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反右运动 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-运动历程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#运动历程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>运动历程</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-运动历程-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关运动历程子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-运动历程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-双百方针和整风运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#双百方针和整风运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>双百方针和整风运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-双百方针和整风运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-转为打擊意見派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#转为打擊意見派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>转为打擊意見派</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-转为打擊意見派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-右派的标准" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#右派的标准"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>右派的标准</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-右派的标准-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-扩大化與失控" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#扩大化與失控"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>扩大化與失控</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-扩大化與失控-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大跃进及党内“反右倾”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大跃进及党内“反右倾”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>大跃进及党内“反右倾”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大跃进及党内“反右倾”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-整肃方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#整肃方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>整肃方式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-整肃方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-运动影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#运动影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>运动影响</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-运动影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关运动影响子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-运动影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-一党专政和一人独裁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一党专政和一人独裁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>一党专政和一人独裁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一党专政和一人独裁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大跃进和文革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大跃进和文革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>大跃进和文革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大跃进和文革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“摘帽”与“改正”平反" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“摘帽”与“改正”平反"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>“摘帽”与“改正”平反</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“摘帽”与“改正”平反-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-未被平反人士" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#未被平反人士"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>未被平反人士</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-未被平反人士-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史评价" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史评价"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>历史评价</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史评价-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史评价子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史评价-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-官方评价" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#官方评价"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>官方评价</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-官方评价-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他评价" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他评价"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>其他评价</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他评价-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">反右运动</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。22种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الحملة على اليمينيين – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحملة على اليمينيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_anti-dret%C3%A0" title="Moviment anti-dretà – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment anti-dretà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampa%C5%88_proti_pravi%C4%8D%C3%A1k%C5%AFm" title="Kampaň proti pravičákům – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kampaň proti pravičákům" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rechts-Bewegung" title="Anti-Rechts-Bewegung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anti-Rechts-Bewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Anti-Rightist Campaign" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%AD-Dekstrula_Movado" title="Kontraŭ-Dekstrula Movado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭ-Dekstrula Movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_antiderechista" title="Movimiento antiderechista – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento antiderechista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeiston_vastainen_kampanja" title="Oikeiston vastainen kampanja – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeiston vastainen kampanja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_anti-droitiste" title="Campagne anti-droitiste – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne anti-droitiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_Anti-Derectista" title="Campania Anti-Derectista – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Campania Anti-Derectista" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_Anti-Golongan_Kanan" title="Kampanye Anti-Golongan Kanan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kampanye Anti-Golongan Kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_anti-destra" title="Campagna anti-destra – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna anti-destra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E9%97%98%E4%BA%89" title="反右派闘争 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反右派闘争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="반우파 운동 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반우파 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ആന്റി-റൈറ്റിസ്റ്റ് ക്യാമ്പൈൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റി-റൈറ്റിസ്റ്റ് ക്യാമ്പൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-h%C3%B8yre-bevegelsen" title="Anti-høyre-bevegelsen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anti-høyre-bevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania_przeciwko_prawicowcom" title="Kampania przeciwko prawicowcom – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kampania przeciwko prawicowcom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_Antidireitista" title="Campanha Antidireitista – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha Antidireitista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кампания против правых элементов – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кампания против правых элементов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampa%C5%88_proti_pravi%C4%8Diarom" title="Kampaň proti pravičiarom – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kampaň proti pravičiarom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protidesni%C4%8Darska_kampanja" title="Protidesničarska kampanja – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protidesničarska kampanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Fc%C4%B1_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1_Hareket" title="Sağcı Karşıtı Hareket – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sağcı Karşıtı Hareket" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2357324#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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class="mobile"></span></span>此條目介紹的是1957年针对民主党派、知识分子和异见人士的政治运动。关于1959年中国共产党党内的政治运动,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E5%80%BE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="反右倾运动">反右倾运动</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:130%;">反右运动</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg/220px-Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg/330px-Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg/440px-Anti-Rightist_Movement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1957年国庆游行中群众队列组成“把反右派斗争进行到底”标语经过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="天安门广场">天安门广场</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">位置</th><td class="infobox-data location" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">日期</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1957年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">目標</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">政敌、被划定为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a>者</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">類型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="政治迫害">政治迫害</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">受害者</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">552,973<small>(中国共产党官方释出的数字,仅包含右派分子)</small><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />317万余人<small>(解密档案数据,此外还有143万余人被划为“中右分子”)</small><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">主謀</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E7%9C%9F" title="彭真">彭真</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>反右运动</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>建立后于1957年发起的第一场波及社会各阶层的群众性大型<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党政治运动列表">政治运动</a>,是在“整风运动”过程中又掀起了“反右运动”<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。