot</em> do is choose a direction in the absence of context, if the decision-maker has no identity, no intention—no <em>conatus</em>. Reason can exist(...)</div>">Identity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ideology/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ideology</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A single, widely-applicable strategy or idea, typically well-intended, whose scale is too large—or which is being dealt with at too high a level—to permit observable reality and detail. Ideology in the state sector is expressed in: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. large projects, which can be persisted with and given a measure of plausibility due to the massive resources that are invested in them; and</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. general principles — the abstract ethic in terms of which the regime defines and justifies itself, and on which it bases its claim to be ethical.</p> Pragmatic thinking, focused on grounded local observation, is seen(...)</div>'>Ideology</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ignorance/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ignorance, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad ignorantiam</em>)<br />The case of not knowing anything about the subject, but not letting that put you off.<br />Its main habitat consists of trying to break the rule that “you can’t prove a negative”—concluding that, since you can’t find something (such as a black swan) it follows that it doesn’t exist. Variants are: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. The Scientist’s Fallacy that something that has not been proved and understood therefore does not exist (e.g., homeopathy, morphic resonance, ghosts). This tends to be stated in the assertion that “there is no evidence that . . .”, often reflecting a determination not to(...)</p></div>'>Ignorance, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/imagination/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Imagination</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Creative intelligence in action; the ability to learn and understand something without having experience of it.<sup>I17</sup><br />If the mature market economy is to have a sequel on the Wheel of Life, it will be the work, substantially, of imagination. But imagination will not have an easy time of it, for it is widely seen as a dissident to be suppressed, removed or re-educated. “Higher level learning”, the ability to understand and analyse a subject, was achieved by one in five teenagers in 1976; as the psychologist Michael Shayer has shown, this is now down to one in twenty. The target-led routines of(...)</div>">Imagination</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/implicature/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Implicature</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presence of a subtext—another meaning—which makes a statement not quite as simple, or as innocent, as it looks. Examples: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">• “What did you think of the singer?” “Well, I liked her dress.”<sup>I24</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">• “We are tackling the problem of global warming.” There is nothing wrong with the statement itself, but it implies that we are on the way to solving the problem; it may also be taken to imply that we can do the job on our own. It sounds reassuring, but it may be telling you that the efforts to tackle global warming are not having much success.</p> The philosopher Paul Grice, who coined the word,(...)</div>'>Implicature</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/implicit-truth-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Implicit Truth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The product of reflection, particular to the person. Reflections and loyalties about the same thing may produce different truths — both, or all, true despite contrasts in emphasis and meaning. The differences may be consistent with each other, or they may mature into deep contradictions: “This is my territory”; “The ideal place for our honeymoon would be Scunthorpe”; “We’ve won”. All these are true or untrue, depending on who is speaking.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Material Truth, Truth, Good Shepherd Paradox.</div>">Implicit Truth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/incentives-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Incentives, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that a person will not carry out a substantial task unless given an incentive over and above—separate from—the benefits derived from the task itself.<br />It is taken as a self-evident truth that the way to persuade people to make the effort to achieve a significant aim is to give them an incentive—a reward if they do, or a penalty if they don’t. The possibility that people may want to achieve an aim for its own sake is not taken to be a sufficient motivation. This carrot-and-stick theory is at the heart of the system of rewards and grades in education and public policy, and it(...)</div>">Incentives, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/incrementalism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Incrementalism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Progress consisting of small steps: little-by-little (Latin: <em>paulatim</em>). It is generally—but not always—based on a clear intention as to where these steps will eventually lead. It corrects for errors, being guided by slight feedbacks, or algorithms; like the steersman of a yacht. It <em>may</em> in due course be so prolific and elaborate that it becomes unsupportable and breaks in a shock of <em>kaikaku</em>. Of course, that may not happen. For one thing, feedbacks and corrections do not necessarily have to deliver incremental advance (<em>kaizen</em>); they may deliver stability, as in the case of species that had(...)</div>">Incrementalism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/indignation-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Indignation, The Fallacy of.</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Indignation is an urban emotion: it looks for action to be taken by someone else, believing that the way forward is agitation. It begs the question: if you are indignant about something, it has to be an outrage, and caused by someone other than you—otherwise, of course, you wouldn’t be indignant, would you? And it is urban in the sense that, in the city, it is easy to get away, so you can absent yourself from a conversation, indignantly telling the other person you find his views repugnant. You won’t be needing to borrow his horse.<br />Out of town, it is different. It is a waste of time being(...)</div>">Indignation, The Fallacy of.</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/informal-economy-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Informal Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>That part of an economy whose members provide for each other and cooperate on terms which do not involve money.<br />The informal economy—aka the “core economy”—consists of all the things we do for each other in families: cooking, bringing up children, playing, discussing citizenship, building character and emotional literacy. And it includes the things we do as citizens: serving as school governors, organising societies and sports clubs, voting—the things which, taken together, add up to our “social capital”. It is large; if the value of the informal economy were costed in terms of the wages(...)</div>">Informal Economy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/informal-logic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Informal Logic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the two main kinds of logic (the other is formal logic). Almost all the fallacies discussed in <em>Lean Logic</em> are informal. Informal logic considers the context, content and delivery of an argument; it recognises the fallacies that can destroy dialogue, and teaches how to avoid, or use, them. It is often thought of as the disreputable relation of formal logic, for it has no solid set of rules from which conclusions can be deduced. It tends to focus on mistakes, and its discussion of logic in the context of subjects such as religion, culture, law and the environment—by books such as(...)</div>">Informal Logic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/infrastructures/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Infrastructures</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Intermediate Economy, Regrettable Necessities, Intensification Paradox.<br /> </div>">Infrastructures</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ingenuity-gap-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ingenuity Gap</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The gap between our ability to invent solutions and the scale of the problems for which solutions are needed.<br />The market state is so impressed by its own ingenuity—by its ability to find technical solutions to its problems—that it finds it hard to recognise that it is not technical solutions that are needed. Forward movement (<em>Kaizen</em>) is not helpful if what is needed is a change of direction (<em>Kaikaku</em>).<br />Ingenuity in extending the life of the familiar is most useful if the time it buys is used to prepare for the time when it reaches its limits.<sup>I45</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Intelligence, Wicked(...)</div>">Ingenuity Gap</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/inheritance/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Inheritance</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The capital assets conserved and/or created by previous generations, on which we completely depend.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Relevance.</div>">Inheritance</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/innocence-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Innocence, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>“Innocence” has two related meanings here. First, it means innocence of knowledge—i.e., ignorance, a gift to an adversary in argument, inviting the whole range of rhetorical scams.<br />The second meaning is not another name for ignorance, but an addition to it: it embellishes ignorance with the qualities of irreproachable naïveté and purity. Innocence (<em>noun</em>): Freedom from the sin of knowing anything.<br /><br />The arguer presents herself as the sweet innocent, who cuts through all the clever stuff and with refreshing childlike simplicity gets straight to the point. You are as innocent as a March hare,(...)</div>">Innocence, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/institution/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Institution</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A generic name for groups, clubs, churches, schools, universities, societies; the subdivisions and holons that make a community. They include professional networks and associations—Émile Durkheim’s “corporations”. “Institution” is in this sense similar to social capital, and the groups, friendships and connectedness that it seeds.<sup>I49</sup><br />There is, however, a form of institution—the institution-with-a-mission—which exists, not for the benefit of its members but to advance another aim which stands the best chance of being achieved if its members surrender their interests to it. The members of(...)</div>">Institution</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/instrumentalism-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Instrumentalism, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The perception of a thing or person as useful for your purposes, but otherwise expendable and of little or no account.<br />It is a form of abstraction, because the victim, forfeiting his, her or its claim to defining properties and characteristics, is recognised only in terms of that usefulness. An image of this is the nude observed coldly, but with interest, by a man in a suit, complete with clipboard, biro, well-filled wallet, mobile phone, calculator . . . The instrumental detachment has the quality of the scavenger, the asset-stripper; the victim is likely to be destroyed in the process,(...)</div>">Instrumentalism, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/insult/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Insult</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Refreshing evidence of good humour and good faith.<br />(2) An ambivalent act, midway between endearment and assault, which is intrinsic to the politics and play of bonding into stable and cooperative-competitive groups of male primates (Small Group).<br />(3) Personal <em>ad hominem</em> attack, closing down the possibility of reasonable dialogue.<br /> </div>">Insult</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intelligence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intelligence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) A public good. The intelligence of at least some people is a vital public good which we cannot do without if there is to be a future for the rest of us. The view of intelligence as a private perk is a measure of failure to recognise society as a connected system, which relies on individual talent as a collective asset. In the market economy, attitudes to intelligence are ambivalent, and mixed in with them is unease about it—as an embarrassment; proof of how far we still fall short of equality of opportunity to fuck up.<br />(2) A public bad. The presumption is: I am intelligent, therefore(...)</div>">Intelligence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intensification-paradox/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intensification Paradox</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The paradox by which a developing economy, whose productivity is improving, actually requires <em>increasing</em> quantities of labour (and the other factors of production, land and capital) to keep each individual supplied with food and shelter. Represented simply as the cost—in terms of labour, land and capital—of supporting the life of one person, the process of development is a process of declining efficiency.<sup>I54</sup><br />At first this seems odd because—as Adam Smith described—in the developing intermediate economy, we see a vast <em>increase</em> in output per person, perhaps through improved technology.(...)</div>">Intensification Paradox</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intention/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intention</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the properties (Rule 1) of a system designed on the principles of lean thinking. This first, critical, stage defines what you want to achieve: resist the temptation to add numerous other objectives, since this will only destroy the focus and rule out the possibility of discovering a common purpose. But you don’t need to resist the temptation to adopt an aim which is beyond what you think you can achieve—for among the resources available to you is pull, and its speciality is discovering solutions.<br />But of course it isn’t as simple as that, for two reasons. First, overall aims consist(...)</div>">Intention</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intentional-waste/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intentional Waste</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The deliberate destruction of goods, or the production of goods and events which use up a lot of labour but are of no practical value. It has been widely practised in traditional societies and, in some form, in most societies, with the partial but significant exception of our own.<br />Fertile ecologies have one big problem in common: they are too productive for their own good. Surplus is produced that—unless checked, managed, destroyed or removed—will eventually destroy the system. Lakes can become so rich with life that they die; many forests rely on periodic fire to clear out their choking(...)</div>">Intentional Waste</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/interest/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Interest</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Money earned by money (Usury).<br />(2) Engagement with a subject on its own terms; encounter with it beyond preoccupation with the self.<br />(3) Rational advantage—that is, recognition of what you want: it is in your interests to eat if you are hungry. The interest is still rational even if it is mistaken—you eat the food even though you should have suspected it contained salmonella; it is not rational if you know it has salmonella, <em>and</em> you don’t want to get food poisoning, <em>but</em> you eat it all the same. That is not as improbable as it may appear, because of divided intentions. You want to drink(...)</div>">Interest</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intermediate-economy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intermediate Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>That part of the economy which consists of forms of production and other activities which, though necessary, do not directly provide the goods and services which consumers <em>actually</em> want and need. That is, the intermediate economy does tasks which have to be done just to keep things going, to enable the civic society to exist on its very large scale: goods transport, sewage, landfill sites, electricity grids, social workers, police and prisons, regulation and policy-making, inspectors, bureaucrats, parking wardens, and the large and growing task of protecting and repairing the(...)</div>">Intermediate Economy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/internal-evidence-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Internal Evidence, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The error of judging a proposition to be true on the strength of evidence selected, intentionally or unintentionally, to confirm it. This is related to Cognitive Dissonance and Begging the Question, and to forms of Expertise (the No Evidence Fallacy).<br />In some cultures it is safe to assume that statements which are intended to be believed are in fact true, but this state of affairs is easily eroded and lost. In its absence, the other option—when arguing a case which you are sure is right—is to meddle with the evidence to suit your case. This can help to persuade your victim, and yourself,(...)</div>">Internal Evidence, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intoxication/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intoxication</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The condition that arises when an enthusiast encounters someone with whom he can share his passion.<br /> </div>">Intoxication</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/intuition/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Intuition</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The ability to understand, or respond accurately to, a complex issue without consciously thinking it through and knowing the reasons. The mind gets to the point without knowing why. Many skills, such as playing the piano, drawing, or quickly judging the veracity of a stranger, can only be performed if they are embedded in parts of the brain which get things done without having to consult the conscious mind. But you need to do a lot of work to get there. Antonio Damasio explains, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The quality of one’s intuition depends on how well we have reasoned in the past; on how well we have(...)</p></div>'>Intuition</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/invisible-goods/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Invisible Goods</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The paradox of a materialist society. We consume a very large number of goods—not least intermediate goods and services which really are needs rather than desires. But what about the goods which we might be expected actually to enjoy? Well, responses are mixed, but there is often some guilt in there; a tendency to explain them away as needs which leave us with little reasonable alternative; a hesitation to celebrate them as material artefacts in their own right. In this sense the modern market economy is <em>less</em> materialistic than those traditional societies for which goods and their(...)</div>">Invisible Goods</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ironic-space/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ironic Space</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The gap between contradictions—such as the contradiction between what you think about something and the evidence about it, of which you may only recently have become aware. It is a paradox which, if recognised, demands a resolution, but may never get one. It is the obscurity that comes in inherited myth or sacred language, bringing the plain delight and enigma of incomprehension. Or it is a clash between ideas which are consistent within themselves, but not with each other. A momentary loss of bearings gives us the disorientation enjoyed in humour, quickly resolved. But, if the(...)</div>">Ironic Space</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/irrelevance-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Irrelevance, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Ignoratio elenchi</em>). The classic illustration of this fallacy is the case of a man who, on his way home at night, drops his keys. Instead of searching the area where he dropped them, he searches under a street light elsewhere, on the basis that searching is easier when well-lit. <em>Ignoratio elenchi</em> literally translates as “ignorance of the connection”—an <em>elenchus</em> in Rome was a pendant worn as an ear-ring: it joins up.<sup>I89</sup> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">This is a core fallacy, in that many of the other fallacies can be seen as examples of it. Most arguments arise because one or both sides have missed the point. If, when(...)</p></div>'>Irrelevance, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/judgment/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Judgment</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Reflection, Encounter, Flow, Presence, Casuistry, Intelligence, Practice, Spirit.<br /> </div>">Judgment</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/kaikaku/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Kaikaku</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A radical break.<br />For more, see Lean Thinking, Paradigm.<br /> </div>">Kaikaku</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/kaizen/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Kaizen</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Incremental advance.<br />For more, see Lean Thinking, Paradigm.