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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_(1850–1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_(1850–1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years (1850–1864)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1850–1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_Gaza_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_Gaza_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Founding of the Gaza Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Gaza_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_dynastic_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_dynastic_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>A dynastic crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_dynastic_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_reign_of_Mzila_(1864–1884)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reign_of_Mzila_(1864–1884)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The reign of Mzila (1864–1884)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reign_of_Mzila_(1864–1884)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competition_among_the_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_among_the_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Competition among the Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_among_the_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_relations_with_Mzila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_relations_with_Mzila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Formal relations with Mzila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_relations_with_Mzila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>The succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gungunhana%22">"Gungunhana"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gungunhana%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gungunhana%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gungunhana%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gungunhana%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gungunhana%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gungunhana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Gungunhana.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Ngungunhane when captured by the Portuguese colonial army in December, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ngungunyane</b>, also known as <b>Mdungazwe Ngungunyane Nxumalo</b>, <b>N'gungunhana</b>, or <b>Gungunhana Reinaldo Frederico Gungunhana</b>, (c. 1850 – 23 December 1906) was a king of the Gaza Empire and vassal of the Portuguese Empire, who rebelled, was defeated by General <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque">Joaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque</a> and lived out the rest of his life in exile, first in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, but later on the island of <a href="/wiki/Terceira" class="mw-redirect" title="Terceira">Terceira</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>. </p><p>Gungunhana was the last dynastic emperor of the Empire of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Empire" title="Gaza Empire">Gaza</a>, a territory now part of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Nicknamed the <i>Lion of Gaza</i>, he reigned from around 1884 to 28 December 1895, the day he was imprisoned by Joaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque in the fortified village of <a href="/wiki/Chaimite,_Mozambique" title="Chaimite, Mozambique">Chaimite</a>. Because he was already known to the European press, the Portuguese colonial administration decided to exile him, rather than send him to face a firing squad, as would normally be the case.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was transported to Lisbon, accompanied by his son <a href="/wiki/Godide" title="Godide">Godide</a> and other dignitaries. After a brief stay at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Monsanto" title="Fort of Monsanto">Fort of Monsanto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fortaleza_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortaleza-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was transferred to the Azores, where he would die eleven years later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg/200px-Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg/300px-Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg/400px-Gungunhana_esposas_lisboa_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Gungunhana, with the seven wives taken with him as prisoners to Lisbon (photo taken in March, 1896)</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally given the name, Mdungazwe (defined in Zulu as 'one who confuses the people'), a name he carried until he assumed the throne in 1884, whereupon he would be known as Ngungunhane, he was born around 1850. According to oral tradition, he was born in the territory of Gaza, somewhere between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incomati_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Incomati River">Incomati</a>, but, very probably, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a>, where the main settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni people</a> then stood. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Mzila" title="Mzila">Mzila</a> (or Muzila), who was king of Gaza from 1861 to 1884, and Yosio, posthumously known as Umpibekezana. His father was the son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Soshangane" title="Soshangane">Soshangane</a> who, as head of an army advancing northward from <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a>, had founded the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Empire" title="Gaza Empire">Gaza Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_(1850–1864)"><span id="Early_years_.281850.E2.80.931864.29"></span>Early years (1850–1864)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years (1850–1864)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mundagazi was born into a complex society during a period of great social and political instability. His grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Soshangane" title="Soshangane">Soshangane</a> (also called Manicusse or Manukosi), was the king (or <i><a href="/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi">Nkosi</a></i>) of a <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a>-speaking people, related to the <a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a>, whose ancestral lands were in the territory of present-day South Africa. Soshangane was also the undisputed leader of a powerful army that, following the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a> (The Great Scattering), migrated to the north from <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a>. On their way north, throughout the 1820s and into the 1830s, Soshangane was able to persuade the chiefs of about two hundred tribes to become his vassals. Their ultimate destination, planned or not, was land located between the <a href="/wiki/Maputo_River" title="Maputo River">Maputo</a> and Zambezi rivers. In the process, the Nguni displaced, co-opted, or slaughtered the native peoples. Upon arrival, Soshangane founded an empire to which he gave the name, Gaza (the name of his grandfather). In its initial stages, Gaza had about 56,000 km<sup>2</sup> (22,000 sq mi) of land. </p><p>With the arrival of the Nguni, the relative quiet that had prevailed among the local peoples and the Portuguese traders, who had established themselves along the Mozambican coast, was rudely broken by a succession of massacres and forced submissions to a new power. This created a climate of insecurity and fear that remained for decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_of_the_Gaza_Empire">Founding of the Gaza Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding of the Gaza Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a walk of nearly twenty years' duration, Soshangane and his people established the center of their power in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">River Limpopo</a> founded the village of <a href="/wiki/Chaimite_(Mozambique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaimite (Mozambique)">Chaimite</a>, and declared it his capital. Portugal, as the longest-standing European presence in those territories, decided to send an embassy to the court of Manicusse in the August of 1840. The delegation was led by Ensign <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caetano_Pinto_dos_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caetano Pinto dos Santos (page does not exist)">Caetano Pinto dos Santos</a>, who had instructions to establish a treaty of friendship, delivering a sword and a sash to the king in exchange for a short spear and a shield. The embassy was received, but Manicusse said that, at the moment, he saw no advantage in a treaty of friendship with the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">king of Portugal</a>. (This is documented in a report, dated 18 November 1840, submitted by Ensign Caetano Pinto dos Santos and archived by the Registrar of the National Farms in <a href="/wiki/Inhambane" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Caetano_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Caetano Dias (page does not exist)">João Caetano Dias</a>.) Even though the sword was exchanged for the short spear, the attacks continued. </p><p>So it happened that, around 1850, Mundagaz was born. A prince of royal blood and son of Mzila, Manicusse considered him a putative heir. Educated for the life of a warrior, from a young age he participated in the same annual walks his father and grandfather had taken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_dynastic_crisis">A dynastic crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A dynastic crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Manukuza died in 1858, the competition for the throne pitted <a href="/wiki/Mzila" title="Mzila">Mzila</a>, the father of Mundagazi, and <a href="/wiki/Mawewe" title="Mawewe">Mawewe</a>, his uncle, against one another. After a brief period of armed strife, Mawewe emerged victorious. He decided, in 1859, to press his advantage by attacking his brothers and their families. Mzila was able to escape to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>, where he organized an army to overthrow his brother. Mundagaz probably followed his father into exile, escaping the attempt by Mawewe to destroy their lineage. </p><p>The Portuguese colonial administration became convinced that Mawewe was likely to be just as aggressive and fractious as his father and predecessor had been, and they, together with their <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> neighbors to the south, and many local tribal leaders, who also felt threatened by the prospect of Nguni domination, decided to unite against him. The president of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>, and a number of Boer officials, on 29 April 1861, met with the vice-consul of Portugal, and proposed a formal alliance against Mawewe, a proposal that was accepted with reluctance. </p><p>However, these reservations disappeared when Mawewe demanded that the Portuguese colony at Lourenço Marques (now called <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>) pay tribute in the form of footwear, including a clause that required pregnant Portuguese women to pay a double tribute. This was backed by a threat that failure to comply would cause Mawewe to undertake a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched-earth</a> policy against Portuguese interests in the region. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onofre_Louren%C3%A7o_de_Paiva_de_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onofre Lourenço de Paiva de Andrade (page does not exist)">Onofre Lourenço de Paiva de Andrade</a>, then governor of Lourenço Marques, responded by sending a rifle cartridge to Mawewe, saying that this would be the form his tribute would take. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>War was declared, and, on 2 November 1861, Mzila arrived in <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a> to accept Portuguese support in return for his allegiance. From this point forward, Mzila broadcast his claim to be the rightful king, and the war gained momentum. </p><p>The decisive battle was waged in late November 1861, along a line of nearly twenty kilometres from the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Matola" title="Matola">Matola</a> to the land of <a href="/wiki/Moamba_District" title="Moamba District">Moamba</a>. Despite having fewer men, Mzila won, and, on 30 November, he showed up at the prison in Lourenço Marques, where he was amicably received by the governor. </p><p>On 1 December 1861, a treaty was signed, in which it stated that Mzila was a Portuguese subject. A record of this agreement, which was approved by the Portuguese government, was published in the orders of 18 February 1863 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_da_Silva_Mendes_Leal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José da Silva Mendes Leal (page does not exist)">José da Silva Mendes Leal</a>, then Minister of the Navy and Overseas. </p><p>A new and decisive victory in battle by Mzila on 16 December 1861 in the Maputo valley, consolidated the alliance. In all, Portugal had provided Mzila two thousand rifles, fifty thousand rounds of ammunition, and twelve hundred flints. In addition, the Portuguese had secured the support of the Boers and undertaken intermediation with local leaders, who preferred to submit to the suzerainty of the distant king of Portugal rather than the local hegemony of Mawewe. All of this accrued to Mzila's benefit. </p><p>Although the war lasted until 1864, and the capital of the kingdom was moved from the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mossurize_District" title="Mossurize District">Mossurize</a>, north of the river <a href="/wiki/Save_River_(Africa)" title="Save River (Africa)">Save</a>, in the current Mozambican province of <a href="/wiki/Manica_Province" title="Manica Province">Manica</a>, Mzila was gradually mastering the art of controlling the Nguni and its vassals. From 1864 onward, he was the undisputed ruler of the Empire of Gaza. With these events, Mundagaz became a potential successor among the princes, and he began a journey that would lead to power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_reign_of_Mzila_(1864–1884)"><span id="The_reign_of_Mzila_.281864.E2.80.931884.29"></span>The reign of Mzila (1864–1884)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The reign of Mzila (1864–1884)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Mzila devoted himself to the consolidation of his power and the expansion of the Empire of Gaza. He maintained the style of governance of his father, ruling with an iron hand and keeping the habit of walking long distances to keep tabs on all of his domains. The capital remained at Mossurize, and the village of Chaimite, the former capital, became a place of pilgrimage, of memorials devoted to past feats, and a dwelling-place for ancestral spirits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the treaty signed in 1861 and the effective alliance with the Portuguese that had gained him his throne, the warriors of Mzila ran roughshod over the Portuguese colonies at <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inhambane" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a> several times, and a climate of tension developed that did not accord with the formal agreements and Mzila's frequent expressions of friendship and gratitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Competition_among_the_Europeans">Competition among the Europeans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Competition among the Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg/220px-Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg/330px-Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg/440px-Mapa_Cor-de-Rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Pink Map – Portugal's claim of sovereignty over the land between <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Simultaneously, there was increasing competition in the region among the European colonial powers in the region who were vying for control of more African territory. Expeditions of discovery aimed at broadening European colonies Africa were more and more frequent, and there were more and more missionaries and traders visiting the land of Gaza. Lisbon had already started to nourish ambitions of a swath of Portuguese colonies across southern Africa, from Mozambique on the