“整风运动”是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>内的整风,“反右运动”主要结果是给中共党内外大量人员任意划定了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a>”身份<sup id="cite_ref-:12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央委员会主席">中国共产党中央委员会主席</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>发动并主导了反右运动,而<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E7%9C%9F" title="彭真">彭真</a>等中共高层也参与其中并扮演了重要角色<sup id="cite_ref-:12_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在反右运动中,按照中共官方在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>时期的统计数据,全中国大陆有552,973人被直接划为“右派分子”而遭全面迫害<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,包括“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%92%B1" title="三钱">三钱</a>”之一的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E4%BC%9F%E9%95%BF" title="钱伟长">钱伟长</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、知名经济学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BE%E5%87%86" class="mw-redirect" title="顾准">顾准</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、以及后来的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="中华人民共和国国务院总理">国务院总理</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%95%95%E5%9F%BA" title="朱镕基">朱镕基</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,等等。而据解密中央档案,全国实际划出右派分子超317万人,还有143万余人被贴上“中右分子”的标签而遭到<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E6%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="批斗">批斗</a>和迫害<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;此外,还有许多人被划作“内控右派”、“疑似右派”、“右倾”等<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。反右运动期间,被迫害的对象轻则遭撤职降职、开除党籍团籍、被下放到农村或工厂中进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="劳教">劳教</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E6%94%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="劳改">劳改</a>,重则开除公职、集中关押、判刑收监等,部分人士含冤自杀、被处决或受折磨而死<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。据不完全统计,反右运动造成4,000多人<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="非正常死亡">非正常死亡</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而自反右运动起“右派”被归为“<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%94%E7%B1%BB" title="黑五类">黑五类</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-:62_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>反右运动是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史</a>上的一个转折点,该运动对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A%E6%B4%BE" title="民主党派">民主党派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="学术">学术界</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="知识分子">知识分子</a>等各界人士造成了极大打击,更因公器私用的利慾导致了诸多<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A4%E5%81%87%E9%94%99%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="冤假错案">冤假错案</a>的产生<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此后,中国大陆进入了由中国共产党实质性<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a>甚至是毛泽东一人独裁的时代,民主政治建设遭到严重破坏,为中国大陸此后的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>等一連串爭議巨大的政治运动埋下了祸根<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自1959年起,中国大陆政府曾分批给“错划右派”者予以“摘帽”,但此后因文革而中断<sup id="cite_ref-:32_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1970年代末至1980年代初,邓小平、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a>等人主导了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>并开始<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="改革开放">改革开放</a>,承認在反右运动的执行过程中犯有“扩大化”的错误(稱“反右扩大化”)<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,在全部摘帽的基础上对绝大多数右派及“中右分子”实行平反<sup id="cite_ref-:32_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但最终有96人成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%8E%B7%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="未获改正的右派">未获改正的右派</a>(“維持原案,只摘帽子,不予改正,不予平反”),其中中央5人、地方支部91人<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。故整场運動中不谈是非对错,仅从所谓「极少数」的未获改正的右派数量来看,就被錯誤扩大化超5,700倍、错划比率达99.99%<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="运动历程"><span id=".E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8.E5.8E.86.E7.A8.8B"></span>运动历程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:运动历程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="双百方针和整风运动"><span id=".E5.8F.8C.E7.99.BE.E6.96.B9.E9.92.88.E5.92.8C.E6.95.B4.E9.A3.8E.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>双百方针和整风运动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:双百方针和整风运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%89%E6%95%B4%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="延安整風">延安整風</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;width:300px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFFFF0;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div style="margin:0px 2em;">我的右派朋友很多,周谷城,张治中,一个人不接近几个右派,那怎么样呢?哪有那么干净的!接近他们就是调查研究么!</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div><cite style="display: block;text-align: right;">——1966年10月24日毛泽东讲话<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div><p>1956年4月25日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央委员会主席">中共中央主席</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="中国共产党中央政治局">中共中央政治局</a>扩大会议上作了《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="论十大关系">论十大关系</a>》的談话,4月28日中央政治局扩大会议上又提出了“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E9%BD%8A%E6%94%BE%EF%BC%8C%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6%E7%88%AD%E9%B3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="百花齊放,百家爭鳴">百花齐放,百家争鸣</a>”的方针(双百方针)。一个月以后,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%AE%A3%E5%82%B3%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央宣傳部">中共中央宣傳部</a>部长<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80" title="陆定一">陆定一</a>向<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="知识分子">知识分子</a>作了题为《百花齐放,百家争鸣》的讲话,“提倡在文学艺术工作和科学研究工作中有独立思考的自由,有辩论的自由,有创作和批评的自由,有发表自己的意见、坚持自己的意见和保留自己的意见的自由。”,可是到了1956年10月,正好<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利十月事件">匈牙利十月事件</a>發生,毛澤東對於政權恐怕不穩固感到擔憂。同年11月10日至15日在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>举行的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AB%E5%B1%8A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共八届二中全会">中共八届二中全会</a>根据毛泽东的提议,决定于1957年全党开展整风运动,整顿“主观主义、宗派主义、官僚主义”<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>從1957年春開始,很多知識分子和民主黨派領導人在「百花齊放、百家爭鳴」運動鼓舞下暢所欲言,批評的嚴重令毛泽东感到意外<sup id="cite_ref-V_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:38</sup>。毛泽东怒斥「資產階級知識分子」,說資本家雖然已被消滅,但他們還是脫不掉自己之階級本性<sup id="cite_ref-V_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:38</sup>。 </p><p>1957年4月30日,毛泽东在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8" title="天安门">天安门</a>城楼上召集民主党派负责人座谈,再次提出“知无不言,言无不尽;言者无罪,闻者足戒;有则改之,无则加勉”<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。5月1日,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》刊载了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央">中共中央</a>在4月27日发出的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%95%B4%E9%A3%8E%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" title="关于整风运动的指示">关于整风运动的指示</a>》,决定在全党开展以反对官僚主义、宗派主义和主观主义为内容的整风运动,号召党外人士“鸣放”,鼓励群众提出自己的想法、意见,也可以给共产党和政府提意见,帮助共产党整风。于是各界人士,主要是知识分子们,开始向党和政府表达不满或建议改进。新闻界也跟进,刊出各种声音。这段时期被称为“<b>大鸣大放</b>”,此举让知识分子们觉得共产党勇于自我批评。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="转为打擊意見派"><span id=".E8.BD.AC.E4.B8.BA.E6.89.93.E6.93.8A.E6.84.8F.E8.A6.8B.E6.B4.BE"></span>转为打擊意見派</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:转为打擊意見派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>期間由於有人提議:“现在学生上街,市民跟上去”,“形势非常严重”,共产党已经“进退失措”,局势已是“一触即发”,“毛主席他们混不下去了,该下台了”;並且提出要共产党退出机关、学校,公方代表退出合营企业,要求“共产党与民主党派轮流坐庄”(共產黨認為該言論出自<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E4%BC%AF%E9%88%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="章伯鈞">章伯鈞</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>);“根本的办法是改变社会主义制度”,“请共产党下台”<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,“一党执政有害处”,要开放“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="海德公园">海德公园</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,各个民主党派,都有首脑人物向中共提出,既然是共同执政,中共有自己的武装部队,那么民主党派也要有自己独立的武装部队等等。毛澤東面對越來越多批評的言論,認為這些言論將危及中共在中国政治中的的領導地位。毛澤東曾表示“一放,各阶级就会表现出来,原形也毕露。共产党执政还不到八年,就有三十多万条意见、错误、罪状,那共产党是不是该下台?那我姓毛的不是要重返井冈山!<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>”於是,毛澤東決定違背承諾,展開反擊。1957年中共開始了反撲的行動,這即是後來所謂的「反右運動」<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1957年6月1日,<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3" title="储安平">储安平</a>发表《向毛主席和周总理提些意见》,批評中共存在党天下思想<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1957年6月6日,毛泽东閱讀<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80" title="陆定一">陆定一</a>呈送的《高等学校整风情况简报》。简报中提及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="北京大学">北京大学</a>有学生写文章表示中共党中央已开始分裂,有人想逼毛主席下台。而在當天下午舉行的党外人士举行的座谈会上,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E9%83%81%E6%96%87" title="卢郁文">卢郁文</a>当众宣读自己收到的匿名恐嚇信,恐嚇信作者在信中表示「我不理解有人为什么只许说反面话不许说正面话,对讲了正面话的人就这样仇视」、「我们应当深思,我们对共产党的批评究竟是从什么地方出发?要到什么地方去呢?」<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%BB%B2%E5%85%AC" title="李仲公">李仲公</a>也表示,自己因为批评了对中共提意见的人,也收到了一封匿名恐嚇信。同樣在當天,毛泽东为中共中央起草了《关于加紧进行整风的指示》。6月7日,毛泽东在會見<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E4%B9%94%E6%9C%A8" title="胡乔木">胡乔木</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E5%86%B7%E8%A5%BF" title="吴冷西">吴冷西</a>時表示,卢郁文收到的匿名恐嚇信,給自己提供了一個反擊右派的絕好機會。毛澤東還表示,自己準備在人民日報發表社論《这是为什么?》,發動反擊右派鬥爭<sup id="cite_ref-盧郁文_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-盧郁文-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right infobox sisterproject" style="width:20em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/29px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/43px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">您可以在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="維基文庫">維基文庫</a>中查找此百科條目的相關原始文獻: <div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%8D%E5%87%BB%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%96%E7%8B%82%E8%BF%9B%E6%94%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" class="extiw" title="s:组织力量反击右派分子的猖狂进攻的指示">组织力量反击右派分子的猖狂进攻的指示</a></b></li></ol> </div></div></div> </div> <p>1957年6月8日,中共中央发出了毛泽东起草的《组织力量反击右派分子的猖狂进攻》的指示<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,其中说:“这是一场大战(战场既在党内,又在党外),不打胜这一仗,社会主义是建不成的,并且有出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A91956%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利1956年革命">匈牙利事件</a>的某些危险。”當天<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="人民日報">人民日報</a>刊登毛澤東的社論《这是为什么?》,提到給盧郁文的匿名信表明有人試圖借整风运动进行阶级斗争,並指出“少数的右派分子在‘帮助共产党整风’的名义之下,企图乘机把共产党和工人阶级打翻,把社会主义的伟大事业打翻”,但是社论在最后还指出“共产党仍然要整风,仍然要倾听党外人士的一切善意批评”<sup id="cite_ref-盧郁文_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-盧郁文-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1957年5月中旬至6月初,毛泽东写了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E6%83%85%E6%AD%A3%E5%9C%A8%E8%B5%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="事情正在起變化">事情正在起变化</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>一文,6月12日批发全党。文章说:“最近这个时期,在民主党派中和高等学校中,右派表现得最坚决最猖狂……他们不顾一切,想要在中国这块土地上刮起一阵害禾稼、毁房屋的七级以上的台风……现在右派的进攻,还没有达到顶点,他们正在兴高采烈……我们还要让他们猖狂一个时期,让他们走向顶点<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。”