<br /> </div>">Kaizen</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/land/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Land</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The problem of access to land is fundamental and acute. The self-reliant localities of the future will need land; including in the less industrialised nations, whose small farmers have lost their land to the large-scale agriculture of the global market. Land is in many ways the hardest problem of all. Depending of course on the size of the population, the demand for land can be expected to exceed supply. Most wars, including civil wars, are about land. The land problem is a wicked problem.<sup>L1</sup><br />One interesting person to chew these things over with is Ebenezer Howard, the man behind Social(...)</div>">Land</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/larders/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Larders</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Cool food-storage rooms. North-facing in the Northern Hemisphere. Thick stone shelf to keep some of the night coolness circulating during the day. Window with fine wire mesh to keep out the flies. Uses no energy (except, perhaps, a light bulb). Large enough to allow entry, followed by extended reflection on food, and some petty theft of a bit of moist, aromatic chicken if such is in residence.<br />Sadly displaced by the fridge, which uses a lot of energy. And hums. And uses noxious gases. And costs. And needs to be made, transported and then unmade.<br />The larder is temporarily obsolete. It will(...)</div>">Larders</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/large-scale/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Large Scale</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Scale.<br /> </div>">Large Scale</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/law/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Law</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Law and Order, Law and Change.<br /> </div>">Law</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/law-and-change/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Law and Change</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The law is a key asset. But its conservation is neglected. When law has recently become established and brought peace, it is appreciated, conserved and cared for with an urgency that we have forgotten. Deriving its authority from its constancy, the law was once compared with the sun: in ancient Near Eastern thought, “sun” and “justice” belonged together, and in the lyrical poetry of Psalm 19 we have a dazzling statement of this: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">In them [the heavens] he hath set a tabernacle for the sun: which cometh forth as a bridegroom out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a giant to run his course(...)</p></div>'>Law and Change</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/leadership/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Leadership</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Character.<br /> </div>">Leadership</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-building/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Building</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The design, building or conversion of houses using local skills and resources, and suited to self-reliant community.<br />The stock of buildings inherited by the Lean Economy is likely to be larger than it needs. It might not, therefore, build many new homes, but there will be drastic transformations. Here are three guidelines:<br />The first requirement of building, or retrofitting, in the local Lean Economy is that it should use a form of appropriate technology, in the sense that it is within the reach of what the community can do for itself.<sup>L14</sup> We cannot be sure what technologies will be(...)</div>">Lean Building</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-defence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Defence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>From some points of view, there will be a greatly reduced incentive for defence in the Lean Economy. States will have fewer distant interests to defend. But the evolution to the post-market settlement will bring tensions of its own. There will be competition for land. Large urban populations could quickly find themselves in some desperation for food. The fault lines of a multicultural society could mature into deep divisions. The tensions considered in the entry on population could mature under the pressures of scarcity. Urban populations will not stay put.<br />Among strategies that present(...)</div>">Lean Defence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-economics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Economics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The conventional ideal of the perfect competitive market can be summarised in seven conditions. In order for it to exist, there must be . . .<sup>L27</sup> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>1.</strong> no local intervention (such as government regulation to set standards)—and no discrimination except on grounds of price against another producer;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>2.</strong> standardised products—so that all products compete on price rather than on differences in specification;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>3.</strong> a large number of sellers and buyers, and all of roughly the same size—so that none of them can influence prices;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>4.</strong> free entry and exit—sellers and buyers can come and go as they(...)</p></div>'>Lean Economics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-economy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Economy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fabric of the Wheel of Life, supported by richly-developed social capital and culture, organised not around the market, but around the rediscovery of community. It is based on cooperation in a slack economic and social order, building on a panarchy of social groupings, from small groups and household production through the close neighbourhood and parish to the nation. It sustains solutions—lean energy, lean food, lean materials and water, along with lean economics, lean education, lean health, lean law and order, lean defence, religion, carnival and play. Guiding principles include(...)</div>">Lean Economy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-education/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Education</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Culture, science, crafts, play, friendship and the ecology provide the medium in terms of which an individual fulfils his or her potential as a person, and a group fulfils its potential as a community.<br />Education is that part of the life of a community that contributes to those ends.<br /> <br /><strong>Community practice</strong><br />The starting point is early education in the fundamental skill of belonging to a community, and here is a teacher with something to say about this. The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre makes a connection (introduced in Practice) between complementary forms of learning—between (a) acquiring a(...)</div>">Lean Education</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-energy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Energy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The application of pull to meet communities’ energy needs in conditions of energy-famine.<br /> <br /> <table border="1" cellpadding="40"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 24px;">ENERGY’S USES</span> Overlaps and intersections</p> 1. Space heating, space cooling and air conditioning.<br />2. Light: street lighting, interiors by day and by night.<br />3. Energy embodied in materials (mining, processing, transport) and feedstocks (plastics, paint).<br />4. Industrial processes: machine tools, carpentry, pumps, process heat and refrigeration.<br />5. Service processes: retail, medical, dental, catering, research, education administration, etc.<br />6. Information processing, storage and transmission.<br />7.(...)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>'>Lean Energy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-food/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Food</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Local self-reliance in food, where the community can buy in little or nothing of what it eats. We will consider this by walking through the sequence of lean thinking: intention, lean means, flow, pull and feedback.<br /> <br /><strong>1. Intention: The Proximity Principle Applied to Food</strong><br />As with all the other “lean” entries, the intention is to provide a starting point for thinking about how local lean economies might provide for themselves from their own resources. The degree of their local self-reliance will vary with time and place. It could lie anywhere between <em>local lite</em>—where communities have access to(...)</div>">Lean Food</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-health/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Health</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Seen from the point of view of the affluent market economy, the task for Lean Health is impossible. It is to provide for the medical needs of local communities at a time when there is no money—neither taxation revenues nor private funding—available for large-scale medical services.<br />It could be argued that it will not be necessary to rely entirely on local resources for medical services in the future, but the task of <em>Lean Logic</em> is to ask that “what if?” question: if communities did have to provide their own entirely localised medical services, what would they look like?<br />To begin, we need to(...)</div>">Lean Health</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-household/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Household</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A small group that lives in one place—and “one place” is defined here by the presence of a single (main) kitchen. The group size will vary between a single person and an extended household of as many as twelve, at least some of whom are likely to be related by blood or marriage. Households in the Lean Economy are likely to be larger than at present because, in the absence of reliable supplies of food, goods and services of all kinds, the task of keeping a household fed, clothed and warm will need to be shared among several people.<br /> <br /><strong>Household production</strong><br />In economics, “household production”(...)</div>">Lean Household</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-law-and-order/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Law and Order</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Maintaining law and order, using only the resources of the informal economy, would be . . . well, “impossible” is the word that comes to mind, and justifiably so in the case of a giant civic society whose social order and common purpose has long-since been dissolved. But in the Lean Economy, the presumption is that there will be no alternative. Communities that cannot buy in their law and order will have to make their own. They will keep their own peace.<br />The key to such community law and order is prevention. Social capital, practice and apprenticeship, the structures of belonging, the(...)</div>">Lean Law and Order</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-materials/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Materials</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>There are two kinds of solution to the problem of providing materials from limited local resources—making the best use of local resources, and conserving materials in a closed-loop system.<br /> <br /><strong>Making the best use of local resources</strong><br />In this regard, four options are available. First, there are natural materials—materials that can be grown or quarried locally and used in more-or-less their original form. Secondly, there is the chemicals harvest, using locally grown plants as the main source. Thirdly, biomimicry copies natural systems to produce high-quality materials from locally-available(...)</div>">Lean Materials</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-means/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Means</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the properties of a system designed according to the principles of lean thinking (Rule 2). It carries out the intention, and that may involve the shock of bringing to an end a lot of activities which, up to now, had seemed to be important. From now on, the enterprise is travelling light.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Value, <em>Muda</em>.</div>">Lean Means</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-production/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Production</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The original form of the lean revolution in production systems, developed in the 1940s at Toyota’s factory in Japan, under the direction of Taiichi Ohno. It maintained low backup stocks of parts and finished goods, and that forced the whole productive process to develop rapid reactions and to achieve very low rates of error. This in turn meant that workers had responsibility for taking timely decisions in response to local circumstances, forestalling errors rather than waiting for them to happen.<br />Since then, lean production has evolved into the more broadly-based system of management(...)</div>">Lean Production</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-social-security/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Social Security</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Means of enabling subsistence for the unemployed and retired, when the government is able to raise little or no taxation and therefore has no money.<br />At the heart of it, there is prevention. Sustained counsel and care is a task for the neighbourhood, which will respond to the detail of individual circumstances. It will encourage and enable work at home in trades and crafts suited to age and skills. Mentoring and personal contact, the model pioneered by reformers such as Thomas Chalmers (Scale), would be close to the principles of the local Lean Economy.<sup>L180</sup><br />The English Reformation(...)</div>">Lean Social Security</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-thinking/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A frame of reference for enabling people to join together in a shared aim.<br />“Lean” in this sense was originally derived from industrial lean production in the post-war period, and the concept is widely applied in industry, as alluded to in this book’s Introduction. <em>Lean Logic</em> applies this frame of reference to the shared aim of rebuilding a political economy in place of the failing market.<sup>L181</sup><br />The essence is this. Two ways of making something happen can be compared. One of them—top-down management—is to tell people what to do: issue instructions, regulations, incentives, penalties, targets;(...)</div>">Lean Thinking</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lean-transport/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lean Transport</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Transport is the symbol of modernity: pictures of the future show the land, sea and air full of fast-moving vehicles. But that is, of course, an image of the failure of modernity—the relentlessly deepening incompetence of place: local capability has leaked away and collected in giant hubs in which skills and assets are captured and concentrated. In an age of cheap energy and massive material needs and flows, distance is trivial, opening the way to a comedy of errors, in which everything starts off in the wrong place. If <em>Lean Logic</em>’s expectations of future energy scarcity are correct,(...)</div>">Lean Transport</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/leisure/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Leisure</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Leisure, widely-shared, has been the unfulfilled promise of economic development, a reward for mankind’s achievement in (as John Maynard Keynes put it) “solving its economic problem”.<sup>L195</sup> Some of the makers of the Industrial Revolution looked forward to the day when hard work would be over, and society could devote itself to leisure. “Men and women”, it was confidently forecast by a writer in the <em>Democratic Review</em> in 1853, “will then have no harassing cares or laborious duties to fulfil. Machinery will perform all work—automata will direct them. The only task of the human race will be to(...)</div>">Leisure</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/leverage/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Leverage</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking <strong>></strong> Function <strong>></strong> Leverage.<br /> </div>">Leverage</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/liturgy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Liturgy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The form taken by religious observance.<br />Why should this matter? Well, <em>Lean Logic</em> argues that the culture of a society and its communities will be central to its existence; that if a culture is affirmed and expressed collectively and regularly, it will have, to some degree, the properties of ritual; and that the cultural framework within which a ritual is performed can be understood as a form of religion. This is clearly a nuanced understanding of religion: it claims that the nature and intensity of the ritual shapes the nature and intensity of the religion which it affirms, ranging, for(...)</div>">Liturgy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/living-standards/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Living Standards</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><em>Lean Logic</em> makes a distinction between “nominal” and “real” living standards. Nominal living standards tend to be measured in terms of monetary income and productivity. Real living standards are not. For example, feeling safe in our homes counts as a positive aspect of real living standards, but security gates and electronic systems bought in order to feel safe do not. They are (at best) regrettable necessities. The transport that has brought these tomatoes to my table is a regrettable necessity, but no one would claim that the transport itself improved the quality of the tomatoes.<br(...)</div>">Living Standards</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/local/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Local</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Localisation, Local Wisdom.<br /> </div>">Local</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/local-currency/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Local Currency</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A form of money other than the national currency, set up and managed locally. The reason for establishing a local currency at present is that it enables local producers, handicapped by high costs, to compete more effectively with efficient national and international producers. The intention is to give them a better chance of making a living, providing a needed local service and staying in business.<br />In a thriving market economy, such protection is not generally considered a good idea. The discipline of having to be competitive keeps businesses efficient. But there is more that businesses,(...)</div>">Local Currency</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/local-economy-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Local Economy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Economy, Localisation.<br /> </div>">Local Economy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/local-wisdom/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Local Wisdom</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Intelligence drenched in culture. Instinctive systems-thinking. A state of creative tension between intellect, emotion, place, encounter and tradition.<br />As a general rule, governments’ record of decision-making is poor. If you had a family relation whose judgment were of this quality, it would be a kindness to make arrangements for him or her to be taken into care. There are examples closer to home, but look (for instance) at Russia’s governments, whose performance substantially took the form of a criminal record of horror and black farce—despite periods of remission—from Ivan the Terrible(...)</div>">Local Wisdom</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/localisation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Localisation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The political economies of the future will be essentially local. They will use locally-generated energy and local land and materials, producing for local consumption and reusing their wastes. They will be managed—given life, competence and resilience—by the people who live there, participants, in daily touch with the local detail. Their infrastructures will be minimal. They will have access to equipment and resources which are as advanced as possible, given the limits imposed by the local scale and the technology of the time.<sup>L214</sup><br />The local Lean Economy, shaped and held together by a rich,(...)</div>">Localisation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/localism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Localism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The principle that local communities and local authorities should have greater control over decision-making on matters which can conveniently and effectively be implemented locally. The principle is extended further—towards substantial local self-reliance—with localisation.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Subsidiarity.</div>">Localism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/logic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Logic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The rules of inference and reasoning. The study of these rules is called formal logic, to distinguish it from other, less rigorous discussions of reasoning, such as the treatment of informal logic in <em>Lean Logic</em>.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Lean Thinking, Hippopotamus.</div>">Logic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/looters-ethics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Looter’s Ethics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The ethical code of a person who is able to think about an asset only in terms of asserting rights of access or possession.<br />Variant: looter’s ethics by proxy, which claims that you are doing it for someone else’s benefit.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Instrumentalism, Money Fallacy.