Indian Ocean to Angola on the Atlantic, all of them colored pink, the traditional color of Portuguese possessions on maps of Africa produced in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 1880s, when the reign of Mzila was approaching its end, competition among the Europeans grew rapidly. Their expeditions into the interior increased in frequency, penetrating more deeply into the territory of Gaza. The pressure on Mzila to permit the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> of minerals also grew. Maintaining a policy of striking a strategic balance with Portuguese interests, Mzila, on 27 January 1882, accompanied by two columns of troops, visited Lourenço Marques, to pledge his allegiance and to offer his explanations of the attacks on Sofala and Inhambane. He was received, with all appropriate honors, by the governor, who offered him oxen, rice, and spirits. Soon after, in the middle of that year, Mzila asked for a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">Portuguese</a> flag so that he could fly it over his camp.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formal_relations_with_Mzila">Formal relations with Mzila</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formal relations with Mzila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following year, in 1883, Portugal decided to appoint an ambassador to the court of Mzila. The assignment fell to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Maria_Cardoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Maria Cardoso (page does not exist)">António Maria Cardoso</a>, a man experienced in the region, who was dispatched immediately to the place where Mzila was sojourning, in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. After a long wait to get permission to approach the camp and to be received, António Maria Cardoso managed to secure an audience with Mzila and was well received. The same happened to the captain of artillery, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Carlos_Paiva_de_Andrada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada (page does not exist)">Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada</a>, who went to <a href="/wiki/Manica,_Mozambique" title="Manica, Mozambique">Manica</a> that year to speak to Mzila. </p><p>However, despite the apparently satisfactory relationship with the natives, pressure was rising among the European powers to require that a colonizing power demonstrate its ability to effectively exploit and administer its domains in order to justify the possession of territories in Africa. At this time, given the increasing involvement of other European powers in Africa, Portugal decided to strengthen its presence on that continent by organizing major expeditions of exploration, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a>, aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of an occupation of the interior of Africa. </p><p>Of course, Mzila didn’t know that he had entered the last year of his life. Neither did he realize that, thousands of kilometers away, white European diplomats were gathering at the Berlin Conference, where they intended to devise a scheme for sharing Africa among the European powers. When he died in late August 1884, the Europeans were meeting to set rules that would determine the future of Gaza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_succession">The succession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King Mzila had four sons Mafemani, Hanyani, Mdungazwe (Nghunghunyani) and Mafabazi , the future King Nghunghunyani, was gradually gaining importance, becoming one of the leading figures of his court. When their father died, Mdungazwe was not the legitimate heir of Mzila, a position held by his Legitimate heir half-brother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafemane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafemane (page does not exist)">Mafemane</a>, whose mother was the principal wife (<i>nkosicaze</i>). Mdungazwe waged a war for the throne and killed Mafemani to gain the throne of Gaza . . . . This forced Hanyani and Mafabazi to go for refuge, a tradition of the Nguni, which resulted in Mdungazwe removing the crown prince from contention and forcing his other two of his half brothers (rivals), Hanyani and Mafabaze, to flee into exile. </p><p>So in 1884, Mdungazwe was sworn in as the ruler of Gaza and he gave himself the name Nghunghunyani son of Mzila of Nxumalo the Lion of Gaza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The descendants of Gungunhana currently reside in Mpumalanga South Africa in a place called Ka Mpisane Morden day called Bushbuckridge under the Kingship of king Eric Mpisane Nxumalo as the rightful heir of his father Mafemane Nxumalo under the Royal House called Amashangana Tribal Authority based Newforest in A place called “Thulamahashe” named after the first Regent of the Amashangane royal Thulamahashe Msinganyela Nxumalo who was one of the surviving sons of King Ngungunyane who fled Mozambique with his Uncle Mpisane Nxumalo and the other Childrens of Ngungunyane namely: Thulamahashe Msinganyela Nxumalo, Mpikaniso Nxumalo, Buyisonto Nxumalo (captured with his father to Exile) by Portuguese colonial army and was sent as slave under military to fight the battle between the Portuguese and Germans under the world war 1 in Namibia 1921 Godide Nxumalo (died in exile) Molungo Nxumalo (Exiled), </p><p>The chronology of Nxumalo Kingship Under Gaza </p><p>(1820-1858) King SOSHANGANA NXUMALO ( MANUKUZA II) </p><p>(1859-1862) King MAWEWE NXUMALO </p><p>(1862-1884) king MZILA NXUMALO </p><p>(1884-1896) king