6月14日,《人民日报》又发表另一篇社论(据说是毛泽东亲笔写的)《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%AF%E5%A0%B1_(%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="文匯報 (上海)">文匯報</a>一个时期的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="资产阶级">资产阶级</a>方向》,点名批评《文汇报》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="光明日报">光明日报</a>》,提出“让大家鸣放,有人说是阴谋,我们说,这是“阳谋”。因为事先告诉了敌人:牛鬼蛇神只有让它们出笼,才好歼灭他们,毒草只有让它们出土,才便于锄掉。”同年7月1日,毛泽东又为《人民日报》撰写社论《文汇报的资产阶级方向应当批判》<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,其中写道:“民盟在百家争鸣和整风过程中所起的作用特别恶劣,有组织、有计划、有纲领、有路线,都是自外于人民的,是反共反社会主义的。还有农工民主党,一模一样……整个春季,中国天空黑云乱翻,其源盖出于章罗(注:指章伯钧、罗隆基)同盟……这种人不但有言论,而且有行动。他们是有罪的,‘言者无罪’对他们不适用<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。” </p><p>1957年9月2日中共中央发出《关于严肃对待党内右派份子问题的指示》:“既然他的言行同党外右派份子一样,就没有理由不根据一视同仁的原则,把他同样划为右派份子,并与之进行坚决的斗争。因为这种党内右派份子,他们的党龄愈长,职位愈高,对党的危害就愈大。因此,对那些同党外右派份子政治面貌完全相同的人, 决不应该因为他们是党员而有所宽容,决不应该漏掉真正的党内右派份子。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="右派的标准"><span id=".E5.8F.B3.E6.B4.BE.E7.9A.84.E6.A0.87.E5.87.86"></span>右派的标准</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:右派的标准"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right infobox sisterproject" style="width:20em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/29px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/43px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">您可以在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="維基文庫">維基文庫</a>中查找此百科條目的相關原始文獻: <div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E3%80%8A%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" class="extiw" title="s:中共中央关于《划分右派分子的标准》的通知">中共中央关于《划分右派分子的标准》的通知</a></b></li></ol> </div></div></div> </div> <p>1957年6月16日,《人民日报》发表了毛泽东的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%AD%A3%E7%A1%AE%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题">关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题</a>》,其中包括辨别香花毒草的六条标准。10月15日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央">中共中央</a>发文“中共中央关于《划分右派分子的标准》的通知”,其中“右派分子”的标准,包括: </p> <ol><li>反对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>制度。反对城市和农村中的社会主义革命,反对共产党和人民政府关于社会经济的基本政策(如工业化、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%B4%AD%E7%BB%9F%E9%94%80" title="统购统销">统购统销</a>等);否定社会主义革命和社会主义建设的成就;坚持资本主义立场,宣扬资本主义制度和资产阶级剥削。</li> <li>反对<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="无产阶级专政">无产阶级专政</a>、反对<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a>。攻击反<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a>的斗争和人民政府的外交政策;攻击肃清反革命分子的斗争;否定“五大运动”的成就;反对对资产阶级分子和资产阶级知识分子的改造;攻击共产党和人民政府的人事制度和干部政策;要求用资产阶级的政治法律和文化教育代替社会主义的政治法律和文化教育。</li> <li>反对共产党在国家政治生活中的领导地位。反对共产党对于经济事业和文化事业的领导;以反对社会主义和共产党为目的而恶意地攻击共产党和人民政府的领导机关和领导人员、污蔑工农干部和革命积极分子、污蔑共产党的革命活动和组织原则。</li> <li>以反对社会主义和反对共产党为目的而分裂人民的团结。煽动群众反对共产党和人民政府;煽动工人和农民的分裂;煽动各民族之间的分裂;污蔑<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%98%B5%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义阵营">社会主义阵营</a>,煽动社会主义阵营各国人民之间的分裂。</li> <li>组织和积极参加反对社会主义、反对共产党的小集团;蓄谋推翻某一部门或者某一基层单位的共产党的领导;煽动反对共产党、反对人民政府的骚乱。</li> <li>为犯有上述罪行的右派分子出主意,拉关系,通情报,向他们报告革命组织的机密。</li></ol> <p>另有“极右分子”的标准: </p> <ol><li>右派活动中的野心家、为首分子、主谋分子和骨干分子。</li> <li>提出反党反社会主义的纲领性意见,并积极鼓吹这种意见的分子。</li> <li>进行反党反社会主义活动特别恶劣、特别坚决的分子。</li> <li>在历史上一贯反共反人民,在这次右派进攻中又积极进行反动活动的分子。</li></ol> <p>简言之,反对共产党及其主要政策的是右派,其中领导人物为极右分子。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="光明日报">光明日报</a>》社长<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E4%BC%AF%E9%92%A7" title="章伯钧">章伯钧</a>、总编辑<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3" title="储安平">储安平</a>,《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B1%87%E6%8A%A5_(%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7)" title="文汇报 (上海)">文汇报</a>》的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%9A%86%E5%9F%BA" title="罗隆基">罗隆基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E7%86%99%E4%BF%AE" title="浦熙修">浦熙修</a>都被批判。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="扩大化與失控"><span id=".E6.89.A9.E5.A4.A7.E5.8C.96.E8.88.87.E5.A4.B1.E6.8E.A7"></span>扩大化與失控</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:扩大化與失控"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>与其它后来被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>自己否定的政治运动相比较,反右运动本身并未被中共视为完全错误,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="改革开放">改革开放</a>后,官方最终仍然保留了极少的右派分子<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但中共承认在反右执行过程中有“扩大化”的问题,即“反右扩大化”<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。“一个单位应有5%的人定位右派分子,甚至在只有很少几个知识分子的单位和没有人鸣放的单位,这个指标也得完成。”<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 实际操作中,许多人仅仅因为发表过“错误”言论而被划分为右派<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p> 根据<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十一届三中全会">中共十一届三中全会</a>后复查统计,在1957年的“反右运动”和1958年的“反右补课”中,全国共划分右派份子552,973,其中改正了552,877人、不予改正96人,但学界认为此人数统计低于实际人数<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。据解密的中央档案显示,全国实际划出右派分子超317万人,还有大约143万余人被列为“中右分子”(即中间偏右,类似“候补右派”)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,还有“内控右派”、“右倾”、“疑似右派”等各类划分<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。中共官方承认<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote><p>由于断定资产阶级右派和人民的矛盾是敌我矛盾,从而又导致了对他们的处罚过于严厉。凡是共产党员的全部开除出党,半数以上的人失去了公职,相当多的人被撤职、降职、降薪,或被遣送劳动教养,或被监督劳动。少数在原单位留用的人也都学非所用,用非所长。不少人甚至家破人亡。使一大批无辜的人们和他们的家属遭受长期的委屈和打击,失去对社会主义建设事业发挥应有的作用的可能。这不仅对他们是极大的不幸,也是国家和民族的一场灾难,造成了极为严重的社会政治伤痕。</p></blockquote><p>中国独立记者<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%91%9C" title="高瑜">高瑜</a>曾对右派分子进行分类:“作为右派的主体,我认为主要是这样几部分人:一个是以‘<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E4%BC%AF%E9%92%A7" title="章伯钧">章(伯钧)</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%9A%86%E5%9F%BA" title="罗隆基">罗(隆基)</a>联盟’为代表的民主党派,和工商界人物,和<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3" title="储安平">储安平</a>为代表的自由知识分子;第二是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%BE%E9%9B%81" title="刘宾雁">刘宾雁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%85%8C" title="戴煌">戴煌</a>为代表的一大批全国各地的新闻出版界的党内知识分子;第三类呢,是以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%8C%E7%BF%8E" title="林希翎">林希翎</a>和北大的‘<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="北大五一九运动">五一九运动</a>’为代表的青年学生;第四呢,是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E9%9B%AA%E5%B3%B0" title="冯雪峰">冯雪峰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%8E%B2" title="丁玲">丁玲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%9D%92" title="艾青">艾青</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E7%A5%96%E5%85%89" title="吴祖光">吴祖光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E6%83%A6%E6%A3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="钟惦棐">钟惦棐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A7%E5%86%9B" title="萧军">萧军</a>为代表的文艺界的领导和著名文艺家;第五类是教育界、科技界的著名的教授、科学家。以上五部分人都是中国当时和未来的精英人物。摧毁他们,就是摧毁了中国。从此中国的民主党派徒有虚名,完全沦为中共的附庸和政治花瓶,中共内部和各行各业开始逆向选择。”<sup id="cite_ref-:17_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大跃进及党内“反右倾”"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E8.B7.83.E8.BF.9B.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.9A.E5.86.85.E2.80.9C.E5.8F.8D.E5.8F.B3.E5.80.BE.E2.80.9D"></span>大跃进及党内“反右倾”</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:大跃进及党内“反右倾”"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在1957年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="第一个五年计划 (中国)">第一个五年计划</a>完成后,正在反右运动中的中共领导人们认为在经济计划上也要克服“右倾”,即要相信群众的力量,用比资本主义更快的速度建设社会主义。1958年中共第八届全国代表大会第二次会议上提出“鼓足干劲、力争上游、多快好省地建设社会主义”的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF" title="社会主义建设总路线">总路线</a>”,加上同年在农村迅速开始的“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a>”和“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>”,合称“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9D%A2%E7%BA%A2%E6%97%97" title="三面红旗">三面红旗</a>”。全国的中心任务从反右转移到了大跃进,反右运动逐渐停止。 </p><p>1959年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE_(1959%E5%B9%B4)" title="庐山会议 (1959年)">庐山会议</a>上,国防部长<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80" title="彭德怀">彭德怀</a>元帅因为批评<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="大跃进运动">大跃进运动</a>而遭到毛泽东的批判,引发了中共内部对“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E3%80%81%E9%BB%84%E3%80%81%E5%BC%A0%E3%80%81%E5%91%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%9A%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="彭、黄、张、周反党集团">彭、黄、张、周反党集团</a>”及其支持者的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E5%80%BE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="反右倾运动">反右倾运动</a>”,被重点批判和定为“右倾机会主义分子”的干部和党员有300多万人<sup id="cite_ref-:110_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:110-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="整肃方式"><span id=".E6.95.B4.E8.82.83.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>整肃方式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:整肃方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B9%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%9F%E5%86%9C%E5%9C%BA" title="夹边沟农场">夹边沟农场</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%89%80" title="四川省沙坪劳动教养管理所">四川省沙坪劳动教养管理所</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg/220px-%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg/330px-%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg/440px-%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%A8_%E5%B3%A8%E8%BE%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>位于四川省的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%AA%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%89%80" title="四川省沙坪劳动教养管理所">沙坪劳动教养管理所</a>,反右运动开始后,上万名被视为“右派”而遭批判的人士曾在此接受<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="劳教">劳教</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="三年大饥荒">三年大饥荒</a>期间2600余名青少年劳教犯在此丧命<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</b></figcaption></figure><p> 1957年7月18日,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>在青岛会议期间的讲话中提道<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote><p>(谈到打右派)北京打击了一千五、全国要打出十个北京来。大树是有根的。 (谈到区、乡、社整风问题)每个五年计划搞两次整风,一大一小。...... 整风范围扩大,党、团、民主党派,人民团体、工商联,学校,艺术界,经济事业机关,合作社都要整。除了少数知名人士之外,把一些右派都搞去<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB" title="劳动教养">劳动教养</a>。...... <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%94%E7%B1%BB" title="黑五类">地、富、反革命</a>摘了帽子的,要调皮再给戴上。搞个劳动教养条例。死刑不要轻易废除。地、富、反革命的选举权,不要给得太早了。不搞大,只搞小,这些关口要卡住。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%83%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="唐僧">唐僧</a>这个集团,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%AB%E6%88%92" title="猪八戒">猪八戒</a>较简单,可以原谅;<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%82%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="孙悟空">孙悟空</a>没有紧箍咒不行。