</div>">Looter’s Ethics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/loyalty/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Loyalty</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Obligation, recognised and acted upon to promote the interests of a person or a group, even though there is no evident advantage in doing so. The important word here is “evident”: loyalty may involve short-term trouble or regret, but you may be able to influence the situation and make an investment—of thought, emotion, work or money—with better long-term results than you could have got from an early exit.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Lean Economics, Trust, Humility.</div>">Loyalty</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/lumpy-logic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Lumpy Logic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The use of an argument which recognises that systems—such as social systems—tend to settle down into reasonably well-defined characteristics. For example, a nation contains a wide variety of schools, farms, forms of local government, etc, ranging from the good to the bad; however, generalisations about them are quite likely to be true: e.g., “Nation A’s schools are generally better than Nation B’s” sounds like a ridiculous generalisation but may well not be. This is because all the schools in that particular society may be subject to the same system and develop in response to it.<br />The idea(...)</div>">Lumpy Logic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/manners/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Manners</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><strong>(1)</strong> The practice of courtesy, of encounter with the other’s space and values, of tact and good humour, of acute observation, of listening to what a person is saying and—if really necessary—even reading what he has written before disagreeing with it. Manners spill over benignly into adjacent fields, directed not only towards the other person, but to the natural environment and to oneself.<br /><strong>(2)</strong> The whole behaviour of people—their thought and action, the way they go about things, the defining qualities of a person’s existence.<br /> <br />The word “manners” has an early history in the ancient Sanskrit(...)</div>">Manners</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/manual-skills/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Manual Skills</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The Lean Economy will depend on manual skills; not only in the form of well-developed crafts such as building, gardening and cooking but, more fundamentally, as manual dexterity—being comfortable with, and attaching a high value to, the use of hands.<br />Manual dexterity itself is at present at risk. Recent studies have shown that it is common for children to arrive at school not knowing whether they are right or left-handed, having no familiarity with concepts such as weight, volume and measurement, and with attention deficit problems. Failures of development such as these are acknowledged(...)</div>">Manual Skills</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/many-questions-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Many Questions, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The tactic of wrapping up a controversial argument in an innocent and uncontroversial one, or a question that is more innocent than the message it brings (aka a “loaded question”). It is a form of begging the question.<br />Example: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Do you, as a citizen, want a Medical Service that is planned and directed in accordance with the needs of the nation as a whole, or do you think that we had better muddle along with the present system, distorted as it is by the influence of private profit?<sup>M7</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em>1943 Labour Party pamphlet outlining the future Government’s plans for the National Health Service</em></p><br />  <br(...)</strong></div>'>Many Questions, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/market-economy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Market Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The economic order on which modern society depends.<br />The “Great Transformation” in politics, economics and society came when the market economy hit its stride in Britain in the late eighteenth century. Before it, cohesion was sustained to a large extent through the social capital of reciprocal obligation, loyalties, authority structures, culture and traditions. The Great Transformation consisted of their replacement by market exchange, income and price, and by the impersonal principles of economics.<sup>M8</sup><br />Around these, cooperative arrangements can be sustained with little need for a common(...)</div>">Market Economy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/material-truth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Material Truth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A representation of reality which is accurate, or at least intended literally. Material truth is the information you need to have available to you when, for instance, crossing a road, installing a boiler, filling a tooth or building a bridge.<br /> </div>">Material Truth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/materials/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Materials</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Materials.<br /> </div>">Materials</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/memory-fillers/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Memory Fillers</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>More strictly known as “availability biases”, these are gaps in what we remember, and what we know about, which we fill in confidently, but often absurdly. They are habitual failures of logic which can distort the way in which we observe and interpret events. We may remember just those matters of public policy in which there was a clearly-established villain. Seeing a picture of a problem may make the difference between whether we think it is important or not. We may forget about, or give less significance to, big events that happened some time ago, while being deeply concerned with(...)</div>">Memory Fillers</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/metamorphosis/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Metamorphosis</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A metaphor for the transformation that overcomes people when they surrender their judgment to a group, to a managerial institution, to a complex bureaucracy, or to a government, as the price of belonging to it. For example, the ten-year-plus period of intense learning required in order to be able to cope with the detail, diplomacy and boredom of negotiating trade agreements with the World Trade Organisation and the European Union makes it unlikely that anyone who has achieved expertise in it will question the aims of the organisations involved, or the essential assumptions of sustained(...)</div>">Metamorphosis</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/metaphor-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Metaphor, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Metaphor is part of communication, and it can have a useful function in communicating all forms of truth, but it is easily open to abuse. If you don’t know what you’re talking about, the simple solution is to slip into metaphor: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The ‘easy oil’ will run out in about 15 years’ time. Companies will then have to mine some trickier and costlier waters. <sup>M13</sup></p> The thinking is as mixed as the metaphor itself, and yet it still sounds reassuring. The fact that the writer does not have a clue what those trickier and costlier waters are can be overlooked when the mind’s eye is taken up with image of(...)</div>'>Metaphor, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/middle-voice/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Middle Voice</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Verbs in English take either the active voice (I love) or passive voice (I am loved). Many other languages, including Classical Greek, have a “middle voice” which is half way between the two, and has properties of both.<br />This is a useful idea in the context of the Lean Economy, because it has special relevance to key principles such as presence and practice. A securely-developed skill is neither entirely voluntary nor entirely involuntary; there is a middle ground, intrinsic to skills—both responsive to the will of the craftsman and shaped by the practised technique, both active and(...)</div>">Middle Voice</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/mindset/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Mindset</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The frame of reference which guides our perception. It shapes our minds and the logic they recognise. It calibrates our evaluation of good and bad; it is the paradigm in terms of which we think we understand something, or assert it to be self-evident.<br />Freedom from control by the mindset is rare. Perhaps it doesn’t exist. But this is by no means always a bad thing, since it provides the frame of reference needed to form a judgment. Here are two examples of mindset in action. One comes from the most rigorous and objective of sciences. The other comes from a man who needed a smoke.<br(...)</div>">Mindset</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/misplaced-concreteness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Misplaced Concreteness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The error of interpreting an economic model, representing a simplified version of reality, as if it were real life. For example, neoclassical economics has a tendency to reduce complex ideas down to a level at which they can be fitted into equations. There is nothing necessarily wrong with that, so long as the conclusions drawn from the equations are recognised as only cartoons, or sketches of parts of the whole picture, and as true only under particular assumptions. The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness occurs when these models are taken literally, and interpreted as the whole(...)</sup></div>">Misplaced Concreteness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/moderation-the-appeal-to/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Moderation, The Appeal to</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that moderate ends can always be obtained by moderate means. But, as the sixteenth century French thinker, François Rabelais, warns us—don’t count on it. He valued, perhaps above all else, <em>médiocrité</em>—which means neither mediocrity nor moderation, but “reasonable tranquillity”, and he warned that the achievement of tranquil ends may well require means which include fortitude, along with action that is anything but moderate. One of Rabelais’ characters gives advice on the defence of tranquil space against the fanatics and authoritarians that would invade it: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Burn them, nip(...)</p></div>'>Moderation, The Appeal to</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/modularity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Modularity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A modular system is one whose essentially similar parts, subassemblies or holons have substantial self-reliance and independence. Modularity is intrinsic to resilience and is the counterpart of complexity (for modular systems in context among the four types of system discussed in <em>Lean Logic</em>, see the summary table that opens Systems Thinking).<br />Its three critical properties are: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. dispersal (weak interdependence between its parts, which prevents a shock rippling through the whole system);</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. flexibility (the substantial freedom of parts to act in diverse ways in their own and/or the(...)</p></div>'>Modularity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/money-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Money, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that money speaks the truth, that it is the unchallengeable basis for judgment, and that argument can be reduced to financial calculation.<br />  <table border="1" cellpadding="40"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 24px;">MONEY </span>What do you mean by that?</p> Exchange was taking place long before the invention of money in the form of coins, with slaves, sheep, tools (spades, hoes, knives and fire-spits) and ingots—or at least lumps—of precious metal changing hands. The Chinese were using coins in the twelfth century BC, but they were made of base metal, which limited their use, in effect, to small change. Precious metals began to be used in China as(...)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>'>Money, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/monitoring/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Monitoring</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>It is justifiable to treat claims of “monitoring” with some scepticism—in politics they are commonly used as a pretence that action will, if necessary, be taken (to solve a problem on which it has already been decided that nothing will be done, or which is already out of control).<br />But in a managed ecosystem—notably a closed-access commons—monitoring in the sense of frequent presence and assessment is fundamental. A well-managed fishery such as that of Iceland is monitored constantly, and fishing decisions are made on the basis of this. Joy Measures, an organic Hereford beef farmer in(...)</div>">Monitoring</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/muda/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Muda</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A Japanese term used in the context of lean production and lean thinking, meaning any activity that consumes resources but creates no value. Type 1 <em>muda</em> consists of activities which create no value but which are, at present and for practical purposes, unavoidable, such as issuing invoices. Type 2 consists of activities which do not have a useful function: they just happen, and things would go better without them. It is on this kind of <em>muda</em> that the attention of lean thinking is focused, and it comes in many forms:<sup>M38</sup> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Mistakes and defects in products: the time and cost of making them(...)</p></div>'>Muda</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/multiculturalism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Multiculturalism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is usually taken to mean the coexistence of diverse cultures and their corresponding religions within a single community. <em>Lean Logic</em> argues that, in the future, the central uniting property of a society will be its culture. There is no doubt that, in order to accomplish this, the culture will need to be well-developed and strong, attracting consensus in the public sphere rather than being simply a matter of private preference. It would seem to follow that culture can only do this work of sustaining unity if the culture concerned is a single, common culture, for which there is(...)</div>">Multiculturalism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/myth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Myth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Among the meanings: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Ancient legend; story which seems to be as permanent as the landscape with which it is linked, giving it significance and personality.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. The narrative underlying a religion; the meeting point between religion and culture.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. A story which (the speaker insists) is untrue, though widely held to be true.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. Shared common sense, about behaviour and opinion; a society’s idea of normality.<sup>M53</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. A nation’s history.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">6. A nation’s popular history.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">7. A nation’s history, revised with malicious intent.</p> But these are fragmented. The condensed meaning of myth is the(...)</div>'>Myth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/nanotechnology/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Nanotechnology</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The technology of the very small-scale. Nanotechnology works on the scale of nanometres (one billionth of a metre). At this scale, matter behaves in peculiar ways: chemical and magnetic properties are different; colours change (gold particles can be orange, purple, red or green). Here, science is dealing with individual atoms and molecules; it can put them together to produce not only materials but molecular-scale artefacts which have not existed nor even been imagined before. Nanotechnology gives the scientist a measure of power which could transform life more profoundly than the(...)</div>">Nanotechnology</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/narcissism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Narcissism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Love of the self. The person is entranced by his own mental ability and moral standing, to the point of being unable to hear any contrary view. Self-love is noted for its fidelity: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The sin of self-love possesseth all mine eye And all my soul and all my every part; And for this sin there is no remedy, It is so grounded inward in my Heart.</p> <p style="padding-left: 90px;"><em>William Shakespeare, </em>Sonnets<em>, 1609.</em><sup>N24</sup></p> Narcissism is the inevitable product of a society which has become so banal that there is all too little, apart from the self, left to love. This is fatal to argument because the person who loves himself has(...)</div>'>Narcissism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/narrative-truth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Narrative Truth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Meaning which is contained in myth, art, music and all forms of culture. It applies most directly, however, to storytelling. Narrative is story which may or may not be materially true, but—as is the way with stories—it has a shadow-meaning, ranging from the trivial or obvious to a deep, rich source of a lifetime’s reflection. Narrative, to be distinguished from allegory, works fine just as a story if you don’t want to look for the meaning beneath it; allegory’s purpose is its deeper meaning. You don’t by any means <em>have</em> to explore the meaning to enjoy a good narrative, whereas if you stay(...)</div>">Narrative Truth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/nation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Nation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A state which is defined by its own territorial boundaries, whose people recognise that definition, and which has sovereign power over its affairs. Smaller territorial identities within the larger territory are part of the modular, diverse composition of the nation as a complex system; they are not inconsistent with it.<sup>N31</sup><br />On the scale of the nation, reciprocity is generally assumed to be “negative”—you get only what you pay for—but the strangeness of other people is mitigated. They speak the same language, are subject to the same laws, are aware of the same debates; they have some of the(...)</div>">Nation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/natural-capital/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Natural Capital</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Capital <strong>></strong> Types of Capital <strong>></strong> Natural Capital.<br /> </div>">Natural Capital</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/natural-step-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Natural Step, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A systems-approach to business strategy, based on the scientific principles that have to be satisfied if a system is to be sustainable.<sup>N61</sup> The method uses the “funnel” as a metaphor for the narrowing range of options available to business and government; and a sequence of four steps (ABCD) for analysis and action: <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>A</strong>wareness of the conditions of sustainability and the place of their business in that wider context;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>B</strong>aseline mapping of the gap between the criteria of sustainability and the business as a system—including its whole supply chain and social and economic context;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>C</strong>lear vision(...)</p></div>'>Natural Step, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/natural-system/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Natural System</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Ecological System.<br /> </div>">Natural System</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/necessary-and-sufficient/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Necessary and Sufficient</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A crucial distinction between two kinds of condition required for your argument to hold true, or for an outcome or event to take place.<br />As the words make plain, a condition is <em>necessary</em> if the event could not have happened without it; it is <em>sufficient</em> if it is enough on its own to cause or trigger the event (although, in some cases, something else could just as well have caused it). Example: Before having the energy to play in tonight’s concert I need . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">a. some bangers and mash [a sufficient condition, but steak and kidney pie would do just as well];</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">b. some supper [a necessary and(...)</p></div>'>Necessary and Sufficient</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/necessity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Necessity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) “The plea for every infringement of human freedom.” (William Pitt, 18 November 1783)<br />(2) The considered product of reflection.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Distraction, Hyperbole.</div>">Necessity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/needs-and-wants/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Needs and Wants</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A distinction between needs and wants has been made by many critics in the green movement and its predecessors, who have argued that consumption in response to our needs is justifiable and sustainable, but consumption in response to our wants is not.