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改革开放 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名词释义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词释义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名词释义</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-名词释义-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关名词释义子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-名词释义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-传统定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传统定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>传统定义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传统定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-最新变化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#最新变化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>最新变化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-最新变化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期建设" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期建设"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>早期建设</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期建设-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“文化大革命”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“文化大革命”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>“文化大革命”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“文化大革命”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-改革计划经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#改革计划经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>改革计划经济</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-改革计划经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发展历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>发展历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-发展历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关发展历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-发展历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1978年至1984年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1978年至1984年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1978年至1984年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1978年至1984年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984年至1989年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984年至1989年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1984年至1989年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984年至1989年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989年至1992年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989年至1992年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1989年至1992年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989年至1992年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992年至2002年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992年至2002年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1992年至2002年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992年至2002年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-过热和结构改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#过热和结构改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>过热和结构改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-过热和结构改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002年至2012年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002年至2012年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2002年至2012年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002年至2012年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012年至2022年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012年至2022年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>2012年至2022年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012年至2022年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022年至今" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022年至今"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>2022年至今</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022年至今-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-措施与内容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#措施与内容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>措施与内容</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-措施与内容-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关措施与内容子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-措施与内容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-对内改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对内改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>对内改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对内改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-農村改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#農村改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>農村改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-農村改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-城市改革和工人階級" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城市改革和工人階級"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>城市改革和工人階級</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城市改革和工人階級-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-服务业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#服务业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>服务业</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-服务业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對外開放" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對外開放"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>對外開放</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對外開放-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外交政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>外交政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济特区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济特区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>经济特区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济特区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国家级新区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国家级新区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>国家级新区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国家级新区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自由贸易区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自由贸易区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>自由贸易区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自由贸易区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自由贸易港" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自由贸易港"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>自由贸易港</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自由贸易港-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-台湾问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#台湾问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>台湾问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-台湾问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际合作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际合作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>国际合作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国际合作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-单边开放" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#单边开放"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>单边开放</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-单边开放-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部援助和投资" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部援助和投资"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部援助和投资</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部援助和投资-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关外部援助和投资子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外部援助和投资-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-发达国家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发达国家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>发达国家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发达国家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-港澳台" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#港澳台"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>港澳台</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-港澳台-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-香港資金" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#香港資金"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>香港資金</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-香港資金-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-台灣資金" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#台灣資金"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>台灣資金</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-台灣資金-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成就及影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成就及影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>成就及影响</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-成就及影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关成就及影响子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-成就及影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-综合国力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#综合国力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>综合国力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-综合国力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-意识形态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意识形态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>意识形态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意识形态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>经济发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海外影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海外影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>海外影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海外影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治和社会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治和社会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>政治和社会</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治和社会-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治和社会子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治和社会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治体制改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治体制改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>政治体制改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治体制改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>政治运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济社会问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济社会问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>经济社会问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济社会问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关文艺作品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关文艺作品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>相关文艺作品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关文艺作品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-书籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>书籍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">改革开放</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。33种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الإصلاح الاقتصادي الصيني – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإصلاح الاقتصادي الصيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Политика на реформи и откритост – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политика на реформи и откритост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_econ%C3%B2mica_xinesa" title="Reforma econòmica xinesa – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reforma econòmica xinesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81i-g%C3%A1ik_K%C4%83i-hu%C3%B3ng" title="Gāi-gáik Kăi-huóng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gāi-gáik Kăi-huóng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otev%C5%99en%C3%AD_%C4%8C%C3%ADny_sv%C4%9Btu" title="Otevření Číny světu – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otevření Číny světu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform-_und_%C3%96ffnungspolitik" title="Reform- und Öffnungspolitik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reform- und Öffnungspolitik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κινεζική οικονομική μεταρρύθμιση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική οικονομική μεταρρύθμιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese economic reform" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformo_kaj_Malfermo_en_%C4%88inio" title="Reformo kaj Malfermo en Ĉinio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reformo kaj Malfermo en Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_econ%C3%B3mica_china" title="Reforma económica china – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reforma económica china" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اصلاحات اقتصادی چین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصلاحات اقتصادی چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_%C3%A9conomique_chinoise" title="Réforme économique chinoise – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réforme économique chinoise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הרפורמה בכלכלת סין – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפורמה בכלכלת סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Չինաստանի տնտեսական բարեփոխումներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստանի տնտեսական բարեփոխումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_ekonomi_Tiongkok" title="Reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riforma_economica_cinese" title="Riforma economica cinese – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riforma economica cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" title="改革開放 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="改革開放" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%ED%98%81%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%A9" title="개혁개방 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개혁개방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_og_%C3%A5pning" title="Reform og åpning – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reform og åpning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_(%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86)" title="چينايي اقتصادي اصلاح (سمون) – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي اقتصادي اصلاح (سمون)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abertura_econ%C3%B4mica_da_China" title="Abertura econômica da China – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abertura econômica da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Политика реформ и открытости – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика реформ и открытости" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese economic reform" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="การปฏิรูปเศรษฐกิจจีน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิรูปเศรษฐกิจจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_ekonomik_reformu" title="Çin ekonomik reformu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin ekonomik reformu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC_%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Політика реформ і відкритості – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика реформ і відкритості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_iqtisodiy_islohoti" title="Xitoy iqtisodiy islohoti – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy iqtisodiy islohoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_c%C3%A1ch_kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Cải cách kinh tế Trung Quốc – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cải cách kinh tế Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="改革开放 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="改革开放" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaijgwz_hailangh" title="Gaijgwz hailangh – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gaijgwz hailangh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" title="改革開放 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="改革開放" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1i-kek_khai-h%C3%B2ng" title="Kái-kek khai-hòng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kái-kek khai-hòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" title="改革開放 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="改革開放" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1205521#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-2011_%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3_%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%B6%EF%BC%8D%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>被称为“改革开放总设计师”的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>、改革开放中的核心人物(图为位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="经济特区">经济特区</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1_(%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3)" title="莲花山 (深圳)">莲花山</a>顶的邓小平像)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg/220px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg/330px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg/440px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E6%B2%BF%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9D%9B_%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8" title="中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动">建党百年</a>之际,北京<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%96%AE" title="東單">东单</a>立体花坛“改革开放”</figcaption></figure> <p><b>改革开放</b>,是由以<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>为核心的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93#第二代:邓小平" title="中国共产党领导集体">第二代中央领导集体</a>等人提出和创立,在1978年12月18日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="中国共产党第十一届中央委员会第三次全体会议">中共十一届三中全会</a>后开始正式实施的一系列以经济为主的改革措施,可总结为“对内改革,对外开放”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1978年,邓小平等人提出了「對內改革、對外開放」、「解放思想、實事求是」的观点和理論<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。相对而言,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>内部支持方被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="改革派 (中国共产党)">改革派</a>,以邓小平、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E7%B4%AB%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="趙紫陽">趙紫陽</a>為首,並得到軍方代表<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%8A%8D%E8%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="葉劍英">葉劍英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" title="杨尚昆">杨尚昆</a>等人支持,反對方则以<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="陳雲">陳雲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%88%E5%BF%B5" title="李先念">李先念</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a>為首,並得到軍方代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%90%91%E5%89%8D" title="徐向前">徐向前</a>等人支持,兩派政治斗争長达17年(1978年—1995年<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>),其中1989年的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a>”曾导致改革开放一度遭遇危机、改革派大幅受挫,直至1992年<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="邓小平南巡">鄧小平南巡</a>才使得改革开放確立为中国今後的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%AD%96" title="中华人民共和国基本国策">基本国策</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。与此同时,改革开放也逐渐成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国特色社会主义">中国特色社会主义</a>的主要组成部分,構成“<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧小平理論">鄧小平理論</a>”,并于1997年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会">中共十五大</a>期间被納入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中国共产党章程">中共党章</a>、1999年被写入《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1982%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法 (1982年)">中华人民共和国宪法</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>改革开放是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史</a>上的重大决策和轉折過程,起始于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">“文化大革命”</a>后的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>”时期,改变了中国大陆自1949年起在经济上近30年较为封闭的状况,使<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">中华人民共和国经济</a>高速发展,先后出现了以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳经济特区">深圳经济特区</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="上海浦东新区">上海浦东新区</a>为代表的发展模式<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。改革早期保守色彩仍濃厚,此后中国大陆的经济制度逐渐从“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">计划经济</a>”转变为“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a>”,后者于1993年被写入《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1982%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法 (1982年)">中华人民共和国宪法</a>》。1990年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="上海证券交易所">上海证券交易所</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="深圳证券交易所">深圳证券交易所</a>相继成立,中国大陆<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" title="资本市场">资本市场</a>诞生<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在低廉的人力成本和勞動保障情況下<sup id="cite_ref-孟永2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孟永2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,中国大陆得以大力发展进出口贸易,國內外投資驟增、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="民营经济">民营经济</a>迅速崛起<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。中国大陆于1991年加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%AA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="亚太经济合作组织">亚太经济合作组织</a>、2001年加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a>,2010年<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">国内生产总值</a>(GDP)超越<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">全球第二大经济体</a><sup id="cite_ref-:51_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,至2020年起<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C500%E5%BC%BA" title="财富世界500强">世界500强企业数量</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>并驾齐驱<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。人均GDP则从1978年的115<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a>增长到2021年的12551美元,达到<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国人均国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">中等偏上国家的收入水平</a>,东部部分省市人均GDP已超过2万美元,2021年中国GDP总量达17.7万亿美元<sup id="cite_ref-:39_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。与此同时,国民生活质量也得到了大幅度提高,有学者由此提出了“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="中国模式">中国模式</a>”的发展道路<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:68_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:68-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:69_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:69-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另一方面,改革开放初期的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%8C%E8%BD%A8%E5%88%B6" title="价格双轨制">价格双轨制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B7%E9%97%AF%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="物价闯关">物价闯关</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E7%BB%8F%E5%95%86" title="中国军队经商">军队经商</a>等政策较为失败,中国社会还出现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%80%92" title="官倒">官倒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="政治腐敗">腐败</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="特權">特权</a>等问题,经济改革也遇到了原有政治体制的阻碍<sup id="cite_ref-:212_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:61_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:61-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。对其中的部分问题,邓小平等人在1980年代前期修订《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1982%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法 (1982年)">八二宪法</a>》、确立“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E8%81%8C%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%88%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%B6" title="废除干部领导职务终身制">废除干部领导职务终身制</a>”后,自1986年起曾试图进一步推动<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">中国政治体制改革</a>,但最终因为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四天安门事件</a>”的爆发而失败,该事件也导致改革开放的进程放缓甚至停滞,直至邓小平<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="邓小平南巡">九二南巡</a>后才重新提速<sup id="cite_ref-:23_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,中国大陆发展过程中也缺乏自主技术、缺乏创新能力、对外依赖度过高,并造成了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国环境污染与治理">严重的环境污染</a><sup id="cite_ref-:31_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:30_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。经济数据造假现象也屡见不鲜,特别是夸大了经济增长数字<sup id="cite_ref-:40_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:41_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:43_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。发展过程中还存在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A7%E5%AF%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國貧富不均">贫富差距扩大</a>、城乡发展不平衡、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%A7%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" title="房地产泡沫">房地产泡沫</a>等诸多问题<sup id="cite_ref-:26_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。改革開放的成果普遍以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B" title="宏大敘事">宏大叙事</a>視角記述,工人階級和底層人民的大幅牺牲则普遍被忽略<sup id="cite_ref-孟永2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孟永2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而仍以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" title="国有企业">国有企业</a>为主导的中国经济也常导致市场<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="垄断">垄断</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="不公平競爭">不公平竞争</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2021年发表的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%8B%E6%96%97%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议">关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议</a>》中,不讳言提到了改革开放带来的一系列问题需要改善,但決議仍高度评价该基本政策的方向<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名词释义"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D.E9.87.8A.E4.B9.89"></span>名词释义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:名词释义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_Road_1992_(4367437041)_Market_in_Xinjiang,_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Silk_Road_1992_%284367437041%29_Market_in_Xinjiang%2C_1992.jpg/220px-Silk_Road_1992_%284367437041%29_Market_in_Xinjiang%2C_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Silk_Road_1992_%284367437041%29_Market_in_Xinjiang%2C_1992.jpg/330px-Silk_Road_1992_%284367437041%29_Market_in_Xinjiang%2C_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Silk_Road_1992_%284367437041%29_Market_in_Xinjiang%2C_1992.jpg/440px-Silk_Road_1992_%284367437041%29_Market_in_Xinjiang%2C_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>改革开放宣传标语(1992年新疆)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传统定义"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F.E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89"></span>传统定义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:传统定义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>改革开放中的“对内改革”实行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="混合经济">混合经济</a>模式,农业上實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="家庭联产承包责任制">家庭聯產承包责任制</a>(俗称“大包干”),允許私有企業不再由國家管有,容許外商投資等政策。1978年前,中国大陆实行<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">计划经济</a>,由党和政府控制和管理社会资源。改革以两个阶段引进市场经济原则:第一阶段从1970年代末至1980年代初进行,主要涉及废除农业集体制度实行家庭联产承包责任制,对外资开放本地市场和允许本地企业家开创事业,但大部分工业仍然由国家拥有和营运;第二阶段于1980年代末至1990年代进行,其政策包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6#改革开放后" title="中华人民共和国土地制度">土地制度改革</a>、国有企业私有化和国有企业承包制度,政府不再控制物价,并废除部分保护主义政策,尽管如此,国家仍然控制银行业和石油工业等关键行业。此外,1990年底,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="上海证券交易所">上海证券交易所</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="深圳证券交易所">深圳证券交易所</a>相继成立。 </p><p>改革开放中的“对外开放”使得众多海外企业进入中国市场,也有相当数量的中国企业<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5" title="走出去战略">开辟了海外市场</a><sup id="cite_ref-:17_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,同时在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" title="新加坡總理">新加坡总理</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%89%E8%80%80" title="李光耀">李光耀</a>的建议下,中共也停止了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4#输出革命" title="中华人民共和国外交">对外输出革命</a><sup id="cite_ref-:36_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:37_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:35_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。期间,在沿海地区诞生了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="厦门">厦门</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="珠海">珠海</a>等一批<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="经济特区">经济特区</a>,在中国大陆对外经济交流中起到了极为关键的作用<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="经济全球化">经济全球化</a>的大背景下,改革开放以来,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="发达国家">发达国家</a>向中国提供了包括无偿援助在内的各种形式的长期援助<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门">澳门</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>也对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>提供了大量资金、技术、人才和理念等支持<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。截止2009年,中国接受发达国家的无偿援助近67亿美元(约469亿<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81" title="人民币">人民币</a>),其中日本是中国的最大援助国,截止2010年日本对华援助占中国总外援比例的66.9%<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="最新变化"><span id=".E6.9C.80.E6.96.B0.E5.8F.98.E5.8C.96"></span>最新变化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:最新变化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%8C%96%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="深化改革">深化改革</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87" title="党领导一切">党领导一切</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%A0%BC%E5%B1%80" title="新发展格局">新发展格局</a></div> <p>有媒体和学者认为,“改革开放”至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央总书记">中共中央总书记</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>执政时期发生了部分本质性的变化,习反对部分改革政策,低调地回退了许多邓小平时代的改革政策,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>重申对包括经济在内的中国社会<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87" title="党领导一切">各个方面的控制权</a>,出现政治体制倒退<sup id="cite_ref-:48_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:48-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:47_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:47-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2018年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="汉学家">汉学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E6%95%8F%E6%AC%A3" title="裴敏欣">裴敏欣</a>认为,自1980年代改革时代开始以来,中国经济目前是最不开放的<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;2020年官方提出<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%A0%BC%E5%B1%80" title="新发展格局">新发展格局</a>即以所謂“內循環”為主體的“国内国际双循环”以及“自力更生”,但在“内循环”引发“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="孤立主义">闭关锁国</a>”的争议后<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。官方特别强调“不是封闭的国内循环而是更加开放的国内国际双循环”<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此后官方宣传口径以强调“国内国际双循环相互促进”为主。与此同时,有海外媒体认为习近平时期中国领导层内部出现路线斗争和分歧<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,中国政府也推出了多项改革,包括废除<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E6%95%99%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="劳教制度">劳教体制</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、修订《环保法》<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="国家监察委员会">国家监察委员会</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、完善审计制度<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等,试图改善改革开放以来中国积累的种种社会问题;同时设立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E7%A4%BA%E8%8C%83%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="国家共同富裕示范区">国家共同富裕示范区</a>试图探索出解决中国社会目前尖锐的贫富差距、区域差距等社会问题的方法<sup id="cite_ref-:54_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:54-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:55_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:55-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,中国政府也继续效仿当年设立经济特区的办法推出了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国自由贸易试验区">中国自由贸易试验区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E8%B2%BF%E6%B8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="海南自貿港">海南自贸港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="雄安新区">雄安新区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E7%90%B4%E7%B2%A4%E6%BE%B3%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%8C%BA" title="横琴粤澳深度合作区">横琴粤澳深度合作区</a>等经济改革试验区<sup id="cite_ref-:46_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史背景"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>历史背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:历史背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期建设"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E5.BB.BA.E8.AE.BE"></span>早期建设</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:早期建设"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国成立">中华人民共和国成立</a>后,经济原则和体系借鉴苏联模式,实行“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="三位一体">三位一体</a>”的发展模式,即注重发展重工业、执行计划经济及财产<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="國有化">国有化</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1953年出台的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="第一个五年计划 (中国)">第一个五年计划</a>推动农业合作社为基本经济单位,在农村由农业合作社集体管理农地和农业生产,部分合作社更集体拥有农地和生产资料<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_Gang_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong_Gang-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a>随着<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="第二个五年计划 (中国)">第二个五年计划</a>(亦称“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>”)落实在各地成立。人民公社制度的目标为移除私有拥有权,所有私人财产必须上缴人民公社,使农民失去生产动力<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_Gang_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong_Gang-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:18</sup>。第二个五年计划导致中国经济大幅下滑,亦引致<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="三年困难时期">大规模饥荒</a>和减产。1962年,在中国国家主席<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87" title="刘少奇">刘少奇</a>领导下,农村人民公社进行改革,其核算单位分为公社、生产大队和生产队三级<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_Gang_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong_Gang-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:18</sup>,及推行“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%85" title="三自一包">三自一包</a>”,此制度沿用至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">“文化大革命”</a>。后来随着国家主席刘少奇与中共中央主席<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>之间出现分歧,前者在文革中更被打倒受迫害致死,政策被迫中止。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="“文化大革命”"><span id=".E2.80.9C.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E5.A4.A7.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.E2.80.9D"></span>“文化大革命”</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:“文化大革命”"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a></div> <p>中国在革命時代经历<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">“文化大革命”</a>等政治运动,其经济在七八十年代严重落后同地区<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%8F%E9%BE%99" title="亚洲四小龙">亚洲四小龙</a>的经济<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_Gang_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong_Gang-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:27</sup>。尽管中国1978年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国民生产总值">国民生产总值</a>达3624亿元,比1965年的1716亿元<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>增加了一倍多,年均递增率达6.8%,并建立起了一个独立的、门类齐全的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国工业">工业体系</a>,但民生工業基礎薄弱、效率與品質低落,缺乏創新多樣。普通民众的生活水平依然不高,科学技术也整体上比较落后。而文革后,中共更出现了执政危机和信任危机。在各种不利的情况下,<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧小平">鄧小平</a>第二次重返中共领导层、进行了<a href="/wiki/1975%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%B4%E9%A1%BF" title="1975年整顿">1975年整顿</a>,而1977年第三次复出后恢复了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央副主席">中共中央副主席</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%89%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="国务院副总理">國務院副總理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E5%A7%94%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央军委副主席">中共中央軍委副主席</a>等職務,掌握黨政軍的主要權力,进行了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>,并嘗試在各方面改革當時國内的經濟體制,將市場經濟引入中國的经济体制。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="改革计划经济"><span id=".E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9.E8.AE.A1.E5.88.92.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>改革计划经济</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:改革计划经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%B6_(%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E5%93%81)" title="三大件 (生活用品)">三大件 (生活用品)</a></div> <p>計劃經濟是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="共產主義">共產主義</a>經濟的表徵,自1950年代开始的計劃經濟雖然在建国初期能够恢复經濟和推动初步發展,但隨著時間的推進,其弊端也日漸明顯:對國内經濟的控制使政府和企業的職責不分,無視價值規律與市場調節的作用;一切以計劃為綱,無法適應消費群體的需要,制約<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="商品經濟">商品經濟</a>的發展,成為中國經濟發展的最大瓶頸。生產商品的數量都在計劃之中,購買商品還需要相應的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%B0%91%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E7%A5%A8%E8%AF%81" title="中国居民供应票证">商品票</a>(如購買就需要有相應的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%A7%E7%A5%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="糧票">糧票</a>、鞋票、煤票、香煙票、布票、肉票、油票、糖票、豆製品票、火柴票、肥皂票、雞蛋票、自行車票等等的票證上千種。若按發行單位分,有全國通用、地方用、軍用),造成消費者即使有錢也難以買到需要的商品。 </p><p>為儘快提升經濟發展速度,鄧小平與中共黨内的改革派開始逐一解決這些問題,並試圖改變人民心目中“共產黨和社會主義只能搞计划经济”的根深蒂固的印象。這場改革運動的目的是以維持社會主義制度和共产党执政不变為前提,改變生產过程中不適應生產發展的管理體制和政策,並建立社會主義制度下的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="市場經濟">市場經濟</a>。這場改革的經濟方面在農村率先取得突破,隨之迅速在全國各經濟領域内推行。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发展历史"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>发展历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:发展历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1978年至1984年"><span id="1978.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B31984.E5.B9.B4"></span>1978年至1984年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:1978年至1984年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国农业史">中华人民共和国农业史</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">推动中国改革开放的“三驾马车”</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/106px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/213px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Yaobang_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hu_Yaobang_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Hu_Yaobang_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hu_Yaobang_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="181" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_,_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner,_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_%2C_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_%2C_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_%2C_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_%2C_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_%2C_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Bezoek_Chinese_premier_Zhao_Ziyang_%2C_met_premier_Lubbers_tijdens_regeringsdiner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3563_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">邓小平,胡耀邦,赵紫阳</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">组织与人物</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a> (中共中央軍委主席) <br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a> (中共中央總書記)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家元首</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%8A%8D%E8%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="葉劍英">葉劍英</a> (全國人大常委會委員長) <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%88%E5%BF%B5" title="李先念">李先念</a>(国家主席)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府首脑</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%8B%E9%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="華國鋒">華國鋒</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>(国务院总理)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>改革开放初期,<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧小平">鄧小平</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>三人被並稱为領導中國走向改革開放的「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%A9%BE%E9%A9%AC%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="三驾马车">三駕馬車</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1978年12月18日至22日,中国共产党举行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="中国共产党第十一届中央委员会第三次全体会议">第十一届中央委员会第三次全体会议</a>。全会彻底否定时任中共中央主席兼国务院总理<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%94%8B" title="华国锋">华国锋</a>提出“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E5%87%A1%E6%98%AF" title="两个凡是">两个凡是</a>”方针,停止“以阶级斗争为纲”口号,作出把工作重点转移到社会主义现代化建设上来,实行改革开放决策<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:237-238</sup>。同时,全会还作出了关于加快农业发展的决定;重新审查了中共历史上的一批重大冤假错案,重新评价了一些重要领导人的功过。邓小平在这次会议召开前发表的《解放思想,实事求是,团结一致向前看》的纲领性讲话中提出:“解放思想是当前的一个重大政治问题。民主是解放思想的重要条件。处理遗留问题为的是向前看。要研究新情况,解决新问题。如果现在再不实行改革,我们的现代化事业和社会主义事业就会被葬送。要允许一部分地区、一部分企业、一部分工人农民,由于辛勤努力成绩大而收入先多一些,生活先好起来。这是一个大政策。”<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-邓小平1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:278</sup>十一届三中全会是中国改革开放的开端,此次全会以后,中国党和政府开始实行改革开放政策。同年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E4%B8%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%99%A8" title="松下電器">松下电器</a>成为第一家进入中華人民共和國的外资企业<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1979年,在中共中央“指导下”,全国农村逐步开始实行以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="家庭联产承包责任制">家庭联产承包</a>为主的责任制,即“分田包产到户,自负盈亏”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平2_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:315-316</sup>。1979年12月,邓小平在会见日本内阁总理大臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%AD%A3%E8%8A%B3" title="大平正芳">大平正芳</a>一行期间,强调了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AA%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="四个现代化">四个现代化</a>”,并提出了实现“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%B7" title="小康">小康</a>”的概念<sup id="cite_ref-:210_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:210-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:38_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1982年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十二次全国代表大会">中国共产党第十二次全国代表大会</a>正式引用了“小康”这一概念,并把它作为二十世纪末的战略目标; 在“小康社会”人民的生活达到“小康水平”,这是指在温饱的基础上,生活质量进一步提高,达到丰衣足食。<sup id="cite_ref-:210_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:210-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:38_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>邓小平的首项改革措施在被全球许多共产党执政的国家长期忽视的农业领域率先展开。在1970年代后期,食品的供应和生产非常缺乏,政府人员甚至认为于大跃进时期导致数百万人死亡的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="三年困难时期">三年困难时期</a>可能会再度出现<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:8</sup>。邓小平反对实行<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">农业集体化</a>,他坚持强调的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="家庭联产承包责任制">家庭联产承包责任制</a>将人民公社的集体土地划给了农民。在新政策的保护下,只要将合同规定的部分粮食缴纳给政府,农民就可以正式管理他们自己的土地<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:355</sup>。这一举措使得1975年至1985年期间的农产量增加了25%,为其他领域的私有化创造了先例<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:355</sup>。与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="苏联经济改革">苏联经济改革</a>时自上而下的模式相比,邓小平改革时自下而上的方法被认作中国经济成功转型的重要因素<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>为了提高生产效率,城市工业的改革也开始实行。政府引入了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%8C%E8%BD%A8%E5%88%B6" title="价格双轨制">价格双轨制</a>:1979年国有企业改革展开后,即便超过了计划配额,国有制工业依旧可以按照计划和市场的双重价格销售商品,这一措施解决了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="毛泽东时代">毛泽东时代</a>的经济短缺。此外,于20世纪80年代开始实行的工业责任制允许个人或团体通过合约管理企业,这进一步促进了国有企业的发展。被中国共产党收购的私营企业首次被允许经营,它们在工业产出中所占的比例逐渐升高<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup>。价格的灵活性业有所提高,服务业规模扩大<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11</sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenzhen_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shenzhen_12.jpg/220px-Shenzhen_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shenzhen_12.jpg/330px-Shenzhen_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shenzhen_12.jpg/440px-Shenzhen_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>深圳,改革开放中最为成功的城市和经济特区之一,它因发展迅猛而被称为“一夜崛起之城”,其发展速度被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="深圳速度">深圳速度</a>”</figcaption></figure> <p>自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中国国民党">中国国民党</a>时代以来,中国首次开放了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%95%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="外商直接投資">外商直接投資</a>。邓小平为外国投资设立了一系列<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="经济特区">经济特区</a>。与其他地区相比,阻碍经济增长的官僚法规和干预措施对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="中国经济特区">这些特区</a>的影响相对较小,这些经济特区因此相对自由。这些地区成为了国民经济增长的引擎<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11</sup>。经济特区的数量与规模持续扩大。1979年7月15日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会">中共中央</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">国务院</a>决定在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="珠海">珠海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%95%E5%A4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="汕头">汕头</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="厦门">厦门</a>试办经济特区<sup id="cite_ref-MichaelE_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MichaelE-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:13</sup>,此後中国政府创办了更多的特区。此外中共解禁个体户和乡村家庭工业,恢复城乡小商品市场。1979年底,全国批准开业的个体工商户约10万户,1981年,批准开业的个体工商户達101万<sup id="cite_ref-8月2日_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8月2日-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1980年,中央75号文件规定不准雇工。1981年5月29日,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》发表《关于一场承包鱼塘的争论》一文,討論雇工是否算剥削。中央书记处政策研究室的经济学家林子力認為,根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="資本論">資本論</a>的定義,雇工達到八个就是资本主义经济,就是屬於剥削。1983年1月,中共中央对出現較多雇工的情形提出"三不"原则:"不宜提倡,不要公开宣传,也不要急于取缔。"<sup id="cite_ref-8月2日_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8月2日-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>对内经济方面,经济改革首先在农村地区展开<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:115-118</sup>。农业方面,在邓和赵紫阳的经济改革下,推行<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="家庭联产承包责任制">家庭联产承包责任制</a>,实施包产到户,提高农民的积极性<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平2_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:315-316</sup>。农业生产总值在1978年至1984年中提高了50%,农民纯收入也大幅提高,经济改革初见成效<sup id="cite_ref-MichaelE_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MichaelE-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E4%BB%B2%E5%8B%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="習仲勳">習仲勳</a>和廣東領導班子於1979年4月17日帶著方案草稿赴北京,在最後定稿前與鄧等人作討論<sup id="cite_ref-V_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:348</sup>。廣東之方案於7月15日得到批准,成為中央第50號文件,它同意給予廣東和福建吸引外資之「特殊政策和靈活措施」;按鄧建議,這些地區稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟特區">特區</a>」;<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="珠海">珠海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%95%E5%A4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="汕头">汕头</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="厦门">厦门</a>4個特区於1979年8月26日正式成立<sup id="cite_ref-V_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:348-349</sup>。 </p><p>幾乎所有高幹都去過特區至少一次,並表揚特區的成就,只有<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="陳雲">陳雲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%88%E5%BF%B5" title="李先念">李先念</a>不去;1981年12月22日,陳雲講話稱:「要看到特區的有利方面……也要充分估計到特區帶來的副作用」<sup id="cite_ref-V_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:359</sup>。1982年12月31日,政治局發出第50號文件肯定廣東打擊經濟犯罪的工作,引用陳雲的結論:「特區一定要搞,但也要不斷總結經驗,確保把特區辦好。」<sup id="cite_ref-V_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:363</sup> </p><p>1984年1月24日,鄧在冬季「假期」乘專列到達廣州;他用兩周時間視察廣東和福建,包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="珠海">珠海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="厦门">厦门</a>三个经济特区,還視察中山和順德兩個珠海附近發展迅猛之縣<sup id="cite_ref-V_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:364</sup>。邓并鼓励特区建设,提议增加<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="对外开放城市">对外开放城市</a><sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:51-52</sup>。