反右倾思想,右派,极右派,合乎人情,顺乎天理。各省市对民主党派,不管其中央,予以腰斩。</p></blockquote><p>同年7月23日,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在其主持的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央书记处">中共中央书记处</a>会议上提出,关于右派问题,“组织处理不忙,人大、政协、党团都不忙处理,等人大改选再说”,“但要积极做准备工作,统战、宣传、组织部赶快研究,12月必须拿出方案。政协、人大,包括省市,11月拿出方案,统战部负责”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。7月26日,国务院全体会议通过了《关于劳动教养问题的决定》,并报请<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="全国人大常委会">全国人大常委会</a>审核批准<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。8月4日,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》公布了这个决定,同时发表<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="社论">社论</a>解释<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote><p>对于这些坏分子,一般地用说服教育的办法是无效的;采取简单的惩罚措施也不行;在机关、团体、企业内部也决不能继续留用;让他们另行就业又没人愿意收留他们。因此,对于这些人,就需要有一个既能改造他们,又能保障其生活出路的妥善办法。根据人民政府长期的研究和考虑,把他们收容起来,实行劳动教养,就是最适当的也是最好的办法。</p></blockquote><p>1958年,中共中央对划定的右派分子按照罪行的轻重作出六种处理,由重到轻依次为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB" title="劳动教养">劳动教养</a>、监督劳动、留用察看、撤职、降职降级、免于行政处分。被处以前两类处罚的右派分子被迫离开原来的工作,到边疆、农村、监狱从事繁重的体力劳动,由于超负荷的劳动和不久之后到来的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="三年大饥荒">全国性的饥荒</a>,这些被发配的右派分子大量死亡。留在城市的右派分子则被处罚从事没人愿意做的体力劳动,如清扫厕所等,或者在被歧视的情况下继续原来的工作。个别人由于不堪侮辱自尽。一般来讲,受到中央点名的,在国际国内有一定影响并在中央人民政府担任领导职务的大右派,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E4%BC%AF%E9%92%A7" title="章伯钧">章伯钧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%9A%86%E5%9F%BA" title="罗隆基">罗隆基</a>等人受到冲击较小,大多是降低待遇,撤销行政职务等,而来自基层单位默默无闻的众多右派分子,很多都经历了比较悲惨的命运,譬如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%98%AD" title="林昭">林昭</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,一些人因此客死他乡。从1959年起,一些右派们逐渐被取消此身份,被叫做“摘帽右派”,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>中,大部分“右派”和“摘帽右派”被再次冲击。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="运动影响"><span id=".E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>运动影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:运动影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一党专政和一人独裁"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E5.85.9A.E4.B8.93.E6.94.BF.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.80.E4.BA.BA.E7.8B.AC.E8.A3.81"></span>一党专政和一人独裁</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:一党专政和一人独裁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>反右运动后,知识分子再也不敢批评共产党及其领导人,中共也不再允许来自党外的批评,政治斗争从共产党对党外势力转变为共产党内部不同路线的斗争。在各个民主党派方面,经历过从“言者无罪,闻者足戒”到“引蛇出洞”的骤然转变,各<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A%E6%B4%BE" title="民主党派">民主党派</a>参政议政也不复1950年代初期的热情,在政治生活中不敢发声,造成这些政党一步一步愈发边缘化,造成了理論上是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度">中国共产党领导多党合作和政治协商</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,实际上是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专制">一党专制</a>,以及毛泽东一人独裁的局面。<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大跃进和文革"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E8.B7.83.E8.BF.9B.E5.92.8C.E6.96.87.E9.9D.A9"></span>大跃进和文革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:大跃进和文革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>经过反右运动后,中共的政策重新回到以政治挂帅,强调阶级矛盾和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="阶级斗争">阶级斗争</a>的路线上来,它标志着从<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%8F%B4%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="抗美援朝">抗美援朝</a>结束之后几年内中国大陸快速而和谐的发展的结束,1956年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第八次全国代表大会">中共八大</a>提出的“大规模的阶级斗争告一段落,今后工作以社会主义建设为主”的政策中止,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="意识形态">意识形态</a>斗争的重要性从此压过了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">经济</a>的发展。 </p><p>自此,中国共产党人对“右”唯恐避之不及,“紧跟”毛泽东的指示,政治路线从此严重左倾。毛泽东在中国共产党内的影响力进一步提高,造成一人专政的局面。反右运动中的变化为之后的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>”埋下伏笔<sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在接下来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>运动中,反右运动为有效地消除了中共可能面对的来自党外或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>专家的反对的声音,而大跃进运动则是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="三年困难时期">三年困难时期</a>的直接原因<sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。也有部分学者指出<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>的爆发与反右运动有直接关系<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="“摘帽”与“改正”平反"><span id=".E2.80.9C.E6.91.98.E5.B8.BD.E2.80.9D.E4.B8.8E.E2.80.9C.E6.94.B9.E6.AD.A3.E2.80.9D.E5.B9.B3.E5.8F.8D"></span>“摘帽”与“改正”平反</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:“摘帽”与“改正”平反"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right infobox sisterproject" style="width:20em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/29px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/43px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">您可以在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="維基文庫">維基文庫</a>中查找此百科條目的相關原始文獻: <div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%91%98%E6%8E%89%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9E%E6%82%94%E6%94%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" class="extiw" title="s:中共中央关于摘掉确实悔改的右派分子的帽子的指示">中共中央关于摘掉确实悔改的右派分子的帽子的指示</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E6%91%98%E6%8E%89%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" class="extiw" title="s:中共中央关于全部摘掉右派分子帽子的通知">中共中央关于全部摘掉右派分子帽子的通知</a></b></li> <li><b><a 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class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1959年9月,中共中央发布《关于摘掉确实悔改的右派分子的帽子的指示》,决定在新中国建立十周年的时候,摘掉一批右派分子的帽子,人数“以控制在全国右派分子的20%左右为好”<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。官方数据显示,1959年到1964年间,先后有大约30余万被错划为“右派分子”的人摘掉了帽子,这些人被称为“摘帽右派”<sup id="cite_ref-:32_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但此后摘帽工作陷于停滞,直至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>(1966-1976年)结束<sup id="cite_ref-:32_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1977年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a>被任命为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A%E6%A0%A1" title="中共中央党校">中共中央党校</a>副校长,主持党校工作,并开始着手进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A4%E5%81%87%E9%94%99%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="冤假错案">冤假错案</a>的平反工作<sup id="cite_ref-:16_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>期间,胡耀邦组织中央党校的教师编写了《把“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%BA%E5%B8%AE" title="四人帮">四人帮</a>”颠倒了的干部路线是非纠正过来》作为社论在1977年10月7日的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》上以整版的篇幅刊登;1977年11月27日《人民日报》又发表了《毛主席的干部政策必须落实》,这两篇文章在全中国大陸取得了空前的反响,宣告了平反冤假错案的开始。1977年12月15日胡耀邦调任<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央组织部">中组部</a>部长。1978年春,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央统一战线工作部">统战部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国公安部">公安部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央组织部">中组部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央宣传部">中宣部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国民政部">民政部</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山东">山东</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="烟台">烟台</a>召开会议,专门讨论反右运动遗留问题的处理。在烟台会议上,产生了激烈的争论,保守派认为对于在反右运动中被划为右派的群众和干部,只要摘掉右派帽子,妥善安置不再歧视就已经足够了,没有必要平反关于右派的冤假错案;但是胡耀邦等同志认为,必须对反右中的冤假错案予以彻底的完全的平反。最终保守派的意见占据了上风,1978年4月8日中共中央批复了统战部上报的《关于全部摘掉右派分子帽子的请示报告》,将其作为1978年的第11号文件转发全党。这份文件指出“1957年反右本身没有错,问题是扩大化了”,对于错划的右派要落实政策妥善安置,在提职、提级、调资、奖励、授予职称等问题上与其他职工一样对待,但是报告没有提到对错划右派的平反。1978年5月2日,上海市对本市尚未摘掉右派分子帽子的1471人全部摘掉了右派帽子。<sup id="cite_ref-:27_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>烟台会议后,胡耀邦继续推动对右派的全面平反,1978年5月间,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E6%98%AF%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E5%94%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="实践是检验真理的唯一标准">实践是检验真理的唯一标准</a>》发表,一场关于真理标准的大讨论展开,保守派的势力受到压制。在这样的背景下,五大部在北京召开了关于右派问题的第二次会议,会议上的交锋仍然激烈,但是主张完全平反右派问题的主张最终得到支持,1978年9月17日中共中央批转中央组织部、宣传部、统战部、公安部、民政部《贯彻中央关于全部摘掉右派分子帽子决定的实施方案》(因該文件編號為[1978]55号,有被簡稱為「55号文件」)的通知中指出:“对过去错划了的人,要做好改正工作。有反必肃、有错必纠是中国共产党的一贯方针。已经发现错了的,尽管事隔多年,也应予改正。”相比于5个月前的请示报告,实施方案对落实右派安置政策作出了明确和细化的规定,最重要的是,实施方案指出:“凡不应划右派而被错划了的,应实事求是地予以改正。”“经批准予以改正的人,恢复政治名誉,由改正单位负责分配适当的工作,恢复原来的工资待遇。”“原是共产党员,没有发现新的重大问题的人,应予恢复党籍;原是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%A2" title="中国共产主义青年团">共青团</a>员的,应予撤销开除团籍处分。”1978年11月,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E5%A7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="中共上海市委">中共上海市委</a>批转中共上海市委组织部、统战部、公安局、劳动局、民政局关于贯彻中共中央《贯彻中央关于摘掉右派分子帽子决定的实施方案》的通知的实施意见,要求各单位做好改正工作。1979年,中共上海市委先后批转市委统战部等5部门《关于错划右派改正后若干具体问题处理意见》和《关于对“中右分子”审查安置等问题的批复》等文件。到1980年9月,复查改正工作基本结束,上海市共改正16,297人(1957年后,机构及人员变化很大,该数是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十一届三中全会">中共十一届三中全会</a>后在上海市的与仍属上海市管辖的人员中的复查改正数),其中市级爱国民主人士被划为右派分子的有106人,改正104人(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E6%96%87%E5%BA%94" title="彭文应">彭文应</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E4%BB%81%E7%82%B3" title="陈仁炳">陈仁炳</a>2人未被改正)。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>至1981年,在全面复查的基础上,对错划右派的改正和落实政策工作全部完成:全国共改正错划右派54万多人,占原划右派总数的98%;此外,对被划为“中右分子”和“反社会主义分子”的31.5万人,也一律给予平反<sup id="cite_ref-:32_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最终,曾经被划为右派的55万人几乎全部平反,但是仍有极少的一部分人“只摘帽子,维持右派原案,不予改正”,其中包括中央认定的5名右派分子<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E4%BC%AF%E9%92%A7" title="章伯钧">章伯钧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%9A%86%E5%9F%BA" title="罗隆基">罗隆基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E6%96%87%E5%BA%94" title="彭文应">彭文应</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3" title="储安平">储安平</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E4%BB%81%E7%82%B3" title="陈仁炳">陈仁炳</a>以及由各地方认定的90餘名右派分子,总计不足百人<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>中国共产党1981年在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="十一届六中全会(页面不存在)">十一届六中全会</a>上给反右运动定性为:“这一年在全党开展整风运动,发动群众向党提出批评建议,是发扬社会主义民主的正常步骤。在整风过程中,极少数资产阶级右派分子乘机鼓吹所谓‘大鸣大放’,向党和新生的社会主义制度放肆地发动进攻,妄图取代共产党的领导,对这种进攻进行坚决的反击是完全正确和必要的。但是反右派斗争被严重地扩大化了,把一批知识分子、爱国人士和党内干部错划为‘右派分子’,造成了不幸的后果。”(《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议">关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议</a>》)当年支持和主持反右的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在80年代对反右运动也持这一看法<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。被平反的右派中很多人回到了原来的工作岗位或得到升迁,如前<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="国务院总理">国务院总理</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%95%95%E5%9F%BA" title="朱镕基">朱镕基</a>。 </p><p>在运动结束后,除了少部分被开除出队,全部进行经济处理。从发给每月十来元基本生活费到连降几级工资,所有右派分子的家庭经济都受到重大打击。家人因被牵连无法获得安排工作,绝大多数右派分子家庭陷入长期困境。右派分子基本都是知识分子,子女在升学就业受到政治歧视,教育程度很少超过初中。在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="十一届六中全会(页面不存在)">十一届六中全会</a>后对错划右派分子改正时,并没有给与经济补偿或赔偿。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">右派平反过程中下发的部分文件</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png" class="mw-file-description" title="经由11号文件和55号文件所下发摘掉右派分子帽子通知书。"><img alt="经由11号文件和55号文件所下发摘掉右派分子帽子通知书。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png/99px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png/149px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png/198px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">经由11号文件和55号文件所下发摘掉右派分子帽子通知书。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="经由55号文件所下发的改正通知书。"><img alt="经由55号文件所下发的改正通知书。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png/87px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png/131px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png/174px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">经由55号文件所下发的改正通知书。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="在摘掉右派分子帽子后,撤销开除公职、劳动教养处理,恢复政治名誉和工资待遇的通知书。"><img alt="在摘掉右派分子帽子后,撤销开除公职、劳动教养处理,恢复政治名誉和工资待遇的通知书。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png/88px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png/132px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png/176px-China_Cultural_Revolution_Anti-Rightist_Campaign_Rehabilitate_file_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="3188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">在摘掉右派分子帽子后,撤销开除公职、劳动教养处理,恢复政治名誉和工资待遇的通知书。</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="未被平反人士"><span id=".E6.9C.AA.E8.A2.AB.E5.B9.B3.E5.8F.8D.E4.BA.BA.E5.A3.AB"></span>未被平反人士</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:未被平反人士"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%8E%B7%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="未获改正的右派">未获改正的右派</a></div> <p>1978年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BB%84%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中组部">中组部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央宣传部">中宣部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%9F%E6%88%98%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中央统战部">中央统战部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国公安部">公安部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國民政部">民政部</a>发布《贯彻中央关于全部摘掉右派分子帽子决定的实施方案》:“对右派分子一般不搞甄别平反,对确实划错了的,要实事求是地予以改正。”<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>时期,至1980年剩下5,000余名右派,即當前還“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%8E%B7%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="未获改正的右派">未获改正的右派</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最终,根据中共中央的资料,包括中央指名的5人(<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E4%BC%AF%E9%92%A7" title="章伯钧">章伯钧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%9A%86%E5%9F%BA" title="罗隆基">罗隆基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E6%96%87%E5%BA%94" title="彭文应">彭文应</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3" title="储安平">储安平</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E4%BB%81%E7%82%B3" title="陈仁炳">陈仁炳</a>)以及地方各省市指名的若干人,共计96人未被改正<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史评价"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E8.AF.84.E4.BB.B7"></span>历史评价</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:历史评价"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="官方评价"><span id=".E5.AE.98.E6.96.B9.E8.AF.84.E4.BB.B7"></span>官方评价</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:官方评价"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>期间,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A#五中全会" title="中国共产党第十一届中央委员会">十一届五中全会</a>于1980年2月23-29日召开,在这次会议上,中共中央副主席<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在讲话时说<sup id="cite_ref-:202_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:202-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:212_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:<blockquote><p>“不要造成一个印象,好像别人都完全正确,唯独一个人不正确。这个话我有资格讲,因为我就犯过错误。一九五七年反右派,我们是积极分子,反右派扩大化我就有责任,我是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="中国共产党中央书记处总书记">总书记</a>呀。”</p></blockquote></li> <li>1980年3月,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在讨论党的若干历史问题的决议时,说到(收录于《<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%80%89" title="邓小平文选">邓小平文选</a>》第二卷)<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:<blockquote><p>“一九五七年反右派斗争还是要肯定。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="三大改造">三大改造</a>完成以后,确实有一股势力、一股思潮是反社会主义的,是资产阶级性质的。反击这股思潮是必要的。我多次说过,那时候有的人确实杀气腾腾,想要否定共产党的领导,扭转社会主义的方向,不反击,我们就不能前进。错误在于扩大化。统战部写了个报告给中央,提出错划的都要改正,没有错划的不能改正。但是,对于没有错划的那几个原来民主党派中的著名人士,在他们的结论中也要说几句:在反右派斗争前,特别是在民主革命时期,他们曾经做过好事。对他们的家属应该一视同仁,在生活上、工作上、政治上加以妥善照顾。......总起来说,一九五七年以前,毛泽东同志的领导是正确的,一九五七年反右派斗争以后,错误就越来越多了。”</p></blockquote></li> <li>1981年6月27日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%86%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十一屆六中全會">中共十一届六中全会</a>通过的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议">关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议</a>》中提到<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:<blockquote><p>“在整风过程中,极少数资产阶级右派分子乘机鼓吹所谓“大鸣大放”,向党和新生的社会主义制度放肆地发动进攻,妄图取代共产党的领导,对这种进攻进行坚决的反击是完全正确和必要的。但是反右派斗争被严重地扩大化了,把一批知识分子、爱国人士和党内干部错划为“右派分子”,造成了不幸的后果。”</p></blockquote></li> <li>1986年12月30日,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在谈论有关<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%BD%AE" title="八六学潮">八六学潮</a>的问题时再次提及此事。他说(收录于《<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%80%89" title="邓小平文选">邓小平文选</a>》第三卷《旗帜鲜明地反对资产阶级自由化》)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>“一九五七年反对资产阶级右派的斗争,有太过火的地方,应当平反。但我们对它没有全盘否定。”</p></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="全国人大常委会">全国人大常委会</a>原副秘书长刘政认为<sup id="cite_ref-:10_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:<blockquote><p>“正当<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="人民代表大会">人民代表大会</a>建设和工作健康发展之时,1957年夏季掀起了一场反击右派的政治运动。从此民主政治建设的良好开端和有益探索中断了。人民代表大会建设和工作受到严重损害。”他认为,“对极少数右派分子的进攻实行反击是完全必要的。但是,由于对右派分子进攻的形势作了过分严重的估计,加上采取了大规模的急风暴雨式的群众性阶级斗争的方式,而不是主要依靠法制去进行,这就使这场斗争严重的扩大化了。......由于反右派斗争极严重地扩大化,同毛泽东发动整风运动以造成生动活泼的政治局面的主观愿望相反,给国家的政治生活带来了严重的消极影响。人民代表大会建设和工作也因此受到了严重损害。”</p></blockquote></li> <li>2021年11月11日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十九届六中全会">中共十九届六中全会</a>通过的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%8B%E6%96%97%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议">中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议</a>》中提到<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>:<blockquote><p>“遗憾的是,党的八大形成的正确路线未能完全坚持下去,先后出现“大跃进”运动、人民公社化运动等错误,反右派斗争也被严重扩大化。”</p></blockquote></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他评价"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.AF.84.E4.BB.B7"></span>其他评价</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:其他评价"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>原副总编穆广仁认为,“反右运动排除了政治上的同路人、合作者,清剿了文化艺术界学术界的精英,夭折了思想界的哲人,摧毁了建设祖国急需的大量知识分子的前途,给中华民族、给共和国带来沉痛的国殇。但它更加深远的影响,是铸成了阶级的(严格地说并不是真正的无产阶级的)全面专政、一党专政和领袖专政。”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A%E6%A0%A1" title="中共中央党校">中共中央党校</a>原科研办公室主任杜光认为,反右运动是“中国民主革命力量与新专制主义政权的第一次对决”、“是一场专制统治者为了扑灭民主力量而有意挑动起来的民主革命”。杜光认为,“当时,民主力量面对的是一个“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="斯大林">斯大林</a>加<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87" title="秦始皇">秦始皇</a>”的专制暴君。他仗恃着高度集权的政党和一党专政的国家机器,从诱使知识分子“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E9%BD%90%E6%94%BE%E3%80%81%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%89%E9%B8%A3" title="百花齐放、百家争鸣">百花齐放、百家争鸣</a>”开始,通过“整风”运动,一步一步地把知识分子推向“鸣放”的高潮,然后“聚而歼之”,把足以威胁专制制度的民主力量一网打尽。”而作为结果,反右运动“摧毁了中国的民主力量,造成了中国民主革命长达20年的沉寂。”<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%B3%81_(%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="徐賁 (教授)">徐贲</a>教授认为,“在1949年以后发生的一系列政治运动和事件中,反右和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="文革">文革</a>可有说是留下最深、最持久社会创伤的两次灾难。”<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>学者高伐林认为,反右运动“是对中国知识精英的精神摧残和扭曲、对中华民族创造力的毁灭性打击”、“造成中国思想界知识界元气大伤,阴影笼罩几代人”。<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>学者朱正认为,「当年‘右派分子’发表的言论,基本上都是希望中国成为一个法治的、民主的、富强的社会主义国家。对于这些主张,如果1957年不是横加批判,而是认真听取,采纳其中可以采纳的部分,那么,后来中国的政治经济形势和社会道德面貌都会有很大的不同,‘<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>’和‘<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>’也就不会发生,这几十年的历史就会是另一番面貌 。既然“反右派”运动将这些言论作为打击对象,那就不难判断,这场运动究竟是正确的还是错误的,是必要的还是有害的。」<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>学者<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%BE%E9%9B%81" title="刘宾雁">刘宾雁</a>认为,“反右派运动,在一定意义上也可以说是历史对中国知识分子的一个报复。二十余年来连篇累牍的批判知识分子之软弱的文章,忽视了一个巨大的事实,那就是广大工农群众的蒙昧在五十年代成为毛泽东暴政的强大后盾......”<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>学者<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E5%9B%BD%E6%B6%8C" title="傅国涌">傅国涌</a>认为,“如果说,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>是反右运动的始作俑者,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>则是反右运动的前线总指挥、具体实施者,他的头衔就是中共中央反右领导小组组长。因此,我们可以理解1978年9月17日,中共中央55号文件虽决定为错划的“右派”改正,却最后保留了几个标本不予改正,以示反右的正确性”、“邓小平心中一直有个挥之不去的‘反右’情结,这件事的决策者虽是毛,而他本人就是执行者,他连毛都不愿否定,何况否定自己。”<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="美国之音">美国之音</a>》认为,“就受迫害的知识分子人数来看,反右斗争成为中国历史上<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87" title="秦始皇">秦始皇</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%9A%E4%B9%A6%E5%9D%91%E5%84%92" title="焚书坑儒">焚书坑儒</a>尤为不及的对中国知识分子的镇压活动”、“反右运动是对中国知识分子和民主党派的致命一击,使得几十年后这两个群体基本上处于‘集体失声’的状态;而这种状态,和中国后来发生的一系列灾难,如大跃进和文化大革命有着不可分割的联系。”<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>前苏共中央第一书记<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB" title="尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫">尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫</a>在回忆录中提到,「当然,我实际上清楚地懂得‘百花齐放’意味着什么。它的意思是在文化和艺术领域让各种不同倾向发展。但现在已很清楚这一口号只是一种挑拨,倡导它是为了让人们更公开地表达自己的思想,从而剪除那些具有异色异味的花,并把它们踩入泥土。 」<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>在中国居住十八年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="日本共产党">日本共产党</a>党员<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%9D%E5%A4%AB" title="川口孝夫">川口孝夫</a>认为,“‘<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E9%A2%A8%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="整風運動">整风</a>’初期宣称‘言者无罪,闻者足戒’,然而等到让人们充分发表意见后,负责此项运动的人就将当事人所发表的意见整理成材料,并将其定为‘右派’。