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(PDF) History of vegetation and landscape during the last 4000 years in the area of Straldzha mire (southeastern Bulgaria)
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The radiocarbon dating indicated that the sediments were deposited during the last ca. 4200 years. Three stages of vegetation development were established: a) distribution of wet meadow and halophilous herbaceous mire communities and groups of deciduous and coniferous trees on the surrounding hills (4200-2830 cal. yrs. BP); b) expansion of halophilous vegetation dominated by Chenopodiaceae (2830-1330 cal. yrs. BP) and c) partial regeneration of the tree vegetation (Quercetum mixtum) and formation of the present-day composition of mire vegetation (since 1330 cal. yrs. BP). The palynological and archaeobotanical evidence suggests a marked human impact on the landscape and natural vegetation in the study area since the Bronze Age, with practice of agriculture and stock-breeding. The paleovegetation reconstruction of the last four millennia shows features in common with similar investigations from the Thracian plain.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"77800279"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"History of vegetation and landscape during the last 4000 years in the area of Straldzha mire (southeastern Bulgaria)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [35019249]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":77800279,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “History of vegetation and landscape during the last 4000 years in the area of Straldzha mire (southeastern Bulgaria)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/77800279/mini_magick20211231-23067-bmpfdo.png?1640964801" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">History of vegetation and landscape during the last 4000 years in the area of Straldzha mire (southeastern Bulgaria)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35019249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SpasimirTonkov"><img alt="Profile image of Spasimir Tonkov" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Spasimir Tonkov</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 66715174; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Pollen analysis was conducted on a 290 cm deep core collected from the central part of the former Straldzha mire in northeastern Toundzha Hilly plain. The radiocarbon dating indicated that the sediments were deposited during the last ca. 4200 years. Three stages of vegetation development were established: a) distribution of wet meadow and halophilous herbaceous mire communities and groups of deciduous and coniferous trees on the surrounding hills (4200-2830 cal. yrs. BP); b) expansion of halophilous vegetation dominated by Chenopodiaceae (2830-1330 cal. yrs. BP) and c) partial regeneration of the tree vegetation (Quercetum mixtum) and formation of the present-day composition of mire vegetation (since 1330 cal. yrs. BP). The palynological and archaeobotanical evidence suggests a marked human impact on the landscape and natural vegetation in the study area since the Bronze Age, with practice of agriculture and stock-breeding. The paleovegetation reconstruction of the last four millennia shows features in common with similar investigations from the Thracian plain.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":77800279,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/66715174/History_of_vegetation_and_landscape_during_the_last_4000_years_in_the_area_of_Straldzha_mire_southeastern_Bulgaria_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":77800279,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/66715174/History_of_vegetation_and_landscape_during_the_last_4000_years_in_the_area_of_Straldzha_mire_southeastern_Bulgaria_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The radiocarbon dating indicated that the sediments were deposited during the last ca. 4200 years. Three stages of vegetation development were established: a) distribution of wet meadow and halophilous herbaceous mire communities and groups of</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"History of vegetation and landscape during the last 4000 years in the area of Straldzha mire (SE Bulgaria)","attachmentId":38717222,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15551513/History_of_vegetation_and_landscape_during_the_last_4000_years_in_the_area_of_Straldzha_mire_SE_Bulgaria_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15551513/History_of_vegetation_and_landscape_during_the_last_4000_years_in_the_area_of_Straldzha_mire_SE_Bulgaria_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="15551498" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15551498/7_Mire_Straldza_Southeastern_Bulgaria_Late_Holocene_vegetation_history">7. Mire Straldza (Southeastern Bulgaria): Late Holocene vegetation