<br />The American economist Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929) insisted that the desire to satisfy wants had but one overriding explanation: “conspicuous consumption”. Wants, Veblen tells us, are manifested in unnecessary things like decoration (“architectural distress” in the case of buildings), and in such pointless symbols of an idle and wasted life(...)</div>">Needs and Wants</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/neighbourhood/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Neighbourhood</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A large group of around 150 participating adults (for a summary table of key group sizes see Groups and Group Sizes).<br />In the history of cooperation, there has been much agreement on the effectiveness of groups on this scale. The number is suggested, for instance, by the frequency of the 150-person group in industry. “Compartments” of this size, writes Gerald Fairtlough, have a quality of communication which is “open, intensive, subtle and varied, which could not happen on a larger scale”: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">There is a clear boundary marking off compartment members from non-members and a strikingly(...)</p></div>'>Neighbourhood</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/neotechnic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Neotechnic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A form of political economy which takes advantage of the more efficient, less labour-intensive new technology (“neotechnic”) that began to develop in the early years of the twentieth century, replacing the former (“paleotechnic”) technology with which the Industrial Revolution got started.<br />The word was coined by the biologist, sociologist, educationalist and town planner, Sir Patrick Geddes (1854–1932). Among neotechnic technology’s critical features were that: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. less labour was needed to supply the fundamentals, such as energy;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. industry could be decentralised, no longer needing to(...)</p></div>'>Neotechnic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/networks/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Networks</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking <strong>></strong> Form <strong>></strong> Networks.<br /> </div>">Networks</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/new-domestication/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>New Domestication</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The building of households’ competence to the point at which they can provide most of what they want from their own, or local, resources. This entry will put on one side, for the moment, uncertainties as to how much of the industrial establishment needed to supply the equipment to produce local energy will survive the climacteric. Instead, let’s project some trends . . .<br />Some 8,000 years ago, before agriculture had been invented, people had to go off on hunting and gathering expeditions for their food. This worked well because it meant that they had no need for cultivation, nor for the(...)</div>">New Domestication</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/no-alternative-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>No Alternative, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) The fallacy that there is no alternative (but you may not have looked hard enough).<br />(2) The fallacy that, because there is no alternative to the particular strategy under discussion, that strategy must be feasible. <p style="padding-left: 40px;">Example: It is argued that the other big energy options are not going to provide solutions in the future, and that <em>therefore</em> therefore the solution is a vast expansion of nuclear energy.</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">But this is a <em>non sequitur</em>: the lack of feasibility of the other options tells us nothing about whether an expansion of nuclear power is feasible or not. <em>Lean Logic</em>’s response is to think(...)</p></div>'>No Alternative, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/non-sequitur/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Non Sequitur</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Meaning: “It does not follow”.  An argument whose conclusion does not follow from the premise. Examples: <p style="padding-left: 40px;">“It is supported by the majority/It is a break with the past/I am an expert/It is more accessible . . . <em>therefore</em> it is right.”</p> Most fallacies can be interpreted as <em>non sequiturs</em> in some form. Anthony Weston, in his <em>Rulebook for Arguments</em>, further thought: <p style="padding-left: 40px;">[<em>Non sequitur is a</em>] very general term for a bad argument. Try to figure out specifically what is supposed to be wrong with the argument.<sup>N104</sup></p>  <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Fallacies, False Inference, Irrelevance, Logic.</div>'>Non Sequitur</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/nuclear-energy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Nuclear Energy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The argument that is most widely made in support of nuclear energy is that there is no alternative. In a sense, that is true. But there is a fallacy here: if we are considering options A, B, C and D, the fact that options A, B and C do not exist cannot be interpreted as proof that D exists.<br />The big three energy providers are oil, gas and coal; nuclear, which supplies electricity to the grid equivalent to about 2½ percent of the world’s final demand for energy, is very small in comparison. And those three, as detailed in Energy Prospects, are in trouble, so the incentive to turn to nuclear(...)</div>">Nuclear Energy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/numbers-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Numbers, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that if you cite precise numbers, particularly if they are large, you know what you are talking about. Example: a critic argues against taking action on climate change: “Estimates indicate that the total cost of global warming will be about $5 trillion”, whereas the cost of responding on the scale that “many suggest” would be $4 trillion, plus at least another $150 billion a year—so perhaps it isn’t worth it, and we should spend the money on other priorities?<sup>N123 </sup><br />It sounds authoritative until you wonder what basis there is for choosing the time horizon (5 years? 100 years?)(...)</div>">Numbers, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/objectivity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Objectivity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Evaluation of a subject, free from prior opinion or personal interest. But what if your evaluation is governed by your determination to prove how objective you are? If you are going to be so dry about it, leaving nothing to uncertainty or to the emotions, you may still be some distance from understanding it, being filled instead with a delicious sense of your impartiality. And if you don’t bring some frame of reference or opinion—Burke calls it “prejudice”—to the matter, a sensible judgment on the matter will be elusive: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">We are afraid to put men to live and trade each on his own private(...)</p></div>'>Objectivity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/oil/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Oil</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects.<br /> </div>">Oil</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/open-access-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Open Access, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that a common resource can be sustained despite the members who have responsibility for it being unable to control access to it.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Commons, Closed Access.</div>">Open Access, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/opportunity-cost/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Opportunity Cost</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The extent to which doing one thing means that you cannot at the same time do something else; the cost of having to forgo doing the next best thing—the thing which you would otherwise be doing with your time. For further definition, and discussion of its significance, see Slack and Taut.<br />Note that the ‘costs’ of some actions are actually benefits. For example, when you weed the vegetable bed, this has costs, in that it requires you to do a couple of hours’ work. However, if you enjoy it, if you benefit from the exercise which you would have to take anyway, and if you are not sacrificing(...)</div>">Opportunity Cost</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ordinary-bias-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ordinary Bias, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that because a proposition is ordinary, and presumes business-as-usual, it must be true.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Damper.</div>">Ordinary Bias, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/organic/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Organic</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) A model of cultivation which focuses on maintaining a fertile soil as the enabling condition for producing food and raising animals with resistance to pests and disease, making it unnecessary to turn to industrial pesticides and fertilisers. See Lean Food.<br />(2) A model for building a project, notably a community, which is based on a network of relationships built one step at a time: a form of emergence, in which outcomes grow out of the project in ways which no individual, including the leader or social entrepreneur, could have planned. This meaning of “organic” is in a sense the same(...)</div>">Organic</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/paedomorphism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Paedomorphism (Child-form)</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Failure by a system—an organism, person or society—to mature, leaving it childish, although some attributes (such as size) may have achieved the adult state.<br />(2) The infantilising of society by a government which does not believe that people are capable of the thought or action needed for the collective benefit unless placed under constant supervision.<br />(3) The shedding of the elaborations accumulated by a mature system—hence, a form of <em>kaikaku</em>, enabling it to renew itself, achieving the flexibility and invention needed to cope with new conditions in new ways.<sup>P1</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br(...)</div>">Paedomorphism (Child-form)</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/panarchy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Panarchy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Hierarchy.<br /> </div>">Panarchy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/paradigm/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Paradigm</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A frame of reference which makes reasonably good sense of a complex subject, and enables us to think about it, to work with it and to get results which we can at least in part predict, and which we may be able to apply in useful ways. The word “paradigm” has been around some six centuries, in the sense of a story—an exemplar—retold many times to illustrate an argument or a group of ideas with something in common. It became a crucial idea in modern thought when, in 1962, the philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn, published his book <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em>. in the context of(...)</div>">Paradigm</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/paradox/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Paradox</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A statement which contradicts itself, or which seems to do so. Example: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">This sentence is false.</p> This is called the Liar Paradox; it can make you feel dizzy if you think about it too long, and it is said to have caused the premature death of Philetas of Cos, philosopher, romantic poet and tutor to the young Ptolemy II in the fourth century BC.<sup>P11 </sup>Paradoxes are extremely important because many of the most interesting truths contain seeming contradictions: as Francis Bacon remarked, “There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.”<sup>P12</sup><br />A person who is(...)</div>'>Paradox</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/parish/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Parish</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Groups and Group Sizes, Reciprocity and Cooperation<strong> ></strong> Balance, Community.<br /> </div>">Parish</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pascals-wager/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pascal’s Wager</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument set out by Blaise Pascal in his <em>Pensées</em> (1670). If God exists, and one commits oneself to a life of faith, the rewards in Heaven will be infinitely greater than any benefit one would get in life by <em>not</em> committing oneself to a life of faith (perhaps a bit of extra time for gardening on a Sunday morning?). Therefore, assuming that he does exist and committing oneself to a life of faith is a good bet. It would only be a bad bet if we knew for certain that God does not exist, which we don’t.<sup>P14</sup><br />The Wager is a version of the Precautionary Principle, but it is less vague, and it is(...)</div>">Pascal’s Wager</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/paternalism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Paternalism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that the government should have the role of father over the society for which it is responsible. Recently, it has been suggested that the government is taking on the role of a “nanny”, making us a “nanny state”. Actually, the role that it is developing towards is more that of the “father” (via the manager).<br />Freedom-destroying governments from Caligula to Stalin—as well as modern-era leaderships in East Germany, Turkmenistan, North Korea, Libya and Haiti—have universally presented their top man as father of the state, which they see as a household. The father persuades himself,(...)</div>">Paternalism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pathetic-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pathetic Fallacy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The ascription to inanimate objects of feelings which correspond with the person’s own feelings. Example: The lake I am looking at is sad/happy. It takes on whatever mood I happen to be in when I am looking at it.<sup>P16</sup><br /> </div>">Pathetic Fallacy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/peak-oil/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Peak Oil</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects, Wolf .<br /> </div>">Peak Oil</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/peak-thinking/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Peak Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Depletion of the judgment needed to save our society and its planet; the gap between the supply of thinking and the need for it.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Relative Intelligence.</div>">Peak Thinking</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/peasant/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Peasant</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A person practising small-scale, mixed, energy-efficient, fertility-conserving farming designed chiefly for local subsistence. It is integrated into local culture. It is the defining practice of the community. This model of agriculture, however, became briefly obsolete as the market economy, with its abundant cheap energy, enabled a different one to develop which did not need to supply its own energy and sustain its own fertility.<br />Peasant farming is a skilled and efficient way of sustaining food production within the limits of the ecology. It is an eco-ethic, sustaining the measured(...)</div>">Peasant</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/performative-truth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Performative Truth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Meaning that is created by a statement or a symbolic event, or even by a thought. For example, a contract or a commitment between two or more people is brought into being by a deliberately-articulated statement—a performative utterance: “I challenge you”, “I promise”, “we celebrate”, “I do”, “I will”. As the theologian Ian Robinson notes, a change in attitudes can change some things for real—marriage for instance: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Mount Everest will remain the same whatever I make of it in my thoughts and emotions, and will not be changed if others make something quite different. Marriage is not(...)</p></div>'>Performative Truth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/permaculture/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Permaculture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Food.<br /> </div>">Permaculture</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/personal-experience-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Personal Experience, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is one of the most common and pernicious ways of destroying an argument. The indignant private anecdote trumps all other collective experience, research, historical precedent or evaluation: I was made better/worse by the hospital (“I wouldn’t be alive now if . . . ”/“My brother would be alive now if . . . ”), so I know how to run the health service. Time, now, for wisdom to slink away in shame. You can’t disagree with my personal experience because it happened to me. And if you do, I will take it as a personal attack (<em>Ad Hominem</em>).<br />This may, at a pinch, be a justifiable position to(...)</div>">Personal Experience, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pesticides/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pesticides</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Food Prospects.<br /> </div>">Pesticides</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pharisee-the-fallacy-of-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pharisee, The Fallacy of the</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The assumption that you have higher moral standards than the other person. The form of the argument is: I have no problem in regarding anyone who disagrees with me as motivated by greed, cruelty, lust for power, lack of vision and a compulsion to deceive. Fortunately, I do not myself suffer from these handicaps, so my views on the matter can be trusted as pure, objective and compassionate. How could anyone as nice as me possibly be wrong? There are no limits to what I am justified in doing to promote my case, which is so clearly beyond reasonable challenge.<br />The remarkable thing about the(...)</div>">Pharisee, The Fallacy of the</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pity-appeal-to/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pity, Appeal to</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad misericordiam</em>)<br />There is nothing necessarily wrong with appealing to someone’s sense of pity. It can be exactly what is needed. But it can also throw an argument off course—a wrecking distraction from what the discussion is actually about. It can apply either to you, the arguer (“please, take pity on a struggling innocent in this subject”), or to them, the people you are talking about. For example, the historian Jules Michelet used this appeal to nudge his readers towards a sympathetic view of the French Revolution, encouraging them to see it as an uprising consisting mainly(...)</div>">Pity, Appeal to</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/place/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Place</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Space whose local narrative can still be heard, and could be heard again, given the chance. Place is the practical, located, tangible, bounded setting which protects us from abstractions, generalities and ideologies and opens the way to thinking as discovery. On this scale, there is elegance, and some relief from the need to be right, for if you are wrong, the small scale of place allows for revision and repair, supported by conversation.<br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;">The philosopher David Hume considers the matter:</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;">There are in <em>England</em>, in particular, many honest gentlemen, who being always employ’d in their(...)</p></div>'>Place</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/planned-economy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Planned Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The meticulous, mapped plan of a permaculture garden, allowing ecological systems to develop within it.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Lean Thinking.</div>">Planned Economy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/play/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Play</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Think of it like this: there are forms of interaction with people which have a direct and serious instrumental purpose: I am here to teach you Greek; I would like to order a goulash; please dig that ditch; what have you done with my socks? And there are all other forms of interaction: the reason we are talking about Barcelona is because we happen to be having sandwich lunch together and we are not strangers: if we were baboons we might do a spot of mutual grooming. If they could speak, they would call it “play”.<br />Play resists definition, as one expert on the subject, Stuart Brown,(...)</div>">Play</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/politeness/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Politeness</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Politeness has never completely shaken off the meaning and importance it had in its eighteenth century prime. At that time, it signified a general agreeability and courtesy, a disposition to please, skill in the practice and protocol of conversation. The accent on politeness, as Roy Porter pointed out . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . was no footling obsession with petty punctilio; it was a desperate remedy meant to heal the chronic social conflict and personal traumas stemming from civil and domestic tyranny and topsy-turvy social values.<sup>P43</sup></p> But the age of industry changed the priorities. It preferred(...)</div>'>Politeness</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/political-economy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Political Economy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Society in the broad sense. Despite many differences of emphasis, economics was once understood in this way, as including the whole range of society, politics and economy.<br />That understanding held in the period roughly between the publication of a coherent theory of value (based on labour) by Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746), Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow, and the launch in 1891 of the narrower interpretation of “positive economics” by John Neville Keynes (1852–1949). Before that period, economics had been discussed as a question of moral philosophy; after it, economics became(...)</div>">Political Economy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/politics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Politics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Deliberation about collective decisions by those affected by them.<br />(2) The grief that follows when (1) breaks down.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Nation <strong>></strong> Politics, Abstraction, Anarchism, Blame, Conversation, Democracy, Devil’s Tunes, Green Authoritarianism, Multiculturalism, Unlean.</div>">Politics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pollution/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pollution</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Material which impairs the living system into which it is discarded. The disruption of material flows may be due to the materials being alien to the ecology into which they are discharged, and/or in excess of what the ecology can cope with. Pollution is what happens when there is failure of the principle of the closed-loop system, whose parts exchange and use their respective wastes. The aim—and ultimately, the requirement—of the resilient political economy of the future will be to sustain closed-loop systems which waste none of the foundation capital on which they depend.<sup>P46 </sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related(...)</strong></div>">Pollution</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/population/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Population</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The phrase <em>ceteris paribus</em>—other things being equal—is absurd, because other things are almost never equal. But it is useful. It is a way of identifying the one thing that matters in the midst of a lot of things that are beside the point.<br />In the case of population, the key point is this: the growth in the population of organisms develops a characteristic momentum. It is self-replicating. <em>Ceteris paribus</em>, more produces more, in a process of exponential growth, with each year’s population rising by multiples of the previous year’s. The growth of non-self-replicating things, on the other(...)</div>">Population</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/populism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Populism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Calibration, Democracy, Demoralisation, Devil’s Tunes, Emotivism, Harebrain Fracture, Virtue, Virtual Crowd, Wisdom.<br /> </div>">Populism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/positional-goods/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Positional Goods</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Composition Fallacy, Economics.<br /> </div>">Positional Goods</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/practice/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Practice</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A skill or craft, requiring a lifetime’s learning, and whose tight feedback loops reveal errors quickly.<br />This is in sharp contrast to activities which are in various ways protected against feedback (e.g., politics, economics). Without quick feedback, actions which will in due course lead to disaster can be assumed (on the ignorance-is-bliss principle) to be successful, and firmly embedded and reinforced in irrational assumptions, appetites, reflexes and emotions which the person assumes to be right.<sup>P76</sup><br />The built-in feedback of practice does things. First, it nudges in the direction of the(...)</div>">Practice</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/precautionary-principle/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Precautionary Principle</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>If the unknown or uncertain consequences of a proposed action could be severe, the precautionary principle suggests that it is advisable to err on the safe side and to abandon the action, or at least to postpone it until more is known about it. However, the principle is widely redundant, or ignored, for reasons such as these: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. The key decision (e.g., the introduction of a new technology) may have been taken a long time before the existence of potential dangers was widely recognised.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. Technologies develop their own momentum and may <em>have</em> to be taken to the next stage, whether the(...)</p></div>'>Precautionary Principle</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/presence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Presence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Direct participation in community and social enterprise.<br />For <em>Lean Logic</em>, a social enterprise is any collective accomplishment, such as organising a festival, maintaining a school, building a community, managing a commons, helping the poor, or supporting charities and local institutions such as meals-on-wheels, churches, choirs, or the Scouts. Presence means being there, making a society, weaving a texture of belonging, motivations and affections. There is no such thing as society without it.<br />Throughout the modern era, however, presence has been in progressive decline. The loss of this(...)</div>">Presence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/preventive-resilience/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Preventive Resilience</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Resilience.<br /> </div>">Preventive Resilience</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/private-sphere/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Private Sphere</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Public Sphere and Private Sphere.<br /> </div>">Private Sphere</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/productivity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Productivity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) What you get back from a task for the work you put into it. That is: input × productivity = output. <p style="padding-left: 40px;">Input usually refers to labour, but it could equally well be capital, land, or energy. Or environmental impact (eco-efficiency). For example, the <em>labour-productivity</em> of industrial agriculture is high; its <em>land-productivity</em> is not so high; its <em>energy-productivity</em> is low.</p> (2) The extent to which a system produces interesting, diverse, life-enhancing results: friendships, trust, inventiveness, the arts, social and cultural capital. <p style="padding-left: 40px;">Productivity can be seen and admired in a rock pool,(...)</p></div>'>Productivity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/profession/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Profession</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A skill or craft which recognises obligations outside its own specialist field, taking shared responsibility for the wider community, and dedicating time, care and reflection to it in the common interest.<br />We have two points of departure for thinking about whether professions do actually have that quality. First, we have Alasdair MacIntyre’s idea of practice—the expectation that in learning a difficult craft, we are likely to learn the skills of citizenship at the same time: we will learn truthfulness (for the craft will not allow you to get by without it), a sense of judgment and justice(...)</div>">Profession</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/promiscuous-ethics/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Promiscuous Ethics</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The ethical code which consists of getting into bed with any point of view that confirms your opinion about what a beautifully ethical person you are.<br />As culture declines, ethics are reduced to the values which are easiest to defend, so that it becomes hard to support any values other than the value of there being no values: being real, spontaneous and true to your feelings is all you need. If the presumption that ethics consist of ideas that are self-evident were to become a habit, it would be hard to distinguish an ethical judgment from whatever impulsive responses happen to come along.(...)</div>">Promiscuous Ethics</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/protection/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Protection</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The act of caring for something which you value, or for which you are responsible. Protection is widely supposed to be a good thing, except in the case of economies, which are required to dance to the single tune of perpetual competition.<br />Actually, the market economy has little choice. Protectionism—in the sense of, for instance, trade tariffs against foreign imports—would allow domestic industry to settle into a comfortable inefficiency which will eventually ensure that it cannot sell its goods and services abroad; which it probably wouldn’t be able to do anyway because trading partners(...)</div>">Protection</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/proximity-principle/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Proximity Principle</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The principle that the way to achieve a reduction in the need for transport is to use space more intelligently, producing goods and services—especially food—where they are needed, rather than having to transport them over long distances.<br />The objective is to build competence across the whole range of economics and culture, and to enable personal lives to be organised so that extensive routine transport is no longer a necessary condition for meeting material needs, nor for leisure, friendships or work. There is localisation. <br />Any progress made towards putting the principle into effect before(...)</div>">Proximity Principle</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/prudence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Prudence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is Aristotle’s “practical wisdom” (<em>phronesis</em>), the principle of engagement with the small-scale and with local detail—and of freedom from universalised ideology—that is at the heart of <em>Lean Logic</em>.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Dirty Hands, Judgment, Local Wisdom, Planned Economy, Vernacular, Virtues.</div>">Prudence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/public-sphere-private-sphere/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Public Sphere and Private Sphere</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The difference between the public sphere and the private sphere is one of the guiding principles of community building.<br />This entry will first discuss the difference between them. Secondly, a question: is the state private? Thirdly, despatches from an invasion: private invades public.<br /> <br /><strong>Towards a distinction between the public and the private spheres</strong><br />The private sphere consists of everyday matters of love, health, work, money, food, trouble, gossip. Your family, and any others in your private sphere—your small group—are likely to know quite a lot about such personal matters. They may even(...)</div>">Public Sphere and Private Sphere</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/pull/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Pull</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>One of the properties of a system designed according to the principles of lean thinking (Rule 4). Pull recognises that the people best placed to deal with a complex task are those who are doing it—who are engaged with the practical detail. Once the intention (or common purpose) is defined, participants do not need forever to rely on instructions; they can respond to actual local circumstance, guided and pulled along by observation, rather than pushed through in response to rules or general principles, or a regulatory agency that claims a monopoly on decision-making.<br />In the context of the(...)</div>">Pull</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/quibble/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Quibble</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Negotiation about the trivial.<br />(2) Noting the use of words which—while substantially true—mislead, evade or conceal the main issue. <p style="padding-left: 40px;">Example headline in <em>The Times</em>: “The Thirsty £1½m Car That Needs Only Water”.<sup>Q1</sup> In fact, the car needs hydrogen, which is produced from water by the application of large quantities of power, which has to be supplied by oil, gas, hydropower or some other energy source: hydrogen does not actually reduce the quantity of fuel needed to drive cars—in fact, it increases it.<sup>Q2</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">As the article eventually explains, the original energy source in this particular(...)</p></div>'>Quibble</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/quick/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Quick (adj.)</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The dazzling condition of being alive.<br /> </div>">Quick (adj.)</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/radical-break/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Radical Break</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is a central idea in lean thinking—known there as <em>kaikaku</em>. It means the shock—the large, and usually strongly-resisted break—that opens the way to an elaborate and dysfunctional complex system being transformed into the flexible elegance of lean thinking. This principle is the enabling condition for <em>Lean Logic</em>, but we should remember that it has its dangers: the radical break’s value lies in its rarity: the serial reforms of our time are, on the contrary, a pathology—the troubled responses of a culture that has lost its identity and wits, and is struggling with vicious(...)</div>">Radical Break</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/rationalism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Rationalism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The presumption that there is one right—rational—way. The application of a universal ideology to the local particular.<br />There is a divide in the personality of thought, shaped in part by the difference between the urban and the rural. It is not inevitable, nor is it tidy—the thinking of towns spills over into the country—but it is powerful. Towns, with their large scale, depend, at least to some degree, on standard principles and practice. Taxes, rules, the constitution, are in essence uniform. The Enlightenment that followed the early days of science, with its universal laws, followed(...)</div>">Rationalism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/rationing/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Rationing</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(aka Entitlement)<br />A system for ensuring fair shares of essentials such as food or energy at a time of scarcity.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas), Depletion Protocol.</div>">Rationing</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reasons-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reasons, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that, because a person can give no reasons, or only apparently poor reasons, her conclusion can be dismissed as wrong. But, on the contrary, it may be right: her thinking may have the distinction of being complex, intelligent and systems-literate, but she may not yet have worked out how to make it sufficiently clear and robust to objections to survive in an argument.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Intuition, Reflection, Different Premises, Devil’s Tunes.</div>">Reasons, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reciprocal-obligation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reciprocal Obligation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A form of reciprocity and cooperation, consisting of obligations, duties, loyalties and the exchange of services not organised around money.<br /> </div>">Reciprocal Obligation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reciprocity-and-cooperation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reciprocity and Cooperation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Reciprocity is about the ways in which people act in each other’s interests. It may be conscious, or pleasurable, or permanent, or freely entered into, or none of these; it exists between nations, between equals, between master and slave. In some forms of reciprocity, it can be hard to distinguish between giving and receiving—as in, for instance, the reciprocity between mother and infant: the baby gets what it needs to live, and in return the mother receives the satisfactions of giving, of love, of making a person. So it comes in many forms. But, within that wide range of meaning, there(...)</div>">Reciprocity and Cooperation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/recovery-elastic-resilience/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Recovery-Elastic Resilience</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Resilience.<br /> </div>">Recovery-Elastic Resilience</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reductio-ad-absurdum/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reductio ad Absurdum</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(“Reduction to the absurd”)<br />A form of argument which exaggerates the other side’s case to absurdity, and then argues against it. It is effective because, even though it is obviously absurd, it implies that your opponents’ <em>actual</em> argument is no less absurd, and that she has not thought through the reality. It can very effectively remove any danger of the argument getting somewhere. This is similar to the Straw Man, except that it takes particular delight in exploring the ludicrous extreme.<br />However, <em>reductio ad absurdum</em> can also be used as a means of constructive simplification to make a(...)</div>">Reductio ad Absurdum</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reductionism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reductionism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The practice of considering a problem in isolation, as if it had no implications for the wider system to which it belongs, and as if interventions could be designed without taking account either of their wider consequences or of their effects over the longer term.<br /><em>Serial</em> reductionism can be understood as the idea that a complex system can be understood by focusing acutely on parts of it, and then adding them together.<sup>R19</sup><br />Reductionism in its characteristic and familiar form consists of obvious and easy solutions, whatever the problem. Here are some examples: <p style="padding-left: 40px;">Too many weeds? → more(...)</p></div>'>Reductionism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reflection/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reflection</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Disengagement, in order to think. It may be brief and urgent: a matter of ducking out of sight for a moment, if there is no other way.<br />As Richard Chartres reminds us in his reflection on Ash Wednesday, that is what Jesus did, when pressed by an angry crowd—doodling reflectively in the dust before giving us the clincher argument against the witch-hunt and its variants: “He who is without sin: let him cast the first stone.” Chartres summarises: stoop, clarify, connect.<sup>R26</sup><br />In less crowded circumstances, reflection is thinking time; there is local self-reliance; a flow of concentration. It is(...)</div>">Reflection</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reformer-fallacy-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reformer Fallacy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that the best reformers are driven by a burning desire to reform.<br />In fact, the person who sees himself as a fearless reformer is more likely to be driven by a desire to destroy, to simplify, and to ignore the pleas of the people who know the subject and are affected by the changes. The true reformer, in contrast, is a person who starts from a position of detachment and from no particular desire for change; instead, he is alert to the needs of circumstance, and may be able to push reform through with greater insight, precision and energy—and with more support—than he would be(...)</div>">Reformer Fallacy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/region/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Region</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Nation <strong>></strong> The Tragedy of the Regions, County.<br /> </div>">Region</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/regrettable-necessities/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Regrettable Necessities</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Goods and services which are needed for the subsistence of a large civic society. The entries on the Intermediate Economy and the Intensification Paradox discuss the principles behind this need. Here is an example.<br />The story starts in seventeenth century Europe, whose growing population had a fuel problem. A lot of energy was needed for domestic heating (this was the “Little Ice Age”, as discussed in Climate Change), for cooking, and for industrial uses: forges, lime-burning, salt-boiling, dyeing, brewing, soap, candles, bricks, gunpowder and the metal industries. Although wood was the(...)</div>">Regrettable Necessities</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/relative-intelligence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Relative Intelligence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The match between mental capacity and the problems that have to be solved.