对外方面,中国决定扩大对外开放地程度<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:32</sup>:扩大进口的数量及进口国范围<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:119</sup>;改善进口产品结构,重点为技术输入;提供外资直接进入中国设厂,改善中国生产结构以及派遣大量留学生赴西方学习科技<sup id="cite_ref-MichaelY_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MichaelY-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:142</sup>。10月,中共十二屆三中全會在北京召開,會上通過《關於經濟體制改革的決定》,標誌著城市經濟體制改革之開展<sup id="cite_ref-程_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:160</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984年至1989年"><span id="1984.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B31989.E5.B9.B4"></span>1984年至1989年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:1984年至1989年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%A3%81%E5%86%9B" title="百万大裁军">百万大裁军</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史 §&#160;政治体制改革</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">邓小平时代<br />(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E8%80%81" title="中共八大元老">中共八大元老</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored%28cropped%29.jpg/159px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1203" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">邓小平</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">组织与人物</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">邓小平 (中央軍委主席、中顧委主任) <br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a> (中共中央總書記)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家元首</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%88%E5%BF%B5" title="李先念">李先念</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="楊尚昆">楊尚昆</a>(国家主席)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府首脑</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="李鵬">李鵬</a>(国务院总理)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p> 1984年10月,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A#三中全会" title="中国共产党第十二届中央委员会">中共十二届三中全会</a>通过了《关于经济体制改革的决定》<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。政府還在经济领域开放了更多地区:1988年4月13日,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="第七届全国人大第一次会议">第七届全国人大第一次会议</a>通过了设立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="海南省">海南省</a>、建立海南岛经济特区的决议;中共中央批转沿海部分城市座谈会会议纪要,决定进一步开放<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="中華人民共和國沿海開放城市">14个沿海港口城市</a>。1985年2月18日,中共中央和国务院决定在<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="长江三角洲">长江三角洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="珠江三角洲">珠江三角洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E9%87%91%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="閩南金三角">閩南金三角</a>开辟沿海经济开放区。1988年3月18日,国务院进一步扩大了沿海经济开放区的范围,决定将<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="杭州">杭州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="沈阳">沈阳</a>等140个市、县划入经济开放区,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="辽东半岛">辽东半岛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="山东半岛">山东半岛</a>全部对外开放<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1992年8月,重庆、岳阳、武汉、九江、芜湖等5个沿長江城市,哈尔滨、长春、呼和浩特、石家庄、太原、合肥、南昌、郑州、长沙、成都、贵阳、西安、兰州、西宁、银川等15个省会城市對外開放<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg/220px-Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg/330px-Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg/440px-Tai_Po_Waterfront_Park_Spiral_lookout_tower_view2_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>香港回归纪念塔</figcaption></figure> <p>1984年6月22日、23日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%A1%BE%E9%97%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央顾问委员会">中共中央顾问委员会</a>主任<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>会见香港工商界访京团和香港知名人士<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="钟士元">钟士元</a>等谈话时提出“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%A4%E5%88%B6" title="一国两制">一个国家,两种制度</a>”的设想,即在中华人民共和国一国之内,大陆地区实行社会主义制度,香港地区实行资本主义制度。同年12月19日,中國國務院總理<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E7%B4%AB%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="趙紫陽">趙紫陽</a>與英國首相<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%98%89%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%8D%93%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="瑪嘉烈·戴卓爾">戴卓爾夫人</a>在北京簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%81%B2%E6%98%8E" title="中英聯合聲明">中英聯合聲明</a>》,確定英國在1997年7月1日將<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="香港主權移交">香港主權移交</a>中華人民共和國<sup id="cite_ref-LHSM_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSM-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1985年5月23日至6月6日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E5%A7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央军委">中共中央军委</a>扩大会议召开,中国城市改革自此全面展开,重点是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" title="国有企业">国有企业</a>的改革;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E5%A7%94%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央军委主席">中共中央军委主席</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>宣布实行<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%A3%81%E5%86%9B" title="百万大裁军">百万大裁军</a>,改革开放初期军队建设要服从国家经济建设大局的路线,军队和军人在中国社会的地位有所降低。 </p><p>1986年4月,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="第六届全国人大">第六届全国人大</a>第四次会议批准国务院制定的国民经济和社会发展“七五”计划,通过了《中华人民共和国义务教育法》、《中华人民共和国外资企业法》。11月18日,中共中央、国务院转发《高技术研究发展计划纲要》。高技术研究发展计划又称<a href="/wiki/863%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="863計劃">“八六三”计划</a>。《纲要》确定了7个领域中的15个主题项目,作为今后发展高技术的重点。12月2日六届全国人大常委会第18次会议通过了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%A0%B4%E4%BA%A7%E6%B3%95" title="中华人民共和国企业破产法">中华人民共和国企业破产法</a>(试行)》。 </p><p>1987年5月12日,邓小平会见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="荷兰首相">荷兰首相</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="吕德·吕贝尔斯">吕贝尔斯</a>,谈及《改革开放使中国真正活跃起来》<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:234-235</sup>。1987年9月,深圳率先试行土地使用有偿出让,出让了一块5千多平方米的土地使用权、限期50年,揭开了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中华人民共和国土地制度">国有土地使用制度</a>改革的序幕<sup id="cite_ref-:03_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。10月25日至11月1日举行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十三次全国代表大会">中国共产党第十三次全国代表大会</a>,政治報告指出:「由於『左』的積習很深,由於改革開放的阻力主要來自這種積習,所以從總體上説,克服僵化思想是相當長時期的主要任務。」<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:16</sup>代总书记<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>做《沿着有中国特色的社会主义道路前进》的报告。报告阐述了社会主义初级阶段理论,提出了中共在社会主义初级阶段的“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%81%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%82%B9" title="一个中心、两个基本点">一个中心、两个基本点</a>”的基本路线,制定了到下世纪中叶分三步走、实现现代化的发展战略,并提出了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">政治体制改革</a>的任务。12月,深圳市公开拍卖了一块国有土地的使用权,这是中华人民共和国建立后首次进行的土地拍卖<sup id="cite_ref-:03_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同年,中央5号文件中去除了雇工数量的限制,"三不"原则改成十六字方针:"允许存在,加强管理,兴利抑弊,逐步引导。"<sup id="cite_ref-8月2日_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8月2日-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>此期间的一个显着的发展是国家控制权力下放,让当地省级领导人尝试如何促进经济的增长和国有企业的私有化。名义上由地方政府控制的乡镇企业也逐步開始私有化。 </p><p>与此同时,<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="通货膨胀">通货膨胀</a>在1985年、1988年和1992年成为问题<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:105</sup>。拿固定工資的人看到有錢的私人經商者炫耀財富,抬高價格,威脅工薪階層的基本溫飽,使他們憤怒;鄉鎮企業從業者獲取原料和資金以自肥,企業家獲利部分來自鑽空子;「官倒」想方設法把社會財富入袋,守法的幹部收入停滯;農民工入城,加劇通脹<sup id="cite_ref-V_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:537</sup>。 </p><p>另一方面,私营化在1992年以后开始加速,私营部门在GDP中所占的百分比也在上升。中国政府对民营经济的认识也在逐步深入:1984年和1988年时,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国政府">中国政府</a>将它称为国家部门的“补充”,例如1988年4月,第七届全国人大一次会议通过宪法修正案,在憲法第11条增加"国家允许私营企业经济在法律规定的范围内存在和发展。私营经济是社会主义公有制经济的补充。国家保护私营经济的合法权利和发展。对私营经济实行引导、监督和管理"<sup id="cite_ref-8月2日_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8月2日-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不過到了1999年,私營經濟被定为了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a>的“重要组成部分”<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:19</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989年至1992年"><span id="1989.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B31992.E5.B9.B4"></span>1989年至1992年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:1989年至1992年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史 §&#160;政治体制改革</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="六四天安门事件">六四天安门事件</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">后邓小平时代</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/109px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/163px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/217px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="622" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Peng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Li_Peng.png/125px-Li_Peng.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Li_Peng.png 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="221" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">江泽民,李鹏</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">组织与人物</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="江澤民">江澤民</a> (中共中央總書記)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家元首</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="楊尚昆">楊尚昆</a> (國家主席)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府首脑</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="李鵬">李鵬</a>(国务院总理)</td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote><p>“……事情一爆發出來,就很明確。他們的根本口號主要是兩個,一是要打倒共产党,一是要推翻社会主义制度。他們的目的要建立一个完全西方附庸化的資產階級共和国。……黨的十一屆三中全会制定的路線、方針、政策,包括我們發展戰略的「三部曲」,正確不正確?……要堅定不移地執行黨的十一屆三中全會以來制定的一系列路線、方針、政策,要認真总结经验,对的要繼續坚持,失誤的要糾正,不足的要加点劲。總之,要總結現在,看到未來。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:303-308</sup>——邓小平〈在接见首都戒严部队军级以上干部时的讲话〉,1989年6月9日 </p></blockquote> <p>1989年4月15日,曾为改革开放主要执行人之一的前中共中央总书记<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%BB" title="胡耀邦之死">胡耀邦去世</a>,引发了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>学生的悼念活动<sup id="cite_ref-潘公凱_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-潘公凱-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:274</sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。悼念活动数日内演变为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">全国性抗议示威活动</a>,参与者的诉求也变为了控制<a href="/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="1980年代末中国通货膨胀">通貨膨脹</a>、處理失業問題、解決<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%80%92" title="官倒">官员貪腐</a>、政府問責、扩大新聞自由與结社自由等<sup id="cite_ref-潘公凱_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-潘公凱-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:274</sup><sup id="cite_ref-黎安友_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-黎安友-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。4月26日,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》发表<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AD%E7%A4%BE%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="四二六社论">四二六社论</a>,定性此次事件为“资产阶级自由化动乱”。随后北京<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="天安门广场">天安门广场</a>等地爆发了大规模游行、抗议、示威、请愿以致绝食活动。直至5月20日,官方宣布在北京<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E4%B8%A5" title="戒严">戒严</a>,由国务院总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B9%8F" title="李鹏">李鹏</a>签署<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E6%88%92%E4%B8%A5" title="六四戒严">戒严令</a>,中央军委下令集结军队向北京进发。 </p><p>6月4日凌晨,解放军戒严部队开进北京,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%BA" title="六四清场">武力强行驱散</a>示威学生及群众,造成多人死伤。此次行动结束后被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四天安门事件</a>。此次事件,一方面引发世界各国对中国的谴责和制裁,使中国与西方国家的关系恶化;另一方面使得当时以总书记<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>为代表的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="改革派 (中国共产党)">改革派</a>失势,中国国内反改革开放的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a>抬头,在当时对中国改革开放继续进行下去构成了很大威胁,并使改革开放面临着中断夭折的危险<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11</sup>;中共领导层以加强<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="无产阶级专政">无产阶级专政</a>和防止“和平演变”为名,使得中国的改革开放和经济发展在此期间已经停滞甚至倒退。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>等东欧共产党国家全面崩溃也加剧了形势的严峻性。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="江澤民">江澤民</a>擔任<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%B8%BD%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央總書記">中共中央總書記</a>的前三年(1989年至1991年)疏遠<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="喬石">喬石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%91%9E%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="李瑞環">李瑞環</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="改革派 (中国共产党)">改革派</a>,靠攏<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a><sup id="cite_ref-zmzzggkf_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zmzzggkf-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="需要添加較佳的来源">需要較佳来源</span></a>&#93;</sup>。政治上强调“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%A1%B9%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="四项基本原则">四项基本原则</a>”;在經濟領域,他依靠<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%9E%97" title="姚依林">姚依林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%B9%B3" title="宋平">宋平</a>,全面執行<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="陳雲">陳雲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E7%B1%A0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="鳥籠經濟">鳥籠經濟</a>路線,搞「治理整頓」,打擊地方、鄉鎮經濟。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em;width:30%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;">我们搞改革开放,把工作重心放在经济建设上,没有丢马克思,没有丢列宁,也没有丢毛泽东。老祖宗不能丢啊!问题是要把什么叫社会主义搞清楚,把怎么样建设和发展社会主义搞清楚。</div><cite style="display: block;text-align: right;">——邓小平于1991年<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div> <p>1992年1月18日至2月21日,已经卸任所有职务的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>以普通党员的身份视察<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="武昌">武昌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="珠海">珠海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="广州">广州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>,并发表重要的“<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="邓小平南巡">南巡讲话</a>”(后官方改稱“南方談話”,又称九二南巡或邓小平南巡)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这些讲话要求中国共产党坚持改革开放的政策,声称“要警惕右,主要是防止‘左’”<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,并认为计划多一点还是市场多一点,不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。九二南巡成为了中国经济改革的又一个转折点。此后不久,经济改革政策复苏,政治改革进程则基本停止。 </p> <blockquote><p>“不坚持社会主义,不改革开放,不发展经济,不改善人民生活,只能是死路一条。基本路线要管一百年,动摇不得。只有坚持这条路线,人民才会相信你,拥护你。谁要改变三中全会以来的路线、方针、政策,老百姓不答应,谁就会被打倒。这一点,我讲过几次。如果没有改革开放的成果,“六四”这个关我们闯不过,闯不过就乱,乱就打内战,“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>”就是内战。为什么“六四”以后我们的国家能够很稳定?就是因为我们搞了改革开放,促进了经济发展,人民生活得到了改善。所以,军队、国家政权,都要维护这条道路、这个制度、这些政策。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:370-371</sup>、“改革开放胆子要大一些,敢於試驗,不能像小腳女人一樣。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:372</sup>、“判断的标准,应该主要看是否有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力,是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力,是否有利于提高人民的生活水平。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:372</sup>、“计划多一点还是市场多一点,不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。……社会主义的本质,是解放生产力,发展生产力,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到共同富裕。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:373</sup>、“中国要警惕右,但主要是防止“左”。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:375</sup>、“抓住时机,发展自己,关键是发展经济。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:375</sup>、“发展才是硬道理。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:377</sup>、“要坚持两手抓,一手抓改革開放,一手抓打擊各種犯罪活動。这两只手都要硬。……两个文明建设都要超過他們(亞洲「四小龍」),这才是有中国特色的社会主义。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:378</sup>、“中国要出问题,还是出在共产党内部。对这个问题要清醒,要注意培养人,要按照“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="四化">革命化、年輕化、知識化、專業化</a>”的标准,选拔德才兼备的人进班子。……真正关系到大局的是这个事。”<sup id="cite_ref-邓小平3_101-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:380</sup>——鄧小平〈在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的談話要點〉,1992年1月18日至2月21日 </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治局">中共中央政治局</a>1992年3月9日至3月10日在北京召開全體會議,由中共中央總書記<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="江澤民">江澤民</a>主持,討論中國改革和發展,強調必須堅定不移貫徹執行「一個中心、兩個基本點」,抓住當前有利時機,加快改革開放步伐,集中精力把經濟建設搞上去,沿着有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="中國特色社會主義">中國特色社會主義</a>道路繼續前進;會議認為,解放和發展生產力,是中國共產黨領導人民建設社會主義根本任務,為此必須堅持以經濟建設為中心,堅持四項基本原則,堅持改革開放<sup id="cite_ref-要_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-要-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1</sup>。政治局全體會議強調,改革開放膽子要大一些,勇於創新,敢於試驗,必須進一步解放思想,堅持實事求是;判斷姓「社」姓「資」,應該主要看是否有利於發展社會主義社會<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B" title="生产力">生產力</a>,是否有利於提高人民生活水平<sup id="cite_ref-要_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-要-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2</sup>。 </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">什么社会主义、资本主义,我看只要是共产党让干的,就是社会主义。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——朱镕基,<sup id="cite_ref-何中石_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-何中石-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>1992年6月,江澤民在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央黨校">中共中央黨校</a>對省部級幹部進修班講話,深刻領會和全面落實鄧小平重要談話精神,表明「左」的表現主要是停留在過去對馬克思主義某些原則、某些本本教條式理解上,或者停留在過去對社會主義一些不科學認識上,或者停留在改革開放前那些不正確思想和政策上,而不是用馬克思主義分析客觀實際,因此不容易接受改革開放,甚至認為搞改革開放就會走向<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>道路,仍用過去那種「階級鬥爭為綱」思想來影響以至衝擊經濟建設為中心;表現右主要是懷疑和否定四項基本原則,搞<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="資產階級自由化">資產階級自由化</a>,甚至制造政治動亂,企圖改變社會主義制度和改革開放正確方向<sup id="cite_ref-要_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-要-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:35-40</sup>。歷史上「左」錯誤泛濫時間長、影響深,帶着一些革命色彩,容易迷惑人,需要提醒領導幹部要特別注意防止「左」干擾,是妨礙生產力發展原有模式和做法主要阻力<sup id="cite_ref-要_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-要-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:41</sup>。同月,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%91%9E%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="李瑞環">李瑞環</a>宣傳貫徹鄧小平重要談話,說經濟建設中心地位一百年不變,思想政治工作不能搞「自我中心」、兩個中心或多中心,妨礙和干擾經濟建設發展;思想政治工作者必須強化為經濟建設服務,自覺服從和服務於經濟建設;思想政治工作就是要通過各種方式、方法和途徑,使群眾了解自己利益與責任,自覺為自己利益而奮鬥<sup id="cite_ref-要_122-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-要-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:47-54</sup>。同月,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E6%AF%85%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="榮毅仁">榮毅仁</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BF%A1%E6%89%98%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中国国际信托投资公司">中國國際信託投資公司</a>董事長)堅持把實踐作為檢驗真理的唯一標準,改革開放成功不是靠本本,而是靠實踐,靠實事求是;鄧小平提出,要抓住機遇,發展自己,改革開放膽子再大一些,步子再快一些,使中國經濟發展隔幾年上一個台階,同時提出「不是鼓勵不切實際的高速度,還要扎扎實實,講求效益,穏步協調地發展」<sup id="cite_ref-要_122-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-要-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:57-62</sup>。 </p><p>在1992年10月12日至18日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会">中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会</a>在北京举行,大会通过《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中国共产党章程">中国共产党章程</a>(修正案)》,将建设有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国特色社会主义">中国特色社会主义</a>的理论和党的基本路线写进党章。1992年后,改革开放的路线基本确定,中国從上到下进入了一个周边国际环境基本和平,国内社会維持稳定,经济长期快速增长的阶段,“八五”计划、“九五”计划、“十五”计划均得到了全面实施和基本完成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992年至2002年"><span id="1992.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B32002.E5.B9.B4"></span>1992年至2002年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:1992年至2002年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="邓小平南巡">邓小平南巡</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">江李朱體制<br />(第三代中央领导集体)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/109px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/163px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/217px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="622" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Peng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Li_Peng.png/125px-Li_Peng.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Li_Peng.png 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="221" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg/110px-Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg/165px-Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg/220px-Zhu_Rongji_at_White_House_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">江泽民,李鹏,朱镕基</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">组织与人物</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="江澤民">江澤民</a> (中共中央總書記)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家元首</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="楊尚昆">楊尚昆</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="江澤民">江澤民</a> (國家主席)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府首脑</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="李鵬">李鵬</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%8E%94%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="朱鎔基">朱鎔基</a>(国务院总理)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">历史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">议会任期</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1992年至2002年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">就任組閣</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十四届中央委员会">中国共产党第十四届中央委员会</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">卸任組閣</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十五届中央委员会">中国共产党第十五届中央委员会</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E8%80%81" title="中共八大元老">中国共产党第二代中央领导集体</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%B8%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="胡温体制">胡温体制</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>90年代初,邓小平强迫中顾委主任<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E4%BA%91" title="陈云">陈云</a>、中国国家主席<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" title="杨尚昆">杨尚昆</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E8%80%81" title="中共八大元老">元老</a>退休并开始实行彻底的改革<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:114</sup>。邓小平在生前经过精心挑选后,将他的接班人定为两位热情的改革者——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91" title="江泽民">江泽民</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%95%95%E5%9F%BA" title="朱镕基">朱镕基</a>。同時<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十四大">中共十四大</a>明确提出要建立<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a>体制,此後中國國企陸續建立现代企业制度<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1992年,邓小平进行了著名的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="九二南巡">九二南巡</a>,使得因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="六四天安门事件">六四天安门事件</a>而放缓甚至停滞的改革开放重新提速。一些知名的谈话内容和口号,譬如“<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E8%AE%BA" title="猫论">猫论</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA" title="不争论">不争论</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%89%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8E" title="三个有利于">三个有利于</a>”甚至“<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%B8%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="摸论">摸论</a>”,成为后来“<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="邓小平理论">邓小平理论</a>”的重要部分<sup id="cite_ref-:72_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,此后<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十四大">中共十四大</a>把鄧小平“建设有中国特色社会主义的理论”写进中共党章(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十五大">中共十五大</a>正式命名“<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="邓小平理论">邓小平理论</a>”)<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。「十四大」確認鄧小平的“建設有中國特色社會主義的理論”是「當代中國的馬克思主義」,要求把鄧小平理論與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東思想">毛澤東思想</a>看齊;會議又提出要審慎地推行政治體制改革,並強調精簡機構以提高行政效率,但不提撤銷黨組<sup id="cite_ref-程_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:174</sup>。在中共十四大上,鄧小平将年轻的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B" title="胡锦涛">胡锦涛</a>提升成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治局常委">中共中央政治局常委</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央书记处">中共中央书记处</a>书记<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11,24</sup>,胡锦涛常被认为是鄧小平为江澤民安排的继任者<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:238</sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup>。1993年11月14日,中共中央通過由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%8E%94%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="朱鎔基">朱鎔基</a>制定的《(市場)改革五十條》,該文件說明「社會主義市場經濟」,「就是使市場在國家宏觀調控下對資源配置起基礎作用」;文件又為企業、金融、財稅、投資及外貿等改革訂下目標和策略,故可說是中國建立「社會主義市場經濟體制」的總體規劃和行動綱領<sup id="cite_ref-程_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:175</sup>。受该因素影响,虽然邓小平于1997年<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%BB" title="邓小平之死">逝世</a>,改革开放依旧得以进行下去。<sup id="cite_ref-:21_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="过热和结构改革"><span id=".E8.BF.87.E7.83.AD.E5.92.8C.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>过热和结构改革</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:过热和结构改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%9D%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D" title="五二九讲话">五二九讲话</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="三个代表">三个代表</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E9%A2%A8%E6%9A%B4" title="亞洲金融風暴">亞洲金融風暴</a></div> <p>此后,政府于1997年和1998年展开了大规模的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化">私有化</a>运动。除了少数大型垄断企业,所有的国有企业都遭到了清算,原属于国企的资产均被出售给了私人投资者,工人则大量<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%B2%97" title="下岗">下岗</a>失业。1997年,全国人大删除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%80%92%E6%8A%8A%E7%BD%AA" title="投机倒把罪">投机倒把罪</a>。 </p><p>2001年至2004年间,国有企业的数量减少了48%<sup id="cite_ref-Rawski_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawski-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:573</sup>。此同时,江泽民和国务院总理朱镕基还降低<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E" title="关税">关税</a>、削弱<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%A3%81%E5%9E%92" class="mw-redirect" title="贸易壁垒">贸易壁垒</a>、制订更开放的法规;对银行体系进行改革;废除毛泽东时代的社会福利制度(如公费医疗、福利分房等);将军事企业和解放军强行分离<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116</sup>;减轻通货膨胀;于2001年12月加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a>(WTO)。这些举动引起了一些群体,尤其是私有化国有企业下岗职工的不满<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:128</sup>,但也为中国创下了良好的经济格局。 </p><p>到了2005年,内资民营经济在GDP中比重占到了49.7%,外商和港澳台的比重占到了15%左右<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这一比重在此后继续扩大<sup id="cite_ref-8km_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8km-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同年,按<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7" title="购买力平价">购买力平价</a>计算,中国取代<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>成为亚洲最大、世界第二的经济体<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但是,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油业</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="银行业">银行业</a>等行业,国有垄断企业仍然存在<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002年至2012年"><span id="2002.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B32012.E5.B9.B4"></span>2002年至2012年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:2002年至2012年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B" title="胡锦涛">胡锦涛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9D" title="温家宝">温家宝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%B8%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="胡温体制">胡温体制</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">胡锦涛-温家宝体制<br />(第四代中央领导集体)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg/118px-Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg/176px-Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg/235px-Hu_Jintao_Cannes2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1498" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg/120px-Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg/180px-Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg/240px-Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">组织与人物</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B" title="胡锦涛">胡锦涛</a>(中共中央总书记)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府首脑</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9D" title="温家宝">温家宝</a>(国务院总理)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">历史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">议会任期</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2002年至2012年</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">就任組閣</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十六届中央委员会">中国共产党第十六届中央委员会</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">卸任組閣</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十七届中央委员会">中国共产党第十七届中央委员会</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中国共产党集体领导制度">江李朱体制</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%9D%8E%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="习李体制">习李体制</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>2002年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会">中共十六大</a>召开,倾向改革的江泽民和朱镕基等领导人开始卸任领导职务,倾向保守的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B" title="胡锦涛">胡锦涛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9D" title="温家宝">温家宝</a>开始逆转原先的改革措施。观察员发现该届政府的政策加入了更多“平均主义”和“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民粹主義">民粹主义</a>”成分<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_112-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:129</sup>。胡温政府增加了对医疗保健部门的补贴和控制<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;停止了私有化的进行<sup id="cite_ref-scissors_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scissors-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。正因如此,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">中国经济</a>被自由派媒体评价为整体呈现出了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%9B%E6%B0%91%E9%80%80" class="mw-redirect" title="国进民退">国进民退</a>”的趋势<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>为应对<a href="/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B4-2008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="2007年-2008年環球金融危機">2007年-2008年環球金融危機</a>,温家宝于2008年出台<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="四万亿投资计划">四万亿投资计划</a>,这项投资造成了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A7%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%87%E5%89%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="产能过剩(页面不存在)">产能过剩</a><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、通货膨胀<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、巨额地方债务<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、银行坏账、生产率水平下降等问题,中国的经济结构为此遭到了长期破坏<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。许多学者都对其持负面评价<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,只有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%AF%85%E5%A4%AB" title="林毅夫">林毅夫</a>等极少数学者支持该计划<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而宽松的货币政策,导致大量资金流入商品房市场,房价暴涨了数倍<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,诱发了许多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中华人民共和国社会问题">社会问题</a>和家庭问题<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>评论者认为朱镕基时代三大改革所积累下的财富在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%B8%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="胡温体制">胡温体制</a>下消耗殆尽<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。拥有特权的国有部门是政府投资的主要受益者,在新体制的推动下,大型“全国冠军”发展迅猛,拥有了与国外大公司展开竞争的能力<sup id="cite_ref-scissors_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scissors-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>但得益于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="四万亿投资计划">四万亿投资计划</a>在2008年世界<a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="2008年金融危机">金融危机</a>之时,中国经济继续保持高速增长,并成功举办了中国历史上第一个<a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会">奥运会</a>,胡锦涛和温家宝执政十年,中国经济规模扩大了4倍<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2010年,中国的GDP总量超过日本(按国际汇率),成为世界第二大经济体<sup id="cite_ref-:51_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012年至2022年"><span id="2012.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B32022.E5.B9.B4"></span>2012年至2022年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:2012年至2022年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%9D%8E%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="习李体制">习李体制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BA%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%84%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="以习近平同志为核心的党中央">以习近平同志为核心的党中央</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">习近平-李克强体制</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg/110px-Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg/165px-Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg/220px-Xi_Jinping_March_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="970" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Keqiang_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Li_Keqiang_%28cropped%29.jpg/95px-Li_Keqiang_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Li_Keqiang_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Li_Keqiang_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Li_Keqiang_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Li_Keqiang_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">组织与人物</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>(中共中央总书记)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府首脑</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="李克强">李克强</a>(国务院总理)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">历史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%B8%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="胡温体制">胡温体制</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BA%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%84%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="以习近平同志为核心的党中央">以习近平同志为核心的党中央</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><span class="fn org">以习近平同志为核心的党中央<br /><small>(现届中央领导集体)</small></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png/111px-Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png/166px-Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png/222px-Xi_Jinping_and_Tsai_Ing-wen_20160316_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家领袖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>(中共中央总书记)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">历史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%9D%8E%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="习李体制">习李体制</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%89%E8%8A%92%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%84_China_Dream_-Shining_out_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>長春街頭的中国梦主題園藝</figcaption></figure> <p>2012年11月<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会">中共十八大</a>召开,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>当选<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中国共产党中央委员会总书记">中共中央总书记</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央军事委员会主席">中央军委主席</a>上台执政。随后,中国共产党扩大控制国有企业和民营企业,导致至少288家公司修改公司章程,反映了中共新的企业管理政策<sup id="cite_ref-:47_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:47-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9Dec2012_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9Dec2012-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。与此同时,习近平、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%B2%90%E5%B1%B1" title="王岐山">王岐山</a>等人发动了大规模的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E8%85%90%E8%B4%A5%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十八大以来的反腐败工作">反腐行动</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AB%E9%BB%91%E9%99%A4%E6%81%B6%E4%B8%93%E9%A1%B9%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="扫黑除恶专项斗争">扫黑除恶专项斗争</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E9%98%9F%E4%BC%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%95%B4%E9%A1%BF" title="政法队伍教育整顿">政法队伍教育整顿</a>等政治运动,但也有“选择性反腐”和权力斗争的质疑<sup id="cite_ref-:44_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:45_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2013年9月29日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="上海自由贸易区">上海自由贸易区</a>最先挂牌成立,成为中国第一个自由贸易试验区。9月,習近平到访<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a>,提出共同建设“丝绸之路经济带”。習近平在同年10月於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a>国会演讲时提出共同建设21世纪“海上丝绸之路”。同年11月<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议">中共十八屆三中全會</a>把“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一带一路">一带一路</a>”升级为国家战略<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同时通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》文件,内容包括改革国家和军队领导机构,完善税收制度,逐步放开<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a>,放宽民间投资准入行业,废除<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%99%E5%85%BB" title="劳动教养">劳教</a>体制,设立自由贸易区等。此后“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%B7%B1%E5%8C%96%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="全面深化改革">全面深化改革</a>”在各种政府文件和新闻中出现,被媒体解读为“中国改革新程的总纲领”<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。有分析认为,习近平新时代的“全面深化改革”与前几十年的“改革开放”相比省略了开放二字,或许意味着持续了三十五年的中国改革开放政策(1978年至2012年)已经结束<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但以习近平为<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" title="领导核心">领导核心</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中国共产党集体领导制度">中央领导集体</a>却声称中国仍然会坚持改革开放,习近平也在诸多公开场合宣告中国将继续对外开放,且会加大开放幅度并提出“全面扩大开放”政策。<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此后习近平时期的政策路线被中国官方统称“深化改革 扩大开放”<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,外界和部分体制内人士则认为习的改革路线并没有遵循邓的政治体制改革道路,且改变了改革开放以来进行的政治体制改革方向,属于政治倒退,重新回到了毛泽东时代的体制,即党的最高领导人独揽大权的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a>以及“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87" title="党领导一切">党领导一切</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-:48_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:48-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:64_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:64-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:49_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:49-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:50_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:56_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:56-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2017年4月,中国设立<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="雄安新区">雄安新区</a>是中国第19个<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="国家级新区">国家级新区</a><sup id="cite_ref-aaa_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。中国政府对外宣传是“千年大计,国家大事”、”是继<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="深圳經濟特區">深圳经济特区</a>和上海<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="浦东新区">浦东新区</a>之后又一具有全国意义的新区”,其主要任务是成为“北京非首都功能疏解集中承载地”。 </p><p>2018年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十九届中央委员会">中国共产党第十九届中央委员会</a>开始推行“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%85%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="深化党和国家机构改革">深化党和国家机构改革</a>”,将部分<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">国务院</a>机构虚级化,由中共的党内机构承担实际职责。有学者和媒体认为本次机构改革是中国政治回归改革开放前“党政合一”的体制,作为最高国家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="行政机关">行政机关</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">国务院</a>权力被削弱,进一步加强<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国政府">政府</a>的领导<sup id="cite_ref-:48_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:48-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:49_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:49-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:50_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:57_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:57-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。3月,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="第十三届全国人民代表大会">第十三届全国人民代表大会</a>通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88_(2018%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法修正案 (2018年)">宪法修正案</a>,取消<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中华人民共和国主席">国家主席</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中华人民共和国副主席">国家副主席</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%B6" title="任期制">任期限制</a>。有观点认为此举终止了邓小平时代开始实行的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E8%81%8C%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%88%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%B6" title="废除干部领导职务终身制">废除干部领导职务终身制</a>”,不但破坏了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中国共产党集体领导制度">集体领导制度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a>,更让<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>有机会成为继<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>之后的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="終身總統">终身领导人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁者">独裁者</a><sup id="cite_ref-:64_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:64-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:58_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:58-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:59_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:59-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:60_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:60-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但也有支持观点认为,这样会使中国的政局长期处于稳定状态,让改革发展的相关政策不会因为政治不稳定而影响实施,对中国接下的发展来说,具有非常积极有效的影响<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。习近平在会见外国政要和中国官员时曾经解释,他“个人反对”终身制,修宪废除国家主席连任限制是因为中共中央总书记和中央军委主席这两个实权职务都没有限制连任次数,为了避免他担任的三个职务之间存在任期冲突才推动修宪,不过他并没有说明他会不会担任第三届或者更长任期的总书记和国家主席<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同年12月18日,“庆祝改革开放40周年大会”在北京<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82" title="人民大会堂">人民大会堂</a>举行,大会由国务院总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="李克强">李克强</a>主持,中共中央总书记习近平发表<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%9C%A8%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE40%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="wikisource:zh:在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上的讲话">重要讲话</a>。大会表彰了100名<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%9D%B0%E5%87%BA%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98" title="改革开放杰出贡献人员">改革开放杰出贡献人员</a>,向他们颁授<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E7%AB%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国勋章奖章纪念章列表">改革先锋奖章</a>,并向10名国际友人颁授<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E7%AB%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国勋章奖章纪念章列表">中国改革友谊奖章</a><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2019年8月9日,中国设立深圳中国特色社会主义先行示范区<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2019年,中国大陆人均GDP突破一万美元<sup id="cite_ref-:39_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2020年5月14日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%B8%B8%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治局常务委员会">中共中央政治局常务委员会</a>会议提出,要构建「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="国内国际双循环">国内国际双循环</a>相互促进的新发展格局」<sup id="cite_ref-中國經濟時報_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國經濟時報-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。6月1日,中共中央及国务院正式印发《海南自由贸易港建设总体方案》,正式计划将海南打造成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%B8%AF" title="海南自由贸易港">自由贸易港</a><sup id="cite_ref-:46_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。包括海南自贸试验区在内,截止2020年中国大陆共设立21个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国自由贸易试验区">自由贸易试验区</a>。2020年中国大陆人均GDP为10839美元,开始向高收入国家迈进,GDP突破100万亿人民币<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2021年6月10日,中国设立浙江<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E7%A4%BA%E8%8C%83%E5%8C%BA" title="共同富裕示范区">共同富裕示范区</a>,试图找出能解决中国目前遇到的收入差距,区域差距,城乡差距等发展难题的道路<sup id="cite_ref-:54_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:54-81"><span 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title="清零政策">清零政策</a>,強調中國的防控方針是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87" title="党领导一切">黨的性質和宗旨</a>決定的<sup id="cite_ref-习近平_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-习近平-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2022年5月,國務院總理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="李克強">李克強</a>在「全國穩住經濟大盤電視電話會議」上坦言,針對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%922%E5%9E%8BOmicron%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%A0%AA" title="嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒2型Omicron變異株">Omicron變異株</a>的清零,使經濟在某些方面和一定程度上,比2020年<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病中国大陆疫情">原始疫情</a>衝擊時還大<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span 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class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。至2022年12月,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%B4%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="白紙運動">白紙運動</a>后,中国政府颁布<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1" title="新十条">新十条</a>,结束了持续三年的清零政策,管控造成中國的經濟危機因此得以舒緩<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2022年10月23日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="中国共产党第二十届中央委员会第一次全体会议">中共二十届一中全会</a>选举出新一届<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第二十届中央委员会">中央领导机构</a>成员,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>再次连任<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中国共产党中央委员会总书记">中共中央总书记</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央军事委员会主席">中共中央军委主席</a><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,开启<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E8%81%8C%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%88%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%B6" title="废除干部领导职务终身制">史无前例</a>的第三任期,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%BE%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="习近平派系">习近平派系</a>基本上占据<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="中国共产党中央政治局">中央政治局</a>全部席位<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,部分媒體認為,44年的改革開放結束。<sup id="cite_ref-:66_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:66-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:67_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:67-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022年至今"><span id="2022.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A"></span>2022年至今</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:2022年至今"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2023年3月10日,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="習近平">習近平</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="第十四届全国人民代表大会">十四屆全國人大一次會議</a>上第三次當選為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國主席">中華人民共和國主席</a><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國歷史">中華人民共和國歷史</a>上第一位任期超過十年的國家主席,任期超越包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a>在內的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国国家元首列表">歷任國家主席</a>。 </p><p>2023年6月25日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">中国国务院</a>正式批准设立<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="雄安新区">雄安综合保税区</a><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2023年6月28日,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%B8%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会">第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会</a>第三次会议通过的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%B3%95" title="中华人民共和国对外关系法">中华人民共和国对外关系法</a>》第四条规定,中华人民共和国坚持对外开放基本国策<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2023年11月1日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%EF%BC%89%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国(新疆)自由贸易试验区">新疆自由贸易试验区</a>正式挂牌成立,为中国大陆第22个自由贸易试验区,中国宣布新疆自贸易试验区将被赋予更大改革自主权<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2023年11月24日,中国外交部宣布在2023年12月1日至2024年11月30日期间对法国、德国、意大利、荷兰、西班牙、马来西亚6国实行单方面15天入境免签政策<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2023年12月15日,中国国家外汇管理局宣布在上海市、江苏省、广东省、北京市、浙江省、海南省等地区进行跨境贸易投资高水平开放试点,试行促进跨境贸易和投融资便利化政策<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2024年1月24日, 中国政府发布《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="浦东新区">浦东新区</a>综合改革试点实施方案(2023-2027年)》<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2024年3月1日,位于广东省珠海市的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E7%90%B4%E7%B2%A4%E6%BE%B3%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%8C%BA" title="横琴粤澳深度合作区">横琴粤澳深度合作区</a>正式实施封关运行<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2024年3月19日,中国政府发布《扎实推进高水平对外开放更大力度吸引和利用外资行动方案》,计划通过扩大外国资本在大陆的可投资领域,优化营商环境等措施来吸引更多外资投资<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2024年11月1日,中国商务部、中国证监会、国务院国资委、税务总局、市场监管总局、国家外汇局六部门联合发布新修订的《外国投资者对上市公司战略投资管理办法》。