无论如何,当事者无法抹去蒙受欺骗而遭暗算的感觉。以后的运动大都蹈袭这种方法,并且愈演愈烈……从这时候开始,在中国共产党内,民主制度开始逐步丧失。”<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>毛泽东私人医生<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%A5" title="李志绥">李志綏</a>認為:「毛這步棋估計錯了。最後毛幾乎一天到晚睡在床上,精神抑鬱,患了感冒,把我叫回來。睡眠更加不規律。毛感覺上了民主黨派的『當』,自信心受到極大挫折,因此毛準備狠狠『整』民主人士。」<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="百花齐放、百家争鸣">百花运动</a>、反右运动及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BE" title="大鸣大放">大鸣大放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8F%8D%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="双反运动">双反运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE_(1959%E5%B9%B4)" title="庐山会议 (1959年)">庐山会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E5%80%BE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="反右倾运动">反右倾运动</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%93%E9%B1%BC%E6%89%A7%E6%B3%95" title="钓鱼执法">钓鱼执法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党政治运动列表">中国共产党政治运动列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国大屠杀列表">中国大屠杀列表</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="共产主义政权下的大屠杀">共产主义政权下的大屠杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%8E%B7%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="未获改正的右派">未获改正的右派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="第三次莫斯科审判">第三次莫斯科审判</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B9%BC%E5%86%9B" title="于幼军">于幼军</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215212819/http://news.ifeng.com/history/gundong/detail_2011_06/19/7107367_0.shtml">⑧反右扩大化实在是太离谱了(摘自《社会主义在中国:1919-1965》)</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E5%9F%8E%E6%99%9A%E6%8A%A5" title="羊城晚报">羊城晚报</a>》. 2011-06-19. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/gundong/detail_2011_06/19/7107367_0.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2020-02-15) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E2%91%A7%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%AA%E7%A6%BB%E8%B0%B1%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%88%E6%91%98%E8%87%AA%E3%80%8A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%9A1919-1965%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.au=%E4%BA%8E%E5%B9%BC%E5%86%9B&amp;rft.date=2011-06-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fgundong%2Fdetail_2011_06%2F19%2F7107367_0.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><b>2.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">穆广仁. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223133653/http://www.yhcqw.com/31/8067.html">反右运动的六个断面</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="炎黄春秋">炎黄春秋</a>》. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yhcqw.com/31/8067.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-02-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.au=%E7%A9%86%E5%B9%BF%E4%BB%81&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%AD%E9%9D%A2&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yhcqw.com%2F31%2F8067.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><b>3.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><b>3.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><b>3.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><b>3.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4"><sup><b>3.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-5"><sup><b>3.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-6"><sup><b>3.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-7"><sup><b>3.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-8"><sup><b>3.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-9"><sup><b>3.09</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">穆广仁. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329122538/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/detail_2010_10/30/2949690_1.shtml">反右运动的六个断面</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 《文汇报·读书周报》. 2010-10-30. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/detail_2010_10/30/2949690_1.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2012-03-29) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%AD%E9%9D%A2&amp;rft.au=%E7%A9%86%E5%B9%BF%E4%BB%81&amp;rft.date=2010-10-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fzhongguoxiandaishi%2Fdetail_2010_10%2F30%2F2949690_1.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-4"><sup><b>4.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-5"><sup><b>4.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-6"><sup><b>4.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-7"><sup><b>4.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E9%81%93%E6%99%96" title="郭道晖">郭道晖</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720064545/http://www.hybsl.cn/beijingcankao/beijingfenxi/2009-02-24/12773.html">毛泽东发动整风的初衷</a>. 胡耀邦史料信息网. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="炎黄春秋">炎黄春秋</a>》. 2009年. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybsl.cn/beijingcankao/beijingfenxi/2009-02-24/12773.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-07-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%B4%E9%A3%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9D%E8%A1%B7&amp;rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E9%81%93%E6%99%96&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybsl.cn%2Fbeijingcankao%2Fbeijingfenxi%2F2009-02-24%2F12773.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">凝炼. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E5%90%A6%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%AD%90/a-2580534">“反右运动”五十年:中国能否走出历史的影子</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0" title="德国之声">德国之声</a>. 2007-06-08. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120130722/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E5%90%A6%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%AD%90/a-2580534">存档</a>于2022-11-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E2%80%9D%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E5%90%A6%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%AD%90&amp;rft.au=%E5%87%9D%E7%82%BC&amp;rft.date=2007-06-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fzh%2F%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%258F%25B3%25E8%25BF%2590%25E5%258A%25A8%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%2590%25A6%25E8%25B5%25B0%25E5%2587%25BA%25E5%258E%2586%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E5%25AD%2590%2Fa-2580534&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-4"><sup><b>6.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-5"><sup><b>6.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-6"><sup><b>6.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_6-7"><sup><b>6.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64107/65708/65722/4444744.html">反右派斗争及其扩大化</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%9F%E6%88%98%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央统战部">中共中央统战部</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095559/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64107/65708/65722/4444744.html">存档</a>于2018-10-10) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64107%2F65708%2F65722%2F4444744.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-3"><sup><b>7.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-4"><sup><b>7.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A7%82%E6%B6%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="金观涛">金观涛</a>; 刘青峰. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c040-199703001.pdf">反右运动与延安整风</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="香港中文大学">香港中文大学</a>. 《二十一世纪》. 1997年4月 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715045157/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c040-199703001.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-07-15) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%8E%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%89%E6%95%B4%E9%A3%8E&amp;rft.au=%E9%87%91%E8%A7%82%E6%B6%9B&amp;rft.date=1997-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2F21c%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2Fc040-199703001.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_8-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/qibenyu/2-07.htm">第七章 反右派运动的起因、 扩大化和后来的平反</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="马克思主义文库">马克思主义文库</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9A%E6%9C%AC%E7%A6%B9%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E5%BD%95" title="戚本禹回忆录">戚本禹回忆录</a>》. 2016年. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717054113/https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/qibenyu/2-07.htm">存档</a>于2018-07-17) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AB%A0+%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E3%80%81+%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E5%90%8E%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8D&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fchinese%2Freference-books%2Fqibenyu%2F2-07.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historymuseum.nju.edu.cn/jypx/ndxs/ndxs/njdx1949/djzjygmzdqzfz19571966/yzffyzdjjdzkdh/index.html">一、“整风反右”中的阶级斗争扩大化</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="南京大学">南京大学</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-18</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411061615/https://historymuseum.nju.edu.cn/jypx/ndxs/ndxs/njdx1949/djzjygmzdqzfz19571966/yzffyzdjjdzkdh/index.html">存档</a>于2021-04-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E6%95%B4%E9%A3%8E%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorymuseum.nju.edu.cn%2Fjypx%2Fndxs%2Fndxs%2Fnjdx1949%2Fdjzjygmzdqzfz19571966%2Fyzffyzdjjdzkdh%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E5%9B%BD%E6%B6%8C" title="傅国涌">傅国涌</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531101646/http://history.sina.com.cn/his/zl/2013-09-30/231255625.shtml">邓小平的“反右”情结</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA" title="新浪">新浪</a>. 2013-09-30. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sina.com.cn/his/zl/2013-09-30/231255625.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2015-05-31) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.au=%E5%82%85%E5%9B%BD%E6%B6%8C&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E2%80%9D%E6%83%85%E7%BB%93&amp;rft.date=2013-09-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sina.com.cn%2Fhis%2Fzl%2F2013-09-30%2F231255625.