history</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34708699" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElissavetaBozilova">Elissaveta Bozilova</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33828119" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/H%C3%B6gneJungner">Högne Jungner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Grana, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"7. Mire Straldza (Southeastern Bulgaria): Late Holocene vegetation history","attachmentId":43092612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15551498/7_Mire_Straldza_Southeastern_Bulgaria_Late_Holocene_vegetation_history","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15551498/7_Mire_Straldza_Southeastern_Bulgaria_Late_Holocene_vegetation_history"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="121802371" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121802371/The_Postglacial_Vegetation_History_in_Southwestern_Bulgaria">The Postglacial Vegetation History in Southwestern Bulgaria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35019249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SpasimirTonkov">Spasimir Tonkov</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Postglacial Vegetation History in Southwestern Bulgaria","attachmentId":116598462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121802371/The_Postglacial_Vegetation_History_in_Southwestern_Bulgaria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121802371/The_Postglacial_Vegetation_History_in_Southwestern_Bulgaria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="15887174" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15887174/A_5000_year_pollen_and_plant_macrofossil_record_from_the_Osogovo_Mountain_Southwestern_Bulgaria_Vegetation_history_and_human_impact">A 5000-year pollen and plant macrofossil record from the Osogovo Mountain, Southwestern Bulgaria: Vegetation history and human impact</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35019249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SpasimirTonkov">Spasimir Tonkov</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35090990" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IanSnowball">Ian Snowball</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5696" href="https://denkmalpflege-bw.academia.edu/ElenaMarinova">Elena Marinova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pollen and plant macrofossil analyses were performed on a sequence 105 cm deep obtained from a peat bog (1750 m) that is located above the present timber-line in the Osogovo Mountain, Southwestern Bulgaria. The palaeovegetation reconstruction, supported by a radiocarbon chronology, revealed the vegetation dynamics and human impact during the last 5000 years. The peat bog formed when a coniferous belt of Abies alba and Pinus (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra) covered the high mountain slopes. Charcoal fragments indicate the presence of a broad-leaved tree community composed of Quercus, Corylus, Carpinus, Tilia, Acer and Ulmus at lower altitudes. Stands of Fagus sylvatica in places with higher air and soil humidity, like river valleys and deep ravines, became established. The pollen assemblages after c. 3200 cal. BP record an important change in the forest composition that led to the replacement of the conifers,mostly A. alba, by the invading communities of F. sylvatica. The reasons for this replacement included factors related to both climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. During the last centuries a large-scale degradation of the woodlands in the mountain has occurred. On a regional scale the palaeoecological evidence is compared with information from palynological, archaeological and historical sources in Southwestern Bulgaria.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A 5000-year pollen and plant macrofossil record from the Osogovo Mountain, Southwestern Bulgaria: Vegetation history and human impact","attachmentId":38819083,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15887174/A_5000_year_pollen_and_plant_macrofossil_record_from_the_Osogovo_Mountain_Southwestern_Bulgaria_Vegetation_history_and_human_impact","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15887174/A_5000_year_pollen_and_plant_macrofossil_record_from_the_Osogovo_Mountain_Southwestern_Bulgaria_Vegetation_history_and_human_impact"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="87871137" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87871137/Past_climate_and_vegetation_in_Southeast_Bulgaria_a_study_based_on_the_late_Miocene_pollen_record_from_the_Tundzha_Basin">Past climate and vegetation in Southeast Bulgaria — a study based on the late Miocene pollen record from the Tundzha Basin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5909529" href="https://bas.academia.edu/DIvanov">Dimiter Ivanov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Palaeogeography, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The results of palynological studies on the late