修订后《外国投资者对上市公司战略投资管理办法》进一步拓宽外资投资门槛,新增允许外国自然人实施战略投资、放宽外国投资者的资产要求、允许通过要约收购进行战略投资,降低持股比例和持股锁定期等内容。<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="措施与内容"><span id=".E6.8E.AA.E6.96.BD.E4.B8.8E.E5.86.85.E5.AE.B9"></span>措施与内容</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:措施与内容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b>需要提供<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">更多來源</a></b>,否則內容可能<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2017年9月10日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对内改革"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E5.86.85.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>对内改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:对内改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="農村改革"><span id=".E8.BE.B2.E6.9D.91.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>農村改革</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:農村改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%BE%B2%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="三農問題">三農問題</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E5%87%A4%E9%98%B3%E5%8E%BF%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>安徽凤阳小岗村的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%85%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="大包干">大包干</a>”纪念馆</figcaption></figure> <p>在改革前的时期,中国农业的绩效极差,粮食短缺现象十分普遍<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:478</sup>。中國大陸農村地區自1958年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%88%B4%E6%B2%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="北戴河会议">北戴河會議</a>後建立了全國範圍的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a>,將農民手中的一切個人財產與生產資料劃歸公有,生產生活的指導權過於集中,並且在產品分配上採取了较为絕對的平均主義來分配,造成“幹多幹少一個樣,幹好幹坏一個樣”的局面,雖然這種體制在產品相對充裕時可以有效地減少自然災害為個人帶來的損失,但也挫傷了農民生產的積極性。 </p><p>1978年,中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81" title="安徽省">安徽省</a>面臨旱災,當地鳳陽縣小井庄、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%97%E6%9D%91" title="小岗村">小崗村</a>等地的農民決定實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%B0%E6%88%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="包产到户">包產到戶</a>,均分小隊下轄的土地與勞動工具,展開自負盈虧的農業生產——這在人民公社下是屬於私分共有財產的重罪。然而這兩個村在當年的農業收入中就創造了驚人的成績,這件事情不久就被上報至中共中央,雖然中共中央在1979年的《关于加快农业发展若干问题的决定》中依然規定不得私分田地,但這種行為早在1978年<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="安徽">安徽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="四川">四川</a>兩省便已試行包產到組、包產到戶的農業生產責任制,並取得了在災年農業生產超過往年的成績。 </p><p>1980年5月31日,鄧小平在中共中央的講話中公開支持了這項措施。不久,在中國所有的農村都開始強制實行以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%81%94%E4%BA%A7%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="家庭联产承包责任制">家庭聯產承包責任制</a>為主要形式的體制轉變,這種決定在堅持土地最終所有權為國家的情況下,許可農民自行生產、自負盈虧,只繳納部分農業產品。並鼓勵農村發展鄉鎮企業和農業副業,向專業化、商品化的方向繼續發展,並廢除了不適合農村生產力發展的人民公社體制。 名义上新体制使农业生产得到大发展,农村开始富裕起来;实际数据表明,改革后,农业产量增速放缓,农业基础设施成为无人料理的公共物品,随着农业生产开始向专业化、商品化、社会化发展,农产品和工业品之间的价格剪刀差拉大,由于信息不对称,孤立的农民无法了解农产品的市场价格,无法形成对农民有利的农产品市场,农业收入下降;而原有的农村乡镇企业被乡镇领导私自占有后迅速发展起来。 </p><p>同時,人民公社的解體也導致了原本農村的合作醫療制度迅速消失,造成了中國農村和城市地區的進一步分化。並且在包產到戶以後,小農經濟不再適合農業集體化,公社時期大規模建造的水利灌溉設施,由於無法召集大規模人力維修,而不斷破損。同樣在公社時期的大規模新墾高產、穩產田運動,也無法繼續。集體化的消失也打斷了在人民公社時期,農村逐漸開始發展的機械化,在另一個層面上使得農村更加落後。不僅如此,公社解體後,傍依公社生存的部分鄉鎮企業也無法繼續經營,最終全部破產或者通過改制而私有化。 </p><p>多数人認為中國農村的改革取得的成效使得当时佔全中國人口70%以上的農民逐步擺脫了貧困,並促使部分農民先于其他地區先富裕起來。同時農業的改革雖然在初期颇有成效,但隨著中國全方位對外開放的逐渐深入,農村的發展开始低於城市地區的發展速度甚至至今两者之间已经有了巨大的差距,这導致中國出現了令世界關注的貧富分化現象——這在強調以共同富裕為最終目標的社會主義制度下是難以想象的。由於步入20世紀,90年代來中國政府並沒有對農村地區貧富分化抱以足夠的關注,事態逐步成為中國迅速發展,建設全面<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%B7" title="小康">小康</a>社會,實現全面復興的最大障礙——<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%BE%B2%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="三農問題">三農問題</a>。 </p><p>自2002年以來,中國最高行政文件<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6" title="中央一号文件">中央一號文件</a>連續強調三農問題對中國建設的影響,中國政府也開始重新調整農業地區的政策。 </p><p>2006年,中国废止农业税条例,中国向农民征收<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%A8%8E" title="中国农业税">农业税</a>的历史终于结束,经改革开放农业改革,中国农村经济发生了质的变化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="城市改革和工人階級"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9.E5.92.8C.E5.B7.A5.E4.BA.BA.E9.9A.8E.E7.B4.9A"></span>城市改革和工人階級</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:城市改革和工人階級"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1956年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="三大改造">三大改造</a>完成后,公有制經濟(尤其是國營經濟)佔據了90%以上的工業總產值。而且企業的生產經營脫離市場,一切產品生產由政府下達訂單;而掌握企業主導權的並不是工廠廠長,而是國家委派的幹部——公方代表或上级党委委派的党支部书记。無論是國營企業還是極少部分的私營企業,工人一律不得被辭退,也沒有相應的破產措施,部分虧損嚴重的企業只得由國家背負這些不良資產。缺乏競爭、不負盈虧的企業主觀上沒有研發新科技、擴大再生產的動機,結果在同期世界上大部分資本主義國家都抓住了科技革命帶來的機遇,導致中國與其他國家的差距越來越大。 </p><p>農村地區6年多的改革令中國的領導人看到了改革帶來的巨大動力,轉而着手對中國城市經濟進行改革。1984年10月,中國共產黨十二屆三中全會發表《關於經濟體制改革的決定》,標誌著城市改革的開始,並在1985年全面展開。 </p><p>鄧小平在1977年全國科學技術大會上便提出以科學技術帶動社會生產力。1985年的改革更進一步打破了原有的計劃經濟理念:政府一方面擴大了企業的自主權,遣返私營企業中的公方代表,引入<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="市場經濟">市場經濟</a>中的許多觀念,發展為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a>。时任<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%A1%BE%E9%97%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央顾问委员会">中共中央顾问委员会</a>主任<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>说:“改革开放胆子要大一些,敢于试验,不能像小脚女人一样。看准了的,就大胆地试,大胆地闯。”政府認可了私營企業對中國經濟的貢獻和所處地位,並鼓勵非公有制經濟成分進一步發展以帶動中國經濟,打破了中國經濟公有制成分一枝獨秀的局面;抽回公方代表,逐步放寬私營企業的經營自主權。將企業納入宏觀經濟的管轄範圍内,與市場調節作用相結合;對於生產盈利不再堅持一刀切的均分政策,轉而以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%8B%9E%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="按勞分配">按勞分配</a>為主要的分配方式,以不再堅持<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95" title="共同富裕">共同富裕</a>為代價換來了企業的生產活力。對國有經濟成分進行改組,由政府絕對控制經營轉為政府擁有企業的絕對決策權,將一半經濟活動權下放給企業,支持並鼓勵負債企業兼併或破產——這極大地動搖了工人心目中共產黨和社會主義的形象,自中華人民共和國建國以來政治地位極高的工人群體被改革開放引入的政策所衝擊,伴隨着各地國營企業的關閉,全國約有數百萬工人失業。中国政府引入下崗再就業政策(譬如“红帽子工程”),大量減少了失業人口,缓解了工人的不满<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。由此,「改革开放的成功如果没有工人阶级的支持以及下岗职工的奉献和牺牲也是不可能的。国家现在所积累的巨大物质财富,也有他们的一份功劳。」<sup id="cite_ref-孟永2017_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孟永2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>城市改革取得的進展一度成效不大,反而在原有計劃經濟理論遭到抛棄的情況下引發了國内民眾的思想混亂。加之1985年以來政府不斷放寬思想言論控制,原先身為“封資修大毒草”的資本主義意識形態開始被部分知識分子所接受,對西方民主的嚮往與追求成為日後兩次大規模民众運動興起的原因之一。1989年后,政府再度放緩城市改革步伐,轉而開始控制國内混亂的思想。1992年過後,政府再度對城市的體制進行改革,並不斷將各種政治決策公開化,並設立<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%AD%89%E6%9C%83" title="聽證會">聽證會</a>以便于民眾參與政治決策。 </p><p>自1989年發生「六四事件」後,蘇聯、東歐和東德共产主义阵营随之<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">垮台</a>,中國共產黨的立場日趨保守,政治改革步伐放緩,黨内也出現了重提階級鬥爭觀念的聲音。為維護改革開放的大局,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>再度出面,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="邓小平南巡">南下巡視</a>中國數個設立經濟特區的省份,發表了事後稱為“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E8%B0%88%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="南巡谈话">南巡講話</a>”的發言,提出「发展才是硬道理」,利用個人威望重新將改革開放的政策穩定下來,並成為中國共產黨執政政策的“兩個基本點”之一。這場講話確保了今後中國政府既定國策的穩固,也逐步將中國經濟實力帶上一個又一個新臺階。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="服务业"><span id=".E6.9C.8D.E5.8A.A1.E4.B8.9A"></span>服务业</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:服务业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghaistockexchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shanghaistockexchange.jpg/220px-Shanghaistockexchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shanghaistockexchange.jpg/330px-Shanghaistockexchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shanghaistockexchange.jpg/440px-Shanghaistockexchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="上海证券交易所">上海证券交易所</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_(40984942355).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_%2840984942355%29.jpg/220px-Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_%2840984942355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_%2840984942355%29.jpg/330px-Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_%2840984942355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_%2840984942355%29.jpg/440px-Shenzhen_stock_exchange_2018_%2840984942355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="深圳证券交易所">深圳证券交易所</a></figcaption></figure> <p>20世纪90年代,金融业自由化<sup id="cite_ref-Haggard_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haggard-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:339</sup>。中国于2001年12月加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a>(WTO)后,服务业被解释为可开放的,外商投资获准;零售、批发和分销的限制也已经结束<sup id="cite_ref-Branstetter_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branstetter-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:657</sup>。银行业、金融服务业、保险业和电信业也向国外投资开放<sup id="cite_ref-Branstetter_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branstetter-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:658-659</sup>。 </p><p>中国的银行业由四家大型国有银行(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国工商银行">中国工商银行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国银行">中国银行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国建设银行">中国建设银行</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国农业银行">中国农业银行</a>)主导,而它们在很大程度上是低效和垄断的<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:522</sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。中国最大的银行——<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国工商银行">中国工商银行</a>,是世界上规模最大的银行。由于国家管理效率低下,这些金融部门被普遍视为中国经济的累赘<sup id="cite_ref-Perkins_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:866</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E8%B4%B7%E6%AC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="不良贷款">不良贷款</a>主要由地方政府和无法盈利的国企出于政治目的进行<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:523</sup>,尤其是保持低失业率的政治目标,是金融体系和经济的一大拖累。中华人民共和国政府随后对这些银行展开了资本重组。2000年,这些银行在GDP中的比重高达22%以上;到了2006年,它们在GDP中的比例下降到了6.3%,总额约为1,600亿美元<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_219-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:528</sup>。观察家们建议通过银行体系私有化来解决该问题,4家银行在股市上市时,这一建议得到了部分执行<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_219-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:530</sup>。由于中国的两大金融交易市场(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="上海证券交易所">上海证券交易所</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="深圳证券交易所">深圳证券交易所</a>),只占到GDP的11%,因此在筹集资本方面相对无效<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_219-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:514</sup>。 </p><p>到20世纪80年代,广告在实现邓小平推进的现代化目标的作用得到了广泛的重视。中国政府仍然在毛泽东时代的平均主义理想上大作表面文章,但这并没有抑制消费主义的增长<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對外開放"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E5.A4.96.E9.96.8B.E6.94.BE"></span>對外開放</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:對外開放"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="外交政策"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>外交政策</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:外交政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="中华人民共和国外交">中华人民共和国外交</a></div> <p>1978年11月,中国国务院副总理邓小平出访<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>,与时任新加坡总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%89%E8%80%80" title="李光耀">李光耀</a>举行会谈,并谈到改革开放要借鉴“新加坡的经验””<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。期间,邓小平代表中国共产党和中国政府承认并改正了两个错误:一是改变保守自闭,主张对外开放,引进外资;二是接受李光耀的建议,不再搞<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4#输出革命" title="中华人民共和国外交">革命输出</a>,大大改善了中国的对外关系<sup id="cite_ref-:36_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:37_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:35_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此前,中国共产党及中国政府(尤其在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>时代)在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>地区大力输出<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>革命,援助了包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼共产党">印尼共产党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="马来西亚共产党">马来西亚共产党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="越南共产党">越南共产党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="红色高棉">柬埔寨红色高棉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝共产党">老挝共产党</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="缅甸共产党">缅甸共产党</a>在内的各国共产党组织和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%87%BB%E9%98%9F" title="游击队">游击队</a>,导致部分地区排华情绪严重,造成大量人员伤亡和财产损失<sup id="cite_ref-:37_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。改革开放后,为了对抗<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>,中国共产党及中国政府依然对柬埔寨<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="红色高棉">红色高棉</a>提供了长期军事援助,至<a href="/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8" title="1993年柬埔寨大選">1993年柬埔寨大选</a>后中国才停止对红色高棉的援助<sup id="cite_ref-:233_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:233-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:152_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1989年,“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a>”发生后,邓小平又提出了“冷静观察”、“沉着应付”、“韬光养晦”、“决不当头”、“善于守拙”、“有所作为”等中国的外交战略,后被归结为“韬光养晦、有所作为”的八字战略方针<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="经济特区"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E7.89.B9.E5.8C.BA"></span>经济特区</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:经济特区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="经济特区">经济特区</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGD_SZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NGD_SZ.png/250px-NGD_SZ.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NGD_SZ.png/375px-NGD_SZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NGD_SZ.png/500px-NGD_SZ.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>下四區被劃為特區而大幅成長大廈高樓林立</figcaption></figure> <p>中華人民共和國在1979年以前對外貿易值只佔經濟比重很小的一部分,这一情况源自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a>“内無内債、外無外債”的政策。但一些海外華僑的主要集散地<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東">廣東</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="福建">福建</a>經常有一些華僑在自己的祖籍所在地開辦工廠。1979年,中國政府決定放寬對對外貿易的限制,給予廣東、福建兩省的對外經濟活動的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%80%E8%A3%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="三來一補">三來一補</a>特殊政策。1年后在鄧小平的大力支持下,廣東省<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="深圳">深圳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="珠海">珠海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%95%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="汕頭">汕頭</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81" title="福建省">福建省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="廈門">廈門</a>四個地區宣佈改制為對外<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟特區">經濟特區</a>。 </p><p>1979年1月31日,<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E5%8F%A3%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BA" title="蛇口工业区">深圳蛇口工业区</a>正式建立,成为中国对外开放的第一个试验区,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E5%BA%9A" title="袁庚">袁庚</a>等人的领导下逐渐发展出了“蛇口模式”、诞生了知名的口号“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="时间就是金钱,效率就是生命">时间就是金钱,效率就是生命</a>”,此后向全国推广<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:642_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:642-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1984年1月,邓小平首次考察深圳,肯定了“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="深圳速度">深圳速度</a>”,认为“深圳的发展和经验证明,我们建立经济特区的政策是正确的。”<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1980年代,在袁庚的推动下,中华人民共和国第一家由企业创办的股份制<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="商业银行">商业银行</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="招商银行">招商银行</a>、第一家由企业创办的商业保险机构——<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="平安保险">平安保险</a>,先后在蛇口成立<sup id="cite_ref-:642_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:642-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg/220px-%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg/330px-%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg/440px-%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%B8%82" title="深圳市">深圳市</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E5%8F%A3%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BA" title="蛇口工业区">蛇口工业区</a>的知名标语“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%87%91%E9%92%B1%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="时间就是金钱,效率就是生命">时间就是金钱,效率就是生命</a>”</figcaption></figure> <p>參考的發展经验,將加工裝配、合資經營作為主要的外貿形式,並許可了少量外商獨資企業存在,意图從中學習領先的科學技術和優秀的經營方式。改革開放的四個試點城市的发展模式在1984年鄧小平南下巡視時被给予充分肯定。在1984年進一步開放了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="广州">广州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津</a>等14個作为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="中華人民共和國沿海開放城市">沿海開放城市</a>”,並將<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="环渤海地区">環渤海地區</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="长江三角洲区域一体化发展">長江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="珠江三角洲经济区">珠江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E6%BC%B3%E6%B3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="廈漳泉">廈漳泉</a>三角洲地區辟為經濟開放區。對外開放的4個試點在很短的時間内就取得了驚人的進步,深圳從一個泥灣村落發展為與深圳一河之隔的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>不相上下的繁榮都市。其餘三地也成為80年代初中國經濟的巨大亮點。隨後開放的14個城市也取得年均10%以上的經濟增長。1988年,感受到對外貿易帶來的巨大經濟效益后,中國政府將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="海南省">海南</a>单独设省后全省對外開放,成為中國最大的對外開放區。同時對外開放的地點也隨著沿海向内陸地區發展。而現在各省各市均有權規劃土地,並在國務院批准后設立對外開放區。这成為刺激中國經濟起飛的一大因素。 </p><p>不過改革開放初期,出於對共產政權的不信任,加上中华人民共和国自1949年開始,在對外交流方面,接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="孤立主义">鎖國狀態</a>,很少人對當時中國大陆有所了解。因此改革開放湧來的外資,最初是以香港資金(港資)佔最大比重,達百分之八十<sup id="cite_ref-hongkong_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hongkong-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。直至2011年全年,名义上港資仍佔外資比例達66.3%(投資金額770.11億美元),是内地吸收外资的最大来源地<sup id="cite_ref-mofcom1_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofcom1-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(实际上一部分港资来源于其他地方,包括中国内地本身)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="国家级新区"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E7.BA.A7.E6.96.B0.E5.8C.BA"></span>国家级新区</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:国家级新区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="国家级新区">国家级新区</a></div> <p>国家级新区是承担中国重大发展和改革开放战略任务的综合功能区<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。国家级新区属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="城市新区">城市新区</a>的范畴,是依托旧有城区建立的新城区,具有一定的独立性和完整性,依托的城市一般是中国具有影响力的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="国家中心城市">国家中心城市</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="区域中心城市">区域中心城市</a>。在行政级别上,国家级新区由国务院批复,相比由所在城市政府批复成立的省市级城市新区,其产生背景和开发建设具有国家意志的属性。因此,其行政等级普遍高配一级或半级,以调动更多的资源<sup id="cite_ref-从国家级新区战略看国家战略空间演进_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-从国家级新区战略看国家战略空间演进-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 至2020年中国共设立19个国家级新区,国家发改委要求各个国家级新区围绕1至2个重点问题开展体制机制创新探索,形成可推广的经验,以便推广到其他区域<sup id="cite_ref-发改地区&#91;2015&#93;1573号_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-发改地区[2015]1573号-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>1992年10月,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="浦东新区">浦东新区</a>成为中国政府批准的第一个国家级新区,曾经改革开放的前沿,如今是中国金融产业最发达的地区之一,也是全国唯一以金融、保险和证券及商贸为主要产业的国家级开发区。<a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4" title="2021年">2021年</a><a href="/wiki/6%E6%9C%887%E6%97%A5" title="6月7日">6月7日</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="全国人大常委会">全国人大常委会</a>拟授权<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="上海市人民代表大会">上海市人民代表大会</a>及其<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E5%B8%B8%E5%8B%99%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="上海市人民代表大會常務委員會">常委会</a>制定浦东新区法规<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li>2017年4月,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="雄安新区">雄安新区</a>成为中国大陆第19个国家级新区,中国政府对外宣称是“千年大计,国家大事”、“是继<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="深圳經濟特區">深圳經濟特區</a>和上海<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="浦东新区">浦东新区</a>之后又一具有全国意义的新区”,该新区是“北京非首都功能疏解集中承载地”<sup id="cite_ref-aaa2_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa2-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自由贸易区"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E8.B4.B8.E6.98.93.E5.8C.BA"></span>自由贸易区</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:自由贸易区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国自由贸易试验区">中国自由贸易试验区</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%AA%E8%B4%B8%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%A8_20131017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>上海自贸区</figcaption></figure> <p>自由贸易园区是指在主权国家或者地区的关境以外,划出特定的区域,准许外国商品豁免关税自由进出,自由贸易试验区中华人民共和国经济新的试验田,实行政府职能转变、金融制度、贸易服务、外商投资和税收政策等多项改革措施。截止2020年,中国大陆31个省级行政区中已有21个被批准建立自由贸易实验区<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。中国政府赋予了试验区相当大的自主权,包括在试验区放宽外商投资建设各种限制,放宽土地使用权限,允许自贸试验区自己推出税收政策等<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>作为第一个自贸试验区,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%89%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国(上海)自由贸易试验区">中国(上海)自由贸易试验区</a>在2013年8月正式成立<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,该试验区成立时,以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%AB%98%E6%A1%A5%E4%BF%9D%E7%A8%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="上海外高桥保税区">上海外高桥保税区</a>为核心,辅之以上海浦东机场综合保税区和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%B1%B1%E6%B8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="洋山港">洋山港</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B8%AF%E6%96%B0%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="临港新城">临港新城</a>,将大力推动上海市转口、离岸业务的发展,推动货币兑换自由。</li> <li>位于中国东北的黑龙江自贸试验区目标是打造对俄罗斯及东北亚区域合作的中心枢纽,提出了加快实体经济转型升级、推进创新驱动发展和建设面向俄罗斯及东北亚的交通物流枢纽。</li> <li>西南的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%EF%BC%89%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国(云南)自由贸易试验区">云南自贸试验区</a>目标是打造“一带一路”和长江经济带互联互通的重要通道,建设连接南亚东南亚大通道的重要节点,推动形成中国面向南亚东南亚辐射中心、开放前沿,提出了创新沿边跨境经济合作模式和加大科技领域国际合作力度等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自由贸易港"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E8.B4.B8.E6.98.93.E6.B8.AF"></span>自由贸易港</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:自由贸易港"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%B8%AF" title="海南自由贸易港">海南自由贸易港</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%B8%AF" title="海南自由贸易港">海南自由贸易港</a>是中国政府计划在海南自由贸易试验区更进一部建设的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B8%AF" title="自由港">自由港</a><sup id="cite_ref-:46_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。相比之前的自由贸易试验区,海南自贸港被赋予了更大的权限,实行零关税,封关管理<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,更大开放金融,农业,教育,科研,医药,体育,航天,文物等领域的资本准入<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,《海南自由贸易港法案》发布后,更赋予了海南自贸港更大的自治权和不违宪前提的立法权<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。中国政府甚至一度试图在海南自贸港"试水”博彩行业发展赛马<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,结果期间引发极大的争议<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,最终被海南省自行否决<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>海南自由贸易港是中国大陆首次在省级行政区对多个重要的政治及经济框架进行大幅度开放性经济改革,改革范围包括海关,自由贸易,外国企业设立实体产业及投资,产权保护,移民及人口流动,金融,税收,经济事务立法权等极多个方面全面进行的。同时海南自由贸易港将直接接受由中国国务院框架下的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会">国家发展改革委</a>、财政部、商务部、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国人民银行">中国人民银行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B3%E6%80%BB%E7%BD%B2" title="中华人民共和国海关总署">海关总署</a>等部委派出驻地干部在海南实地指导工作。 </p><p>2021年6月10日,第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议通过《中华人民共和国海南自由贸易港法》,法案中涉及自贸港内居民权变更、接入全球互联网、出入境政策及封关等深化改革创新与开放之内容。授权后海南可以进行相当程度的改革与自治,在管理制度上将与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0" title="中国内地">内地</a>有所区别,2023年,海南开始进行封关作业,计划2025年底前实现全岛封关运作<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="台湾问题"><span id=".E5.8F.B0.E6.B9.BE.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>台湾问题</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:台湾问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾问题">台湾问题</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%85%AD%E6%9D%A1" title="邓六条">邓六条</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="一国两制台湾方案">一国两制台湾方案</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%80%9A" title="三通">三通</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="国际合作"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.90.88.E4.BD.9C"></span>国际合作</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:国际合作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作为对外开放的一部分,改革开放后中国开始积极参与国际和区域合作组织。 </p> <ul><li>1980年,中华人民共和国恢复<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>代表权<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1991年,中国加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%AA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="亚太经济合作组织">亚太经济合作组织</a>(APEC)<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2001年,中国在美国等国的支持下加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a>(WTO)<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,外贸开始快速发展,并在2014年成为世界上第一大出口国和第二大进口国<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2001年6月,中国和俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦6国一同创立<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="上海合作组织">上海合作组织</a><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2010年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%94%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%8C%BA" title="中国—东盟自由贸易区">中国—东盟自由贸易区</a>全面启动。</li> <li>2013年,中国官方提出“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一带一路">一带一路</a>”项目,其范围涵盖<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a>上<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="海上丝绸之路">海上丝绸之路</a>行經的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中国大陆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%9A" title="北亚">北亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>沿岸、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>沿岸、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>地區的国家<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。主要目的是投资开放中亚,南亚,东南亚,西亚,非洲等地的基础设施,开发当地市场加强与当地的贸易以改善中国对西方欧美市场的依赖,同时保障中国粮食和能源的供给安全,消耗中国的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="过剩能量">过剩产能</a>,同时带动中国中西部的发展,提高中国在世界的影响力<sup id="cite_ref-rmlt_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmlt-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。(相关内容:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E8%B7%AF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" title="絲路基金">丝路基金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="一带一路国际合作高峰论坛">一带一路国际合作高峰论坛</a>)</li> <li>2016年1月,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="亚洲基础设施投资银行">亚洲基础设施投资银行</a>(简称亚投行)在北京开业。</li> <li>2016年9月,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十国集团</a>峰会在中国杭州市举办,这是中国首次举办G20峰会<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2020年11月,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="区域全面经济伙伴关系协定">区域全面经济伙伴关系协定</a>(RCEP)》正式签订,该协定是由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚国家联盟">东南亚国家联盟</a>十国发起,由中华人民共和国、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩国">韩国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>等与东盟有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="自由貿易協定">自由贸易协定</a>的五国共同参加,共计15个国家所构成的高级自由贸易协定。该协定超越了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">歐盟</a>自由貿易区成為世界上最大自由贸易经济区域。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="单边开放"><span id=".E5.8D.95.E8.BE.B9.E5.BC.80.E6.94.BE"></span>单边开放</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:单边开放"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从2023年开始中华人民共和国对大量亚欧非国家實施降低關稅、簽證豁免、加大中方投資和开放外资投资限制等政策,被称为“单边开放”<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="中国共产党第二十届中央委员会第三次全体会议">中国共产党的二十届三中全会</a>推出《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》中提出中国将“扩大对最不发达国家单边开放”<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。香港中文大学(深圳)公共政策学院院长<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B4" title="郑永年">郑永年</a>认为单边开放政策“具备重塑全球贸易格局的能力”<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。“不僅可能促使美國的「兩極化」演變成「自我孤立主義」,也能加速推動國際秩序重塑”<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部援助和投资"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E6.8F.B4.E5.8A.A9.E5.92.8C.E6.8A.95.E8.B5.84"></span>外部援助和投资</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:外部援助和投资"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%80%E5%8F%97%E5%A4%96%E6%8F%B4" title="中华人民共和国所受外援">中华人民共和国所受外援</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="发达国家"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E8.BE.BE.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6"></span>发达国家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:发达国家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1978年5月,中国国务院副总理<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E7%89%A7" title="谷牧">谷牧</a>率领考察团前往欧洲五国考察,包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>,前往学习发展经验、介绍中国市场<sup id="cite_ref-:6_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1978年10月,中国国务院副总理邓小平率团访问<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、考察学习,签署了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中日和平友好條約">中日和平友好条约</a>》,此后中日两国之间各领域、各层次的交流和合作迅速增多<sup id="cite_ref-:14_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。邓小平在访日期间谈到:“首先承认我们的落后,长得很丑却要打扮得像美人一样,那是不行的。…… 这次到日本来,就是要向日本请教。我们向一切发达国家请教。”<sup id="cite_ref-:14_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1979年1月,中美建交<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>改革开放期间,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="发达国家">发达国家</a>对中华人民共和国的作法表示支持、并提供了包括无偿援助在内的各种形式的援助,截止2009年中国接收的无偿援助近67亿美元(约469亿<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%81" title="人民币">人民币</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_270-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其它欧洲国家也积极参与对华援助,仅在2002年-2006年间,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>就计划向中方提供2.5亿<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元">欧元</a>的无偿援助(5000万欧元/年)<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。与此同时,众多海外企业进入中国市场,截止2006年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C500%E5%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="世界500强">世界500强</a>企业中有400多家进入中国市场,也有相当数量的中国企业<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5" title="走出去战略">开辟了海外市场</a><sup id="cite_ref-:17_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,中国市场也逐渐成为相关国家工业产品的最大销售市场。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>改革开放以来主要发达国家对中华人民共和国的援助 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>国家 </th> <th>援助开始 </th> <th>援助终止 </th> <th>援助内容 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a> </td> <td>1979年 </td> <td>2018年 </td> <td> <ul><li>截止2018年10月,日本宣布终止对华援助,近40年来日本通过其<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AF%B9%E5%8D%8E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9" title="日本对华政府开发援助">政府开发援助</a>计划(日本对华ODA),成为中国改革开放以来的最大援助国,对华援助总额达3.65万亿<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="日元">日元</a>(折合约230亿<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a>),还包括众多技术、理念和人才的支持<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其中,中国的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%97%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E6%9E%97" title="三北防护林">三北防护林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="北京首都机场">北京首都机场</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81" title="北京地铁">北京地铁</a>一号线、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="重庆轨道交通">重庆轨道交通</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A2%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF" title="重庆轨道交通2号线">单轨二号线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2" title="中日友好医院">中日友好医院</a>、中日友好环境保护中心等项目均得到日本方面的援助<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li>截止2010年,中国超越日本成为世界第2大经济体,而根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%96%E5%8A%A1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="日本外务省">日本外务省</a>官方数据,日本通过ODA向中国提供了33164.86亿日元(约2638亿元人民币)的开发优惠贷款、1557.86亿日元(约124亿元人民币)的无偿援助、1739.16亿日元(约138亿元人民币)的技术合作资金,总金额高达36461.88亿日元(约2900亿人民币);日本对中国的援助占中国总外援的66.9%、涉及项目达200余个。<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%81%B2%E6%98%8E" title="中日聯合聲明">日本与中华人民共和国建交</a>。</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a> </td> <td>1980年 </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>2020年,美国对华援助削减了52%,从2019年的6200万美元削减到了2020年的3000万美元<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>截止2019年6月,依据美国政府数据,2018年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E7%BB%8F%E8%B4%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="中美经贸关系">美中贸易逆差</a>达4100多亿美元,而中国政府数据显示为1500多亿美元<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>截止2012年,美国对华援助总额约为5.56亿美元,涵盖藏人社区文化保存、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病">艾滋病</a>预防与治疗等30余种援助项目<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1999财年-2012财年,美国对华援助总额约为5.36亿美元<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;其中,2001年,在美国的协助下,中国成功加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>截止1998财年,美国对华援助达1941万<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a><sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1979年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="中美关系">美国和中华人民共和国建交</a>。</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> </td> <td>1982年 </td> <td>2010年 <p>(传统) </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>截止2019年,德国向中国提供的发展援助已达100亿<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元">欧元</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>截止2011年,德国向中国提供了12.1亿美元无偿援助、中国成为了德国政府对外无偿援助的最大受援国<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:29_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2010年起,德国正式停止对华传统援助,但德国经合部仍通过其区域合作基金对华开展合作<sup id="cite_ref-:29_287-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1982年10月13日,中德两国政府签署了技术合作总协定,德国政府开始对华提供无偿援助<sup id="cite_ref-:29_287-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1972年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="中德关系">德国和中华人民共和国建交</a><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a> </td> <td>2004年 </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>截止2009年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%BD%B2" title="法国开发署">法国开发署</a>向中国提供的无附带条件贷款总金额达5.52亿<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元">欧元</a>,主要用于能源、公路、铁路、电站等项目建设<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2004年10月,中法签署了《中华人民共和国财政部与法国开发署合作框架协议》,法国开发署每年对华提供总额约1.2-1.5亿欧元不附带条件官方发展援助贷款,主要用于改善全球大气环境领域项目<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1964年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="中法关系">法国和中华人民共和国建交</a>。</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a> </td> <td>1997年 </td> <td>2011年 <p>(传统) </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>2021年,英国将把对华援助预算削减95%,仅剩不到100万<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%95%91" title="英镑">英镑</a>,将从1800万英镑减少至90万英镑(约合813万元人民币),用于“资助开放社会和人权的项目”<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>截止2013年,英国向中国提供的无偿援助达2.3亿英镑(折合人民币达23亿元),中英已开展合作项目24个,领域集中在卫生、教育和环境及气候变化三个领域 <sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2011年3月,英国宣布结束传统对华发展援助,6月两国政府签署新型发展合作谅解备忘录;但英国国际开发事务部的数据显示,英国2012年仍然向中国提供了2740万英镑(约合2.7亿元人民币)的经济援助<sup id="cite_ref-:13_58-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1999年,中英两国政府签署《发展合作谅解备忘录》<sup id="cite_ref-:28_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1998年,英国国际发展部制定的《英对华无偿援助新战略》,国企改革、环境保护、医疗卫生、普及教育四个领域为其援助重点<sup id="cite_ref-:28_291-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1972年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="中英关系">英国和中华人民共和国建交</a>。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="港澳台"><span id=".E6.B8.AF.E6.BE.B3.E5.8F.B0"></span>港澳台</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:港澳台"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>改革开放以来,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="澳门">澳门</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>也对中国大陆提供了大量资金、技术、人才、理念等重要支持<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。香港資金雄厚作出最多的貢獻包括:内地的第一家“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%A5" title="三来一补">三来一补</a>”企业,内地批准的第一家合资、合作企业,第一家五星级饭店,第一条合资兴建的高速公路,第一块土地的拍卖等等,在改革开放史上佔了重要的印记。在改革初期,以香港資金(港資)佔最大比重,達百分之八十<sup id="cite_ref-hongkong_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hongkong-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>台商亦开始以外商名义或较为低调的方式进入大陆投资,有更多台商以港資或香港註冊公司名義進入中國大陆投資。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="香港資金"><span id=".E9.A6.99.E6.B8.AF.E8.B3.87.E9.87.91"></span>香港資金</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="编辑章节:香港資金"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>直至2011年全年,港資仍佔外資比例達66.3%(投資金額770.11億美元),是内地吸收外资的最大来源地<sup id="cite_ref-mofcom1_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofcom1-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。港澳在广东省的投资项目超过10万个,实际利用资金1200亿美元,占广东省实际外来资金的三分之二,其中绝大部分投资来自香港。促使粤港澳形成了以广东为加工制造基地、港澳为购销管理中心的獨特格局。数以万计的港澳投资企业在广东各地蓬勃发展,数以百万计劳动力受雇于港澳投资企业。珠三角地区形成了具竞争力的动态化产业集群、开放型,影响世界的加工制造业基地。深圳市投资额在1000万美元以上的项目和年出口1000万美元以上企业中,约80%是港商投资或参与投资的。2017年,深圳国内生产总值比1978年增长了11426倍,南方最重要的高新技术研发和制造基地。香港資金的投资,迅速推动广东从农业为主的省份發展成工业发达的经济大省。广东的国内生产总值从改革开放前在中华人民共和国省份排名第第5位逐渐成为第1位,至1989年起保持至今。 </p><p>因贪污已落马的广东省前副省长<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%BA%86%E8%89%AF" title="万庆良">万庆良</a>说「广东30年改革开放的历史,就是一部粤港澳合作的历史。广东30年的发展离不开港澳强有力的支持,离不开港澳资企业率先进入广东,率先投资、率先发展。香港人澳門人不仅带来了资金、技术、人才,为内地输入了先进的管理经验和理念,更新了管理文化。」較為熟悉的例子是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E9%90%B5%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="港鐵公司">港鐵公司</a>,促进了许多领域的观念更新。改革初期,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>缺乏优良的货运设施和海外贸易网络,而香港当时已经是亚太地区重要的贸易中心,拥有世界先进水平的硬件设施和一流的贸易人才。目前,香港是内地第五大贸易伙伴、第三大出口市场和第一大贸易顺差来源地。在资金、技术输入的同时,香港資金更为改革开放输入了许多先进的发展理念、经营方式和管理经验,促进了观念更新,为市场经济体制的完善提供了借鉴。国外有专家认为「内地市场经济改革之所以能够成功,一个重要原因就是拥有香港这样一个成熟的、国际化的市场经济体系可以借鉴,并为改革的启动和深化提供了源源不断的动力。」<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="霍英东">霍英东</a>投资兴建的内地第一家五星级酒店——<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A4%A9%E9%B9%85%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86" title="白天鹅宾馆">白天鹅宾馆</a>。不仅是因为宾馆硬件设施完备,更重要的是從一开业便打破当时的惯例,对所有普通市民开放,其服务意识、管理模式,都令当地政府官员和市民大开眼界,引发观念的更新,对广东服务业的兴起和发展产生了极大推动作用。商务部副部长<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9C%E5%A2%9E%E4%BC%9F" title="姜增伟">姜增伟</a>在接受采访时总结说「内地的现代化建设就是一条有效利用外资尤其是港澳台资金的资本积累和发展之路。内地经济社会发展所取得的成绩,每一天的变化,都有港澳同胞的奉献。」四名港啇投資的华南城国际工业原料城是占地1.5平方公里的工业原料及成品交易中心,集信息交流、展示、交易、仓储、货运、配送以及金融结算功能于一体,其规模之大、经营范围之广,堪称国内之最。随着中央政府与特区政府签署了内地与香港、澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排(CEPA)後,港資在内地的投资领域不断拓宽,从传统的劳动密集型产业向基础设施建设、现代制造业、现代服务业等领域快速发展。香港智经研究中心主席<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%97%AD" title="胡定旭">胡定旭</a>认为,「CEPA开启了香港和内地生产要素进一步流动的大门,制度安排为经济整合提供了更大的空间。」<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_293-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="台灣資金"><span id=".E5.8F.B0.E7.81.A3.E8.B3.87.E9.87.91"></span>台灣資金</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="编辑章节:台灣資金"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>台灣對中國大陸地區投資巨大,尤其是1989年<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a>後導致西方禁運,當時在中國大陸以外的投資方只有港台,但由于两岸尚处于对抗时期,台湾对两岸经贸往来限制严格,有许多台资与港资合资的方式到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国大陆地区</a>投资,甚至直接就在香港注册后以港资的名义来到大陆。初期的投资集中在劳动密集型、技术含量低的行业,像制伞、制鞋等。1989年,台资对中国大陆投资项目只有540个,协议金额僅5.5亿美元,实际利用资金更低至1.5亿美元。台湾于1990年正式公布《对大陆地区间接投资或技术合作管理办法》,有条件开放台商间接对大陆投资,促进了台商对大陆投资的发展。它們以“台湾接单、大陆加工生产、产品外销”為经营模式,平均外销比率达85%。 </p><p>台灣實際開始大規模投資始於1993年邓小平南巡後。1992年到1994年,台商对大陆投资项目计2.3万家,协议金额200多亿美元,实际投资额75.8亿美元。从1993年台商赴大陆投资第一波高峰开始到两岸经贸论坛,台商在大陆投资的企业已达6万家,累计投资金额约2000亿美元<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。目前大陆是台湾第一大出口市场和最大贸易顺差来源地。 2014年两岸贸易额为1983.1亿美元,较2013年增长0.6%,其中大陆对台出口462.8亿美元,自台进口1520.3亿美元,大陆与台湾贸易逆差达到1057.7亿美元<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="成就及影响"><span id=".E6.88.90.E5.B0.B1.E5.8F.8A.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>成就及影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="编辑章节:成就及影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="综合国力"><span id=".E7.BB.BC.E5.90.88.E5.9B.BD.E5.8A.9B"></span>综合国力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="编辑章节:综合国力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Made_in_china.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Made_in_china.jpg/250px-Made_in_china.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Made_in_china.jpg/375px-Made_in_china.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Made_in_china.jpg/500px-Made_in_china.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>中国生产商标(MADE IN CHINA)已经占据世界民生商品20%以上,成为世界工厂</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7" title="中国崛起">中国崛起</a></div> <p>邓小平以及他的理念的继承者及其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="改革派 (中国共产党)">改革派</a>人士顶住了来自国内<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a>的进攻,成功地将改革开放定为中华人民共和国的政策基石之一,并不可逆转地将中国带入世界经济中,与世界经济紧密结合在一起。从1978年至今,中华人民共和国由一个尚有2亿人生活在贫困线下,与世隔绝的国家,变成了一个经济繁荣,有着活跃市场的世界第二大经济体,并减少了当时世界近1/5的贫困人口。中国也在迈向<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="工业化">工业化</a>的道路上飞速前进,成为世界工厂,全球重要的制造业大国,全球最大的消费市场,经过40年的改革开放,中国国家力量大幅增强,2021年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="中华人民共和国国内生产总值">中华人民共和国国内生产总值</a>超过17.7万亿美元,拥有14亿人口的体量,人均GDP达到12551美元、达到<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国人均国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">中等偏上国家的收入水平</a>,国际地位和军事实力显著提高。中国已经成为国际社会不可缺少的重要角色。众多机构曾经预测中国GDP将会在2030年前超过美国成为世界第一大经济体,但这一时间点可能因<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病疫情">新冠疫情</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="清零政策">清零政策</a>导致的<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E5%BC%95%E5%8F%91%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" title="2019冠状病毒病疫情引发的经济衰退">经济衰退</a>而延迟,有经济学家甚至质疑中国经济规模能否超越美国<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意识形态"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E8.AF.86.E5.BD.A2.E6.80.81"></span>意识形态</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="编辑章节:意识形态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="新启蒙运动">新启蒙运动</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E8%B5%84%E5%A7%93%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="姓资姓社">姓资姓社</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B4%BE" title="中國自由派">中國自由派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中国新左派">中国新左派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="反和平演变">反和平演变</a></div> <p>改革开放初期,1980年代的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="新启蒙运动">新启蒙运动</a>”席卷中国思想界和民间社会,提倡重拾<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="五四运动">五四运动</a>精神“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>”与“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>”,反<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="文革">文革</a>、反封建、反传统<sup id="cite_ref-:73_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:83_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。思想解放运动不仅为改革开放奠基,同时使得<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人道主义">人道主义</a>思想包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人权</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%BB" title="法治">法治</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="普世价值">普世价值</a>的概念在中国大陆民间得到启蒙和推广,出现“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="文化热">文化热</a>”,而各类<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E5%88%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="報刊">报刊</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8" title="叢書">丛书</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A%E4%B9%90" title="中国摇滚乐">中国摇滚乐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E8%AF%AD%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="华语流行音乐">华语流行音乐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="中国大陆电影">大陆影视行业</a>的兴起和发展,也在不同程度上起到了启蒙作用<sup id="cite_ref-:88_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:88-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:602_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:602-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:652_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:652-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:79_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:79-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。邓小平则早在1979年即提出“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%A1%B9%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="四项基本原则">四项基本原则</a>”,在争议声中被写入《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="八二宪法">八二宪法</a>》,成为思想解放和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="言论自由">言论自由</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%BA%BF_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)" class="mw-redirect" title="红线 (政治)">红线</a><sup id="cite_ref-:90_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:90-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1989年“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a>”的爆发导致了新启蒙运动的中断,此后中国社会陷入对“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E8%B5%84%E5%A7%93%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="姓资姓社">姓资姓社</a>”等问题的争论,改革开放停滞不前,直至1992年<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="邓小平南巡">邓小平南巡</a><sup id="cite_ref-:211_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:211-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:182_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:182-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>邓小平在南方谈话中提出了“多干实事,少说空话”、“发展是硬道理”等观点,对姓资姓社等问题采取“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA" title="不争论">不争论</a>”的态度,此后“<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E8%AE%BA" title="猫论">猫论</a>”也广为流传,而此次南巡谈话被认为是继1978年“<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA" title="真理标准大讨论">真理标准大讨论</a>”后的第二次思想解放运动<sup id="cite_ref-:21_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2102_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2102-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1992年起,中国经济开始腾飞,但<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E5%AF%8C%E5%B7%AE%E8%B7%9D" title="貧富差距">贫富差距</a>扩大、城乡发展不平衡、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AA%E6%B1%A1" title="贪污">贪污</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="政治腐敗">腐败</a>等社会问题随之而来,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">政治体制改革</a>也并未重启,中国大陆思想界陷入了分歧和争论、新启蒙思潮并未完全延续,而是逐渐形成了“<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="自由派 (中华人民共和国)">自由派</a>”和“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中国新左派">新左派</a>”两大阵营,且此前遭到激烈反对的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新权威主义">新权威主义</a>则与自由派发生部分合流<sup id="cite_ref-:211_305-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:211-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:182_306-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:182-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>对于新出现的社会问题,自由派人士和新左派人士在1990年代展开了激烈论战,论战的开端是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E6%99%96" title="汪晖">汪晖</a>于90年代中期发表的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="当代中国的思想状况与现代性问题">当代中国的思想状况与现代性问题</a>》一文<sup id="cite_ref-:211_305-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:211-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:182_306-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:182-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:213_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:213-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:202_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:202-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:592_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:592-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。