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">鍾延麟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/app/ebook/journal/26-02-2014/3.pdf">彭真在 1957 年整風、「反右派」運動中的角色與作為</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《人文及社會科學集刊》 (中央研究院人文社会科学研究中心): 247– 292. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210409221948/https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/app/ebook/journal/26-02-2014/3.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-04-09).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%BD%AD%E7%9C%9F%E5%9C%A8+1957+%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%B4%E9%A2%A8%E3%80%81%E3%80%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E3%80%8D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E8%88%87%E4%BD%9C%E7%82%BA&amp;rft.au=%E9%8D%BE%E5%BB%B6%E9%BA%9F&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%9F&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%8F%8A%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9B%86%E5%88%8A%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=247-+292&amp;rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%B7&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rchss.sinica.edu.tw%2Fapp%2Febook%2Fjournal%2F26-02-2014%2F3.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-3"><sup><b>12.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">关岭. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806094256/https://www.dwnews.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/60029383/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%88%92%E5%AE%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87%E9%95%87%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7">毛泽东划定指标:镇反与反右的历史悲剧</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="多維新聞">多维新闻</a>. 2017-12-13. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwnews.com/中国/60029383/毛泽东划定指标镇反与反右的历史悲剧">原始内容</a>存档于2021-08-06) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%88%92%E5%AE%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87%EF%BC%9A%E9%95%87%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7&amp;rft.au=%E5%85%B3%E5%B2%AD&amp;rft.date=2017-12-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwnews.com%2F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%2F60029383%2F%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%88%92%E5%AE%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87%E9%95%87%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">东方. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2007-06-23-voa41-58426887/1084988.html">反右运动五十年 反右阴影仍未散</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="美国之音">美国之音</a>. 2007-06-23. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/14576/28320/35193/35204/2641764.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-06-09) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%8D%9F%E5%AE%B3&amp;rft.au=%E5%88%98%E6%94%BF&amp;rft.date=2004-07-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F14576%2F28320%2F35193%2F35204%2F2641764.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">索菲. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20170521-%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%AF%B9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%84%E9%A6%96%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E6%91%A7%E6%AE%8B">反右:中共对知识精英的首场大规模摧残</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="法国国际广播电台">法国国际广播电台</a>. 2017-05-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223133721/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20170521-%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%AF%B9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%84%E9%A6%96%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E6%91%A7%E6%AE%8B">存档</a>于2020-02-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%AF%B9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%84%E9%A6%96%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E6%91%A7%E6%AE%8B&amp;rft.au=%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2&amp;rft.date=2017-05-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20170521-%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%258F%25B3%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E7%259F%25A5%25E8%25AF%2586%25E7%25B2%25BE%25E8%258B%25B1%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A6%2596%25E5%259C%25BA%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%25A7%2584%25E6%25A8%25A1%25E6%2591%25A7%25E6%25AE%258B&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-2"><sup><b>27.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%B3%81_(%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="徐賁 (社會學家)">徐贲</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w.hybsl.cn/article/13/4714">五十年后的“反右”创伤记忆</a>. 胡耀邦史料信息网. 2007-10-30. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720053725/http://w.hybsl.cn/article/13/4714">存档</a>于2021-07-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E8%B4%B2&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E2%80%9D%E5%88%9B%E4%BC%A4%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&amp;rft.date=2007-10-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw.hybsl.cn%2Farticle%2F13%2F4714&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_28-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_28-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_28-2"><sup><b>28.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85" title="宋永毅">宋永毅</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/103-mcs-2009-issue-1/1085-2012-01-05-15-35-41.html">“大跃进”是如何推动的?——政治运动造就的恐惧和造假风</a>. 当代中国研究. 2009年. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422144600/https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/103-mcs-2009-issue-1/1085-2012-01-05-15-35-41.html">存档</a>于2022-04-22) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.au=%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%B8%E6%AF%85&amp;rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B%E2%80%9D%E6%98%AF%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%9F%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%A0%E5%B0%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E5%92%8C%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87%E9%A3%8E&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchinastudies.org%2Fus%2Fissues%2Fpast-issues%2F103-mcs-2009-issue-1%2F1085-2012-01-05-15-35-41.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_29-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_29-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_29-2"><sup><b>29.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_29-3"><sup><b>29.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_29-4"><sup><b>29.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">中共中央党史研究室第二研究部. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/n/2013/0125/c244520-20323571.html">全部摘掉“右派分子”帽子(摘自《〈中国共产党历史〉第二卷注释集》)</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央党史和文献研究院">中共中央党史和文献研究院</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="中共党史出版社">中共党史出版社</a>. 2013-01-25. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416031816/https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/n/2013/0125/c244520-20323571.html">存档</a>于2023-04-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E6%91%98%E6%8E%89%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E2%80%9D%E5%B8%BD%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%88%E6%91%98%E8%87%AA%E3%80%8A%E3%80%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%89%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7%E6%B3%A8%E9%87%8A%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%83%A8&amp;rft.date=2013-01-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dswxyjy.org.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F0125%2Fc244520-20323571.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_30-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_30-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2534778.html">反右派斗争</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618101213/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2534778.html">存档</a>于2022-06-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F33837%2F2534778.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><b>31.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup><b>31.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718002236/http://m.stnn.cc/pcarticle/31214">揭秘:五位终生不予改正的中央级"右派<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span></a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%B2%9B%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="星岛日报">星岛环球网</a>》. 《快乐老人报》. 2013-12-31. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.stnn.cc/pcarticle/31214">原始内容</a>存档于2021-07-18) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%8F%AD%E7%A7%98%3A%E4%BA%94%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%88%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%88%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%A7%22%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%22&amp;rft.date=2013-12-31&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%98%9F%E5%B2%9B%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%83%E7%BD%91%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.stnn.cc%2Fpcarticle%2F31214&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_32-2"><sup><b>32.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_32-3"><sup><b>32.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E9%81%93%E6%99%96" title="郭道晖">郭道晖</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718002620/https://m.aisixiang.com/data/36292.html">“阳谋”背后的权谋——以亲身经历剖析整风反右运动</a>. 爱思想. 2010-09-29. 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No.&#160;310期. 2002年10月15日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;2022年2月14日&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613015208/http://hb.ifeng.com/news/focus/detail_2013_08/22/1134311_0.shtml">存档</a>于2018-06-13) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=1957%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%B0%86%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E9%80%81%E5%86%9C%E5%9C%BA%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%9959%E5%B9%B4%E9%A5%BF%E6%AD%BB2600%E4%BA%BA&amp;rft.au=%E5%86%AF%E7%BF%94&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhb.ifeng.com%2Fnews%2Ffocus%2Fdetail_2013_08%2F22%2F1134311_0.