Miocene freshwater deposits of the Tundzha Basin (Southeast Bulgaria, SE Europe) are presented. The basin is relatively well known in terms of geology and palaeogeography. The age of sediments in the Tundzha Basin ranges between the late Miocene to the Pliocene, based on mammal and diatom fossils. We carried out a palynological analysis of clayey sediments interlayered with coal beds from four cores and from one outcrop, aiming to obtain information about the composition and the structure of fossil vegetation. The ratios between the main floristic elements and the composition of the fossil flora are analysed and discussed from a palaeoecological point of view. Several main vegetation palaeocommunities were recorded: swamp forests, mixed mesophytic, communities of aquatic plants, and herbaceous palaeocoenoses. The changes in vegetation and in plant diversity are identified. The palaeoclimate analysis indicates a warm temperature climate with high rainfall and mild winter temperatures, without seasonal drier conditions. The early Pontian climate was about 3-4°C warmer than today, with rainfalls per year at least 300 mm higher than today. The results of palaeoecological analysis of the flora and of the quantitative palaeoclimate data show that the climate in the Southeast Bulgaria indicates a climate change towards slight cooling and some drying. This event is consistent with the period of accumulation of the upper, undivided part of the Elhovo Formation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Past climate and vegetation in Southeast Bulgaria — a study based on the late Miocene pollen record from the Tundzha Basin","attachmentId":91973201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87871137/Past_climate_and_vegetation_in_Southeast_Bulgaria_a_study_based_on_the_late_Miocene_pollen_record_from_the_Tundzha_Basin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87871137/Past_climate_and_vegetation_in_Southeast_Bulgaria_a_study_based_on_the_late_Miocene_pollen_record_from_the_Tundzha_Basin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="123857242" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123857242/A_Contribution_to_the_Late_Holocene_Vegetation_History_of_the_Northwestern_Rila_Mountain_Bulgaria_the_Pollen_Record_of_Lake_Skakavitsa">A Contribution to the Late Holocene Vegetation History of the Northwestern Rila Mountain, Bulgaria: the Pollen Record of Lake Skakavitsa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35019249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SpasimirTonkov">Spasimir Tonkov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dokladi na Bʺlgarskata akademiâ na naukite, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pollen analysis was conducted on a Late Holocene sediment core obtained from the peaty shore of Lake Skakavitsa (2170 m) in the Northwestern Rila Mountain. The vegetation reconstruction supported by detailed radiocarbon chronology revealed new information about the forest development and human impact in the study area for the last 4000 years. Dense coniferous forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Pinus peuce and some Picea abies were distributed between 4000 and 3000 years ago and below them thrived isolated stands of Fagus. The subsequent transformations in the forest cover include the invasion of spruce in the coniferous belt between 2500 and 800 years ago and the enlargement of beech communities since 1500 years ago. Evidence of intensive human activities related to livestock-grazing and crop cultivation is registered for the last 700 years.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Contribution to the Late Holocene Vegetation History of the Northwestern Rila Mountain, Bulgaria: the Pollen Record of Lake Skakavitsa","attachmentId":118193926,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123857242/A_Contribution_to_the_Late_Holocene_Vegetation_History_of_the_Northwestern_Rila_Mountain_Bulgaria_the_Pollen_Record_of_Lake_Skakavitsa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123857242/A_Contribution_to_the_Late_Holocene_Vegetation_History_of_the_Northwestern_Rila_Mountain_Bulgaria_the_Pollen_Record_of_Lake_Skakavitsa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="115414314" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414314/Holocene_vegetation_history_of_the_Western_Rhodope_Mountains_South_Bulgaria_the_paleoecological_record_of_peat_bog_Beliya_Kanton">Holocene vegetation history of the Western Rhodope Mountains (South Bulgaria): the paleoecological record of peat bog Beliya Kanton</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5909529" href="https://bas.academia.edu/DIvanov">Dimiter Ivanov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Acta Palaeobotanica</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pollen and plant macrofossil analyses supported with radiocarbon dating were conducted on a Holocene core from the peat bog Beliya Kanton (1547 m a.s.l.) located in the Western Rhodope