<br />As society becomes more complex, the relative intelligence of <em>Homo sapiens</em> declines, leaving us on a lower Relative Intelligence Quotient (RIQ) than a swan, or a beetle.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Ingenuity Gap.</div>">Relative Intelligence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/relevance-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Relevance, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that the efficiency of a complex system can be sustained by purging the irrelevant.<br />Living systems, given a chance, are exuberant. The <em>excess</em> produced by a natural system—the supply of seed and larvae, the material abundance—would threaten to choke it if it were not for the predators which prune it and control the surplus, stimulating an even greater variety. There is a wildness here, a sense of inexhaustible invention, of not knowing when to stop.<br />As the naturalist Gilbert White wrote to his friend Thomas Pennant in 1768, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">All nature is so full that that district has the(...)</p></div>'>Relevance, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/religion/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Religion</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Religions are narrative truths affirmed by ritual; they variously assert the existence of many gods, one God, a mystical union of three gods in one, or their myth does not have a concept of God at all.<br />The narrative truth and the ritual in which it is affirmed have essential functions for a community, for the individuals within it, and for its social capital. They embrace its culture, giving it identity and meaning.<br />And although narrative truth is central to it, religion also inhabits all five forms of truth: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">• There is <em>material truth</em> in the historical account, and in at least some of(...)</p></div>'>Religion</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/renewable-energy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Renewable Energy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Energy Prospects, Lean Energy, Sustainability.<br /> </div>">Renewable Energy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/resilience/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Resilience</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The ability of a system to cope with shock.<br />That will do, perhaps, as a short definition. But this is a case where we need to know more, so here is a more considered way of looking at it. Resilience is . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganise while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks.<sup>R45</sup></p> There is nothing wrong with that except that it can still leave you wondering what resilience is really about, so here is another way of coming at it. Think of a shallow lake whose water is kept clear by the(...)</div>'>Resilience</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/responsibility-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Responsibility, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that intervention is necessary to make a system work.<br />A natural system does not, in general, require its participants to make any effort to sustain it. On the contrary, stability is maintained by the pursuit of self-interest. Lions eat antelopes; antelopes show every sign of being opposed to this arrangement; the system of lions, antelopes and the ecology they support nevertheless thrives without their volition. The reason for that outcome is that the system is governed by rules—such as the laws of thermodynamics—which guide, or frustrate, intentions. And, in general, the(...)</div>">Responsibility, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/reverse-risk-assessment-rule/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Reverse Risk Assessment Rule</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The probability of a risk being recognised rises in proportion to belief in the existence of a solution.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Choice, Fortitude.</div>">Reverse Risk Assessment Rule</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/rhetorical-capture/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Rhetorical Capture</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument which is expressed with such rhetorical panache that the arguer convinces himself and everyone else that it is correct.<br />A variant is the case of the person whose rhetoric is so powerful that he or she is only able to make life choices which live up to it; the mundane and the merely sensible are ruled out, with unintended consequences.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Hypocrisy, Balletic Debate, Emotional Argument, Harebrain Fracture, Metamorphosis, Icon.</div>">Rhetorical Capture</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/rhinoceros/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Rhinoceros</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Metamorphosis, Hippopotamus.<br /> </div>">Rhinoceros</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/ritual/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Ritual</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A performative utterance which makes something happen, points to spiritual depth and complexity, establishes or confirms the identity of a community or institution, and gives recognition to the implicit functions and reciprocal obligations which make up the fabric of social order.<br />The function of ritual is complex, but it centres on the fundamental matter of existence. Institutions—the communities and social inventions that make a society—have an identity problem. Does an institution actually exist, or is it just a collection of people doing something they happen to want to do today? Does(...)</div>">Ritual</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/rote/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Rote</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>“Learning by rote” is a phrase used to dismiss the boon of learning by heart.<br />The difference between heart and rote was noted by Shakespeare: speaking by rote means speaking, not . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . by the matter which your heart prompts you, But with such words that are but roted in Your tongue, though but bastards and syllables Of no allowance to your bosom’s truth.</p> <p style="padding-left: 90px;"><em>Coriolanus, c.1606.</em><sup>R76</sup></p> The idea that teaching should not require learning by heart on the grounds that it is mere rote-learning is attributed to the philosopher of education John Dewey (1859–1952), but that’s not what he(...)</div>'>Rote</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sacrifice-and-succession/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sacrifice-and-Succession</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The succession of life-cycles of the subdivisions, holons or parts of an ecology, whose sequence of death and renewal sustains the longevity of the ecological system as a whole and contributes to its resilience. In this context, death is benign participation, the key enabling condition of resilient, living community.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Carnival, Wheel of Life, Resilience <strong>></strong> Recovery-Elastic Resilience <strong>></strong> Sacrifice-and-Succession.</div>">Sacrifice-and-Succession</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/scale/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Scale</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The size, or scale, of an object has a crucial influence on its nature.<br />The significance is as decisive as geometry itself. Consider: the two circles are identical except that one is larger than the other. Are there any differences between them other than that simple difference in size?<br /><br />Yes. Their proportions differ in a fundamental way: relative to their respective areas, the circumference (edge) of the large circle is less than that of the small one. The larger a circle, the smaller its edge relative to its area; the area rises with the square of the radius, whereas the circumference(...)</div>">Scale</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/scepticism/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Scepticism</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Precautionary defence against the untrue. Reasonable doubt.<br />(2) Unreasonable defence against the true. William Fleming’s <em>Vocabulary of Philosophy</em> summarises, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Scepticism distrusts the very instruments of knowing, and discredits the claims of evidence to warrant certainty.<sup>S7</sup></p>  <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Certainty.</div>'>Scepticism</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/script/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Script</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A script (in <em>Lean Logic</em>) is a practice of some difficulty, widely accepted and fulfilled by the members of a society or group, and reinforced and integrated into their values by their culture and rituals.<sup>S8</sup><br />It will be necessary, when inventing a survivable future, to develop routines and practices which are not intuitively obvious. There will be many aspects of life—including the various means of limiting the growth of capital and population and protecting the local culture and ecology—which will not be guided by what seems to be common sense, and by what feels right. A script, which does(...)</div>">Script</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/second-nature/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Second Nature</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Our wild nature.<br />If you <em>act</em> as a pillar of the community, you will be an invaluable part of the collective purpose of giving it stability and making it real. But if you <em>think</em>, in your heart of hearts, as a pillar of the community, you will be a bore: you will be limited to the <em>utterance</em>—reductionist, joyless, banal. The mockery and critical faculty of your subconscious and its dreams will be banished until your retirement, or maybe your death.<br />Second nature calls your bluff: are you really an upstanding member of the community, or just on your best behaviour? It is the enabling folly which(...)</div>">Second Nature</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sedation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sedation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The art of making the public compliant and sleepy: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Officials and ministers followed an approach whose object was sedation.</p> <p style="padding-left: 90px;"><em>~ The Phillips Report, the BSE inquiry, 2000.</em><sup>S17</sup></p>  <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Distraction.</div>'>Sedation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/self-deception/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Self-Deception</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The pretence that hard problems have been addressed.<br />Among the many ways of deceiving yourself, here are six: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Sincerity: bury all contrary arguments under your irresistible and passionate conviction.</p><br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. Unfalsifiability: make a case which it is logically impossible to disprove or even deny.</p><br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. Blame: argue that your plan would have been successful if it had not been wrecked by others.</p><br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. False consistency: go for two incompatible aims; one of them is likely to do relatively well even (or especially) if the other one does not, and you can pretend that you were in favour of that one all(...)</p></div>'>Self-Deception</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/self-denying-truth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Self-Denying Truth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A truth that contradicts itself—which undoes itself as soon as it is spoken. Examples: “The religious belief which unites us so securely is in fact a useful falsehood.” “The reason we have such a loving relationship is that you remind me of my mother.” “We have compulsory games at this school in bitter winter weather because it makes you boys philosophical.” “The Lord Chancellor has announced that the office of Lord Chancellor has been abolished.”<br />It is a matter of acknowledging the limits of what we can say without destroying the truth in the process: you can kill an insight by analysing(...)</div>">Self-Denying Truth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/self-evident/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Self-Evident, The Fallacy of the</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The self-evident—a statement of the obvious which is likely to turn out to be untrue.<br />The social scientist Elinor Ostrom writes, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">I have learned to be sceptical whenever I hear the phrase, “it is self-evident” that some empirical regularity occurs in a sociological setting. Patterns of relationships among individuals and groups tend to be relatively complex and rarely lend themselves to simple explanations. Reforms based on overly simplified views of the world have led to counterintuitive and counterintentional results.<sup>S19</sup></p> In other words, avoid . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">a KISS (keep it simple, stupid)(...)</p></div>'>Self-Evident, The Fallacy of the</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/self-fulfilling-argument/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Self-Fulfilling Argument</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument which increases the likelihood—or even guarantees—that the case it is making will turn out to be right. Examples: “It is too late: we can do nothing.” “You will fail.” “Our relationship is in trouble.” “We are going to be okay.”<br />Self-fulfilling truth could be considered a sixth kind of truth; an argument against (inconclusive) is that it is already there in performative truth.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Grim Reality, Self-Denying Truth.</div>">Self-Fulfilling Argument</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sex/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sex</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Eroticism.<br /> </div>">Sex</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/shifting-ground/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Shifting Ground</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is the attrition tactic: as each of your opponent’s arguments is defeated, he tries another one, looking for weak points or simply reducing you to exhaustion: <p style="text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;">We were disagreeing about Muck, but to back up my case, I will have a go at you, in turn, about Staffa, Shuna, Eigg, Arran, Mousa, Canna, Lewis and Coll . . . and Yell . . .</p> <p style="text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;">At the level of the quarrel, this may be quite healthy, a release of accumulated resentments. Or, it may be more serious because—if what you have to argue against is not one point but a dozen—it can be hard to keep any one point in the frame for long(...)</p></div>'>Shifting Ground</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sincerity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sincerity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Consistency between thought and speech.<br />(2) Engagement with a subject so close-up that you can neither see it nor think about it: your own conviction on the matter is taken as proof enough of how right you are.<sup>S24</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Metamorphosis, Politeness, Hypocrisy, Reformer Fallacy.</div>">Sincerity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/size/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Size</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Scale.<br /> </div>">Size</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/skills/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Skills</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Manual Skills.<br /> </div>">Skills</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/slack-and-taut/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Slack and Taut</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The two ends of the spectrum of connectedness, and one of the three pairings of properties which define the extent of a system’s resilience.<br />Slack is central to the ability of a system to recover from shock. It enables it to cope with losses, and it makes space for choice. It is also needed in well-defined ways for that special case of resilience—a post-industrial Lean Economy.<br />By contrast, a price-based economy is taut. For goods to command a price they must be scarce, and a taut market is one in which this scarcity is present. As summarised in one of the defining phrases of economics,(...)</div>">Slack and Taut</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sleep/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sleep</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Part of the progress towards resilience. You take a rest from planning, arguing and campaigning, and keep out of trouble for a time. You gather your strength. You come to see things differently, as discovered by Odysseus, who spent much of his epic voyage in <em>negretos hypnos</em>—sleep deep enough to be the counterfeit of death—eventually waking so befuddled and different that he could not recognise his own homeland. This was sleep which was taking him somewhere—on a ship travelling faster than the falcon can fly—and he made it in the end.<sup>S32</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Public Sphere and Private Sphere,(...)</div>">Sleep</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/slippery-slope/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Slippery Slope</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The evaluation of an argument or proposition by reference chiefly, or only, to its extreme form.<br />The Fallacy of the Slippery Slope is pernicious and hard to argue against, except perhaps with a weary “Oh, don’t be ridiculous!” and a moment of mourning at the death of good faith and trust. The arguer insists that the thing he opposes, however innocent, would lead inevitably to its horrible extreme. A comforting hug leads to paedophilia; a dram of whisky to alcoholism; punishment to brutal assault; authority becomes harassment; military action is genocide; concern about genetic inheritance(...)</div>">Slippery Slope</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/small-group/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Small Group</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>This is the nucleus, the little platoon identified by touch, trust and conversation which joins up with others to form the larger coalitions and associations which in turn make a society (for a summary table of key group sizes see Groups and Group Sizes).<br />The size of the small group is much debated, with the case being made by different scholars for anything between two and twelve.<sup>S36</sup> And yet, since 1988, significant progress in understanding small groups has come from the study of groups among non-human primates—especially chimpanzees and gelada baboons known as “bleeding heart” baboons,(...)</div>">Small Group</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/small-scale/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Small Scale</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Scale.<br /> </div>">Small Scale</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/social-capital/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Social Capital</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The social capital of a community is its social life—the links of cooperation and friendship between its members. It is the institutions, the common culture and ceremony, the good faith and reciprocal obligations, the civility and citizenship, the play, humour and conversation which make a living community. Social capital is the ecosystem in which a culture lives.<br />Imagine a society which shares an inheritance of stories and poems which have grown out of its own story and experience; imagine that it consists of neighbourhoods where the adults know each other, where they meet often, where(...)</div>">Social Capital</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/social-city/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Social City</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A design for small cities which combines the advantages of dense housing with neighbours and services in walking distance, and open space for food production and a rural setting.<br />Local economies, to quote William Cobbett, “must, of course, have some land”.<sup>S74</sup> One way of providing it was explored and described in the first years of the twentieth century by Ebenezer Howard, with his vision of “Garden Cities”. Howard believed that cities can be designed for fresh air, fresh food, and the freedom, sights, sounds and scents of the country. Although people need the jobs and social life provided(...)</div>">Social City</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/social-entropy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Social Entropy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The collapse of the complex social and cultural structures of society. This is the social equivalent—welcomed at first as exciting diversity—of the chaotic disordering of natural systems and organisms when they are destroyed or burn. The process of destruction always has a positive side—burning wood gives out heat, for instance, and plants are broken down into energy when eaten—and social entropy, too, has its attractions, since a society’s orderly structures can be broken down in an exhilarating time of licence, spontaneous self-fulfilment and economic growth. The inhibitions are down:(...)</div>">Social Entropy</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/social-mobility-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Social Mobility</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>When the values of a society switch from decentralised community building to centralised competition organised around making money, then the ambitions of its people switch in the same way. The cooperative ethic of neighbourhood gives way to the competitive ethic of relative advantage, with its corollary of relative disadvantage for those that have been less successful in the competition.