NGHUNGHUNYANI NXUMALO </p><p>(1897-1910) Hosi MPISANE NXUMALO (ACTING) </p><p>(1910-1922) Hosi THULAMAHASHE NXUMALO </p><p>(1922-1932) Hosi BUYINSONTO NXUMALO </p><p>(1932-1942) Hosi THULAMAHASHE (ACTING) </p><p>(1942-1968) Hosi KHETHO NXUMALO (ACTING) </p><p>(1968-1973) Hosi MAFEMANI NXUMALO </p><p>(1973-1981) Hosi NGOBO NXUMALO (ACTING) </p><p>(1981-TO-2021) Hosi MPISANA ERIC NXUMALO </p><p>Bayethe Ndabe zitha hosi Eric Nxumalo passed away on 3 March 2021 after serving for 40 years </p><p>At the current moment to-date the Royal family is still awaiting to install The New king </p><p>Eric Nxumalo once applied for recognition by the Nhlapo Commission, which was rejected in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims of the kingdom's authority over the <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga people</a> have also been rejected by Tsonga traditional leaders on the grounds that the Tsonga people have been living outside of the Gaza Kingdom since it was founded in 1820 by <a href="/wiki/Soshangane" title="Soshangane">Soshangane</a> and have never been part of that Kingdom. History states that the Tsonga people fled before Soshangane and established themselves in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>, free from any despotic rule. In the Transvaal, the Tsonga people founded new colonies and had no relationship with the Gaza Kingdom at all. When the Tsonga people went to war with their new neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a>, the Gaza kingdom did not provide any military support, the Tsonga people fought battles alone, the only military assistance that the Tsonga people received while fighting either the Pedi or the <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> was from their beloved 'White Chief', <a href="/wiki/Joao_Albasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Joao Albasini">Joao Albasini</a>, who acted at all times as a paramount chief of the Tsonga in the Transvaal. <a href="/wiki/Joao_Albasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Joao Albasini">Joao Albasini</a> supplied the <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga people</a> with assault rifles and ammunition to protect themselves against the Pedi and the <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> during times of war with these tribes. Because the Tsonga people were fully armed with assault rifles, neither the Pedi nor the <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> were able to challenge the Tsonga during times of conflict because <a href="/wiki/Joao_Albasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Joao Albasini">Joao Albasini</a>, a Tsonga chief, had given assault rifles to more than 2000 Tsonga warriors, these 2000 Tsonga warriors were controlled by Joao Albasini and carried assault rifles day and night. Therefore, neither the <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> nor the Pedi could risk going into war with the Tsonga, for they feared the Tsonga superior weaponry. With Joao Albasini supplying the Tsonga people with ammunition, the Gaza Kingdom became irrelevant and was therefore not useful to the Tsonga at all, the Tsonga people therefore had nothing to do with the Gaza Kingdom at all. The Tsonga people want to continue to live their lives in scattered villages without a supreme King, as they have done for centuries. Currently the Tsonga people are led by chiefs, who are supreme rulers in their villages without a King. The Tsonga villages in South Africa starts from <a href="/wiki/Valdezia" title="Valdezia">Valdezia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louis_Trichardt" title="Louis Trichardt">Louis Trichardt</a> and end at Mkhuhlu in <a href="/wiki/Hazyview" title="Hazyview">Hazyview</a>, which is a distance of 315 km long. It is suggested by the Tsonga that Eric Nxumalo become a paramount chief of his people at <a href="/wiki/Bushbuckridge" title="Bushbuckridge">Bushbuckridge</a> and leave the Tsonga people alone, they have Chiefs and do not need a King.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fortaleza-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortaleza_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortalezas.org/index.php?ct=fortaleza&id_fortaleza=1429&muda_idioma=PT">"Forte Marquês de Sá da Bandeira"</a>. <i>Fortalezas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortalezas.org&rft.atitle=Forte+Marqu%C3%AAs+de+S%C3%A1+da+Bandeira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortalezas.org%2Findex.php%3Fct%3Dfortaleza%26id_fortaleza%3D1429%26muda_idioma%3DPT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGungunhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012/10/01/court-case-over-kingship">Court case over kingship</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capricornreview.co.za/14570/nghunghunyani-was-never-a-tsonga-king/">Nghunghunyani was never a Tsonga king</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8g9J8hyKWXdRTBvBByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97069380">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165555443">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165555443">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811471720105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012601737505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/068708580">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&oldid=1242103942">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gungunhana&oldid=1242103942</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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