Mountains (South Bulgaria). In the early Holocene until ~10 000 cal. BP the mountain slopes were covered by Pinus, admixed with Betula, Juniperus and shrubland of Ephedra among herb communities dominated by Poaceae, Cichorioideae, Achillea, Artemisia, Brassicaceae species. Subsequently, the afforestation continued with the expansion of broadleaved oak forests with Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus which reached their maximum distribution ~8800 cal. BP. Gradually, these forests began to retreat, replaced at many places first by Corylus and later on by Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus. The formation of the contemporary coniferous belt with the dominance of Pinus – Picea abies and fragmented mixed coniferous-deciduous communities in the late Holocene was attributed not only to climate change but also to diverse ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Holocene vegetation history of the Western Rhodope Mountains (South Bulgaria): the paleoecological record of peat bog Beliya Kanton","attachmentId":111827161,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115414314/Holocene_vegetation_history_of_the_Western_Rhodope_Mountains_South_Bulgaria_the_paleoecological_record_of_peat_bog_Beliya_Kanton","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414314/Holocene_vegetation_history_of_the_Western_Rhodope_Mountains_South_Bulgaria_the_paleoecological_record_of_peat_bog_Beliya_Kanton"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="35673364" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35673364/On_the_Holocene_vegetation_history_of_the_Central_Rila_Mountains_Bulgaria_The_palaeoecological_record_of_peat_bog_Vodniza_2113_m">On the Holocene vegetation history of the Central Rila Mountains, Bulgaria: The palaeoecological record of peat bog Vodniza (2113 m</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5696" href="https://denkmalpflege-bw.academia.edu/ElenaMarinova">Elena Marinova</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="847159" href="https://uni-sofia.academia.edu/SpassimirTonkov" rel="nofollow">Spassimir Tonkov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Information on the Holocene vegetation history of the Central Rila Mountains for the last 10,000 years was obtained by means of pollen and fossil stomata analyses of a 500 cm core retrieved from peat bog Vodniza (2113 m a.s.l.), and supported by radiocarbon chronology. The early Holocene afforestation started with an initial Betula phase with stands of Juniperus and Pinus which occupied barren soils (10,000–8300 cal. yrs. BP) while deciduous oak forests with abundant Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, and later on Corylus, spread at lower elevations. During the Holocene climatic optimum (8300–6000 cal. yrs. BP) the conifers Pinus (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo, Pinus peuce) and Abies expanded at the expense of the birch and oak forests. The tree line was running above 2100 m comparable to the present-day situation and started to descend after ca. 3200 cal. yrs. BP mostly due to human impact. The last tree which penetrated into the coniferous belt after 3400 cal. yrs. BP and reached altitudes of 2000– 2100 m, confirmed by the find of fossil stomata, was Picea abies. Its maximal distribution was achieved between 2250 and 1100 cal. yrs. BP, alongside with some enlargement of beech communities. The first indications of stock-breeding and other human activities in the Central Rila Mountains were recorded since 3400–3200 cal. yrs. BP (Late Bronze Age). The vegetation reconstruction during the Holocene followed a pattern coherent with the information from the Northern Pirin and partly from the Western Rhodopes Mountains. The palaeoecological evidence from the Rila Mountains could be compared in broad lines with the high quality data obtained from the Romanian Carpathians by the application of multi-proxy research approach.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Holocene vegetation history of the Central Rila Mountains, Bulgaria: The palaeoecological record of peat bog Vodniza (2113 m","attachmentId":55543870,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35673364/On_the_Holocene_vegetation_history_of_the_Central_Rila_Mountains_Bulgaria_The_palaeoecological_record_of_peat_bog_Vodniza_2113_m","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35673364/On_the_Holocene_vegetation_history_of_the_Central_Rila_Mountains_Bulgaria_The_palaeoecological_record_of_peat_bog_Vodniza_2113_m"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="94334675" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94334675/Elevational_gradients_during_the_Late_Glacial_Holocene_vegetational_transition_in_southern_Bulgaria">Elevational gradients during the Late-Glacial/Holocene vegetational transition in southern Bulgaria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="144739723" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvankaStefanova">Ivanka