自由派观点认为,应当继续改革开放、发展<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经济</a>,倡导人权和自由,同时推进政治体制改革,完善民主、法治和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宪政主义">宪政</a>的建设<sup id="cite_ref-:182_306-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:182-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:213_308-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:213-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:202_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:202-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。体制内高级官员包括前国务院总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%95%95%E5%9F%BA" title="朱镕基">朱镕基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9D" title="温家宝">温家宝</a>都曾对此表达过一定的支持<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:292_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:292-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bfw_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfw-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。与此同时,新左派观点认为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>在中国大陆已泛滥成灾,中国的社会弊病在西方资本主义发展阶段中已出现过,新左派批判<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="市場機制">市场机制</a>、提倡<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="社会正义">社会正义</a>与平等,并为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="文革">文革</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>的一些做法辩护<sup id="cite_ref-:182_306-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:182-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:213_308-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:213-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>也有学者认为,中国共产党已经摒弃了最终实现<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>的理想,转化为一个资本主义政党,中国已经是一个资本主义国家<sup id="cite_ref-:70_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:70-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="中国模式">中国模式</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E8%B4%B5%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="权贵资本主义">权贵资本主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="黨國資本主義">党国资本主义</a>的概念开始受到重视<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:68_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:68-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:69_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:69-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:70_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:70-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>发展中国家积极学习效仿中国改革开放的发展经验,于1986年开始实行“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="革新开放">革新开放</a>”政策<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜</a>则继续施行中央<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">计划经济</a>体制并批评中国走了“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89)" title="修正主义 (马克思主义)">修正主义</a>”路线<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经济发展"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>经济发展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="编辑章节:经济发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 改革开放使中国大陆的经济快速增长,从1978年到2017年,中国<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">国内生产总值</a>按不变价计算增长33.5倍,年均增长9.5%,平均每8年翻一番<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,从占世界经济1%到2017年的15%,仅次于美国成为全球第二大经济体;扣除价格因素,人均国内生产总值2017年比1978年增长22.8倍,年均实际增长8.5%;<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B1%87%E5%82%A8%E5%A4%87" title="外汇储备">外汇储备</a>全球第一;成为世界最大贸易国、世界第一大<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="工业国家">工业国家</a>和出口加工制造国。</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png/250px-Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png/375px-Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png/500px-Country_foreign_exchange_reserves_minus_external_debt.png 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>债务地图=(外汇和黄金储备) - (债务外国人)(资料来源:2010年“美国中央情报局世界概况”)</figcaption></figure> <p>改革开放过程中,中国成功实现了计划经济向市场经济的转型,民营经济产值在总量上已经超越了国有经济,成为了中国经济增重的重要拉动力量。2007年,中国GDP总量超越德国;2010年,中国GDP超越日本,成为仅次于美国的全球第二经济大国。2018年,中国GDP折合13.6万亿美元,2019年超过14万亿美元,2021年17.7万亿美元,位居世界第二;购买力平价计算的GDP则达25.5万亿美元,位居世界第一。引进外资同样成为中国经济增长的重要方式,中国为全世界吸引外资金额最多的国家(港、澳、台资金的引入亦被算作外资),而对外贸易规模也位居世界第一,同时中国成为美国国债(除美国本国以外)最大债权国。 </p><p>從開始改革開放的1978年到2021年,人均國內生產總值由225美元增長到12551美元,增长超过55倍,东部部分沿海省市等人均GDP已突破两万美元,对于14亿人口的体量人均能突破一万美元,表明中国经济规模和影响力巨大。<sup id="cite_ref-:39_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2007年,广东省GDP总值超越台湾,成为中国大陆第一个GDP总值超越台湾的省(個人平均仍遠低於台灣)。2012年之后江苏、山东、浙江、河南的GDP也先后超越台湾,其中广东达到两倍以上,2018年四川和湖北的GDP数值也超越了台湾。 2019年,中國<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E6%B1%87%E5%82%A8%E5%A4%87" title="中华人民共和国外汇储备">外匯儲備</a>約3萬億美元。中国多项经济产品产量达到世界第一。四十年来中国的城市人口比例已从20%上升到60%以上,而实际上由于大量农业人口进城打工,所以中国实际上的从事非农业人口比例更高。但很明显的,中国已经从一个农业大国成功转型为工业化国家,第二产业和第三产业创造的GDP占比经济总量的90%+。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海外影响"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E5.A4.96.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>海外影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="编辑章节:海外影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>改革开放对于海外的影响(特别是现存的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a>)影响深远。如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>在1986年实施的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="革新开放">革新开放</a>政策几乎就是翻版的改革开放政策。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>在<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2019年古巴憲法公投">2019年的宪法公投</a>中通过了新宪法。新宪法明确古巴政府承认<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="私有财产">私有财产</a>,并认可外国投资。同时也对政治制度做了一定程度上的改革<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;即使是依旧施行<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">计划经济</a>制度的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜</a>,也推行了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="朝鲜经济改革">朝鲜经济改革</a>,参考了中国改革发放初期的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="经济特区">经济特区</a>模式先后建立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%9F%8E%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%9B%AD%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="开城工业园区">开城工业园区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%A5%E5%85%88%E9%8B%92%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="羅津先鋒經濟特區">罗津先锋经济特区</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="新义州特别行政区">新义州特别行政区</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%81%A9" title="金正恩">金正恩</a>上台后,朝鲜的私有经济有了相当程度的发展,但总体来说经济开放的程度依旧非常小<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>则是早在1986年就施行了<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE_(%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D)" title="革新开放 (老挝)">革新开放</a>。不过因为受<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE_(%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D)" title="革新开放 (老挝)">革新开放</a>政策影响,导致其大量国际投资进入<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>而并非<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>。导致其经济发展非常缓慢<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治和社会"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.92.8C.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A"></span>政治和社会</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="编辑章节:政治和社会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治体制改革"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E4.BD.93.E5.88.B6.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>政治体制改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="编辑章节:政治体制改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史 §&#160;政治体制改革</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="中华人民共和国民主运动">中华人民共和国民主运动</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%95%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%99" title="西单民主墙">西单民主墙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg/220px-The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg/330px-The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg/440px-The_20th_Anniversary_of_Tiananmen_Massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a>”二十周年纪念活动(美国<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="华盛顿哥伦比亚特区">华盛顿</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>1980年8月18日,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治局">中共中央政治局</a>扩大会议上作了《党和国家领导制度改革》的讲话(俗称“8.18讲话”),指出权力过分集中是中国当下官僚主义的“总病根”<sup id="cite_ref-:98_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:98-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。邓小平提出要进行政治体制改革,建议<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E8%81%8C%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%88%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%B6" title="废除干部领导职务终身制">废除干部领导职务终身制</a>,提倡<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a>,并向<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="全国人民代表大会">全国人民代表大会</a>提出全面修宪建议<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1982年12月4日,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议">第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议</a>审议通过了具有历史性意义的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1982%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法 (1982年)">八二宪法</a>》,该宪法也成为了中华人民共和国的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="中华人民共和国宪法">第四部宪法</a>,收入了许多<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宪政主义">宪政主义</a>的内容和条款,为改革开放奠基<sup id="cite_ref-:23_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>随着改革开放的加速,中国社会出现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%80%92" title="官倒">官倒</a>、权钱交易、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="政治腐敗">腐败</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="特權">特权</a>等种种问题,经济改革亦受到了原有政治体制的阻碍<sup id="cite_ref-:212_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1986年上半年,邓小平再次提出“政治改革”并启动了“政治体制改革”的研讨和制定,同年9月“中央政治体制改革研讨小组”成立,成员包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%90%AF%E7%AB%8B" title="胡启立">胡启立</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%AA%E4%BA%91" title="田纪云">田纪云</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E4%B8%80%E6%B3%A2" title="薄一波">薄一波</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%86%B2" title="彭冲">彭冲</a><sup id="cite_ref-:212_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:61_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:61-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:112_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。9月3日,邓小平在会见日本<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%98%8E%E9%BB%A8" title="公明黨">公明党</a>委员长竹入义胜时说:“我们提出改革时,就包括政治体制改革”<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。10月,中央政改研讨小组办公室成立<sup id="cite_ref-:682_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:682-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>邓小平的政治改革出发点是,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a>的前提下,实行党政分开、提高行政效率、革除<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="官僚主义">官僚主义</a>弊端、推动经济制度进一步改革等,但不能照抄西方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="宪政">宪政</a>制度,他强调“要搞一个增强行政效能的体制,讲民主必须要和法制联系起来讲,把法制搞起来,才能有稳定的社会环境。我们的行政机构应该很有效能。 ”<sup id="cite_ref-:62_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 其他人士还公开提出了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="多党制">多党制</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%83%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三权分立">三权分立</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="议会民主">议会民主</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" title="司法獨立">司法独立</a>”等西方<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宪政主义">宪政主义</a>的架构<sup id="cite_ref-:62_336-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_339-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。虽然这些与邓小平等人的中共官方改革观点可能有所不同,但在当时比较宽松的政治气氛下,并没有受到过多的抑制与打压<sup id="cite_ref-:62_336-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1987年10月,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第十三次全国代表大会">中国共产党第十三次全国代表大会</a>在北京召开,中共中央总书记赵紫阳在其报告中提出并论述了政治体制改革的方案和设想<sup id="cite_ref-:212_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_336-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1987年底,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治体制改革研究室">中共中央政治体制改革研究室</a>成立<sup id="cite_ref-:682_338-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:682-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>但随着1989年<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四天安门事件</a>的爆发,80年代后期的政治体制改革失败,赵紫阳、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%90%AF%E7%AB%8B" title="胡启立">胡启立</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E5%BD%A4" title="鲍彤">鲍彤</a>等中共中央改革派高层被撤职、而权钱交易、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="政治腐敗">腐败</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="特權">特权</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="垄断">垄断</a>等问题并未得到持久、有效的解决<sup id="cite_ref-:18_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_336-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。经济方面的“改革开放”进程也因六四天安门事件而放缓甚至停滞,直至邓小平<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="九二南巡">九二南巡</a>后才重新提速<sup id="cite_ref-:23_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2012年后,中共中央总书记<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a>开始推进“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%B7%B1%E5%8C%96%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="全面深化改革">全面深化改革</a>”、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="国家治理体系和治理能力现代化">国家治理体系和治理能力现代化</a>等。中国官方认为,从邓小平等人提倡的政治体制改革,到习近平等人提出的政改,是“政治体制改革在深化”、“走出了新路”、“硕果累累”<sup id="cite_ref-:78_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:78-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但外界和部分体制内人士则认为习的政治体制改革并没有遵循邓的政改道路,并且改变了改革开放以来进行的政治体制改革方向,属于政治倒退,重新回到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>时代的体制,即<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="中共中央主要负责人">党的最高领导人</a>独揽大权的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁</a>统治以及“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87" title="党领导一切">党领导一切</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-:48_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:48-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:64_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:64-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:49_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:49-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:50_174-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:56_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:56-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,2018年习近平等人推动<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88_(2018%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法修正案 (2018年)">修改宪法</a>,取消<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中华人民共和国主席">国家主席</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中华人民共和国副主席">国家副主席</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%B6" title="任期制">任期限制</a>,有观点认为此举废除了邓小平时代开始实行的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E8%81%8C%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%88%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%B6" title="废除干部领导职务终身制">废除干部领导职务终身制</a>”,破坏了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中国共产党集体领导制度">集体领导制度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a>,更让习近平有机会成为继毛泽东之后的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="終身總統">终身领导人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁者">独裁者</a><sup id="cite_ref-:64_172-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:64-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:58_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:58-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:59_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:59-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:60_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:60-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2018年12月18日,习近平在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上,对改革开放评价道“改革开放是我们党(中国共产党)的一次伟大觉醒,正是这个伟大觉醒孕育了我们党(中国共产党)从理论到实践的伟大创造。<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治运动"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>政治运动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="编辑章节:政治运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%8E%89%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8_(1983%E5%B9%B4)" title="严厉打击刑事犯罪活动 (1983年)">严厉打击刑事犯罪活动 (1983年)</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="清除精神污染">清除精神污染</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="反对资产阶级自由化">反对资产阶级自由化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E8%85%90%E8%B4%A5%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十八大以来的反腐败工作">中共十八大以来的反腐败工作</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AB%E9%BB%91%E9%99%A4%E6%81%B6%E4%B8%93%E9%A1%B9%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="扫黑除恶专项斗争">扫黑除恶专项斗争</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E9%98%9F%E4%BC%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%95%B4%E9%A1%BF" title="政法队伍教育整顿">政法队伍教育整顿</a></div> <p>1980年代出现了几次较大规模的政治运动。1983年开始的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%8E%89%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8_(1983%E5%B9%B4)" title="严厉打击刑事犯罪活动 (1983年)">严打</a>,在提升社会治安的同时,也造成了诸多冤案,引发了一定争议<sup id="cite_ref-:102_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-345"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1983年,中国大陆的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a>主导开展了“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="清除精神污染">清除精神污染</a>”运动,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6" title="胡耀邦">胡耀邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>等人的干预下平息<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1986年底-1987年上半年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%BD%AE" title="八六学潮">八六学潮</a>爆发、胡耀邦被迫辞去<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央总书记">中共中央总书记</a>一职,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="保守派 (中国共产党)">保守派</a>借此主导展开了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="反对资产阶级自由化">反对资产阶级自由化</a>”运动,而后<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3" title="赵紫阳">赵紫阳</a>说服了邓小平,才在1987年中期结束这场运动<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自2012年中共十八大后,习近平出任中共中央总书记执政以来,中共也发起了多次大规模的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党政治运动列表">政治运动</a>,譬如进行了改革开放以来最大规模的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E8%85%90%E8%B4%A5%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中共十八大以来的反腐败工作">反腐行动</a>,包括原中共中央政治局常委<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%B0%B8%E5%BA%B7" title="周永康">周永康</a>在内众多高级官员被审查和起诉。2018年1月起,开始实施计划为期三年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AB%E9%BB%91%E9%99%A4%E6%81%B6%E4%B8%93%E9%A1%B9%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="扫黑除恶专项斗争">扫黑除恶专项斗争</a>运动,目标是打击<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA" title="有組織犯罪">黑恶势力</a>和盘踞基础政权的村霸<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其后又发起了整肃中共政法系统官员的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E9%98%9F%E4%BC%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%95%B4%E9%A1%BF" title="政法队伍教育整顿">政法队伍教育整顿</a>运动。目前习近平时代的政治运动都宣称以打击腐败和整肃官僚为目的,但外界质疑此举为“选择性反腐”和权力斗争,是针对内部反对者的“大型清洗”<sup id="cite_ref-:44_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:45_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经济社会问题"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>经济社会问题</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="编辑章节:经济社会问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#主要争议与不足" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史 §&#160;主要争议与不足</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%BF%E9%9A%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国矿难列表">中国矿难列表</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E#数据统计与质疑" title="中华人民共和国经济">中华人民共和国经济 §&#160;数据统计与质疑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%8F%E6%88%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中国住房问题">中国住房问题</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smog_descends_on_Wuhan,_Hubei,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Smog_descends_on_Wuhan%2C_Hubei%2C_China.jpg/220px-Smog_descends_on_Wuhan%2C_Hubei%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Smog_descends_on_Wuhan%2C_Hubei%2C_China.jpg/330px-Smog_descends_on_Wuhan%2C_Hubei%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Smog_descends_on_Wuhan%2C_Hubei%2C_China.jpg/440px-Smog_descends_on_Wuhan%2C_Hubei%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>空气污染:湖北武汉的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BE%E9%9C%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雾霾">雾霾</a>天(2016年)</figcaption></figure> <p>有学者认为,中国经济发展的成果是仰仗“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="中国模式">中国模式</a>”这一论断是一种谬论和误导,中国并非一个创新型国家,其体制存在着<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权主义</a>、欠缺自由等诸多缺陷,而自主创新能力依赖于自由,故该模式并不能<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持续发展</a><sup id="cite_ref-:31_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:30_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:34_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。与此同时,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中共政治家家族列表(页面不存在)">各大权贵家族</a>垄断主要行业、控制国家财富<sup id="cite_ref-:310_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:310-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:410_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:410-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;并存在大量“<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AE%98" title="裸官">裸官</a>”,许多中央高层的子女或亲属移民海外或拥有外国<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%B1%85%E7%95%99%E8%AD%89" title="永久居留證">绿卡</a><sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>此外,中国官方以及部分海内外学者均指出,中国大陆经济数据存在长期造假问题,特别是夸大了经济成长的数据<sup id="cite_ref-:40_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:41_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:43_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。一位香港评论员则将中国的去自由化视为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%88%98" title="中美贸易战">中美贸易战</a>的一部分<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而美国声称中国政府正在向中国的国有企业和私人公司提供不公平和歧视性的竞争优势<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>21世纪以来,中国社会的发展还出现缺乏自主技术、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A7%E5%AF%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國貧富不均">贫富差距扩大</a>、经济区域差别大<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、城乡发展不平衡、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A7%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%87%E5%89%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="产能过剩(页面不存在)">产能过剩</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国泡沫经济(页面不存在)">房地产泡沫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="通货膨胀">通货膨胀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国环境污染与治理">环境污染</a>、教育文化事业、就业难、上学难、看病贵、住房贵、治安乱、贪污腐败蔓延,官商勾结,权钱交易,社会风气不好,社会治安环境亟待改善<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国的社会问题">诸多较为严重的问题</a>,其中中国的温室气体<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国二氧化碳排放量列表">二氧化碳排放量居世界首位</a>。部分具体问题如下: </p> <ul><li>中国的发展模式缺乏自主创新技术,高新技术产业长期缺乏关键自主技术,存在对外依赖度过高的问题<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A7%E5%AF%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國貧富不均">中国的贫富分化现象</a>较为严重,根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="国家统计局 (中华人民共和国)">中国国家统计局</a>数据,2018年12月中国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a>为0.468、属于高,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>数据显示自1990年起中国的基尼系数从0.35上涨到了2015年的0.5<sup id="cite_ref-:26_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不仅超过了国际上0.4的警戒线,也超过了世界所有发达国家的水平<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而中国大陆还出现了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="农民工">农民工</a>问题”,2010年以来包括农民工在内的许多社会低收入人群逐渐构成了新兴的“蚁族”阶层,而城乡发展不平衡也属于突出问题,1996年起“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%86%9C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="三农问题">三农问题</a>”被正式提出<sup id="cite_ref-:27_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而且,0.4%的人口掌握了70%财富,而美国5%人口掌握60%财富,中国的财富集中度世界第一<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>20世纪90年代起至2019年,中国大陆主要经历了四次越发严重的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A7%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%87%E5%89%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="产能过剩(页面不存在)">产能过剩</a>,钢铁、煤炭、冶金等行业供大于求,造成大量企业亏损<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2010年以来,中国大陆各大城市的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%8F%E6%88%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中国住房问题">房价飙升等问题</a>也日趋严重<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>社会事业严重滞後。在经济发展中社会事业发展被忽视了,比如医疗卫生、教育文化事业滞後。2003年在抗击SARS中表现较为突出,暴露出医疗卫生薄弱特别是农村。2004年中央及时总结教训,提出了以人为本的科学发展观,重新认识增长不等于发展,发展应该是全面的、协调的、可持续的发展。不仅经济要发展,政治的、社会的、文化的都要发展;而且经济与政治发展要协调,经济与社会发展也要协调,经济与自然发展同样要协调,等等,这样才有可持续的发展。这些年GDP快速增长,财税大量增加,许多地方大造高楼大厦,经营城市,改造旧城,成了一种潮流。政府机关的大楼造得漂漂亮亮,但教育卫生文化事业得不到应有的发展,农村小孩上不起学,还要搞“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="希望工程">希望小学</a>”。不少城镇居民买不起房子,居住条件很差,等等。特别是社会保障制度没有建立起来<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>发展方式粗放。高投入,高消耗,带来能源、材料、资源浪费严重,吃老祖宗和下几代人的饭,才换来GDP的增长速度<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>生态遭破坏,环境被污染,特别是饮用水短缺现象严重<sup id="cite_ref-:65_363-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:65-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关文艺作品"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.96.87.E8.89.BA.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>相关文艺作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="编辑章节:相关文艺作品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>歌曲</dt></dl> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B_(%E8%91%A3%E6%96%87%E5%8D%8E)" class="mw-redirect" title="春天的故事 (董文华)">春天的故事</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%9B%E6%96%B0%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="走进新时代">走进新时代</a>》</li></ul> <dl><dt>电影</dt></dl> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3_(%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)" title="邓小平 (电影)">邓小平</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%99%BB%E9%BB%84%E5%B1%B1" title="邓小平登黄山">邓小平登黄山</a>》</li></ul> <dl><dt>電視劇</dt></dl> 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0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史">历史主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國經濟">中華人民共和國經濟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">计划经济</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%80%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%9B" title="国退民进">国退民进</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%9B%E6%B0%91%E9%80%80" class="mw-redirect" title="国进民退">国进民退</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="中国模式">中国模式</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="北京共识">北京共识</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="华盛顿共识">华盛顿共识</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="反右运动">反右运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9D%A2%E7%BA%A2%E6%97%97" title="三面红旗">三面红旗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF" title="社会主义建设总路线">社会主义建设总路线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="三年困难时期">三年困难时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="七千人大会">七千人大会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%85" title="三自一包">三自一包</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="四清运动">四清运动</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议">关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%8E%89%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8_(1983%E5%B9%B4)" title="严厉打击刑事犯罪活动 (1983年)">严厉打击刑事犯罪活动 (1983年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="清除精神污染">清除精神污染</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="反对资产阶级自由化">反对资产阶级自由化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%BD%AE" title="八六学潮">八六学潮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#政治体制改革" title="中华人民共和国历史">政治体制改革</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" 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href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="革新開放">革新開放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE40%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%9D%B0%E5%87%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%AE%B6" title="改革开放40年百名杰出民营企业家">改革开放40年百名杰出民营企业家</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1995年4月,陈云去世<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/special/shiyijiesanzhong/">十一届三中全会</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013201251/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/special/shiyijiesanzhong/">存档</a>于2019-10-13) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fzhongguoxiandaishi%2Fspecial%2Fshiyijiesanzhong%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">张树军. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0123/c85037-30586524.html">邓小平与中共十一届三中全会</a>. 《百年潮》. No.&#160;12. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1007-4295"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1007-4295</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021220420/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0123/c85037-30586524.html">存档</a>于2019-10-21) &#8211;通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E6%A0%91%E5%86%9B&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1007-4295&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%BD%AE%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2019%2F0123%2Fc85037-30586524.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0913/c69113-30290431.html">邓小平改革思想及其现实意义</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. 《广安日报》. 2018-09-13. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104023734/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0913/c69113-30290431.html">存档</a>于2019-11-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89&amp;rft.date=2018-09-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2018%2F0913%2Fc69113-30290431.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">贺新元. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429201701/http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/hqwg/2015-02/25/c_1114432829.htm">邓小平改革开放思想中的几个关键问题</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E6%98%AF" title="求是">求是</a>》. 《红旗文稿》. 2015-02-25. 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Tyler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20161209/archives-chen-yun-dies/">1995年陈云讣告:邓小平改革路上的政治障碍</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2016-12-09. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180817/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20161209/archives-chen-yun-dies/">存档</a>于2018-12-01) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=Patrick+E.+Tyler&amp;rft.btitle=1995%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%88%E4%BA%91%E8%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%EF%BC%9A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&amp;rft.date=2016-12-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20161209%2Farchives-chen-yun-dies%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">关岭. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235313/http://culture.dwnews.com/history/news/2018-09-25/60087278.html">中共双峰政治:双年邓小平主导 单年陈云说了算</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="多維新聞">多维新闻</a>. 2018-09-26. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401182308/https://idei.nju.edu.cn/43/a2/c26391a541602/page.htm">存档</a>于2022-04-01) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91%E5%9E%8B%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%80%9F%E9%89%B4&amp;rft.au=%E5%90%B4%E7%A6%8F%E8%B1%A1&amp;rft.date=2021-09-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidei.nju.edu.cn%2F43%2Fa2%2Fc26391a541602%2Fpage.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zhang Jun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3111116/shenzhen-shanghai-show-chinas-skill-playing-pioneering-cities">Shenzhen, Shanghai show China's skill in playing to pioneering cities' strengths</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8E%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="南华早报">南华早报</a>》. 2020-11-24. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323015922/https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3111116/shenzhen-shanghai-show-chinas-skill-playing-pioneering-cities">存档</a>于2022-03-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Shenzhen%2C+Shanghai+show+China%27s+skill+in+playing+to+pioneering+cities%27+strengths&amp;rft.au=Zhang+Jun&amp;rft.date=2020-11-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8E%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F3111116%2Fshenzhen-shanghai-show-chinas-skill-playing-pioneering-cities&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/zbsc20/">中国资本市场20年</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91" title="新华网">新华网</a>. 2010年. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808234617/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/zbsc20/">存档</a>于2020-08-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA20%E5%B9%B4&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Ffortune%2Fzbsc20%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">吴晓求; 方明浩. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sf.ruc.edu.cn/02-01-23.pdf">中国资本市场30年: 探索与变革</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《财贸经济》. 2021年, <b>42</b> (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1002-8102"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1002-8102</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19795%2Fj.cnki.cn11-1166%2Ff.20210406.001"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.19795/j.cnki.cn11-1166/f.20210406.001</span></a>. <a href="/wiki/CNKI" class="mw-redirect" title="CNKI">CNKI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&amp;filename=CMJJ202104003">CMJJ202104003</a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库">NSSD</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nssd.cn/html/1/156/159/index.html?lngId=CMJJ2021004003">CMJJ2021004003</a></span><span style="position:relative; top:-2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需注册账号查阅"><img alt="需注册账号查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607023534/http://sf.ruc.edu.cn/02-01-23.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-06-07).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA30%E5%B9%B4%3A+%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%98%E9%9D%A9&amp;rft.au=%E5%90%B4%E6%99%93%E6%B1%82&amp;rft.au=%E6%96%B9%E6%98%8E%E6%B5%A9&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1002-8102&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%B4%A2%E8%B4%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsf.ruc.edu.cn%2F02-01-23.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19795%2Fj.cnki.cn11-1166%2Ff.20210406.001&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-孟永2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-孟永2017_15-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孟永2017_15-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孟永2017_15-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">孟永. 试析改革开放史研究的底层视角. 中共党史研究. 2017, (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1003-3815"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1003-3815</span></a>. <a href="/wiki/CNKI" class="mw-redirect" title="CNKI">CNKI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&amp;filename=ZGDS201705007">ZGDS201705007</a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库">NSSD</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nssd.cn/html/1/156/159/index.html?lngId=672375371">672375371</a></span><span style="position:relative; top:-2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需注册账号查阅"><img alt="需注册账号查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%AF%95%E6%9E%90%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%95%E5%B1%82%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%92&amp;rft.au=%E5%AD%9F%E6%B0%B8&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1003-3815&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zuliu Hu; Mohsin S. Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues8/index.htm">Why Is China Growing So Fast?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>. 1997-06. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324131438/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues8/index.htm">存档</a>于2024-03-24) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Why+Is+China+Growing+So+Fast%3F&amp;rft.au=Mohsin+S.+Khan&amp;rft.au=Zuliu+Hu&amp;rft.date=1997-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fissues8%2Findex.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformdata.org/2009/1105/8066.shtml">中国民营经济三十年发展历程与未来展望(上)</a>. 中国改革数据库. 宁夏工商联. 2009-11-05. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240417080255/http://www.reformdata.org/2009/1105/8066.shtml">存档</a>于2024-04-17) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%8E%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2009-11-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformdata.org%2F2009%2F1105%2F8066.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:51-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:51_18-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:51_18-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/29/c_1124938655.htm">70年中国跃居世界经济增长第一引擎</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91" title="新华网">新华网</a>. 2019-08-29. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103222554/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/29/c_1124938655.htm">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=70%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B7%83%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E&amp;rft.date=2019-08-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F2019-08%2F29%2Fc_1124938655.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_19-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_19-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-12427321">China's economy overtakes Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>(BBC). 2011-02-14. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806095433/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-12427321">存档</a>于2019-08-06) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+economy+overtakes+Japan&amp;rft.date=2011-02-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-12427321&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">王志乐. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortunechina.com/fortune500/c/2023-08/02/content_437152.htm">中国大公司群体面临“高质量发展”的挑战</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C_(%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97)" title="财富 (杂志)">财富</a>》. 2023-08-02. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223085502/http://www.fortunechina.com/fortune500/c/2023-08/02/content_437152.htm">存档</a>于2023-12-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%B4%E2%80%9C%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%91%E6%88%98&amp;rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%90&amp;rft.date=2023-08-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortunechina.com%2Ffortune500%2Fc%2F2023-08%2F02%2Fcontent_437152.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:39-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:39_21-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_21-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_21-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/18/content_5470531.htm">2019年我国GDP近百万亿元,增长6.1%</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》. 2020-01-18. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325065023/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/18/content_5470531.htm">存档</a>于2020-03-25) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=2019%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BDGDP%E8%BF%91%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E5%85%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF6.1%25&amp;rft.date=2020-01-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fxinwen%2F2020-01%2F18%2Fcontent_5470531.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_22-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_22-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/zh-hans/interactive/2018/11/25/world/asia/china-economy-strategy.html">中国模式挑战了西方典范,如今它走到了十字路口</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2018-11-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0362-4331</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723030834/https://www.nytimes.com/zh-hans/interactive/2018/11/25/world/asia/china-economy-strategy.html">存档</a>于2021-07-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E6%8C%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%86%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%85%B8%E8%8C%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E4%BB%8A%E5%AE%83%E8%B5%B0%E5%88%B0%E4%BA%86%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%B7%AF%E5%8F%A3&amp;rft.date=2018-11-25&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fzh-hans%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F11%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-economy-strategy.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:68-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:68_23-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:68_23-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">狄雨霏. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20150615/c15zhangweiwei/">张维为:“中国模式”必将引领中国走向成功</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2015-06-15. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604195356/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20150615/c15zhangweiwei/">存档</a>于2021-06-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%BC%A0%E7%BB%B4%E4%B8%BA%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E2%80%9D%E5%BF%85%E5%B0%86%E5%BC%95%E9%A2%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B5%B0%E5%90%91%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F&amp;rft.au=%E7%8B%84%E9%9B%A8%E9%9C%8F&amp;rft.date=2015-06-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20150615%2Fc15zhangweiwei%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:69-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:69_24-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:69_24-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2016/03-23/7809124.shtml">林毅夫:“中国模式”未必适用于所有国家</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中国新闻网">中国新闻网</a>. 2016-03-23. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205220728/http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2016/03-23/7809124.shtml">存档</a>于2020-02-05) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%9E%97%E6%AF%85%E5%A4%AB%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E2%80%9D%E6%9C%AA%E5%BF%85%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.date=2016-03-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fcj%2F2016%2F03-23%2F7809124.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:212-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:212_25-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:212_25-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:212_25-2"><sup><b>24.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:212_25-3"><sup><b>24.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">荏苒. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428123949/http://culture.dwnews.com/history/news/2017-09-30/60015646_all.html">空前绝后影响至今:中共十三大</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="多維新聞">多维新闻</a>. 2017-10-04. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwnews.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/60015646/%E7%A9%BA%E5%89%8D%E7%BB%9D%E5%90%8E%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7">原始内容</a>存档于2019-04-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E8%8D%8F%E8%8B%92&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E5%89%8D%E7%BB%9D%E5%90%8E%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7&amp;rft.date=2017-10-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwnews.com%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F60015646%2F%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E5%2589%258D%25E7%25BB%259D%25E5%2590%258E%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E5%2593%258D%25E8%2587%25B3%25E4%25BB%258A%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%25A4%25A7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_26-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_26-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_26-2"><sup><b>25.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_26-3"><sup><b>25.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_26-4"><sup><b>25.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E8%81%BF%E6%96%87" title="邓聿文">邓聿文</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20180213/reassessing-deng/">站在习时代,如何评价邓小平?</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2018-02-13. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030736/https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20180213/reassessing-deng/">存档</a>于2019-10-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E9%82%93%E8%81%BF%E6%96%87&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%AB%99%E5%9C%A8%E4%B9%A0%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2018-02-13&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fopinion%2F20180213%2Freassessing-deng%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_27-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_27-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">张鹏. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.sina.com.cn/zl/management/20140818/070820038792.shtml">纪念邓小平,可以超越邓小平吗?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA" title="新浪">新浪</a>. 2014-08-18. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030739/http://finance.sina.com.cn/zl/management/20140818/070820038792.shtml">存档</a>于2019-10-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E9%B9%8F&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2014-08-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.com.cn%2Fzl%2Fmanagement%2F20140818%2F070820038792.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_28-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_28-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E5%BD%A4" title="鲍彤">鲍彤</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20150603/cc03bao/">鲍彤纪念六四,兼谈邓小平与中国的腐败</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2015-06-04. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030740/https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20150603/cc03bao/">存档</a>于2019-10-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E9%B2%8D%E5%BD%A4&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%B2%8D%E5%BD%A4%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%BC%E8%B0%88%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%85%90%E8%B4%A5&amp;rft.date=2015-06-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fopinion%2F20150603%2Fcc03bao%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:61-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:61_29-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:61_29-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">吴伟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140224/cc24wuwei/">邓小平为什么重提政治体制改革?</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2014-03-18. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021030735/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140224/cc24wuwei/">存档</a>于2019-10-21) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E5%90%B4%E4%BC%9F&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E9%87%8D%E6%8F%90%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2014-03-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20140224%2Fcc24wuwei%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_30-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_30-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">童之伟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828220213/http://www.yhcqw.com/36/9334.html">八二宪法与宪政</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="炎黄春秋">炎黄春秋</a>》. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yhcqw.com/36/9334.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-08-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E7%AB%A5%E4%B9%8B%E4%BC%9F&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yhcqw.com%2F36%2F9334.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-2"><sup><b>30.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_31-3"><sup><b>30.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">吴伟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20141222/cc22wuwei42/">80年代的政治改革为什么会失败?</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2014-12-22. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021183337/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20141222/cc22wuwei42/">存档</a>于2019-10-21) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.au=%E5%90%B4%E4%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2014-12-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20141222%2Fcc22wuwei42%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-2"><sup><b>31.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-3"><sup><b>31.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">木然. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2014/12/%e9%82%93%e5%b0%8f%e5%b9%b3%e7%9a%84%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e4%bd%93%e5%88%b6%e6%94%b9%e9%9d%a9%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%b2%a1%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%ef%bc%9f/">邓小平的政治体制改革为什么没成功?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="中国数字时代">中国数字时代</a>. 2014-10-12. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105120815/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2014/12/%e9%82%93%e5%b0%8f%e5%b9%b3%e7%9a%84%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e4%bd%93%e5%88%b6%e6%94%b9%e9%9d%a9%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%b2%a1%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%ef%bc%9f/">存档</a>于2019-11-05) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E6%9C%A8%E7%84%B6&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%B2%A1%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2014-10-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinadigitaltimes.net%2Fchinese%2F2014%2F12%2F%25e9%2582%2593%25e5%25b0%258f%25e5%25b9%25b3%25e7%259a%2584%25e6%2594%25bf%25e6%25b2%25bb%25e4%25bd%2593%25e5%2588%25b6%25e6%2594%25b9%25e9%259d%25a9%25e4%25b8%25ba%25e4%25bb%2580%25e4%25b9%2588%25e6%25b2%25a1%25e6%2588%2590%25e5%258a%259f%25ef%25bc%259f%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_33-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_33-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_33-2"><sup><b>32.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_33-3"><sup><b>32.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_33-4"><sup><b>32.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">安得. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430211002/http://culture.dwnews.com/history/news/2018-10-22/60092676.html">从九二南巡到中共十四大:六四事件后邓小平拨乱反正</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="多維新聞">多维新闻</a>. 2018-10-23. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.dwnews.com/history/news/2018-10-22/60092676.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-04-30) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%97&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8E%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%90%8E%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3&amp;rft.date=2018-10-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculture.dwnews.com%2Fhistory%2Fnews%2F2018-10-22%2F60092676.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_34-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_34-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">甄树基. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20181102-%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%BD%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8A%A940%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B0%AC%E8%AE%BA%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%AF%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E8%87%AA%E6%AF%81%E5%89%8D%E7%A8%8B">北大学者轰“中国模式”助40年经济发展谬论是“误导自己自毁前程”</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="法国国际广播电台">法国国际广播电台</a>(RFI). 2018-11-02. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208221905/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20181102-%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%BD%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8A%A940%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B0%AC%E8%AE%BA%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%AF%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E8%87%AA%E6%AF%81%E5%89%8D%E7%A8%8B">存档</a>于2019-12-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%BD%B0%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E2%80%9D%E5%8A%A940%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B0%AC%E8%AE%BA%E6%98%AF%E2%80%9C%E8%AF%AF%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E8%87%AA%E6%AF%81%E5%89%8D%E7%A8%8B%E2%80%9D&amp;rft.au=%E7%94%84%E6%A0%91%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.date=2018-11-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%88RFI%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20181102-%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%25BD%25B0%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%25A8%25A1%25E5%25BC%258F%25E5%258A%25A940%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%25BB%258F%25E6%25B5%258E%25E5%258F%2591%25E5%25B1%2595%25E8%25B0%25AC%25E8%25AE%25BA%25E6%2598%25AF%25E8%25AF%25AF%25E5%25AF%25BC%25E8%2587%25AA%25E5%25B7%25B1%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%25AF%2581%25E5%2589%258D%25E7%25A8%258B&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_35-0"><sup><b>34.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_35-1"><sup><b>34.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%B9%BC%E7%B9%A9" title="楊繼繩">杨继绳</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208221855/http://www.yhcqw.com/31/8183.html">我看“中国模式”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="炎黄春秋">炎黄春秋</a>》. No.&#160;1. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1003-1170"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1003-1170</span></a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yhcqw.com/31/8183.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-12-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E7%9C%8B%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E2%80%9D&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%B3&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1003-1170&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yhcqw.com%2F31%2F8183.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_36-0"><sup><b>35.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_36-1"><sup><b>35.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">瑞迪. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20181225-%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%A6%E8%89%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1">丁学良:中国模式核心理念不是个人自由</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="法国国际广播电台">法国国际广播电台</a>(RFI). 2018-12-18. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208231925/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20181225-%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%A6%E8%89%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1">存档</a>于2019-12-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%A6%E8%89%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1&amp;rft.au=%E7%91%9E%E8%BF%AA&amp;rft.date=2018-12-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%88RFI%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20181225-%25E4%25B8%2581%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E8%2589%25AF%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%25A8%25A1%25E5%25BC%258F%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25BF%25B5%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25B8%25AA%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2594%25B1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:40-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:40_37-0"><sup><b>36.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:40_37-1"><sup><b>36.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2018-02-05/doc-ifyremfz5265593.shtml">经济数据造假的病理及后果分析</a>. 新浪. 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%88%8A" title="中国经济周刊">中国经济周刊</a>》. 2018-02-05. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518154936/http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2018-02-05/doc-ifyremfz5265593.shtml">存档</a>于2021-05-18) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87%E7%9A%84%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%8F%8A%E5%90%8E%E6%9E%9C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&amp;rft.date=2018-02-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.com.cn%2Froll%2F2018-02-05%2Fdoc-ifyremfz5265593.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:41-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:41_38-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:41_38-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">陶冬. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.efnchina.com/show-1500-66587-1.html">中国经济数据造假有多严重?</a>. 经济金融网. 中国首席经济学家论坛. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210720/http://news.efnchina.com/show-1500-66587-1.html">存档</a>于2021-06-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%A5%E9%87%8D%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.au=%E9%99%B6%E5%86%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.efnchina.com%2Fshow-1500-66587-1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_39-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_39-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/zhengzhi/xql-03112019120233.html">中国官方承认GDP数据造假</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="自由亚洲电台">自由亚洲电台</a>. 2019-03-11. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185444/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/zhengzhi/xql-03112019120233.html">存档</a>于2021-06-09) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4GDP%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87&amp;rft.date=2019-03-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fmandarin%2Fyataibaodao%2Fzhengzhi%2Fxql-03112019120233.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_40-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_40-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/business-42744639">下个承认GDP造假的是谁?中国经济数据注水背后的误解与真相</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>(BBC). 2018-01-19. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609141823/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/business-42744639">存档</a>于2021-06-09) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%AA%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4GDP%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E8%B0%81%EF%BC%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%B3%A8%E6%B0%B4%E8%83%8C%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AF%E8%A7%A3%E4%B8%8E%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&amp;rft.date=2018-01-19&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%88BBC%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fbusiness-42744639&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_41-0"><sup><b>40.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_41-1"><sup><b>40.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sonali Jain-Chandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/chinese/np/blog/2018/092018c.pdf">本周图表:中国的不平等状况</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际货币基金组织">国际货币基金组织</a>. 2018-09-20. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029173212/https://www.imf.org/external/chinese/np/blog/2018/092018c.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-10-29) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=Sonali+Jain-Chandra&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%9C%AC%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5&amp;rft.date=2018-09-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fchinese%2Fnp%2Fblog%2F2018%2F092018c.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_42-0"><sup><b>41.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_42-1"><sup><b>41.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2006-11/21/content_449061.htm">中国农业大学教授张正河谈中国城乡发展失衡问题</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》. 2006-11-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030052620/http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2006-11/21/content_449061.htm">存档</a>于2019-10-30) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E5%BC%A0%E6%AD%A3%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%A1%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%A4%B1%E8%A1%A1%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;rft.date=2006-11-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fzwhd%2F2006-11%2F21%2Fcontent_449061.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">余晖; 周耀东. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Chinese-State-Owned-Enterprises.pdf">国有企业垄断问题研究:文献回顾及政策建议</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《清华-布鲁金斯公共政策研究中心政策报告》系列五. 2013-06. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226014152/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Chinese-State-Owned-Enterprises.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-02-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE%E5%8F%8A%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE&amp;rft.au=%E4%BD%99%E6%99%96&amp;rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E8%80%80%E4%B8%9C&amp;rft.date=2013-06&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E-%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%8B%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%BA%94&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2FChinese-State-Owned-Enterprises.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E7%BB%B4%E8%BF%8E" title="张维迎">张维迎</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.ifeng.com/news/special/caizhidao194/">国企主导不可能有公平竞争</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 2014年. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811143604/http://finance.ifeng.com/news/special/caizhidao194/">存档</a>于2020-08-11) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%BB%E5%AF%BC%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%89%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E7%BB%B4%E8%BF%8E&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.ifeng.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fcaizhidao194%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">余一竹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/701544/%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%86%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E6%9C%83-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%BD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83-%E6%8F%AD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C">中共第三份歷史決議全文公布 揭改革開放後的嚴重問題和考驗</a>. HK01. 2021-11-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-03-31</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523005717/https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/701544/%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%86%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E6%9C%83-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%BD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83-%E6%8F%AD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C">存档</a>于2022-05-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E4%BD%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%B9&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%BD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0%E5%85%A8%E6%96%87%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E3%80%80%E6%8F%AD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%9A%B4%E9%87%8D%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%80%83%E9%A9%97&amp;rft.date=2021-11-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=HK01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk01.com%2F%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%2F701544%2F%25E5%258D%2581%25E4%25B9%259D%25E5%25B1%2586%25E5%2585%25AD%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25A8%25E6%259C%2583-%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E4%25BB%25BD%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%25E6%25B1%25BA%25E8%25AD%25B0%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%25B8%2583-%25E6%258F%25AD%25E6%2594%25B9%25E9%259D%25A9%25E9%2596%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%2595%258F%25E9%25A1%258C&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_46-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_46-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">张建平; 刘桓. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qstheory.cn/llqikan/2019-03/09/c_1124213820.htm">改革开放40年:“引进来”与“走出去”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E6%98%AF" title="求是">求是</a>》. 《先锋》. 2019-03-09. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104220650/http://www.qstheory.cn/llqikan/2019-03/09/c_1124213820.htm">存档</a>于2019-11-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE40%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E5%BC%95%E8%BF%9B%E6%9D%A5%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%8E%E2%80%9C%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB%E2%80%9D&amp;rft.au=%E5%88%98%E6%A1%93&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E5%BB%BA%E5%B9%B3&amp;rft.date=2019-03-09&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B1%82%E6%98%AF%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qstheory.cn%2Fllqikan%2F2019-03%2F09%2Fc_1124213820.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_47-0"><sup><b>46.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_47-1"><sup><b>46.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104220650/http://www.xinhuanet.com/itown/2017-04/27/c_136239847.htm">盘点:十大”走出去”的中国企业</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91" title="新华网">新华网</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91" title="中国网">中国网</a>. 2017-04-27. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/itown/2017-04/27/c_136239847.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2019-11-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%9B%98%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E2%80%9D%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A&amp;rft.date=2017-04-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fitown%2F2017-04%2F27%2Fc_136239847.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:36_48-0"><sup><b>47.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_48-1"><sup><b>47.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/85037/8247942.html">面对现实&#160;实事求是:邓小平认错感动李光耀</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. 《老年生活报》. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215045531/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/indepth/2015/03/150322_liguangyao_china">存档</a>于2020-02-15) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%89%B9%E7%A8%BF%EF%BC%9A%E5%89%AA%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%AD%E7%90%86%E8%BF%98%E4%B9%B1+%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%89%E8%80%80%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%83%85%E7%BB%93&amp;rft.date=2015-03-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%88BBC%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Findepth%2F2015%2F03%2F150322_liguangyao_china&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/shenzhen/1433.html">伟大的“支点”——经济特区对我国改革开放的历史贡献</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="中国中央电视台">中国中央电视台</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109055721/http://www.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/shenzhen/1433.html">存档</a>于2019-11-09) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E6%94%AF%E7%82%B9%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctv.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fzt1%2Fshenzhen%2F1433.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913170115/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/12691565.html">经济特区建立的历史地位和时代意义——学习胡锦涛总书记在深圳经济特区建立30周年庆祝大会上的讲话</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="光明日报">光明日报</a>》. 2010-09-10. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/12691565.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-09-13) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B30%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D&amp;rft.date=2010-09-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F30178%2F12691565.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0"><sup><b>52.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1"><sup><b>52.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-2"><sup><b>52.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-3"><sup><b>52.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nanyangpost.com/2018/12/54352.html">谁是中国改革开放最应该感谢的国家?</a>. 南洋视界. 2018-12-22. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103222553/http://news.nanyangpost.com/2018/12/54352.html">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%B0%81%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E6%84%9F%E8%B0%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%3F&amp;rft.date=2018-12-22&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%A7%86%E7%95%8C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nanyangpost.com%2F2018%2F12%2F54352.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><b>53.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><b>53.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-2"><sup><b>53.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-3"><sup><b>53.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-4"><sup><b>53.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">奕含. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guancha.cn/internation/2018_10_23_476561.shtml">支援改革开放39年 日本决定对华政府援助今年终止</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85%E7%BD%91" title="观察者网">观察者网</a>. 2018-10-23. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103220524/http://www.guancha.cn/internation/2018_10_23_476561.shtml">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E5%A5%95%E5%90%AB&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE39%E5%B9%B4+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%AF%B9%E5%8D%8E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2&amp;rft.date=2018-10-23&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2Finternation%2F2018_10_23_476561.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-0"><sup><b>54.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-1"><sup><b>54.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-2"><sup><b>54.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-3"><sup><b>54.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-4"><sup><b>54.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">小山. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20181219-40%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%90%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%91%E6%8F%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B-%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%98%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%BD%B0%E5%BC%95%E6%84%9F%E6%85%A8">40年不提日本金援中国改革开放功勋 北京昨有一句表彰引感慨</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="法国国际广播电台">法国国际广播电台</a>(RFI). 2018-12-19. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103220531/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20181219-40%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%90%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%91%E6%8F%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B-%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%98%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%BD%B0%E5%BC%95%E6%84%9F%E6%85%A8">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=40%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%90%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%91%E6%8F%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B+%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%98%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%BD%B0%E5%BC%95%E6%84%9F%E6%85%A8&amp;rft.au=%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%B1&amp;rft.date=2018-12-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%88RFI%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20181219-40%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%258F%2590%25E6%2597%25A5%25E6%259C%25AC%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%258F%25B4%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%2594%25B9%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%25BC%2580%25E6%2594%25BE%25E5%258A%259F%25E5%258B%258B-%25E5%258C%2597%25E4%25BA%25AC%25E6%2598%25A8%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%258F%25A5%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E5%25BD%25B0%25E5%25BC%2595%25E6%2584%259F%25E6%2585%25A8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_56-0"><sup><b>55.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_56-1"><sup><b>55.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">孙海潮. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428232938/http://ihl.cankaoxiaoxi.com/2018/1214/2365503.shtml">外交官忆开放往事(19):法国引领欧洲支持中国改革开放</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF" title="参考消息">参考消息</a>》. 2018-12-14. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihl.cankaoxiaoxi.com/2018/1214/2365503.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2019-04-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E5%AD%99%E6%B5%B7%E6%BD%AE&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98%E5%BF%86%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BE%80%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%8819%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%95%E9%A2%86%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.date=2018-12-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fihl.cankaoxiaoxi.com%2F2018%2F1214%2F2365503.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_57-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_57-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_57-2"><sup><b>56.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">叶宣. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E8%8A%B1%E6%95%B0%E4%BA%BF%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/a-50500635">德国为什么要花数亿欧元援助中国?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0" title="德国之声">德国之声</a>. 2019-09-19. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930194246/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E8%8A%B1%E6%95%B0%E4%BA%BF%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/a-50500635">存档</a>于2019-09-30) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E5%8F%B6%E5%AE%A3&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E8%8A%B1%E6%95%B0%E4%BA%BF%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2019-09-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fzh%2F%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD%25E4%25B8%25BA%25E4%25BB%2580%25E4%25B9%2588%25E8%25A6%2581%25E8%258A%25B1%25E6%2595%25B0%25E4%25BA%25BF%25E6%25AC%25A7%25E5%2585%2583%25E6%258F%25B4%25E5%258A%25A9%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2Fa-50500635&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-0"><sup><b>57.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-1"><sup><b>57.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-2"><sup><b>57.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-3"><sup><b>57.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-4"><sup><b>57.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-5"><sup><b>57.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-6"><sup><b>57.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-7"><sup><b>57.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-8"><sup><b>57.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-9"><sup><b>57.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-10"><sup><b>57.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-11"><sup><b>57.11</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">袁晓彬. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103230716/http://view.163.com/special/reviews/aidtochina1219.html">发达国家对华援助“不手软”</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93" title="网易">网易</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.163.com/special/reviews/aidtochina1219.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E8%A2%81%E6%99%93%E5%BD%AC&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AF%B9%E5%8D%8E%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E6%89%8B%E8%BD%AF%E2%80%9D&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.163.com%2Fspecial%2Freviews%2Faidtochina1219.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-0"><sup><b>58.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-1"><sup><b>58.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/yhyxt/200911/1117_1863_1439564.shtml">中国还需要发达国家的政府援助吗?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 2009-11-17. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103220527/http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/yhyxt/200911/1117_1863_1439564.shtml">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%98%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2009-11-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphtv.ifeng.com%2Fprogram%2Fyhyxt%2F200911%2F1117_1863_1439564.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-0"><sup><b>59.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-1"><sup><b>59.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-12/08/c_1123825538.htm">那些年从香港引进的现代化——助力改革开放的香港智慧</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91" title="新华网">新华网</a>. 2018-12-08. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103224053/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-12/08/c_1123825538.htm">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%8E%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%BC%95%E8%BF%9B%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%8A%A9%E5%8A%9B%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E7%9A%84%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7&amp;rft.date=2018-12-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Ffortune%2F2018-12%2F08%2Fc_1123825538.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_61-0"><sup><b>60.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_61-1"><sup><b>60.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locpg.gov.cn/jsdt/2018-12/06/c_1210010162.htm">“国家从未忘记”——香港在国家改革开放中的重大贡献</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中新社">中新社</a>. 2018-12-06. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103224058/http://www.locpg.gov.cn/jsdt/2018-12/06/c_1210010162.htm">存档</a>于2019-11-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8E%E6%9C%AA%E5%BF%98%E8%AE%B0%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE&amp;rft.date=2018-12-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locpg.gov.cn%2Fjsdt%2F2018-12%2F06%2Fc_1210010162.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-0"><sup><b>61.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-1"><sup><b>61.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2018-11/02/c_1123654433.htm">澳门:40年间的变迁和贡献</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91" title="新华网">新华网</a>. 2018-11-02. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104045341/http://www.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2018-11/02/c_1123654433.htm">存档</a>于2019-11-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%9A40%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81%E5%92%8C%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE&amp;rft.date=2018-11-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fgangao%2F2018-11%2F02%2Fc_1123654433.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_63-0"><sup><b>62.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_63-1"><sup><b>62.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taihainet.com/news/twnews/twmzmj/2018-12-21/2216544.html">台湾在大陆改革开放中的角色</a>. 台海网. 华夏经纬网. 2018-12-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104044509/http://www.taihainet.com/news/twnews/twmzmj/2018-12-21/2216544.html">存档</a>于2019-11-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2&amp;rft.date=2018-12-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B0%E6%B5%B7%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taihainet.com%2Fnews%2Ftwnews%2Ftwmzmj%2F2018-12-21%2F2216544.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:48-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:48_64-0"><sup><b>63.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:48_64-1"><sup><b>63.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:48_64-2"><sup><b>63.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:48_64-3"><sup><b>63.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E9%9C%9E" title="蔡霞">蔡霞</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-12-04/shibaidedang">失败的党——一个体制内人士与北京决裂</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="外交事务">外交事务</a>》. 2020-12-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0015-7120</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408085626/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-12-04/shibaidedang">存档</a>于2021-04-08) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%85%9A%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%8E%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%86%B3%E8%A3%82&amp;rft.au=%E8%94%A1%E9%9C%9E&amp;rft.date=2020-12-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0015-7120&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fchina%2F2020-12-04%2Fshibaidedang&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Youwei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-04/end-reform-china">The End of Reform in China</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="外交事务">外交事务</a>》. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0015-7120</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819134418/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-04/end-reform-china">存档</a>于2019-08-19) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">(美国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=The+End+of+Reform+in+China&amp;rft.au=Youwei&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0015-7120&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fchina%2F2015-06-04%2Fend-reform-china&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shannon Tiezzi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/carl-minzner-on-chinas-post-reform-era/">Carl Minzner on China's Post-Reform Era</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="外交学者杂志">外交学者杂志</a>》. 2018-04-04. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819134417/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/carl-minzner-on-chinas-post-reform-era/">存档</a>于2019-08-19) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">(美国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=Shannon+Tiezzi&amp;rft.btitle=Carl+Minzner+on+China%27s+Post-Reform+Era&amp;rft.date=2018-04-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fcarl-minzner-on-chinas-post-reform-era%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">KENJI KAWASE; NIKKI SUN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Big-Story/Chinese-state-tightens-grip-40-years-after-Deng-s-reforms">Chinese state tightens grip 40 years after Deng's reforms</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="日本经济新闻">日本经济新闻</a>》(Nikkei Asia). 2018-12-12. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202212252/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Big-Story/Chinese-state-tightens-grip-40-years-after-Deng-s-reforms">存档</a>于2021-02-02) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英国英语网页">(英国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+state+tightens+grip+40+years+after+Deng%27s+reforms&amp;rft.au=KENJI+KAWASE&amp;rft.au=NIKKI+SUN&amp;rft.date=2018-12-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88Nikkei+Asia%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FThe-Big-Story%2FChinese-state-tightens-grip-40-years-after-Deng-s-reforms&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:47-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:47_68-0"><sup><b>67.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:47_68-1"><sup><b>67.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">YU NAKAMURA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Chinese-enterprises-write-Communist-Party-s-role-into-charters">Chinese enterprises write Communist Party's role into charters</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="日本经济新闻">日本经济新闻</a>》(Nikkei Asia). 2017-08-17. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616184054/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Chinese-enterprises-write-Communist-Party-s-role-into-charters">存档</a>于2021-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英国英语网页">(英国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+enterprises+write+Communist+Party%27s+role+into+charters&amp;rft.au=YU+NAKAMURA&amp;rft.date=2017-08-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88Nikkei+Asia%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FChinese-enterprises-write-Communist-Party-s-role-into-charters&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Frum, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/03/china-xi-jinping-president/554795/">China Is Not a Garden-Variety Dictatorship</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" title="大西洋 (雜誌)">大西洋</a>》(<i>The Atlantic</i>). 2018-03-05. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823113636/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/03/china-xi-jinping-president/554795/">存档</a>于2019-08-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China+Is+Not+a+Garden-Variety+Dictatorship&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Frum&amp;rft.date=2018-03-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%27%27The+Atlantic%27%27%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2018%2F03%2Fchina-xi-jinping-president%2F554795%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-53690325">「世界工廠」中國能否轉向「內循環」為主的經濟模式</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>(BBC). 2020-08-10. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720080224/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-53690325">存档</a>于2021-07-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0%E3%80%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%83%BD%E5%90%A6%E8%BD%89%E5%90%91%E3%80%8C%E5%85%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E3%80%8D%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;rft.date=2020-08-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%88BBC%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Ftrad%2Fbusiness-53690325&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-11/04/content_5557396.htm">习近平:中国新发展格局不是封闭的国内循环,而是更加开放的国内国际双循环_滚动新闻_中国政府网</a>. www.gov.cn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616193804/https://www.voachinese.com/a/under-xi-s-core-why-is-li-keqiang-not-on-the-same-page-with-xi-20210327/5830629.html">存档</a>于2021-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%8B+%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%BA%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%BF%98%E4%B8%8E%E4%B9%A0%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%83%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.au=%E9%99%88%E7%AD%A0&amp;rft.date=2021-03-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2Funder-xi-s-core-why-is-li-keqiang-not-on-the-same-page-with-xi-20210327%2F5830629.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/2013-11/16/content_2597716.htm">废止劳动教养制度 人权司法保障取得重大进步</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>. 2013-11-16. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203053310/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-04/24/content_2666232.htm">存档</a>于2020-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%A1%A8%E5%86%B3%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%AF%E4%BF%9D%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.date=2014-04-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fxinwen%2F2014-04%2F24%2Fcontent_2666232.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-10/26/content_5445370.htm">全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于国家监察委员会制定监察法规的决定</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>. 2019-10-26. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230164551/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-10/26/content_5445370.htm">存档</a>于2019-12-30) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%B8%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A&amp;rft.date=2019-10-26&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fxinwen%2F2019-10%2F26%2Fcontent_5445370.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2015-12/08/content_5021393.htm">中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅印发《关于完善审计制度若干重大问题的框架意见》及相关配套文件</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>. 2015-12-08. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616184222/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2015-12/08/content_5021393.htm">存档</a>于2021-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%8E%85+%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%8E%85%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%91%E3%80%8A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%AE%8C%E5%96%84%E5%AE%A1%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81%E3%80%8B%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E9%85%8D%E5%A5%97%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6&amp;rft.date=2015-12-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fzhengce%2F2015-12%2F08%2Fcontent_5021393.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:54-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:54_81-0"><sup><b>80.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:54_81-1"><sup><b>80.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-06/11/content_5616911.htm">高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区——访浙江省委书记袁家军</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>. 2021-06-11. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616193809/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-06/11/content_5616911.htm">存档</a>于2021-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E7%A4%BA%E8%8C%83%E5%8C%BA%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AE%BF%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%A7%94%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E8%A2%81%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B&amp;rft.date=2021-06-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fzhengce%2F2021-06%2F11%2Fcontent_5616911.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:55-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:55_82-0"><sup><b>81.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:55_82-1"><sup><b>81.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-06/10/content_5616833.htm">中共中央 国务院关于支持浙江高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区的意见</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府">中华人民共和国中央人民政府</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>. 2021-06-10. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519062646/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20090515/12760170">存档</a>于2014-05-19) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(繁體)网页">(中文(繁體))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%B6%99%E7%B4%AB%E9%99%BD%E5%90%8C%E6%83%85%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E9%81%AD%E8%BB%9F%E7%A6%81&amp;rft.date=2009-05-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhk.apple.nextmedia.com%2Fnews%2Fart%2F20090515%2F12760170&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-邓小平2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平2_90-0"><sup><b>89.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平2_90-1"><sup><b>89.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平2_90-2"><sup><b>89.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">邓小平. 《邓小平文选》 <b>第二卷</b>. 北京: 人民出版社. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5065-2523-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5065-2523-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-5065-2523-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%80%89%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-5065-2523-7&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">全文:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64184/64186/66697/4495015.html">鄧小平講話:解放思想,實事實是,團結一致向前看</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120731003834/http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64184/64186/66697/4495015.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),1978年12月13日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-邓小平1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-邓小平1_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">邓小平. 《邓小平文选》 <b>第一卷</b>. 北京: <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="人民出版社">人民出版社</a>. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-01-002066-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-01-002066-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-01-002066-2</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%80%89%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-01-002066-2&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.ifeng.com/c/7fbAqXSR5o8">那些年 那些来到中国的外企(组图)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-12-15</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526173439/http://www.china.com.cn/culture/txt/2008-09/28/content_16549900.htm">存档</a>于2020-05-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8E%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AA%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E5%88%B0%E2%80%9C%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%B7%E2%80%9D%E6%9E%84%E6%83%B3%E4%B8%8E%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E8%8B%8F%E6%9D%AD%E4%B9%8B%E8%A1%8C&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2Fculture%2Ftxt%2F2008-09%2F28%2Fcontent_16549900.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:38-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:38_95-0"><sup><b>94.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:38_95-1"><sup><b>94.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4418455.html">邓小平提出的“小康社会”是什么含义?</a>. 人民网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-05-25</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526173441/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4418455.html">存档</a>于2020-05-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%8F%90%E5%87%BA%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%B7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E2%80%9D%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%90%AB%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64156%2F64157%2F4418455.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandt-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_96-0"><sup><b>95.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_96-1"><sup><b>95.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_96-2"><sup><b>95.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_96-3"><sup><b>95.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_96-4"><sup><b>95.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. China's Great Economic Transformation &#91;中国的经济大转型&#93;. Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasgreatecono00bran">China's Great Economic Transformation &#91;中国的经济大转型&#93;</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasgreatecono00bran/page/n1">1</a>-26. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-8557-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-8557-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-5218-8557-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Great+Economic+Transformation&amp;rft.au=Rawski%2C+Thomas+G.&amp;rft.aufirst=Loren&amp;rft.aulast=Brandt&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Economic+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-8557-7&amp;rft.pages=1-26&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasgreatecono00bran&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0"><sup><b>96.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1"><sup><b>96.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hunt, Michael H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt_e9u3">The World Transformed: 1945 to The Present</a>. Oxford University Press. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-1993-7102-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-1993-7102-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-1993-7102-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/907585907"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;907585907</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Hunt&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+Transformed%3A+1945+to+The+Present&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1993-7102-0&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldtransformed0000hunt_e9u3&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907585907&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shirk, Susan L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallogicof00shir">The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-520-07706-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-520-07706-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-520-07706-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Shirk&amp;rft.btitle=The+Political+Logic+of+Economic+Reform+in+China&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-07706-7&amp;rft.place=Berkeley&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticallogicof00shir&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichaelE-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MichaelE_99-0"><sup><b>98.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MichaelE_99-1"><sup><b>98.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="cc" class="citation book">Marti, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinalegacyofden00mich">China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping: From Communist Revolution to Capitalist Evolution</a>. Brassey's. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57488-540-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57488-540-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-57488-540-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Marti&amp;rft.btitle=China+and+the+Legacy+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+From+Communist+Revolution+to+Capitalist+Evolution&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57488-540-8&amp;rft.pub=Brassey%27s&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinalegacyofden00mich&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8月2日-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8月2日_100-0"><sup><b>99.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8月2日_100-1"><sup><b>99.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8月2日_100-2"><sup><b>99.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8月2日_100-3"><sup><b>99.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%8B%E6%BC%AB%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%AD/a-54842666">“七上八下”——漫话中共党史术语系列之六</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-08-02</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204023234/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%8B%E6%BC%AB%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%AD/a-54842666">存档</a>于2021-12-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%8B%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%BC%AB%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%AD&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fzh%2F%25E4%25B8%2583%25E4%25B8%258A%25E5%2585%25AB%25E4%25B8%258B%25E6%25BC%25AB%25E8%25AF%259D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2585%259A%25E5%258F%25B2%25E6%259C%25AF%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E5%2588%2597%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%2585%25AD%2Fa-54842666&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-邓小平3-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-0"><sup><b>100.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-1"><sup><b>100.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-2"><sup><b>100.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-3"><sup><b>100.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-4"><sup><b>100.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-5"><sup><b>100.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-6"><sup><b>100.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-7"><sup><b>100.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-8"><sup><b>100.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-9"><sup><b>100.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-10"><sup><b>100.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-11"><sup><b>100.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-12"><sup><b>100.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-13"><sup><b>100.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-邓小平3_101-14"><sup><b>100.14</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">邓小平. 《邓小平文选》 <b>第三卷</b>. 北京: 人民出版社. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-01-001862-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-01-001862-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-01-001862-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%80%89%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-01-001862-1&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V_102-0"><sup><b>101.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_102-1"><sup><b>101.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_102-2"><sup><b>101.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_102-3"><sup><b>101.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_102-4"><sup><b>101.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_102-5"><sup><b>101.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E9%AB%98%E4%B9%89" title="傅高义">傅高义</a>著,冯克利译,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="香港中文大學">香港中文大學</a>出版社編輯部譯校. 《邓小平时代》. 香港: <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中文大学出版社">中文大學出版社</a>. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-962-996-498-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-962-996-498-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-962-996-498-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-962-996-498-6&amp;rft.place=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichaelY-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MichaelY_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="reformdeng" class="citation book">Michael Y. M. Kau; Susan H. Marsh. China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform. M.E. Sharpe. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-56324-278-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-56324-278-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-56324-278-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=Michael+Y.+M.+Kau&amp;rft.au=Susan+H.+Marsh&amp;rft.btitle=China+in+the+Era+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+A+Decade+of+Reform&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56324-278-6&amp;rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-程-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-程_104-0"><sup><b>103.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-程_104-1"><sup><b>103.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-程_104-2"><sup><b>103.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">(香港大學歷史系名譽副教授)連浩鋈博士(Dr. Alfred HY Lin). 《改革-革命-再革命-繼續革命-告別革命(改革開放)的歷程(1900-2000年)》(中國歷史科教師專業發展課程講座紀錄). <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B1%80_(%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF)" title="教育局 (香港)">香港教育局</a>個人、社會及人文教育組. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-988-80069-4-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-988-80069-4-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-988-80069-4-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%EF%BC%88%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%B3%BB%E5%90%8D%E8%AD%BD%E5%89%AF%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%EF%BC%89%E9%80%A3%E6%B5%A9%E9%8B%88%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%EF%BC%88Dr.+Alfred+HY+Lin%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%EF%BC%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8D%E5%86%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8D%E7%B9%BC%E7%BA%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8D%E5%91%8A%E5%88%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B%EF%BC%881900-2000%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-988-80069-4-6&amp;rft.pub=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B1%80%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%B5%84&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2535022.html">通过《关于经济体制改革的决定》</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-11-06</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109080116/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2535022.html">存档</a>于2020-11-09).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E3%80%8A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F33837%2F2535022.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lnsdag.org.cn/lnsdaj/whdgy/lndsj/content/ff8080816db837100173691f0e3f3891.html">1988年辽宁大事记</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-11-09</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116232621/http://www.lnsdag.org.cn/lnsdaj/whdgy/lndsj/content/ff8080816db837100173691f0e3f3891.html">存档</a>于2021-01-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=1988%E5%B9%B4%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%B0&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lnsdag.org.cn%2Flnsdaj%2Fwhdgy%2Flndsj%2Fcontent%2Fff8080816db837100173691f0e3f3891.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/yjsld/200209/t20020929_36047.html">之二:对外开放迈向新阶段</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-11-09</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126025715/http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/yjsld/200209/t20020929_36047.html">存档</a>于2021-01-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E8%BF%88%E5%90%91%E6%96%B0%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fztjc%2Fztfx%2Fyjsld%2F200209%2Ft20020929_36047.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHSM-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LHSM_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203053640/http://www.china.com.cn/economic/zhuanti/ggkf30/2008-12/11/content_16933557.htm">中英香港联合声明</a>. 中国网. 2014-01-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/economic/zhuanti/ggkf30/2008-12/11/content_16933557.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-02-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E&amp;rft.date=2014-01-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2Feconomic%2Fzhuanti%2Fggkf30%2F2008-12%2F11%2Fcontent_16933557.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_109-0"><sup><b>108.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_109-1"><sup><b>108.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4512167.html">中国土地制度改革</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-06-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624222556/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4512167.html">存档</a>于2020-06-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64156%2F64157%2F4512167.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《中國共產黨第十三次全國代表大會文件滙編》. 北京: 人民出版社. 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%BB%99%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takungpao.com/special/239157/2018/0614/175985.html">改革开放40年 | 土地拍卖第一槌开地产发展先河</a>. 大公网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-06-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624165211/http://www.takungpao.com/special/239157/2018/0614/175985.html">存档</a>于2020-06-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE40%E5%B9%B4+%7C+%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%8B%8D%E5%8D%96%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%A7%8C%E5%BC%80%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%A7%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%85%88%E6%B2%B3&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takungpao.com%2Fspecial%2F239157%2F2018%2F0614%2F175985.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naughton-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naughton_112-0"><sup><b>111.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naughton_112-1"><sup><b>111.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naughton_112-2"><sup><b>111.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naughton_112-3"><sup><b>111.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naughton_112-4"><sup><b>111.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naughton, Barry. A Political Economy of China’s Economic Transition &#91;中国经济转型的政治经济&#93;. Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (编). A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition &#91;中国的经济大转型&#93;. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008: 91–135. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-8557-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-8557-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-5218-8557-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%E2%80%99s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rft.aulast=Naughton&amp;rft.btitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%27s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-8557-7&amp;rft.pages=91-135&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-潘公凱-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-潘公凱_113-0"><sup><b>112.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-潘公凱_113-1"><sup><b>112.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E5%85%AC%E5%87%AF_(%E8%AE%B0%E8%80%85)" title="潘公凯 (记者)">潘公凱</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=Ac897TVPPBIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China &#91;走出毛的影子:為新中國的靈魂奮鬥&#93;</a>. 美國紐約: <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E8%88%87%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="西蒙與舒斯特">西蒙與舒斯特</a>. 2008-06-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2013-12-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4165-3705-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4165-3705-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-4165-3705-2</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032048/http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=Ac897TVPPBIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2014-01-06) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E6%BD%98%E5%85%AC%E5%87%B1&amp;rft.btitle=Out+of+Mao%27s+Shadow%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+a+New+China&amp;rft.date=2008-06-17&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3705-2&amp;rft.place=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84&amp;rft.pub=%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E8%88%87%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAc897TVPPBIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dzh-TW%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naughton, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com.tw/books?id=BZv6AQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2007-01-01: 99 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2013-12-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-2621-4095-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-2621-4095-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-2621-4095-9</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033111/http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=BZv6AQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2014-01-06) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rft.aulast=Naughton&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Economy%3A+Transitions+and+Growth&amp;rft.date=2007-01-01&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-2621-4095-9&amp;rft.pages=99&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZv6AQAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dzh-TW%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-黎安友-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-黎安友_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%8B" title="黎安友">黎安友</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/56670/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers">The Tiananmen Papers &#91;天安门文件&#93;</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="外交政策 (雜誌)">Foreign Policy</a>. 2001年2月 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2013-12-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016170140/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/56670/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers">存档</a>于2012-10-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E9%BB%8E%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%8B&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tiananmen+Papers&amp;rft.date=2001-02&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Foreign+Policy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F56670%2Fandrew-j-nathan%2Fthe-tiananmen-papers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Evans, Michael L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/">Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治華盛頓大學">George Washington University</a>. 1999-06-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2013-12-28</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703022330/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/zhuanlan/yehuazhongnanhai/gx-05032019132606.html">存档</a>于2021-07-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%9C%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%9A+%E5%BD%93%E5%B1%80%E4%B8%8B%E4%BB%A4%E4%B8%8D%E5%87%86%E7%94%A8%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D%E5%BD%B1%E5%B0%84%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3&amp;rft.date=2019-05-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fmandarin%2Fzhuanlan%2Fyehuazhongnanhai%2Fgx-05032019132606.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:50-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:50_174-0"><sup><b>173.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:50_174-1"><sup><b>173.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:50_174-2"><sup><b>173.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46603825">“不该改的、不能改”的讲话 VS “宣布中国改革业已死亡的悼词”</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>(BBC). 2018-12-18. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624043709/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46603825">存档</a>于2021-06-24) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E8%AF%A5%E6%94%B9%E7%9A%84%E3%80%81%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E6%94%B9%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D+VS+%E2%80%9C%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%B2%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%9A%84%E6%82%BC%E8%AF%8D%E2%80%9D&amp;rft.date=2018-12-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%88BBC%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fchinese-news-46603825&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:56-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:56_175-0"><sup><b>174.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:56_175-1"><sup><b>174.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%94%B9%E4%BB%8E%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F/a-17408246">习近平政改:从“集体总统”到“一人总统”?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0" title="德国之声">德国之声</a>. 2014-02-04. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525021641/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%94%B9%E4%BB%8E%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F/a-17408246">存档</a>于2021-05-25) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%94%BF%E6%94%B9%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E2%80%9C%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E2%80%9D%E5%88%B0%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.date=2014-02-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fzh%2F%25E4%25B9%25A0%25E8%25BF%2591%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%2594%25B9%25E4%25BB%258E%25E9%259B%2586%25E4%25BD%2593%25E6%2580%25BB%25E7%25BB%259F%25E5%2588%25B0%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2580%25BB%25E7%25BB%259F%2Fa-17408246&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaa_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-04/01/c_1120741571.htm">中共中央、国务院决定设立河北雄安新区</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE" title="新华社">新华社</a>. 2017-04-01. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008: 337–374. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-8557-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-8557-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-5218-8557-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Private-Sector+Development+in+China&amp;rft.au=Huang%2C+Yasheng&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephan&amp;rft.aulast=Haggard&amp;rft.btitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%27s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-8557-7&amp;rft.pages=337-374&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branstetter-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branstetter_218-0"><sup><b>217.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branstetter_218-1"><sup><b>217.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Branstetter, Lee; Lardy, Nicholas. China's Embrace of Globalization &#91;中国对全球化的拥护&#93;. Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (编). A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition &#91;中国的经济大转型&#93;. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008: 633–682. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-8557-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-8557-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-5218-8557-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Embrace+of+Globalization&amp;rft.au=Lardy%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft.aulast=Branstetter&amp;rft.btitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%27s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-8557-7&amp;rft.pages=633-682&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_219-0"><sup><b>218.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_219-1"><sup><b>218.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_219-2"><sup><b>218.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_219-3"><sup><b>218.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_219-4"><sup><b>218.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Allen, Franklin; Qian, Jun; Qian, Meijun. China's Financial System: Past, Present, and Future &#91;中国的金融系统:过去、现在和未来&#93;. Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (编). A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition &#91;中国的经济大转型&#93;. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008: 506–568. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-8557-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-8557-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-5218-8557-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Financial+System%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&amp;rft.au=Qian%2C+Jun&amp;rft.au=Qian%2C+Meijun&amp;rft.aufirst=Franklin&amp;rft.aulast=Allen&amp;rft.btitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%27s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-8557-7&amp;rft.pages=506-568&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">秦宛顺; 欧阳俊. 中国商业银行业市场结构、效率和绩效. 经济科学. 2001, (4): 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1002-5839"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;1002-5839</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19523%2Fj.jjkx.2001.04.004"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.19523/j.jjkx.2001.04.004</span></a>. <a href="/wiki/CNKI" class="mw-redirect" title="CNKI">CNKI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&amp;filename=JJKX200104003">JJKX200104003</a></span><span style="position:relative; top:-2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需注册账号查阅"><img alt="需注册账号查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库">NSSD</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nssd.cn/html/1/156/159/index.html?lngId=5510665">5510665</a></span><span style="position:relative; top:-2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需注册账号查阅"><img alt="需注册账号查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E3%80%81%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%A9%E6%95%88&amp;rft.au=%E6%AC%A7%E9%98%B3%E4%BF%8A&amp;rft.au=%E7%A7%A6%E5%AE%9B%E9%A1%BA&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=1002-5839&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19523%2Fj.jjkx.2001.04.004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkins-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perkins_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Perkins, Dwight H.; Rawski, Thomas G. Forecasting China's Economic Growth to 2025 &#91;预测中国到2025年的经济增长&#93;. Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (编). A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition &#91;中国的经济大转型&#93;. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008: 829–880. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-8557-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-8557-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-5218-8557-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Forecasting+China%27s+Economic+Growth+to+2025&amp;rft.au=Rawski%2C+Thomas+G.&amp;rft.aufirst=Dwight+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Perkins&amp;rft.btitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%27s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-8557-7&amp;rft.pages=829-880&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xin Zhao and Russell W. Belk, "Politicizing Consumer Culture: Advertising's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China's Social Transition," <i>Journal of Consumer Research</i> (2008) 35#2 pp 231-244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0502/c69113-29960018.html">1978年11月,邓小平应邀访问新加坡,在机场与新加坡总理李光耀亲切握手</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. 《广安日报》. 2018-05-02. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110221326/http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/bi/200408/20040800264518.shtml">存档</a>于2020-01-10) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=1978%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%BA%E8%AE%BF%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%97%E5%88%B0%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%89%E8%80%80%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E6%AC%A2%E8%BF%8E&amp;rft.date=2004-08-16&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofcom.gov.cn%2Farticle%2Fbi%2F200408%2F20040800264518.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/mil/history/201003/0301_1567_1559506_3.shtml">马来亚共产党战败史:被遗忘在丛林中的华人革命</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 千龙网. 2010-03-01. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616061116/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-01/05/c_1123951376.htm">存档</a>于2020-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%A2%81%E5%BA%9A%EF%BC%9A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E7%94%B0%E2%80%9C%E8%9B%87%E5%8F%A3%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%88%9B%E7%AB%8B%E8%80%85&amp;rft.date=2019-01-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019-01%2F05%2Fc_1123951376.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0621/c69113-29354057.html">1984年首次深圳特区行--邓小平纪念网</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91" title="人民网">人民网</a>. 《广安日报》. 2017-06-21. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421225828/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2014/09-11/6579284.shtml">存档</a>于2024-04-21) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%9D%A8%E6%99%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%BF%8682%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%9A%E5%9B%9B%E9%A1%B9%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E5%85%A5%E5%AE%AA%E5%AD%98%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE&amp;rft.date=2014-09-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com.cn%2Fgn%2F2014%2F09-11%2F6579284.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46512070">改革开放40年:邓小平究竟给今日中国留下什么</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>(BBC). 2018-12-18. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511011858/https://www.modernchinastudies.org/cn/issues/past-issues/76-mcs-2002-issue-1/1219-2012-01-06-08-38-50.html">存档</a>于2023-05-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E4%B8%8E%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96&amp;rft.au=%E8%90%A7%E5%8A%9F%E7%A7%A6&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchinastudies.org%2Fcn%2Fissues%2Fpast-issues%2F76-mcs-2002-issue-1%2F1219-2012-01-06-08-38-50.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2102-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2102_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E8%81%BF%E6%96%87" title="邓聿文">邓聿文</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20180627/deng-yuwen-third-emancipation-of-the-mind/">中国需要第三次思想解放运动</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2018-06-28. 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Reuters. 2019-02-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-02-24</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729110641/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-explainer/explainer-what-is-old-and-new-in-cubas-proposed-constitution-idUSKCN1QA273">存档</a>于2019-07-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+What+is+old+and+new+in+Cuba%27s+proposed+constitution&amp;rft.au=Marc+Frank&amp;rft.date=2019-02-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-cuba-constitution-explainer%2Fexplainer-what-is-old-and-new-in-cubas-proposed-constitution-idUSKCN1QA273&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Antonio Recio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://havanatimes.org/?p=139909">Some Traps in Cuba’s New Constitution</a>. <i>The Havana Times</i>. 2018-08-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030746/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20100818-%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3818%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4-%E6%94%BF%E5%95%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%95%8C%E5%91%BC%E5%90%81%E9%87%8D%E5%90%AF%E6%94%BF%E6%94%B9">存档</a>于2019-10-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B38.18%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4+%E6%94%BF%E5%95%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%95%8C%E5%91%BC%E5%90%81%E9%87%8D%E5%90%AF%E6%94%BF%E6%94%B9&amp;rft.au=%E5%87%AF%E6%96%87&amp;rft.date=2010-08-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20100818-%25E7%25BA%25AA%25E5%25BF%25B5%25E9%2582%2593%25E5%25B0%258F%25E5%25B9%25B3818%25E8%25AE%25B2%25E8%25AF%259D%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B9%25B4-%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%2595%2586%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%2591%25BC%25E5%2590%2581%25E9%2587%258D%25E5%2590%25AF%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%2594%25B9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:82_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">赵越胜. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/cn/20190519-%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B-%E4%B8%8E%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%B9%E8%A1%A8">六四三十周年回顾中国政治体制改革历程(二 )----与邓小平对表</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="法国国际广播电台">法国国际广播电台</a>. 2019-05-19. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723005814/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/20190519-%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B-%E4%B8%8E%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%B9%E8%A1%A8">存档</a>于2021-07-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B%28%E4%BA%8C+%29----%E4%B8%8E%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%B9%E8%A1%A8&amp;rft.au=%E8%B5%B5%E8%B6%8A%E8%83%9C&amp;rft.date=2019-05-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F20190519-%25E5%2585%25AD%25E5%259B%259B%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%259B%259E%25E9%25A1%25BE%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E4%25BD%2593%25E5%2588%25B6%25E6%2594%25B9%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%258E%2586%25E7%25A8%258B-%25E4%25B8%258E%25E9%2582%2593%25E5%25B0%258F%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E8%25A1%25A8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:112_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">童之伟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828220213/http://www.yhcqw.com/36/9334.html">八二宪法与宪政</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="炎黄春秋">炎黄春秋</a>》. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yhcqw.com/36/9334.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-08-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.au=%E7%AB%A5%E4%B9%8B%E4%BC%9F&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yhcqw.com%2F36%2F9334.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_336-0"><sup><b>335.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_336-1"><sup><b>335.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_336-2"><sup><b>335.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_336-3"><sup><b>335.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_336-4"><sup><b>335.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_336-5"><sup><b>335.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">吴伟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20141215/cc15wuwei41/">赵紫阳与邓小平的两条政改路线</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》. 2014-12-15. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607212238/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190308-%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%B8%A2%E7%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BDgdp%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87%E6%9C%899%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%B8%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E7%82%B9">存档</a>于2021-06-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%B8%A2%E7%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BDGDP%E9%80%A0%E5%81%87%E6%9C%899%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%B8%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E7%82%B9&amp;rft.au=%E7%94%84%E6%A0%91%E5%9F%BA&amp;rft.date=2019-03-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20190308-%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%25B8%25A2%25E7%2588%2586%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BDgdp%25E9%2580%25A0%25E5%2581%2587%25E6%259C%25899%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%25AF%258F%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%25A4%25B8%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%25A4%25E4%25B8%25AA%25E7%2599%25BE%25E5%2588%2586%25E7%2582%25B9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ben Westcott; Lily Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/16/asia/deng-xiaoping-xi-jinping-reform-and-opening-china-intl/index.html">China sparked an economic miracle -- now there's a fight over its legacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 2018-12-17. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616190322/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/16/asia/deng-xiaoping-xi-jinping-reform-and-opening-china-intl/index.html">存档</a>于2021-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China+sparked+an+economic+miracle+--+now+there%27s+a+fight+over+its+legacy&amp;rft.au=Ben+Westcott&amp;rft.au=Lily+Lee&amp;rft.date=2018-12-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F12%2F16%2Fasia%2Fdeng-xiaoping-xi-jinping-reform-and-opening-china-intl%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ryan Hass; Abraham Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/">More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="布鲁金斯学会">布鲁金斯学会</a>(Brookings). 2020-08-07. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616192144/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/">存档</a>于2021-06-16) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">(美国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=More+pain+than+gain%3A+How+the+US-China+trade+war+hurt+America&amp;rft.au=Abraham+Denmark&amp;rft.au=Ryan+Hass&amp;rft.date=2020-08-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%EF%BC%88Brookings%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Forder-from-chaos%2F2020%2F08%2F07%2Fmore-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jane Cai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2184707/why-chinas-subsidised-state-owned-enterprises-anger-us-europe">Why China's subsidised SOEs anger US, Europe – and its own private firms</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8E%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="南华早报">南华早报</a>》(South China Morning Post). 2019-02-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210948/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2184707/why-chinas-subsidised-state-owned-enterprises-anger-us-europe">存档</a>于2021-06-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Why+China%27s+subsidised+SOEs+anger+US%2C+Europe+%E2%80%93+and+its+own+private+firms&amp;rft.au=Jane+Cai&amp;rft.date=2019-02-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8E%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88South+China+Morning+Post%EF%BC%89&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F2184707%2Fwhy-chinas-subsidised-state-owned-enterprises-anger-us-europe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:65-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-0"><sup><b>362.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-1"><sup><b>362.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-2"><sup><b>362.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-3"><sup><b>362.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-4"><sup><b>362.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-5"><sup><b>362.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:65_363-6"><sup><b>362.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">周瑞金. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idCNChina-2508620081009">周瑞金:改革开放30年的思考(二)</a>. 改革开放30周年专题 (路透社). 2008-10-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-09-02</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105003121/https://www.reuters.com/article/idCNChina-2508620081009">存档</a>于2021-11-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%91%A8%E7%91%9E%E9%87%91%EF%BC%9A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE30%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E7%91%9E%E9%87%91&amp;rft.date=2008-10-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE30%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidCNChina-2508620081009&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">浦树柔; 戴廉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030003016/https://www.cae.cn/cae/html/main/col183/2012-03/02/20120302133513792213585_1.html">两院院士:缺乏“自主创新核心技术”是中国软肋</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E9%99%A2" title="中国工程院">中国工程院</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中新网">中新网</a>. 2009-06-15. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cae.cn/cae/html/main/col183/2012-03/02/20120302133513792213585_1.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-10-30) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%A4%E9%99%A2%E9%99%A2%E5%A3%AB%EF%BC%9A%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E2%80%9C%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E2%80%9D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BD%AF%E8%82%8B&amp;rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E5%BB%89&amp;rft.au=%E6%B5%A6%E6%A0%91%E6%9F%94&amp;rft.date=2009-06-15&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E9%99%A2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cae.cn%2Fcae%2Fhtml%2Fmain%2Fcol183%2F2012-03%2F02%2F20120302133513792213585_1.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">杜建国. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030003011/http://www.guancha.cn/DuJianGuo/2014_06_08_235407.shtml">“中国没有创新能力”何以成为世界公论</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85%E7%BD%91" title="观察者网">观察者网</a>. 2014-06-08. 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Thomas (编), China's Great Transformation, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=Income+inequality+during+China%27s+Economic+Transition&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=Dwayne&amp;rft.aulast=Benjamin&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBransetter2008" class="citation">Bransetter, Lee; et al, China's embrace of globalization, Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (编), China's Great Transformation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+embrace+of+globalization&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft.aulast=Bransetter&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCai2008" class="citation">Cai, Fang; et al, The Chinese labor market in the reform era, Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (编), China's Great Transformation, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=The+Chinese+labor+market+in+the+reform+era&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=Fang&amp;rft.aulast=Cai&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaggard2008" class="citation">Haggard, Stevens; et al, The political economy of private-sector development in China, Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (编), China's Great Transformation, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=The+political+economy+of+private-sector+development+in+China&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=Stevens&amp;rft.aulast=Haggard&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHerston2008" class="citation">Herston, Alan; et al, China and Development economics, Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (编), China's Great Transformation, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China+and+Development+economics&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Herston&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSvejnar2008" class="citation">Svejnar, Jan; et al, China in light of other transition economies, Brandt, Loren and Rawski, G. Thomas (编), China's Great Transformation, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;rft.atitle=China+in+light+of+other+transition+economies&amp;rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.aulast=Svejnar&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWong2008" class="citation">Wong, P.W. Christine; et al, China's Fiscal system: a work in progress, Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. 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(2008) "Politicizing Consumer Culture: Advertising's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China's Social Transition," <i>Journal of Consumer Research</i> 35#2 pp 231–244</li> <li>Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China’s Success (World Bank). Retrieved August 10, 2006.