<br />The social mobility of the late market economy has become a defining ethic. It implies that manual skills and the places and communities that are left behind by the socially mobile represent failure.(...)</div>">Social Mobility</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/social-security/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Social Security</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Social Security.<br /> </div>">Social Security</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/socially-solvent/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Socially Solvent</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The state of possessing the currency of social capital: something—perhaps diverse skills and character—to bring to reciprocal relationships.<br /> </div>">Socially Solvent</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sorites-paradox/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sorites Paradox</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(aka the paradox of the heap)<br />A pile of 10,000 grains of sand constitutes a heap; one grain does not. No problem so far, but it is impossible to put your finger on the number of grains at which a non-heap turns into a heap.<br />The paradox is an illustration of fuzzy logic, which recognises that although two categories may be quite clear at the extremes—e.g., heap/non-heap, good/bad, moral/immoral, tall/not tall; interrogation/torture, affection/abuse, punishment/abuse—there is no precise point at which one turns into the other; instead, there is a grey area, and dealing with these is one of(...)</div>">Sorites Paradox</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sorting-problem-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sorting Problem, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Work can be divided into two essential kinds: mixing and sorting (unmixing). There are exceptions subject to circumstances, but as a rule it can be affirmed that mixing is most efficiently done on the large scale, while sorting is most efficiently done on the small scale. This latter is an example of a diseconomy (inefficiency) of scale.<br />Here we discover a way of making sense of mixed messages about economies of scale. <em>Lean Logic</em> tells a clear story about the importance of economies of scale and specialisation of labour in supporting civic societies (Intermediate Economy). It also tells a(...)</div>">Sorting Problem, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/special-pleading/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Special Pleading</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument which, though strictly true, presents its case slanted by leaving out relevant information or by giving undue emphasis to one part of the story. For some (estate agents, barristers), slanted arguments go with the job; and all arguments with persuasive content have special pleading within them somewhere, so we tend to be alert to the risk and to make allowances. In other cases, unless there is someone around to put the other side, the potential to mislead is powerful.<sup>S91</sup><br />Most arguments can be understood as statements arising from a particular context. Taking the fifth form on a(...)</div>">Special Pleading</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/spiking-guns/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Spiking Guns</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Giving plausibility to an otherwise implausible argument by acknowledging that it is not perfect.<br />Format: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">“I admit the argument is not perfect, which means that any objections you may have are already fully discounted . . .”.</p> Example: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">“Not even the most ardent Europhile would claim that the EU has achieved perfection . . . But sustainable development is a journey. Direction and rate of progress matter more than the precise point that has been reached at any time. By that measure, environmentalists and champions of the European project are on the same side.”<sup>S93</sup></p><br />  <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Cant,(...)</div>'>Spiking Guns</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/spirit/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Spirit</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>St. Paul promised this: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The peace of God which passeth all understanding shall keep your hearts and minds.<sup>S94</sup></p> There is a lot there. There is a radiant peace which we do not understand. It exists in the depth of our being. It is the gift of God.<sup>S95</sup><br />Properties like these seem to be beyond the competence of <em>Lean Logic</em>’s dirty-handed, located approach to matters, and beyond the reach of description. They can be danced, perhaps. Made into music.<br />But not described, because they live below the level of the conscious mind, in the dark territory explored by the German philosopher Johann Friedrich(...)</div>'>Spirit</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/squalid/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Squalid (adj.)</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The nature of the inherited problems to be considered in public debate after years of incompetent decision-making.<br /> </div>">Squalid (adj.)</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/story/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Story</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Narrative Truth.<br /> </div>">Story</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/straw-man/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Straw Man</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The tactic of inventing an argument in order to demolish it.<br />This is distraction at its most immediate, obvious and intentional. Summarise the other side’s case. Make sure your version of it is as ridiculous as possible. Demolish the summary. Claim victory.<br /><br />A variant is simply to save yourself the trouble of understanding what the other side is talking about. Alternatively, launch into a free-wheeling parody—a song (Greek: <em>ōidế</em>) of mockery (Greek: <em>pará</em>). Your victim is forced onto the defensive, and possibly into fury. You’re winning.<br />Here is an example. The target is the organic movement;(...)</div>">Straw Man</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/subjective/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Subjective</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The quality of an argument coloured by personal engagement. A subjective argument may bring prejudice to a case or distort it beyond the limits of logic-literacy. Acknowledging this personal prejudice can bring clarity, as greater knowledge of what those interests are can help the listener to understand what is going on. Example: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Everyone is prejudiced; I am prejudiced myself; I am prejudiced by, for instance, my commitment as a practising Roman Catholic and my sense that we humans have the responsibility for stewardship of the Earth. It is in my view a legitimate and necessary part of(...)</p></div>'>Subjective</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/subsidiarity/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Subsidiarity</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The principle, often advocated by the European Union, that decisions should be taken at the lowest practicable level. It sounds sensible, but it is in fact meaningless because the qualification (“practicable”, or its equivalents) can mean anything.<br />It can, for instance, be used to justify a slow-motion process of removing the authority of nations: decide on a supra-national (imperial) policy; eliminate any interference at the national level; leave it to the regions to implement the policy by doing as they are told. In this way, subsidiarity’s claim to favour decision-making at the lowest(...)</div>">Subsidiarity</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/success/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Success</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Do you really think we will get through the climacteric, and come in due course to a time of resilience, manners and harmonic order?<br />Don’t answer that question, for you may discover to your cost that your answer is either a self-fulfilling or a self-denying truth, and that both count against us. If we deny that there is a liveable future, then we will do little to secure one. If we affirm it, we come into other trouble, such as complacency, an optimistic view that what we are doing now is all that is needed, an iconic focus on the simple solution, or the constant anxiety of life on the(...)</div>">Success</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/summary-gambit-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Summary Gambit, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The use of summary to introduce distortion into an argument.<br />Example: The case for intervening in a country whose government is committing gross outrages on its population (Iraq in the 1990/2000s was the subject being discussed, but Germany in the 1930/40s is another instance) is summarised: “We can’t simply say, ‘Oh, we don’t like your regime, we think you’ll be happier without it, so let’s invade you.’”<sup>S134</sup><br />The gambit is defended on the grounds that “the essentials” of the argument are there: it is evident, however, that they are not. The assumption that they are is a case of begging the(...)</div>">Summary Gambit, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sunk-cost-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sunk Cost Fallacy, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that, when a choice is being made between two or more alternatives, the costs that have already been incurred in bringing the alternatives to their present stage should be taken into account. In fact, only the costs and benefits expected in the future should be counted.<br />This can be hard: if millions have already been spent on developing alternative A, but alternative B is in fact better, simpler and (in terms of future costs) cheaper, then this is a matter of regret and embarrassment. It should prompt a <em>kaikaku</em> moment, but the people who have built their careers in developing(...)</div>">Sunk Cost Fallacy, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/survivor-bias/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Survivor Bias</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The advantage accruing to survivors in the evaluation of a risk. Examples: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Lifelong smokers who assert that smoking did them no harm, and therefore could not harm anyone else either. This biases the argument because those for whom smoking was lethal are not around to put their side of the case.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. The credible material witnesses on the benefit of any current absurdity are those who have thrived on it; those who have not are not well placed to disagree.<sup>S135</sup></p><br />  <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Fallacies, Personal Experience, Expertise, False Sameness, Metamorphosis.</div>'>Survivor Bias</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sustainability/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sustainability</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Among the published formal statements of the conditions for sustainability, two are notable for their clarity and urgency:<br />  <p style="padding-left: 40px;">The first is from <em>The Natural Step</em>, which argues that the services provided by the natural world, and on which human society depends are:</p> <p style="padding-left: 70px;">1. The provision of the resources we need;</p> <p style="padding-left: 70px;">2. Absorption and recycling of wastes, making them available for reuse; and</p> <p style="padding-left: 70px;">3. Maintenance of ecological services such as a benign climate and pollination.</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">In order to sustain those conditions in good order, a further set of conditions must be met:</p> <p style="padding-left: 70px;">1. Minerals (including fuels) must(...)</p></div>'>Sustainability</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/sustainable-development/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Sustainable Development</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Herman Daly, perhaps the most authoritative voice on sustainable development, writes, <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Sustainable development is development without growth in the scale of the economy beyond some point that is within biospheric carrying capacity.<sup>S139</sup></p> It is possible to agree with that definition in principle while being aware of problems with it. As Daly himself recognised, there are reasons to believe we are already <em>beyond</em> the biosphere’s carrying capacity—we are into “overshoot”—and if that is the case, sustainable development ought not to be about simply <em>reducing</em> the damage caused by economic(...)</div>'>Sustainable Development</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/system-scale-rule/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>System Scale Rule</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The key rule governing systems-design: large-scale problems do not require large-scale solutions; they require small-scale solutions within a large-scale framework.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Scale, Systems Thinking, Nation, TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas), Wheel of Life.</div>">System Scale Rule</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/systems-thinking/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Systems Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Guidelines for thinking about networks of interaction.<br /><em>Lean Logic</em> makes a distinction between two kinds of system: the complex system and the modular system.<br />It also recognises two more kinds of system which are special applications of these: the complicated system and the ecological system. <br />The four are summarised in the table below.<br />">Systems Thinking</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/tactile-deprivation/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tactile Deprivation</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The loneliness, coldness and lack of communication in a society which, owing to anxieties about its abuse, has lost the language of touch. Touch has a large vocabulary of meaning, between bliss and pain, none of which can be abandoned without loss. Tactile deprivation leaves a misery of depression, isolation and emotional withdrawal, followed by trouble when touch is the central skill needed for complex endeavours such as marriage and child-raising.<sup>T1</sup><br />At the same time, we are losing the touch of language, for language began as a replacement for grooming and, with careful, gentle(...)</div>">Tactile Deprivation</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/tao/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tao</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><strong><em>Tao.</em></strong> “The Way”. A concept of Confucian thought which has something in common with the principles of <em>Lean Logic</em>. <em>Tao</em> refers to the ideal way of life, whose key features include the following:<br /><em>Te</em> is the virtue—generosity, ritual, humility—which enables a person (originally, the ruler) to tread The Way.<br /><em>Jen</em>—kindness—is a concern and engagement with all living things (related to <em>caritas</em> and encounter).<br /><em>Li</em> refers to rituals, behaviour and tradition as integral to a person’s participation in the community.<br /><em>Yi</em> is the sense of rightness, truthfulness and courage which underpins judgment.<br />Confucian(...)</div>">Tao</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/taut/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Taut</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Slack and Taut.<br /> </div>">Taut</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/tautology/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tautology</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument which uses the premise from which it starts as proof that the premise is true. This is a form of begging the question, but it is more insidious because it does not even acknowledge that the question exists. It comes in the form: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">We have to be competitive, and therefore we have to be competitive [and now we have established that reason is on our side we can say anything we like].</p> This is effective because of its escape from reason: in defence of a blazing certainty you can go straight into the heights of hyperbole and indignation:<br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;">We reject all morality which has not a human,(...)</p></div>'>Tautology</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/technical-fix/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Technical Fix</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The strategy of ignoring what a system in trouble is trying to tell you, and forcing it along in the same dismal direction even faster.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Ingenuity Gap, Arms Race, Unintended Consequences, Galley Skills.</div>">Technical Fix</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/teqs/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas)</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A framework designed to achieve deep reductions in dependence on fossil fuels at the national scale. It ensures fair access to energy as scarcities develop, guarantees emissions reductions in line with climate science and supports the active participation and cooperation of all energy users in the shared task.<sup>T7</sup><br />The TEQs system is, in essence, a system of legally-tradable electronic rations. It applies lean thinking to stimulate the local discovery of particular energy solutions that make deep transformations in fossil fuel use possible, as part of a modular solution to almost-impossible(...)</div>">TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas)</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/time-fallacies/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Time Fallacies</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Examples include:<br /> <br /><strong>The Permanent Present</strong><br />The fallacy which gives undue emphasis to the present when considering an option with long-term consequences. Examples include arguments that our present ability to import food justifies permanent burial of agricultural land under new housing; that joining the Eurozone is justified by today’s low interest rates there; that the state of the jobs market at the moment calls for migrant labour; that the current price of oil opens the way to a long-term expansion of air travel. This presumption of a constant present is a leading symptom of the dementia(...)</div>">Time Fallacies</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/torments/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Torments</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The problems of our time (the climacteric) that need to be understood and—in a sense—made use of, if we are to cope.<br />As suggested by John Milton: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Our torments also may in length of time Become our elements.</p> <p style="padding-left: 90px;">Paradise Lost<em>, 1667.</em><sup>T18</sup></p><br />  </div>'>Torments</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/touch-down/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Touch-Down</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The stage in the history of a civic society when it ceases being dependent on the intermediate economy. A successful touch-down is one in which life goes on—in which parts, at least, of the civic society survive in a different form, having learned enough to avoid making the same mistakes all over again.<br />The study of economic lift-off is well developed; touch-down has not been considered. There is an asymmetry here which would invite comment if applied to aviation.<sup>T19</sup><br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Lean Economy, Growth, Peasant.</div>">Touch-Down</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/tradable-energy-quotas/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tradable Energy Quotas</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See TEQs.<br /> </div>">Tradable Energy Quotas</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/tradition/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tradition</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The standing of tradition at present is low. It is patronised as a theme for tourists; it is the nostalgia of old age, a repudiated symbol of the past, of privilege, of pre-scientific ignorance, inconsistent with the serious business of a competitive economy; an affront to common sense. Not so: tradition is indispensable for a functioning society; it is serious business. It does three vital things:<br />First, it is the substance of culture. Culture does not necessarily advance in the sense of getting <em>better</em>; it changes slowly as each creative contribution becomes part of it. As T.S. Eliot(...)</div>">Tradition</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/transition/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Transition</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The evolution from dependence to localised self-reliance.<br />The Transition movement was founded in Totnes, Devon, in 2006, and over three hundred communities around the world have joined to date.<sup>T24</sup> The movement is part of a convergence of thinking towards the principle that, if areas and communities are to be prepared for the shocks of energy, climate, economics and society, it will not be government and regulatory agencies that do it. It will be something they do for themselves. Transition, lean thinking, the Big Society and others are, from their different starting points, pointing(...)</div>">Transition</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/transport/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Transport</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Lean Transport.