Stefanova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Late Glacial and early-Holocene vegetational history of a newly dated pollen and macrofossil diagram from Besbog, a cirque lake at 2250 m just above the forest limit in the Pirin Mountains of southwestern Bulgaria, is compared with a newly dated pollen diagram for the mire Shiroka Polyana at 1400 m in the conifer forest of the nearby Rhodope Mountains in order to investigate the chronology of major changes in the vegetation at different elevations. In the Lake Besbog record the non-arboreal pollen assemblage of the Late Glacial changed abruptly to that of Betula, Quercus and other deciduous types. The date for this change is about 11.6 ka cal b.p. The Quercus assemblage may be composed of pollen blown from intermediate elevations, to which deciduous forest had expanded because of higher summer temperatures related to high summer insolation. At Shiroka Polyana (1400 m) in the modern conifer belt, a similar change did not occur until about 8.8 ka cal b.p. The persistence of the dry steppe or steppe forest in the early Holocene at this lower site can also be attributed to high summer insolation. Thus as atmospheric temperature increased at the end of the Late Glacial, deciduous forests expanded first at intermediate elevations in the Pirin Mountains and only later in the Rhodope Mountains at lower elevations as summer insolation decreased.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Elevational gradients during the Late-Glacial/Holocene vegetational transition in southern Bulgaria","attachmentId":96820358,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94334675/Elevational_gradients_during_the_Late_Glacial_Holocene_vegetational_transition_in_southern_Bulgaria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94334675/Elevational_gradients_during_the_Late_Glacial_Holocene_vegetational_transition_in_southern_Bulgaria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="15551509" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15551509/The_Holocene_vegetation_history_of_Northern_Pirin_Mountain_southwestern_Bulgaria_pollen_analysis_and_radiocarbon_dating_of_a_core_from_Lake_Ribno_Banderishko">The Holocene vegetation history of Northern Pirin Mountain, southwestern Bulgaria: pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of a core from Lake Ribno Banderishko</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34708699" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElissavetaBozilova">Elissaveta Bozilova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Holocene, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pollen analysis was performed on a 343 cm long core recovered from Lake Ribno Banderishko (2190 m) on Northern Pirin Mountain (southwestern Bulgaria), supplemented by six '4C AMS dates. The lower part of the sequence (343-290 cm) was deposited during the Lateglacial when mountain-steppe vegetation with Artemnisia, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae and other herbs, and with stands of Pinus and Juniperus, dominated at high altitudes. The identification of pollen of mesophilous trees suggests that local populations may have survived in refuges below 1000 m where environmental conditions were favourable for their growth. The reforestation dynamics in early-Holocene times (11200-8400 cal. BP) started with Betula forests at high altitudes and deciduous forests with Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia and Fraxinus excelsior at lower altitudes. The time of the maximal spread of Corylus at c. 8000 cal. BP coincided with the establishment of Abies alba in the forests, and the beginning of the formation of a coniferous belt, dominated by pines (Pinus sylvestris, P. peuce, P. nigra and P. heldreichii). The late immigrants Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies invaded the mountain slopes at c. 4400 cal. BP and 3300 cal. BP, respectively. Palynological traces of anthropogenic activity and landscape management began after c. 2200 cal. BP.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Holocene vegetation history of Northern Pirin Mountain, southwestern Bulgaria: pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of a core from Lake Ribno Banderishko","attachmentId":43092731,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15551509/The_Holocene_vegetation_history_of_Northern_Pirin_Mountain_southwestern_Bulgaria_pollen_analysis_and_radiocarbon_dating_of_a_core_from_Lake_Ribno_Banderishko","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15551509/The_Holocene_vegetation_history_of_Northern_Pirin_Mountain_southwestern_Bulgaria_pollen_analysis_and_radiocarbon_dating_of_a_core_from_Lake_Ribno_Banderishko"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":77800279,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":77800279,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_77800279" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="94334667" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94334667/Lateglacial_and_Holocene_vegetation_belts_in_the_Pirin_Mountains_southwestern_Bulgaria_">Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation belts in the Pirin Mountains (southwestern Bulgaria)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="144739723" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvankaStefanova">Ivanka Stefanova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Holocene, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation belts in the Pirin Mountains (southwestern Bulgaria)","attachmentId":96820440,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94334667/Lateglacial_and_Holocene_vegetation_belts_in_the_Pirin_Mountains_southwestern_Bulgaria_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94334667/Lateglacial_and_Holocene_vegetation_belts_in_the_Pirin_Mountains_southwestern_Bulgaria_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="115414372" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414372/Climate_and_vegetation_change_during_the_late_Miocene_in_southwest_Bulgaria_based_on_pollen_data_from_the_Sandanski_Basin">Climate and vegetation change during the late Miocene in southwest Bulgaria based on pollen data from the Sandanski Basin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5909529" href="https://bas.academia.edu/DIvanov">Dimiter Ivanov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Climate and vegetation change during the late Miocene in southwest Bulgaria based on pollen data from the Sandanski Basin","attachmentId":111827227,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115414372/Climate_and_vegetation_change_during_the_late_Miocene_in_southwest_Bulgaria_based_on_pollen_data_from_the_Sandanski_Basin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414372/Climate_and_vegetation_change_during_the_late_Miocene_in_southwest_Bulgaria_based_on_pollen_data_from_the_Sandanski_Basin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21785057" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21785057/Archaeobotanical_evidence_on_the_Neolithisation_of_Northeast_Bulgaria_in_the_Balkan_Anatolian_context_chronological_framework_plant_economy_and_land_use">Archaeobotanical evidence on the Neolithisation of Northeast Bulgaria in the Balkan-Anatolian context: chronological framework, plant economy and land use</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5696" href="https://denkmalpflege-bw.academia.edu/ElenaMarinova">Elena Marinova</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31898020" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/RaikoKrau%C3%9F">Raiko Krauß</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Archaeobotanical evidence on the Neolithisation of Northeast Bulgaria in the Balkan-Anatolian context: chronological framework, plant economy and land use","attachmentId":46711986,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21785057/Archaeobotanical_evidence_on_the_Neolithisation_of_Northeast_Bulgaria_in_the_Balkan_Anatolian_context_chronological_framework_plant_economy_and_land_use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://bas.academia.edu/DIvanov">Dimiter Ivanov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A 30,000-year pollen record from Mire Kupena, Western Rhodopes Mountains (south Bulgaria)","attachmentId":51412219,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30978660/A_30_000_year_pollen_record_from_Mire_Kupena_Western_Rhodopes_Mountains_south_Bulgaria_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Festschrift in …, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The new pollen core Lake Durankulak-3: a contribution to the vegetation history and human impact in Northeastern Bulgaria","attachmentId":6663711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1087836/The_new_pollen_core_Lake_Durankulak_3_a_contribution_to_the_vegetation_history_and_human_impact_in_Northeastern_Bulgaria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/109914796/Archaeobotanical_evidence_on_the_Neolithisation_of_Northeast_Bulgaria_in_the_Balkan_Anatolian_context_chronological_framework_plant_economy_and_land_use_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_">Archaeobotanical evidence on the Neolithisation of Northeast Bulgaria in the Balkan-Anatolian context: chronological framework, plant economy and land use: Археоботанични свидетелства за неолитизацията на Североизточна България в Балкано-Анатолийски контекст: хронология, използване на растителнит...</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31898020" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/RaikoKrau%C3%9F">Raiko Krauß</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Archaeobotanical evidence on the Neolithisation of Northeast Bulgaria in the Balkan-Anatolian context: chronological framework, plant economy and land use: Археоботанични свидетелства за неолитизацията на Североизточна България в Балкано-Анатолийски 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