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20131124-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E9%A1%B5%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A1%E5%B0%8F%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99">中国劳教黑暗的一页:大堡小劳教</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="法国国际广播电台">法国国际广播电台</a>. 2013-11-24. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126021332/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20131124-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E9%A1%B5%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A1%E5%B0%8F%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99">存档</a>于2020-11-26) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E9%A1%B5%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A1%E5%B0%8F%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99&amp;rft.date=2013-11-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20131124-%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258A%25B3%25E6%2595%2599%25E9%25BB%2591%25E6%259A%2597%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%2580%25E9%25A1%25B5%25EF%25BC%259A%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25A0%25A1%25E5%25B0%258F%25E5%258A%25B3%25E6%2595%2599&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prchistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/BASHANYEYU27-.pdf">揭开當代秦始皇的面纱(《读书札记》中有关“反右”的片断)、消逝的五座劳教营</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《巴山夜雨》. 2014-09-15, (27): 14,54. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226232817/http://prchistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/BASHANYEYU27-.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-12-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%8F%AD%E5%BC%80%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%A2%E7%BA%B1%EF%BC%88%E3%80%8A%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E6%9C%AD%E8%AE%B0%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E7%89%87%E6%96%AD%EF%BC%89%E3%80%81%E6%B6%88%E9%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A7%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E8%90%A5&amp;rft.date=2014-09-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=27&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%9C%E9%9B%A8%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.pages=14%EF%BC%8C54&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprchistory.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FBASHANYEYU27-.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">毛泽东. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/1968/3-114.htm">在青岛会议上的讲话</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="马克思主义文库">马克思主义文库</a>. 1957-07-18. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220214151/https://www.marxists.org//chinese/maozedong/1968/3-114.htm">存档</a>于2023-12-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9C%A8%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D&amp;rft.au=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C&amp;rft.date=1957-07-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fchinese%2Fmaozedong%2F1968%2F3-114.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">毛泽东. 《毛泽东选集》卷五·青岛会议发言(记录稿). <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="人民出版社">人民出版社</a>. 1957-07-17: 456 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到简体中文网页">(简体中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.au=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%80%89%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B%E5%8D%B7%E4%BA%94%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%8F%91%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%88%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E7%A8%BF%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=1957-07-17&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=456&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">中共中央书记处会议(第38次会议)记录稿. 1957-07-23 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到简体中文网页">(简体中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC38%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%89%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E7%A8%BF&amp;rft.date=1957-07-23&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/1957/7/27/1/#国务院规定国家机关工作人员-应积极参加整风和反右派斗争">国务院规定国家机关工作人员-应积极参加整风和反右派斗争</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》. 1957-07-27. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407221059/https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/1957/7/27/1/#国务院规定国家机关工作人员-应积极参加整风和反右派斗争">存档</a>于2022-04-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98-%E5%BA%94%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E5%8F%82%E5%8A%A0%E6%95%B4%E9%A3%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89&amp;rft.date=1957-07-27&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.govopendata.com%2Frenminribao%2F1957%2F7%2F27%2F1%2F%23%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98-%E5%BA%94%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E5%8F%82%E5%8A%A0%E6%95%B4%E9%A3%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/1957/8/4/1/#%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E5%AE%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB">1957年8月4日人民日报 第1版</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》. 1957-08-04. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216090713/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20190213/lin-zhao-blood-letters/">存档</a>于2020-12-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%8B%B1%E4%B8%AD%E8%A1%80%E4%B9%A6%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E5%AE%B3%E6%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E5%8E%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%97%E6%98%AD&amp;rft.au=%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%9B%E9%B8%B0&amp;rft.date=2019-02-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20190213%2Flin-zhao-blood-letters%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">辛闻. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/19da/2017-10/21/content_41770082.htm">中国是"一党专政"?中央统战部这样阐释中国多党合作</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91" title="中国网">中国网</a>. 2017-10-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501140340/http://www.china.com.cn/19da/2017-10/21/content_41770082.htm">存档</a>于2023-05-01) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%98%AF%22%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF%22%EF%BC%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%9F%E6%88%98%E9%83%A8%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E9%98%90%E9%87%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C&amp;rft.au=%E8%BE%9B%E9%97%BB&amp;rft.date=2017-10-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2F19da%2F2017-10%2F21%2Fcontent_41770082.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_63-0"><sup><b>63.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_63-1"><sup><b>63.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8F%8B%E7%90%B4" title="王友琴">王友琴</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c102-200704052.pdf">從受難者看反右和文革的關聯:以北京大學為例</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="香港中文大学">香港中文大学</a>. 《二十一世纪》. 2007年. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910044855/https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c102-200704052.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-09-10) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%BE%9E%E5%8F%97%E9%9B%A3%E8%80%85%E7%9C%8B%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E8%81%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%82%BA%E4%BE%8B&amp;rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%8F%8B%E7%90%B4&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2F21c%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2Fc102-200704052.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_64-0"><sup><b>64.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_64-1"><sup><b>64.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7030000/newsid_7039700/7039770.stm">反右50周年:大躍進和大飢荒</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>(BBC). 2008-02-08. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930022455/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2014/0106/c85037-24032605-4.html">存档</a>于2021-09-30).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%C2%A0%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%AD%E9%9B%AA%E5%86%A4%E5%81%87%E9%94%99%E6%A1%88%E3%80%904%E3%80%91&amp;rft.date=2014-01-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2014%2F0106%2Fc85037-24032605-4.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=28841&amp;tableName=userobject1a&amp;id=49239">第四节 右派分子摘帽和错划改正</a>. 上海地方志办公室. 2003-04-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-07-18</span>&#93;</span>. 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%BF%99%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=1957-06-08&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.govopendata.com%2Frenminribao%2F1957%2F6%2F8%2F1%2F%23%E8%BF%99%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>博訊新聞網:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacehall.com/hot/fanyou_50.shtml">反右五十年專題</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070219225327/http://www.peacehall.com/hot/fanyou_50.shtml">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%89" title="王绍光">王绍光</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li>蘋果日報: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20090922&amp;sec_id=4104&amp;subsec=11867&amp;art_id=13234899">中共建政60年:香港故事──三反五反、反右運動(1951-1958)</a></li> <li>从维熙回忆录:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shuku.net/novels/wenge/hundun/hundun.html">走向混沌</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070929125910/http://www.shuku.net/novels/wenge/hundun/hundun.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li>李梧龄回忆录:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shuku.net/novels/wenge/noback/noback.html">不堪回首──泣血年华</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070808105144/http://www.shuku.net/novels/wenge/noback/noback.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" 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