<br /> </div>">Transport</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/travelling-light/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Travelling Light</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Adaptation to the failure of the intermediate economy of big infrastructures and services which will follow the breakdown of the market. The scale and consequences of the loss of these essentials will be shocking. The long-term task will be to build lean, small-scale, elegant, sustainable-resilient replacements. The Lean Economy will travel light. And there will be a major gain, since local enterprise such as hospitals and farms, can—relative to their giant equivalents—afford a greater flexibility and attention to detail; they can expect better morale, closed-loop waste management, a(...)</div>">Travelling Light</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/trust/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Trust</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Trust is confidence that an obligation, explicit or implied, will be honoured. The motivation for keeping faith in this way is varied. It may be love, or a promise, or commitment to a professional standard, or a matter of going along with the purpose of the institution to which you belong. In <em>Lean Logic</em>, trust is a condition for the web of reciprocal obligation which builds community, and for the relationship between a nation and its people.<br />And it is a critical capital asset, distinct from the other forms of capital; it is both producer and product of social capital. It is a necessary(...)</div>">Trust</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/truth/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Truth</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A family of connections between statements and meanings.<br />Truth can take many forms, and here are five of them. <p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. <em>Material truth</em> is direct, plain, literal description of situations and events: no greater depth of meaning is intended. It is an account of a reality which is “bounded”—that is, there is no interest for the moment in exploring the deeper implications, insights and echo-meanings. This is the truth which tells you about the route taken by the hot water pipe from the boiler to the bathroom, how to make flatbread, how to photograph otters, what Darwinism is, why a herd of cows’(...)</p></div>'>Truth</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/tu-quoque-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Tu Quoque, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(“You, too”; “same to you”)<br />A class of argument which dismisses the other person’s position on the grounds that his behaviour contradicts it, or is no better than that of the person whose behaviour he is criticising.<br />This fallacy leads into sterile altercation, a grim and noisy dead end, from which it can be hard to escape. It is slightly broader than the Fallacy of Hypocrisy because it does not need to show that the critic’s own failures have any relevance to the argument, and it is summarised in responses such as “same to you”, “you’re no better”, “how can you talk?”, “it’s a bit rich”,(...)</div>">Tu Quoque, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/unfalsifiability/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Unfalsifiability</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>An argument presented in a form such that it can never be shown to be false.<br />An unfalsifiable argument can be qualified and amended at will. For instance, the statement “faith can move mountains” is unfalsifiable: if you cannot move mountains, that only shows that you haven’t enough faith. Empty abstractions about destiny, vision and optimism cannot be refuted; they can only be dismissed as meaningless. The philosopher Karl Popper summarises: <p style="padding-left: 30px;">It is the possibility of overthrowing [a theory], or its falsifiability, that constitutes the possibility of testing it, and therefore the(...)</p></div>'>Unfalsifiability</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/unintended-consequences/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Unintended Consequences</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Systems Thinking, Relevance Fallacy, Butterfly Effect, Self-Evident, Emergence, Humour, Climacteric, Precautionary Principle, Wheel of Life.<br /> </div>">Unintended Consequences</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/unknowable-future-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Unknowable Future, The Fallacy of the</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The argument that, since we do not know what is going to happen in the short term, we are even less likely to know what is going to happen in the long term. This is true only sometimes. In other cases, the long term may be more predictable than the short term. For instance, if you are sitting in a room with a thermometer and a cup of hot coffee (and you don’t drink it), you can forecast accurately the temperature it will be in five hours’ time (the temperature of the room), but not the temperature it will be in ten minutes’ time. You can forecast a long-term trend in the oil market(...)</div>">Unknowable Future, The Fallacy of the</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/unlean/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Unlean</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The case for Lean is strong. It is clear about its intention. It declutters tasks from irrelevant preoccupations and commitments. It sustains a regular flow. It invites original and exact responses. It learns from feedback. It works. It has been proven. It is specifically suited to the modular communities of the future, when the market state will be too weakened to sustain the supply of goods, incomes and order on which we depend. Resilient local communities will, by accident or design, find themselves drawn into a political and economic order which, in essence, is lean.<br />And yet, Lean is(...)</div>">Unlean</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/unmentionable-the-fallacy-of/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Unmentionable, The Fallacy of</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The fallacy that, because a subject is taboo and cannot be mentioned, it does not exist; the curse that dare not speak its name.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Death.</div>">Unmentionable, The Fallacy of</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/usury/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Usury</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Lending money at interest. This was a contentious matter long before green critics began to see money-lending as the cause of economic growth. For the last two thousand years or so, usury has caused trouble because it exposes the sensitive dividing line between the public and private spheres. Usury is incompatible with the relationship between close friends—in the private sphere—since it is a breach of the direct collaboration and unconditional reciprocity which is the private sphere’s main characteristic, and it is inconsistent with the informal (non-monetary) relationships of the(...)</div>">Usury</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/utopia/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Utopia</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A place of ideal government, good judgment and a perfectly cared-for ecology. It is an important idea because it is a way of thinking afresh not only about what society ought to be, but what it will need to be, for it is argued that the world has become too dangerous for anything less than Utopia—as the futurist William Koetke puts it: “Creating a utopian paradise, a new Garden of Eden, is our only hope.”<sup>U32</sup><br />Utopias do not have to be realistic to be interesting. They lift the spirits. Here, William Morris is being driven gently—in a carriage with the graceful and pleasant lines of a(...)</div>">Utopia</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/value/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Value</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>The word is used in two senses in lean thinking: <p style="padding-left: 40px;">(1) In the context of industrial lean production, <em>value</em> consists of the potential benefits the customer gets when she buys from a company (they are only “potential” because what she actually does with what she has bought is another matter). So value is . . .</p> <p style="padding-left: 70px;">A capability provided to a customer at the right time at an appropriate price, as defined in each case by the customer.<sup>V1</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">In the application of lean thinking to the local Lean Economy, value is what makes most sense for the people who live there; what they have decided, for now, to(...)</p></div>'>Value</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/vernacular/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Vernacular</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><p style="padding-left: 40px;">(1) The local, applied to language, architecture and practice, especially where the local practice belongs to an older tradition than that of the wider society in which the vernacular survives.</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">(2) “Vernacular” is also used by Edward Goldsmith for the features of a society and ecology that are self-organising, self-governing and self-sustaining, and which therefore do not have to be supplied by the state and its institutions, or by commercial organisations. These life-giving, free services are essential to the work and functioning of both society and natural systems. Examples:(...)</p></div>'>Vernacular</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/violence/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Violence</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A form taken by argument when logic and politics fail. A response by members of a closed-loop system, when the closed-access condition on which it is based is challenged. Ultimate defence of the freedom to say no.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Big Stick, Lean Defence, Unmentionable.</div>">Violence</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/virtual-crowd/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Virtual Crowd</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A large number of people motivated by the simplified instincts of the crowd, but connected by the media and internet rather than by physical presence.<br /> </div>">Virtual Crowd</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/virtues/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Virtues</div><div class=glossaryItemBody><p style="padding-left: 40px;">(1) <em>Christian</em>: faith, hope and charity.<sup>V4</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">(2) <em>Greek</em>: fortitude, godliness, prudence.<sup>V5</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">(3) <em>Cardinal</em>: fortitude, justice, temperance, prudence.<sup>V6</sup></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">(4) <em>Lean</em>: fortitude, encounter, prudence.</p>  <br />A recognised aim of education, in the recent past, has been to teach and cultivate collective virtue, embodied in the individual. For John Henry Newman, for instance, the aim of education was that . . . <p style="padding-left: 30px;">. . . people should be taught a wisdom, safe from the excesses and vagaries of individuals, embodied in the institutions which have stood the trial and received the sanction of ages.</p> The person(...)</div>'>Virtues</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/waste/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Waste</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) Material available for use by another part of the system, or by a different system in a closed-loop arrangement.<br />(2) Material discarded by a system as a means of preventing surplus which could produce unwanted growth (Intentional Waste).<br />(3) Material abandoned and made unavailable to the system (and to its neighbours and wider ecological setting), which will in due course destroy it. The product of an open-loop arrangement formed by excessive scale.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Needs and Wants, Lean Materials, Pollution, Sorting Problem.</div>">Waste</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/water/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Water</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Options for water management are shaped by circumstances: the size of the future population, the size of the settlement, the nature of the local soil and the weather, the inheritance of water infrastructures for collection and treatment, the presence or absence of groundwater and deep reservoirs, local rivers, crops and politics . . .<br />It is true that all our options are shaped by such things but, given the diversity of circumstances and the detail and ingenuity of water management, this, to be sure, is a moment to apply lean thinking’s principle of pull—looking to the local particular for(...)</div>">Water</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/well-being/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Well-Being</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Accomplishment, laughter and the love of friends, in an ecology able to sustain community, peace and freedom. No problem so far, but do we need to measure it? And, if so, can the national accounts help us to do so?<sup>W2</sup><br />Well, the items in that short list of uplifting things that comprise well-being are hard to quantify, and one measure that clearly does not do so is that which is usually taken as a guide to the performance of the economy—Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Indeed, GDP and its related economic indicators were never designed to tell us about the well-being of a nation and the people(...)</div>">Well-Being</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/wheel-of-life-the/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wheel of Life, The</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A way of thinking about the life-cycle of complex systems (woodlands, companies, civilisations, Gaia . . .).<br />These can be understood as inhabiting the space defined by two variables or dimensions: <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>Potential</em>: a measure of the richness of the system, in the sense of being able to make interesting things happen—the quantity and diversity of plant and animal life in an ecosystem; the friendships, trust and social capital sustained in a society; the skills and accomplishments of a political economy . . .</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>Connectedness</em>: the extent and strength of the linkages between different parts of the(...)</p></div>'>Wheel of Life, The</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/wicked-problems/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip='<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wicked Problems</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Highly complex problems which cannot be solved in a straightforward way, and may not be soluble at all. We need to be aware of their existence because the problems we are now facing are wicked. If we cannot see a solution, that does not necessarily mean that we have not understood the problem; it may mean that there isn’t one.<br />The main features of a wicked problem are: <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>Vagueness</em>: they lack clear definition because they spill over into many different issues and systems.</p><br /><p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>Hard to grasp</em>: they can be recognised from one or two perspectives, but are too complex to understand in the round.</p> <p style="padding-left:(...)</em></p></div>'>Wicked Problems</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/wisdom-2/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wisdom</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>See Local Wisdom.<br /> </div>">Wisdom</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/wishful-thinking/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wishful Thinking</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(1) A form of denial, avoiding the need to do any thinking at all.<br />(2) Useful self-deception as a means of maintaining morale when things are looking bad, or when the task ahead, though necessary, would not be attempted if you admitted how hard it would be.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br />Reverse Risk Assessment Rule, Grope.</div>">Wishful Thinking</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/witch-hunt/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Witch-Hunt</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Extreme reductionism: the easy explanation—or blame—that has the bonus of seeming to raise or confirm one’s own moral standing. Torpid public debate stirs into life when there is the chance of a witch-hunt.<br /> <br /><strong>Related entries</strong>:<br /><em>Ad Hominem</em>, Populism, High Ground.</div>">Witch-Hunt</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/wolf-fallacy/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Wolf, The Fallacy of the</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>(<em>Argumentum ad lupum</em>)<br />The fallacy that, since previous warnings of a problem’s arrival have been wrong, or premature, or misunderstood, the problem can safely be ignored.<br />One of Aesop’s Fables is the story of the boy whose job was to look after the sheep but, having a nervous disposition, he was forever crying “wolf” when no wolf was there. One day the wolf really did come, and he cried “wolf” again, but nobody believed him, and the wolf was able to dine off the sheep, and the boy, at leisure.<br />There are two morals to the story. The first is: avoid giving false alarms. The second is: in the(...)</div>">Wolf, The Fallacy of the</a><br> <a class="glossaryLink " href="https://leanlogic.online/yonder/" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Yonder</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>A word used to direct attention to something with the properties of distance, hope, difficulty, competence, cooperation, uncertainty, space and anticipation. Obsolete.<sup>Y1</sup><br /> </div>">Yonder</a></p> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="thn_post_wrap wp_link_pages"> </div>  </div>  </div> </div>  <div class="comments_template">     </div>  </div>          </div> </div> </div> <a class="to_top "><i class="fa-angle-up fa-2x"></i></a>  <div class="footer_wrap layer_wrapper "> <div id="footer" > <div class="center"> </div>  <div id="copyright" class="soc_right"> <div class="center">  <div class="copytext"></div>  <div class="foot_right_wrap">  <div id="footer_menu" class=""><div class="menu-footer"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-4420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4420"><a href="https://leanlogic.online/bibliography/">Bibliography</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4421"><a href="https://leanlogic.online/glossary/">Dictionary</a></li> </ul></div></div>   <div class="foot_soc"> <div class="social_bookmarks bookmark_simple bookmark_size_large"> <a target="_blank" class="ast_fb" href="https://twitter.com/leandictionary"><i class="fa-facebook"></i></a> </div></div>  </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery('#ss360-layer').bind("DOMSubtreeModified",function(){ console.log('changed'); });</script> <script type="text/javascript"> //Hide Slider until its loaded jQuery('#zn_nivo, .nivo-controlNav').css({"display":"none"}); //Midrow Blocks Equal Width if(jQuery('.midrow_block').length == 4){ jQuery('.midrow_blocks').addClass('fourblocks'); } if(jQuery('.midrow_block').length == 3){ jQuery('.midrow_blocks').addClass('threeblocks'); } if(jQuery('.midrow_block').length == 2){ jQuery('.midrow_blocks').addClass('twoblocks'); } if(jQuery('.midrow_block').length == 1){ jQuery('.midrow_blocks').addClass('oneblock'); } jQuery(window).bind('load', function(){ jQuery('.stat_has_slideshow').css({"maxHeight":"none"}); jQuery('.static_gallery').nivoSlider({effect: 'fade', directionNav: false, controlNav: false, pauseOnHover:false, slices:6, pauseTime:6000}); }); jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery('.pd_flick_gallery li img').addClass('hasimg'); }); jQuery(window).bind('load', function(){ jQuery('.single-product .single_post .thumbnails').looper({interval: false}); jQuery('.archive.woocommerce-page.woo_archive_layout4 ul.products li.product').matchHeight({ property: 'min-height', byRow: 'height'}); jQuery('.woocommerce.single.woo_single_layout1 .yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist').insertBefore('div[itemprop="offers"]'); jQuery('.woocommerce.single.woo_single_layout4 #content .onsale').prependTo('.woocommerce.single.woo_single_layout4 #content .product .images'); }); </script>  <script src="https://js.sitesearch360.com/plugin/bundle/7689.js?integration=wordpress&integrationMode=full" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/plugins/metronet-profile-picture/js/mpp-frontend.js" id="mpp_gutenberg_tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/plugins/copy-the-code/assets/js/clipboard.js" id="ctc-clipboard-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/plugins/copy-the-code/assets/js/copy-inline.js" id="ctc-copy-inline-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="scroll-to-anchor-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sta_settings = {"distance":"50","speed":"1000","exceptions":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/plugins/scroll-to-anchor/includes/../js/scroll-to-anchor.min.js" id="scroll-to-anchor-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/themes/optimizer_pro/assets/js/optimizer.js" id="optimizer_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="optimizer_otherjs-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var optimo = {"smoothscroll":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/themes/optimizer_pro/assets/js/other.js" id="optimizer_otherjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="optimizer_core-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var optim = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/leanlogic.online\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","sent":"Message Sent Successfully!","day":"Days","hour":"Hours","mins":"Min","sec":"Sec","redirect":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/themes/optimizer_pro/assets/js/core.js" id="optimizer_core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-content/themes/optimizer_pro/assets/js/magnific-popup.js" id="optimizer_lightbox-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://leanlogic.online/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <div id="tt" role="tooltip" aria-label="Tooltip content" class="cmtt"></div></body> </html>