</li> <li>Online Extra: "China Is a Private-Sector Economy"</li> <li>World Public Opinion</li> <li>《联产承包叩开农村改革之门》</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.dwnews.com/topic/Chinese-economic-reform-40th.html#page1?utm_medium=%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5&amp;utm_source=%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA&amp;utm_campaign=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE40%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4">多維新聞網改革開放40週年專題</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9D%A2%E7%B4%85%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="三面紅旗">三面紅旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF" title="社会主义建设总路线">總路線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AA%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="四个现代化">四个现代化</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">改革开放</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE40%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%9D%B0%E5%87%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%AE%B6" title="改革开放40年百名杰出民营企业家">改革开放40年百名杰出民营企业家</a></li></ul></li> <li>“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抓大放小" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="抓大放小(页面不存在)">抓大放小</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" class="extiw" title="en:Grasping the large, letting go of the small"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</span></a></span>)</span></span>”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%86%E7%A8%8E%E5%88%B6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1994年分税制改革">1994年分税制改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0" title="中國製造">中國製造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%82" title="科学发展观">科学发展观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="四万亿投资计划">四万亿投资计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5" title="走出去战略">走出去战略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%9A%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="中国青年创业国际计划">中国青年创业国际计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A02025" title="中国制造2025">中国制造2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一带一路">一带一路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%9A%E3%80%81%E4%B8%87%E4%BC%97%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0" title="大众创业、万众创新">大众创业、万众创新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="双循环">雙循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="中华人民共和国国内生产总值">历年国内生产总值</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="中國地理大區">区域协调发展</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BE%A4" title="长江三角洲城市群">长江三角洲城市群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="珠江三角洲经济区">珠江三角洲经济区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%B4%A5%E5%86%80%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="京津冀协同发展">京津冀协同发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%80" title="粵港澳大灣區">粵港澳大灣區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9C%88" title="环渤海经济圈">环渤海经济圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="西部大开发">西部大开发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="中部崛起计划">中部崛起计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%B4" title="东北振兴">振興東北老工業基地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="海峡西岸经济区">海峡西岸经济区</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环北部湾经济圈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B9%BE%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9C%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="环北部湾经济圈(页面不存在)">环北部湾经济圈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" class="extiw" title="en:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E8%88%87%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%9B%B4%E7%B7%8A%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93%E8%B2%BF%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E6%8E%92" title="內地與港澳關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排">內地與港澳關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国农业">第一产业</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国农业">农业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="中国丝绸产业">丝绸业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%86%9C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="三农问题">三农问题</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国林业(页面不存在)">林业</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%9C%E7%89%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国畜牧业(页面不存在)">畜牧业</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A" title="中国渔业">渔业</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国水产养殖业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aquaculture in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国水产养殖业(页面不存在)">水产业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Aquaculture in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aquaculture in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国珍珠养殖业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pearl farming industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国珍珠养殖业(页面不存在)">珍珠养殖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Pearl farming industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pearl farming industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国工业">第二产业</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>制造业</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A" title="中国汽车制造业">汽车制造业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国电机制造业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国电机制造业(页面不存在)">电机制造业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Electric motor manufacturing industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Electric motor manufacturing industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国电子工业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Electronics industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国电子工业(页面不存在)">电子工业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Electronics industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Electronics industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E6%B3%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国水泥业">水泥业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国钢铁产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steel industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%92%A2%E9%93%81%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国钢铁产业(页面不存在)">钢铁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Steel industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Steel industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国纺织工业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Textile industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国纺织工业(页面不存在)">纺织</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Textile industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Textile industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国铁路设备产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Railway equipment industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国铁路设备产业(页面不存在)">铁路设备业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Railway equipment industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Railway equipment industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国船舶工业(页面不存在)">船舶工业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国高端材料产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Advanced materials industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E7%AB%AF%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国高端材料产业(页面不存在)">高端材料产业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Advanced materials industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Advanced materials industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="中华人民共和国航天">航天工业</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>生物医药业</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E8%8D%AF%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国制药业">制药业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国药业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pharmacy in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8D%AF%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国药业(页面不存在)">药业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Pharmacy in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pharmacy in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国生物技术产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biotechnology industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国生物技术产业(页面不存在)">生物技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Biotechnology industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biotechnology industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><b>日用品与批发零售业</b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国啤酒业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beer in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国啤酒业(页面不存在)">啤酒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Beer in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beer in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="中国葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国咖啡制造业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coffee production in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国咖啡制造业(页面不存在)">咖啡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Coffee production in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coffee production in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%A7%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国性玩具业">性玩具业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国容器产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Container industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国容器产业(页面不存在)">容器产业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Container industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Container industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="中华人民共和国交通">交通运输业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%94%A8%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国民用航空业">民用航空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国港口列表">港口</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国航运" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shipping industry of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国航运(页面不存在)">航运</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:Shipping industry of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shipping industry of China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国电信业">电信业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="中华人民共和国通信">通信业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国移动通讯产业">移动通信产业</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="Category:中华人民共和国矿业">矿业</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国黄金开采业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gold mining in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E5%BC%80%E9%87%87%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国黄金开采业(页面不存在)">黄金开采</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Gold mining in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gold mining in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国稀土产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rare earth industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国稀土产业(页面不存在)">稀土产业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Rare earth industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rare earth industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="中国煤炭工业">煤炭工业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国石油工业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Petroleum industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国石油工业(页面不存在)">石油工业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Petroleum industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Petroleum industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%B9%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%A9" title="中华人民共和国油页岩">油页岩</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="中华人民共和国能源政策">能源业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="中國大陸電力產業">电力工业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国炼油产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oil refineries in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%82%BC%E6%B2%B9%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国炼油产业(页面不存在)">炼油业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Oil refineries in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oil refineries in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国核工业">核工业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="中华人民共和国可再生能源">可再生能源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%8E%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" title="中华人民共和国风力发电">风力发电行业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" title="中华人民共和国太阳能发电">太阳能行业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国地热能源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geothermal power in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国地热能源(页面不存在)">地热能源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Geothermal power in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geothermal power in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="中国生物能源">生物能源</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>公共设施管理业</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%99%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%B4%E7%8E%B0%E7%8A%B6" title="中国给排水现状">给排水</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国服务业(页面不存在)">第三产业</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D" title="中华人民共和国金融">金融业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国证券业">证券业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国对冲基金产业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hedge fund industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E5%86%B2%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国对冲基金产业(页面不存在)">对冲基金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Hedge fund industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hedge fund industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国银行业">银行业</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国银行业历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of banking in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国银行业历史(页面不存在)">历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:History of banking in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of banking in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国大陆银行列表">银行列表</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="中华人民共和国互联网">互联网产业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国软件产业">软件业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国电子游戏产业">电子游戏</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国业务流程外包业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Business process outsourcing in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国业务流程外包业(页面不存在)">业务流程外包</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Business process outsourcing in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Business process outsourcing in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国旅游业">旅游业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%9A%E5%BD%A9%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国博彩业">博彩业</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="中華人民共和國媒體">传媒业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="中华人民共和国电视广播">电视广播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="中国大陆电影">电影产业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国出版业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Publishing industry in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国出版业(页面不存在)">出版业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Publishing industry in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Publishing industry in China</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国学术出版" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Academic publishing in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国学术出版(页面不存在)">学术出版业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Academic publishing in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Academic publishing in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%88%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="中国大陆房地产业">房地产业</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%88%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%A7%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="中国大陆房地产调控政策">调控政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%A4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="地攤經濟">地攤經濟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">特殊经济区域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="中国经济特区">经济特区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%BA" title="国家级经济技术开发区">国家级经济技术开发区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%B0%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%BA" title="国家级高新技术产业开发区">国家级高新技术产业开发区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E9%85%8D%E5%A5%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="国家综合配套改革试验区">国家综合配套改革试验区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="中国自由贸易试验区">自由贸易试验区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%B8%AF" title="海南自由贸易港">自由贸易港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BA%E8%8C%83%E5%8C%BA" title="国家自主创新示范区">国家自主创新示范区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国国际贸易中心">国际贸易中心</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会">领导机构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%B4%A2%E7%BB%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中央财经委员会">中央财经委员会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%B4%A2%E7%BB%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央财经委员会办公室">中央财经委员会办公室</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中央金融委员会">中央金融委员会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央金融委员会办公室">中央金融委员会办公室</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央金融工作委员会">中共中央金融工作委员会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国政府">监管机构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会">国家发展改革委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国财政部">财政部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国商务部">商务部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国工业和信息化部">工业和信息化部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="国务院国有资产监督管理委员会">国务院国资委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80" title="国家市场监督管理总局">市场监管总局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A8%8E%E5%8A%A1%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80" title="国家税务总局">税务总局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B3%E6%80%BB%E7%BD%B2" title="中华人民共和国海关总署">海关总署</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80" title="国家金融监督管理总局">金融监管总局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国证券监督管理委员会">证监会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%A4%96%E6%B1%87%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="国家外汇管理局">国家外汇局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80" title="国家统计局">国家统计局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国国际贸易促进委员会">中国贸促会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">交易所</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="上海证券交易所">上海证券交易所</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%B7%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="上海证券交易所综合股价指数">上证综指</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="深圳证券交易所">深圳证券交易所</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%B7%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="深圳证券交易所成份股价指数">深证成指</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E8%BD%AC%E8%AE%A9%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="全国中小企业股份转让系统">全国中小企业股份转让系统</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="北京证券交易所">北京证券交易所</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="大连商品交易所">大连商品交易所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%B4%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="上海期货交易所">上海期货交易所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="郑州商品交易所">郑州商品交易所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E6%9C%9F%E8%B4%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="广州期货交易所">广州期货交易所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%9C%9F%E8%B4%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="中国金融期货交易所">中国金融期货交易所</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">其他项目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国企业列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of companies of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国企业列表(页面不存在)">企业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:List of companies of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of companies of China</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国最大公司列表">最大公司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A500%E5%BC%BA" title="中国企业500强">500强</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国国有企业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="State-owned enterprises of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国国有企业(页面不存在)">国有企业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:State-owned enterprises of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">State-owned enterprises of China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="中华人民共和国城市化">城市化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国国际排名列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International rankings of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国国际排名列表(页面不存在)">国际排名</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:International rankings of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International rankings of China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国生活标准" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Standard of living in China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国生活标准(页面不存在)">人民生活</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Standard of living in China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Standard of living in China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A8%8E%E6%94%B6" title="中华人民共和国税收">税收制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%80%E5%8F%97%E5%A4%96%E6%8F%B4" title="中华人民共和国所受外援">对华援助</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="中华人民共和国科技">科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="中华人民共和国国家标准">国家标准</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%89" title="中國強制性產品認證">強制性產品認證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AF%8C%E8%B1%AA%E6%A6%9C" title="福布斯中國富豪榜">福布斯中國富豪榜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國出口貨物列表">出口产品</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国最大贸易伙伴列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of the largest trading partners of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国最大贸易伙伴列表(页面不存在)">贸易伙伴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:List of the largest trading partners of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of the largest trading partners of China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:linen;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="Category:中華人民共和國經濟">分类</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国相关主题列表">概述</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东亚经济" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economy of East Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="东亚经济(页面不存在)">东亚经济</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of East Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economy of East Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中国经济史" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:中国经济史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:中国经济史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国经济史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中国经济史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="中国经济史">中国经济史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="中国经济史">中国朝代</a> (之前-1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="漢朝經濟">漢朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="唐朝經濟">唐朝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宋朝經濟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economy of the Song dynasty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="宋朝經濟(页面不存在)">宋朝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of the Song dynasty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economy of the Song dynasty</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="明朝經濟">明朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">清朝</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代中国 (1912–现在)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华民国大陆时期经济">1912-1949</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="黃金十年 (中華民國)">黄金十年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国工业史">工业(清末至民國時期)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="中華人民共和國經濟史">1949–现在</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1949–1976年中国工资改革" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949%E2%80%931976%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1949–1976年中国工资改革(页面不存在)">1949–1976年中国工资改革</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" class="extiw" title="en:Wage reform in China, 1949–1976"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wage reform in China, 1949–1976</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国工业化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Industrialization of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国工业化(页面不存在)">中国工业化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:Industrialization of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Industrialization of China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">改革开放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="中华人民共和国工业">工业(共和国)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国交通史">中国交通史</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2" title="中国铁路发展史">中国铁路发展史</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国农业史">中华人民共和国农业史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%88%98" title="中美贸易战">中美贸易战</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">当代经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="广东省经济">广东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="江苏省经济">江苏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="山东省经济">山东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="香港經濟">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="澳門經濟">澳門</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="澳門經濟史">經濟史</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中国对外贸易史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中华人民共和国贸易史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of trade of the People&#39;s Republic of China"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中华人民共和国贸易史(页面不存在)">中华人民共和国贸易史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="en:History of trade of the People&#39;s Republic of China"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of trade of the People's Republic of China</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="旧中国贸易">旧中国贸易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86" title="一口通商">一口通商</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="中國協會">中国协会</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国海外探索" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chinese exploration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国海外探索(页面不存在)">中国海外探索</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_exploration" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese exploration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chinese exploration</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中国主题" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:中国主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template talk:中国主题"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中国主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a>主题</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表">年表</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中国史前文化">石器時代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国旧石器文化列表">舊石器時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国中石器文化列表">中石器時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国新石器文化列表">新石器時代</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="明朝歷史">明朝歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清朝历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="中国近代史">中国近代史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中华民国历史">中华民国历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中華民國大陸時期歷史年表">大陆时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%BE%8C%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="戰後臺灣歷史年表">台湾时期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国历史年表">年表</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="中国朝代">历代政权</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝">夏朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8" title="西周">西周</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%91%A8" title="东周">东周</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="新朝">新朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国">三国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%90%B3" title="孫吳">孫吳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%B1%89" title="蜀汉">蜀汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晋朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="十六國">十六國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD" title="五代十国">五代十国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="遼朝">遼朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏">西夏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">大陸時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="中華民國臺灣">臺灣時期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="中国历史地理学">疆域</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="中国疆域史">主要疆域</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%8C%97" title="塞北">塞北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97" title="岭南">岭南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3)" title="山东 (古代)">山东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="中國地理大區">传统大区</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">東北</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华北地区">華北</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%9C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华东地区">華東</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国中南地区">中南</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华中地区">华中</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华南地区">华南</a>) · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西南地区">西南</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西北地区">西北</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F" title="中華民國疆域">中華民國疆域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国疆域">中华人民共和国疆域</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="中国边界线">边界线</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E7%BA%BF" title="中国海岸线">海岸线</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%82%B9" title="中国领海基点">领海基点</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国领土变化">领土变化</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0" title="兩岸三地">兩岸三地</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">台湾</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="藏南地区">藏南地区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7" title="渤海">渤海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7" title="黄海">黄海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7" title="东海">东海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" title="南海">南海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="中国行政区划">行政区划</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="先秦行政区划">先秦</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="九州 (中国)">九州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B7%9E" title="十二州">十二州</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="秦朝行政区划">秦朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="漢朝行政區劃">汉朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="西汉行政区划">西汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="新朝行政區劃">新朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="东汉行政区划">东汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="三国行政区划">三国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="西晋行政区划">西晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="东晋行政区划">东晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="十六國行政區劃">十六国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="南北朝行政區劃">南北朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="隋朝行政區劃">隋朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="唐朝行政区划">唐朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="五代十國行政區劃">五代十国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="宋朝行政区划">宋朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="辽朝行政区划">遼朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="金朝行政区划">金朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="元朝行政区划">元朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="明朝行政區劃">明朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="清朝行政区划">清朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9" title="中華民國大陸時期行政區劃沿革">中华民国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="中华人民共和国行政区划">中华人民共和国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="中国地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="中国气候">中国气候</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="中国冰川">中国冰川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国山脉列表">中国山脉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="中国平原">中国平原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="中國高原">中國高原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%98%E9%99%B5" title="中国丘陵">中国丘陵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%B9%E9%9C%9E" title="中國丹霞">中國丹霞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中華人民共和國島嶼列表">中国岛屿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国半岛列表">中国半岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE" title="中国海湾">中国海湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國河流列表">中国河流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国湖泊列表">中国湖泊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国淡水湖泊列表">淡水湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%B8%E6%B0%B4%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国咸水湖泊列表">咸水湖泊</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国火山列表">火山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国自然资源">自然资源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国矿产资源">矿产</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国森林资源">森林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国水资源">水资源</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="中国自然灾害">自然灾害</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%9D%97%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國蝗災史">蝗灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國水災史">水灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中国地震列表">地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國旱災史">旱灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國瘟疫史">瘟疫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%B2" title="中國環境史">環境</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國政治史">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国政党史">政党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8F%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國吏治史">官吏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中国科举制度">科举</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国法律史">法制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="中国历代宪法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%BB%E8%B4%AA%E5%8F%B2" title="中国治贪史">治贪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%85%B7%E5%88%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中國酷刑史">酷刑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E5%A4%96%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中國對外關係史">对外关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国军事史">军事</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国古代军事史">古代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国战争列表">战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国水军史">水軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国空军史">空軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E8%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國軍費史">军费</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="中国经济史">经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国农业史">农业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B2" title="中國水利史">水利</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中國電力史(页面不存在)">電力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国通商史">外贸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%8F%B2" title="中国货币史">货币</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2" title="中國財政史">财政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="中国证券史">证券</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B8%E7%95%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="中國典當史">典当业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中国新闻史">报刊业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国交通史">交通</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%A9%9B%E7%AB%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中國驛站史">驿站</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="漢朝經濟">漢朝經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="唐朝經濟">唐朝經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">清朝经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华民国大陆时期经济">中华民国经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">中华人民共和国经济</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国科学技术史">科技</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国天文学史">天文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中国逻辑史">逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8" title="中國算學">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中国建筑">建筑</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%A5%E6%A2%81" title="中国桥梁">桥梁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="中國園林">園林</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="宋朝科技">宋朝科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="明朝科技">明朝科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="中華民國科技">中華民國科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="中华人民共和国科技">中华人民共和国科技</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="中國文化史">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中华文明</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="黄河文明">黄河文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="长江文明">长江文明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中华文化">中华文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="中国神话">神话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国神话人物列表">人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國妖怪列表">妖怪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="中国传说生物">神兽</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="中国传说时代">传说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="汉文化">汉文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="中国语言">中国语言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%88" title="漢語圈">漢語圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">漢字詞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漢字文化影響史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="漢字文化影響史(页面不存在)">漢字文化影響史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Adoption of Chinese literary culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adoption of Chinese literary culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中国文学">中国文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="中国书法">中国书法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%8F%E6%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国戏曲">中国戏曲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="中国音乐">中国音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="中国武术">中国武术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國傳統遊戲列表">游戏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国美术史">美术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B9%E7%95%AB" title="中國油畫">中國油畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%BB" title="中国画">中国画</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中国宗教史">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="中国民间信仰">信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="中国思想史">思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2" title="中国教育史">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国科学史">科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="中國數學史">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国天文学史">天文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国化学史">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="中國發明">发明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%8E%86%E6%B3%95" title="中国传统历法">历法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0%E5%8F%B2" title="中国服饰史">服饰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%9E" title="中國舞">中國舞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8F%9C" title="中国菜">中国菜</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%B2" title="中國宗族史">宗族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="中国人">中国人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%B7" title="四夷">四夷</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%A4%B7" title="东夷">东夷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%8E" title="西戎">西戎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A0%BB" title="南蠻">南蠻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%8B%84" title="北狄">北狄</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="中华民族">中华民族</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国民族主义">中国民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國民族列表">中國民族列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%8F%B2" title="華人移民史">移民</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA" title="华人">华人</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国君主列表">君主</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="中国皇帝">皇帝</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國公主列表">公主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國宰相列表">宰相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="中國總理">总理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="中國婦女">妇女</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A8%BC%E5%A6%93%E5%8F%B2" title="中國娼妓史">娼妓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E5%8F%B2" title="中國同性戀史">同性恋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%87%E5%8F%B2" title="中國流寇史">流寇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中國流民史">流民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%9E%E4%B8%90%E5%8F%B2" title="中國乞丐史">乞丐</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/32px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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5em">理论</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96" title="马克思主义中国化">马克思主义中国化</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列宁主义">列宁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></del></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="毛泽东思想">毛泽东思想</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E6%9E%AA" title="党指挥枪">党指挥枪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%AA%E6%9D%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8C%E9%9D%A2%E5%87%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="枪杆子里面出政权">枪杆子里面出政权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="人民民主专政">人民民主专政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%88%B0%E7%B7%9A" title="統一戰線">統一戰線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="人民战争">人民战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="为人民服务">为人民服务</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%BA%8B%E6%B1%82%E6%98%AF" title="实事求是">实事求是</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E9%A2%A8%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="整風運動">整风</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新民主主义">新民主主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="土地改革运动">土地改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E9%BD%90%E6%94%BE%E3%80%81%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%89%E9%B8%A3" title="百花齐放、百家争鸣">百花齐放、百家争鸣</a></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="反右运动">反右运动</a></del></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9D%A2%E7%BA%A2%E6%97%97" title="三面红旗">三面红旗</a></del> <ul><li><del><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF" title="社会主义建设总路线">总路线</a></del></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进">大跃进</a></del></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a></del></li></ul></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%8B%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="无产阶级专政下继续革命的理论">无产阶级专政下继续革命的理论</a></del></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA_(%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C)" class="mw-redirect" title="三个世界理论 (毛泽东)">三个世界</a></del></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><del><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%94%8B" title="华国锋">华国锋</a>时期指导思想</del></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><del><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%B2%E4%B8%A4%E7%9B%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="一纲两目(页面不存在)">一纲两目</a></del> <ul><li><del><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89%E4%B8%BA%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="以阶级斗争为纲">以阶级斗争为纲</a></del></li> <li><del>把国民经济搞上去/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="发展国民经济(页面不存在)">发展国民经济</a></del></li> <li><del>保持<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安定团结(页面不存在)">安定团结</a></del></li></ul></li> <li><del><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E5%87%A1%E6%98%AF" title="两个凡是">两个凡是</a></del> <ul><li><del><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E4%B8%9C%E5%85%B4" title="汪东兴">汪东兴</a></small></del></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国特色社会主义">中国特色社会主义</a>理论体系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="邓小平理论">邓小平理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%A1%B9%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="四项基本原则">四项基本原则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="社会主义初级阶段">社会主义初级阶段</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%81%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%82%B9" title="一个中心、两个基本点">一个中心、两个基本点</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">改革开放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会主义市场经济">社会主义市场经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%89%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8E" title="三个有利于">三个有利于</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E6%98%AF%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E5%94%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="实践是检验真理的唯一标准">实践是检验真理的唯一标准</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA" title="真理标准大讨论">真理标准大讨论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E8%AE%BA" title="猫论">猫论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%B8%E8%91%97%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD%E9%81%8E%E6%B2%B3" title="摸著石頭過河">摸论</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E2%80%9D%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="“三个代表”重要思想">“三个代表”重要思想</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E2%80%9D%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3#“三个代表”的主要内容" title="“三个代表”重要思想">主要內容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98%E5%85%88%E8%BF%9B%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8" title="保持共产党员先进性教育活动">保持先进性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%82" title="科学发展观">科学发展观</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义">以人为本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">全面、协调、可持续</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%90%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="和谐社会">和谐社会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B0%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想">习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="中华民族伟大复兴">中华民族伟大复兴</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A2" title="中國夢">中國夢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82" title="社会主义核心价值观">社会主义核心价值观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AA%E8%87%AA%E4%BF%A1" title="四个自信">四个自信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="两个一百年">两个一百年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%94%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E3%80%8D%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80" title="「五位一體」總體布局">「五位一體」總體布局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AA%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E2%80%9D%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80" title="“四个全面”战略布局">“四个全面”战略布局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%8F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="中国式现代化">中国式现代化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="全过程人民民主">全过程人民民主</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%AE%B2%E5%9B%9B%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%89%E7%83%AD%E7%88%B1" title="五讲四美三热爱">五讲四美三热爱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="反对资产阶级自由化">反对资产阶级自由化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="清除精神污染">清除精神污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="社会主义核心价值体系">社会主义核心价值体系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%8D%A3%E8%BE%B1%E8%A7%82" title="社会主义荣辱观">社会主义荣辱观</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #fff7be;"><div id="制度" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">制度</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中国共产党章程">章程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%85%9A%E8%AA%93%E8%AF%8D_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A)" title="入党誓词 (中国共产党)">入党誓词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E9%BB%A8%E6%97%97%E9%BB%A8%E5%BE%BD" title="中國共產黨黨旗黨徽">党旗、党徽</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%85%9A%E8%B4%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国共产党党费(页面不存在)">党费</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E9%BB%A8%E5%A0%B1%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%8A" title="中國共產黨黨報黨刊">党报、党刊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E8%AF%BE" title="党课">党课</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="中国共产党纪律检查机关">纪律检查机关</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E6%9E%AA" title="党指挥枪">党对军队的绝对领导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度">中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E7%AE%A1%E5%B9%B9%E9%83%A8" title="黨管幹部">黨管幹部</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #fff7be;"><div id="中央组织" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Category:中国共产党中央组织">中央组织</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #fff7be;"><div id="全国代表大会"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党全国代表大会">全国代表大会</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会">中央委员会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="最高负责人(历史沿革)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="中共中央主要负责人">最高负责人</a><br />(历史沿革)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap">1921 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%B1%80" title="中国共产党中央局">中央局</a>(书记)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1922 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会">中央执行委员会</a>(委员长</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1925 总书记)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1927 <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会">中央委员会</a></b>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中国共产党中央委员会总书记">总书记</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1945 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央委员会主席">主席</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1982 <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中国共产党中央委员会总书记">总书记</a></b>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="中国共产党中央政治局">中央政治局</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中國共產黨中央委員會副主席"><del>中央委员会副主席</del></a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中共中央代理总书记"><del>中央委员会代总书记</del></a>/<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%B8%B8%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会">常务委员会</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" title="中国共产党中央书记处">中央书记处</a>/<del>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="中国共产党中央书记处总书记">中央书记处总书记</a>/<del><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF" title="中共中央秘书长">中共中央秘书长</a></del></del></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%9B%B4%E5%B1%9E%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="中国共产党中央委员会直属机构">直属机构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%8E%85" title="中共中央办公厅">中央办公厅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E9%83%A8" title="中国共产党中央委员会组织部">中央组织部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E9%83%A8" title="中国共产党中央委员会宣传部">中央宣传部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%83%A8" title="中国共产党中央委员会统一战线工作部">中央统战部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E9%83%A8" title="中国共产党中央委员会对外联络部">中央外联部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%83%A8" title="中国共产党中央委员会社会工作部">中央社工部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会政法委员会">中央政法委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4" title="中国共产党中央委员会政策研究室">中央政研室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央国家安全委员会办公室">中央国安办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央网络安全和信息化委员会办公室">中央网信办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E6%B0%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央军民融合发展委员会办公室">中央军民融合办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中共中央港澳工作办公室">中央港澳办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中共中央台湾工作办公室">中央台办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%B4%A2%E7%BB%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央财经委员会办公室">中央财办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央金融委员会办公室">中央金融办</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央金融工作委员会">中央金融工委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央外事工作委员会办公室">中央外办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央机构编制委员会办公室">中央编办</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会中央和国家机关工作委员会">中央和国家机关工委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央香港工作委员会">中央香港工委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央澳门工作委员会">中央澳门工委</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A9%BB%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%85%AC%E7%BD%B2" title="中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区维护国家安全公署">驻港国安公署</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A%E6%A0%A1" title="中共中央党校">中央党校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="中国共产党中央委员会党史和文献研究院">中央党史和文献研究院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">《人民日报》社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E6%98%AF" title="求是">《求是》杂志社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="光明日报">《光明日报》社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="中国浦东干部学院">中国浦东干部学院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%95%E5%86%88%E5%B1%B1%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="中国井冈山干部学院">中国井冈山干部学院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="中国延安干部学院">中国延安干部学院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="中央社会主义学院">中央社会主义学院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="中央空中交通管理委员会办公室">中央空管办</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;">中央委员<br />(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98" title="中国共产党中央委员会候补委员">候补委员</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第二届中央执行委员会">二届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第二届中央执行委员会">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第三届中央执行委员会">三届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第三届中央执行委员会">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第四届中央执行委员会">四届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党第四届中央执行委员会">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第五届中央委员会委员列表">五届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第五届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第六届中央委员会委员列表">六届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第六届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第七届中央委员会委员列表">七届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第七届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第八届中央委员会委员列表">八届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第八届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第九届中央委员会委员列表">九届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第九届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十届中央委员会委员列表">十届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十一届中央委员会委员列表">十一届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十一届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十二届中央委员会委员列表">十二届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十二届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十三届中央委员会委员列表">十三届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十三届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十四届中央委员会委员列表">十四届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十四届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十五届中央委员会委员列表">十五届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十五届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十六届中央委员会委员列表">十六届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十六届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十七届中央委员会委员列表">十七届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十七届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十八届中央委员会委员列表">十八届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十八届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十九届中央委员会委员列表">十九届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第十九届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第二十届中央委员会委员列表">二十届</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%80%99%E8%A1%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国共产党第二十届中央委员会候补委员列表">候补</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中央军事委员会">中央军事委员会</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;">沿革</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap">1925 中央军事部</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1926 中央军事委员会</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1928 中央军事部</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1930 中央军事委员会</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1931 中央军事部</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1937 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中央军事委员会">中央革命军事委员会</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1945 中央军事委员会</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1954 中央军事委员会</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;">负责人</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap">中央军事部长</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 中央军委书记</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 中央军事部长</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 中央军委书记</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 中央军事部长</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 中革军委主席</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央军事委员会主席">中央军委主席</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央军事委员会主席">中央军委主席</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%A1%BE%E9%97%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央顾问委员会"><del><b>中央顾问委员会</b></del></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会">中央纪律<br />检查委员会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;">沿革</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap">1927 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央监察委员会">中央监察委员会</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1949 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会">中央纪律检查委员会</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1955 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央监察委员会">中央监察委员会</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1978 <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会">中央纪律检查委员会</a></b></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #fff7be; text-align: center;">负责人</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap">1949 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会书记">中央纪律检查委员会书记</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1955 中央监察委员会书记</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1978 中央纪律检查委员会第一书记</span> <span class="nowrap">→ 1987 中央纪律检查委员会书记</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #fff7be;"><div id="地方组织" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="中国共产党地方组织">地方组织</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="党员代表大会(页面不存在)">地方各级党代会</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9C%81%E7%BA%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="Category:中国共产党省级行政区委员会">各省级行政区委员会</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9C%81%E7%BA%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%9A%E5%8A%A1%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%98" title="Template:中华人民共和国省级行政区党务主官">书记</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%9C%81%E7%BA%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="中华人民共和国省级行政区领导人">领导集体</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E5%A7%94" title="党委">省委</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E5%A7%94%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="省委书记">省委书记</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E5%A7%94%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%8E%85" class="mw-redirect" title="省委办公厅">省委办公厅</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%9A%E5%A7%94%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="自治区党委书记">自治区党委书记</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A7%94%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98" title="市委書記">市委書記</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%A7%94%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="区委书记">区委书记</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #fff7be;"><div id="基层组织" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%82%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Category:中国共产党基层组织">基层组织</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="党员代表大会(页面不存在)">基层党代会</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E5%A7%94" title="党委">基层党委</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E5%A7%94" title="党委">党工委</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E7%BB%84" title="党组">党组</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E6%94%AF%E9%83%A8" title="党支部">党支部</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%9A%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="党小组(页面不存在)">党小组</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E7%A7%80%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98" title="优秀共产党员">优秀共产党员</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #fff7be;"><div id="纪念活动" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">纪念活动</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E8%AF%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5" title="中国共产党诞生纪念日">建党节</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="七一勋章">七一勋章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8" title="中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动">建党百年庆祝活动</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B100%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会">庆祝大会</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Template:冷战"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Template talk:冷战"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:冷战"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="冷战" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#dcdcdc;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="太平洋安全保障條約">太平洋安全保障條約</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="東南亞條約組織">東南亞條約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="中部公約組織">中部公約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1940年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%A2%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="摩根索計劃">摩根索計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%9B" title="虎克軍反叛">虎克軍反叛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牙买加政治冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jamaican political conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="牙买加政治冲突(页面不存在)">牙买加政治冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Jamaican political conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jamaican political conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="希臘十二月事件">希腊十二月冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%8B%8F%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="英苏百分比协定">英苏百分比协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="雅尔塔会议">雅尔塔会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%8A%E6%93%8A%E6%88%B0" title="波羅的海三國遊擊戰">波羅的海三國遊擊戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="森林兄弟">森林兄弟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E6%B5%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="冲浪行动">冲浪行动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丛林行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Jungle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="丛林行动(页面不存在)">丛林行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jungle" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Jungle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Jungle</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="佔領波羅的海國家">蘇聯佔領波羅的海三國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%AF%85%E5%92%92%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5" title="被诅咒的士兵">被诅咒的士兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%80%9D%E8%AE%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="不可思议行动">不可思议行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A1%E8%90%BD%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="没落行动">没落行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="波茨坦会议">波茨坦会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%90%B4%E7%A7%91" title="伊格尔·古琴科">古琴科事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="朝鲜半岛南北分治">朝鮮半島分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941946%E5%B9%B4)" title="越南戰爭 (1945年—1946年)">支配行动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="围困行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Beleaguer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="围困行动(页面不存在)">围困行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Beleaguer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Beleaguer</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="四十黑名单行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Blacklist Forty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E9%BB%91%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="四十黑名单行动(页面不存在)">四十黑名单行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Blacklist Forty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Blacklist Forty</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="伊朗危机">伊朗危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="希腊内战">希腊内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="巴魯克計畫">巴魯克計畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="科孚海峽事件">科孚海峽事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="土耳其海峽危機">土耳其海峽危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%B0" title="對德政策的重述">對德政策的重述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次印度支那戰爭">第一次印度支那戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%B2%81%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="杜鲁门主义">杜鲁门主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="亞洲關係會議">亞洲關係會議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1947年5月危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="May 1947 crises"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1947年5月危机(页面不存在)">1947年5月危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1947_crises" class="extiw" title="en:May 1947 crises"><span lang="en" dir="auto">May 1947 crises</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="马歇尔计划">马歇尔计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B4%9B%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="莫洛托夫計劃">莫洛托夫計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B)" title="二月事件 (捷克斯洛伐克)">二月事件 (捷克斯洛伐克)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔瓦思巴起义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Wathbah uprising"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔瓦思巴起义(页面不存在)">阿尔瓦思巴起义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Wathbah uprising"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Wathbah uprising</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次中东战争">第一次中东战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947-1948%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰">1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭">1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1" title="巴勒斯坦人大逃亡">1948年巴勒斯坦人大流亡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="苏南冲突">苏南冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%81%E9%8E%96" title="柏林封鎖">柏林封鎖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E5%8F%9B" title="西方盟國的背叛">西方盟國的背叛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%B9%95" title="铁幕">铁幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離">南非種族隔離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="東方集團">東方集團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="西方集團">西方集團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="国共内战">国共内战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4%E4%BB%A4" title="臺灣省戒嚴令">臺灣戒嚴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80" title="臺海現狀">台湾海峡两岸分裂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="馬來亞緊急狀態">馬來亞緊急狀態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="缅甸共产主义叛乱">缅甸共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1949年3月叙利亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="March 1949 Syrian coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1949年3月叙利亚政变(页面不存在)">1949年3月叙利亚政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:March 1949 Syrian coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿爾巴尼亞政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Albanian Subversion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾巴尼亞政变(页面不存在)">阿爾巴尼亞政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Subversion" class="extiw" title="en:Albanian Subversion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Albanian Subversion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E5%B9%95" title="竹幕">竹幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朝鲜战争">朝鲜战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="麦卡锡主义">麦卡锡主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%85%E8%8C%85%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="茅茅起義">茅茅起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="阿尔及利亚战争">阿尔及利亚战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="7月23日革命">7月23日革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1953年伊朗政變">1953年伊朗政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="东德六一七事件">东德六一七事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6" title="羅森堡夫婦">罗森堡夫妇案</a></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬德里條約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pact of Madrid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="馬德里條約(页面不存在)">馬德里條約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" class="extiw" title="en:Pact of Madrid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pact of Madrid</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布里克爾修正案" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bricker Amendment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布里克爾修正案(页面不存在)">布里克爾修正案</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Bricker Amendment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bricker Amendment</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1954年危地马拉政变">1954年危地马拉政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0_(1954%E5%B9%B4)" title="日內瓦會議 (1954年)">1954年日內瓦會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="绿山战争">绿山战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%E7%A0%B2%E6%88%B0" title="九三砲戰">第一次台灣海峽危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="塞浦路斯紧急状态">塞浦路斯紧急状态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="黄金行动">黄金行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E6%9C%83_(1955%E5%B9%B4)" title="日內瓦高峰會 (1955年)">1955年日內瓦高峰會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%9A%86%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="萬隆會議">萬隆會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="波茲南事件">波茲南事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1956年匈牙利革命">1956年匈牙利革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次中东战争">第二次中东战争</a></li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E8%A6%81%E5%9F%8B%E8%91%AC%E4%BD%A0%E4%BB%AC" title="我们要埋葬你们">我们要埋葬你们</a>”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伊夫尼战争">伊夫尼战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="格拉迪奥行动">格拉迪奥行动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿拉伯冷战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arab Cold War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" title="阿拉伯冷戰">阿拉伯冷战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" class="extiw" title="en:Arab Cold War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arab Cold War</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1957年叙利亚危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Syrian Crisis of 1957"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1957年叙利亚危机(页面不存在)">1957年叙利亚危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" class="extiw" title="en:Syrian Crisis of 1957"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Syrian Crisis of 1957</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1958年黎巴嫩危机">1958年黎巴嫩危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8814%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="7月14日革命">7月14日革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="史普尼克危機">史普尼克危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%97%A8%E7%82%AE%E6%88%98" title="金门炮战">第二次台灣海峽危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="1959年藏区骚乱">1959年藏区骚乱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1959年摩蘇爾起義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1959 Mosul uprising"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E6%91%A9%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1959年摩蘇爾起義(页面不存在)">1959年摩蘇爾起義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" class="extiw" title="en:1959 Mosul uprising"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1959 Mosul uprising</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="古巴革命">古巴革命</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古巴革命的影响" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古巴革命的影响(页面不存在)">古巴革命的影响</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%BB" title="赫鲁晓夫解冻">赫鲁晓夫解冻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A8%E6%88%BF%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA" title="厨房辩论">厨房辩论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%A4%E6%81%B6" title="中苏交恶">中苏交恶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="刚果危机">刚果危机</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辛巴叛亂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Simba rebellion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="辛巴叛亂(页面不存在)">辛巴叛亂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba_rebellion" class="extiw" title="en:Simba rebellion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Simba rebellion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E5%B9%B4U-2%E6%93%8A%E5%A2%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1960年U-2擊墜事件">1960年U-2擊墜事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E6%B9%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="猪湾事件">猪湾事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1960年土耳其政变">1960年土耳其政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%98%BF%E5%86%B3%E8%A3%82" title="苏阿决裂">苏阿决裂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊拉克–库尔德冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%93%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉克–库尔德冲突(页面不存在)">伊拉克–库尔德冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%93%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争(页面不存在)">第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" class="extiw" title="en:First Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="1961年柏林危機">1961年柏林危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%8D%E7%89%86" title="柏林圍牆">柏林圍牆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="巴布亞衝突">巴布亞衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="沙尘暴战争">沙漠戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙殖民地戰爭">葡萄牙殖民地戰爭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="安哥拉独立战争">安哥拉独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="幾內亞比索獨立戰爭">幾內亞比索獨立戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="莫桑比克独立战争">莫桑比克独立战争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="古巴导弹危机">古巴导弹危机</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃爾·波特納佐" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="El Porteñazo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E7%B4%8D%E4%BD%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃爾·波特納佐(页面不存在)">埃爾·波特納佐</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" class="extiw" title="en:El Porteñazo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">El Porteñazo</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中印边境战争">中印边境战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="砂拉越共产主义叛乱">砂拉越共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="斋月革命">斋月革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="厄立特里亚独立战争">厄立特里亚独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="北也门内战">北也门内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1963年叙利亚政变">1963年叙利亚政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%87%E5%88%BA%E6%A1%88" title="约翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺案">约翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺案</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞丁緊急状态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aden Emergency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%81%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞丁緊急状态(页面不存在)">亞丁緊急状态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency" class="extiw" title="en:Aden Emergency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aden Emergency</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1963年塞浦路斯危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cyprus crisis of 1963–64"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1963年塞浦路斯危机(页面不存在)">1963年塞浦路斯危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963%E2%80%9364" class="extiw" title="en:Cyprus crisis of 1963–64"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cyprus crisis of 1963–64</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="叛乱战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shifta War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="叛乱战争(页面不存在)">叛乱战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifta_War" class="extiw" title="en:Shifta War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shifta War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AE%E8%84%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5)" title="肮脏战争 (墨西哥)">墨西哥肮脏战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="特拉特洛尔科事件">特拉特洛尔科事件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="危地马拉内战">危地马拉内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="哥倫比亞內戰">哥倫比亞內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1964年巴西政變">1964年巴西政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0_(1965%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941966%E5%B9%B4)" title="美國占領多明尼加 (1965年—1966年)">多米尼加內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%A2%E6%9E%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="羅德西亞叢林戰爭">羅德西亞叢林戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南非边境战争">南非边境战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亞過渡期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transition to the New Order"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亞過渡期(页面不存在)">印度尼西亞過渡期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" class="extiw" title="en:Transition to the New Order"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transition to the New Order</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="九三〇事件">九三〇事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80_(1965%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941966%E5%B9%B4)" title="印度尼西亚大屠杀 (1965年—1966年)">印尼反共大清洗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="新秩序 (印度尼西亚)">新秩序</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E9%AA%A8%E7%89%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="多米諾骨牌理論">多米諾骨牌理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="东盟宣言">东盟宣言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="寮國內戰">寮國內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1966年叙利亚政变">1966年叙利亚政变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿根廷革命" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Argentine Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿根廷革命(页面不存在)">阿根廷革命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Argentine Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Argentine Revolution</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8C%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="朝韩非军事区冲突">朝韩非军事区冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="希臘軍政府">希臘軍政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%83%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="六七暴動">六七暴動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第三次中东战争">第三次中东战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BB%A5%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="埃以消耗战争">埃以消耗战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="佐法尔战争">佐法尔叛乱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南也门战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Wadiah War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南也门战争(页面不存在)">南也门战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Wadiah War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Wadiah War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="尼日利亚内战">尼日利亚内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%9F%8B%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%99%9F%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%89%A6" title="普韋布洛號通用環境研究艦">普韦布洛号危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85%E8%89%B2%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="铅色年代 (意大利)">鉛弹岁月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="六八运动">六八运动</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4" title="五月风暴">五月风暴</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="布拉格之春">布拉格之春</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1968年波兰政治危机">1968年波兰政治危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1_(1968%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941989%E5%B9%B4)" title="马来亚共产党叛乱 (1968年—1989年)">马来亚共产党叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%B4%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="華約入侵捷克斯洛伐克">華約入侵捷克斯洛伐克</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E5%8C%96_(%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B)" title="正常化 (捷克斯洛伐克)">正常化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8817%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="7月17日革命">7月17日革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中苏边界冲突">中苏边界冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%AE%9D%E5%B2%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="珍宝岛事件">珍宝岛事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90#铁列克提事件" title="铁列克提">铁列克提事件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="利比亚绿色革命">利比亚绿色革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="足球戰爭">足球戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古拉什共产主义">古拉什共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="菲律宾共产主义叛乱">菲律宾共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="纠正行动">纠正行动</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="缓和政策">缓和政策</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="不扩散核武器条约">不扩散核武器条约</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="1970年约旦内战">1970年约旦内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="阿爾科拉演習">阿爾科拉演習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="纠正运动">叙利亚校正运动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西撒哈拉冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western Sahara conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西撒哈拉冲突(页面不存在)">西撒哈拉冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Western Sahara conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western Sahara conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1970年波兰抗议事件">1970年波兰抗议事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="柬埔寨內戰">柬埔寨內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%B7%AE%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="胡差暴動">胡差暴動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="现实政治">现实政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%92%E4%B9%93%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="乒乓外交">乒乓外交</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="校正运动 (埃及)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Corrective Revolution (Egypt)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="校正运动 (埃及)(页面不存在)">埃及校正运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_Revolution_(Egypt)" class="extiw" title="en:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Corrective Revolution (Egypt)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1971年土耳其备忘录政變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1971 Turkish military memorandum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%A4%87%E5%BF%98%E5%BD%95%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1971年土耳其备忘录政變(页面不存在)">1971年土耳其备忘录政變</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" class="extiw" title="en:1971 Turkish military memorandum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1971 Turkish military memorandum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1971年苏丹政变">1971年苏丹政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9B%9B%E5%BC%BA%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="柏林四强协定">柏林四强协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="孟加拉国解放战争">孟加拉国解放战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE%E8%AE%BF%E5%8D%8E" title="1972年尼克松访华">1972年尼克松访华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="也门民主人民共和国">南北也门1972年边境冲突</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一次也門戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yemenite War of 1972"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次也門戰爭(页面不存在)">第一次也門戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="extiw" title="en:Yemenite War of 1972"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yemenite War of 1972</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E6%83%A8%E6%A1%88" title="慕尼黑惨案">慕尼黑惨案</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1972–1975年孟加拉国叛乱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972%E2%80%931975%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1972–1975年孟加拉国叛乱(页面不存在)">孟加拉国共产主义骚乱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一次厄立特里亚内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eritrean Civil Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次厄立特里亚内战(页面不存在)">第一次厄立特里亚内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Eritrean Civil Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eritrean Civil Wars</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1973年烏拉圭政變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1973 Uruguayan coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973%E5%B9%B4%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1973年烏拉圭政變(页面不存在)">1973年烏拉圭政變</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1973 Uruguayan coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1973年阿富汗政變">1973年阿富汗政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1973年智利政變">1973年智利政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%96%E7%BD%AA%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="贖罪日戰爭">贖罪日戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="第一次石油危机">1973年石油危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E9%A6%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="康乃馨革命">康乃馨革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E6%80%A5%E8%A1%8C_(%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95)" title="東京急行 (軍事行動)">苏联绕飞日本常规化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B" title="西班牙民主转型">西班牙民主转型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%9D%B1%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="印度尼西亞入侵東帝汶">印度尼西亞入侵東帝汶</a>並<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%9D%B1%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="印度尼西亞佔領東帝汶">佔領</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊民主转型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metapolitefsi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊民主转型(页面不存在)">希腊民主转型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolitefsi" class="extiw" title="en:Metapolitefsi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metapolitefsi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4" title="战略武器限制谈判">战略武器限制谈判</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%93%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争(页面不存在)">第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" class="extiw" title="en:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" title="土耳其入侵塞浦路斯">土耳其入侵塞浦路斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="安哥拉内战">安哥拉内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="赫尔辛基协议">赫尔辛基协议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%B8%89%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="莫三比克內戰">莫三比克內戰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧羅莫衝突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oromo conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%AB%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奧羅莫衝突(页面不存在)">奧羅莫衝突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Oromo conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oromo conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E7%99%BB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="歐加登戰爭">歐加登戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1978年索马里政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1978 Somali coup d&#39;état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1978年索马里政变(页面不存在)">1978年索马里政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1978 Somali coup d&#39;état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1978 Somali coup d'état attempt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="西撒哈拉战争">西撒哈拉战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="埃塞俄比亚内战">埃塞俄比亚内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="黎巴嫩內戰">黎巴嫩內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%86%B3%E8%A3%82" title="中阿决裂">中阿决裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="柬越戰爭">柬越戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%80%E9%B7%B9%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="兀鷹行動">兀鷹行動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%AF%E9%AB%92%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7)" title="骯髒戰爭 (阿根廷)">阿根廷骯髒戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1976年阿根廷政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1976 Argentine coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/1976%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1976年阿根廷政變">1976年阿根廷政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1976 Argentine coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1976 Argentine coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利比亚–埃及战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Libyan–Egyptian War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E2%80%93%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="利比亚–埃及战争(页面不存在)">利比亚–埃及战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan%E2%80%93Egyptian_War" class="extiw" title="en:Libyan–Egyptian War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Libyan–Egyptian War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E7%A7%8B" title="德意志之秋">德意志之秋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%97%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="1978年南黎巴嫩冲突">南黎巴嫩冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA902%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="大韓航空902號班機空難">大韓航空902號班機空難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="尼加拉瓜革命">尼加拉瓜革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%9D%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="烏坦戰爭">烏坦戰爭</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">改革开放</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NDF叛乱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NDF Rebellion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NDF%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="NDF叛乱(页面不存在)">NDF叛乱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="en:NDF Rebellion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NDF Rebellion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E2%80%94%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="乍得—利比亞衝突">乍得—利比亞衝突</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1979年葉門戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yemenite War of 1979"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%89%E9%96%80%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1979年葉門戰爭(页面不存在)">1979年葉門戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="extiw" title="en:Yemenite War of 1979"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yemenite War of 1979</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0%E7%A6%81%E5%AF%BA%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="麦加禁寺围困事件">麦加禁寺围困事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="伊朗伊斯蘭革命">伊朗伊斯蘭革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97)" title="四月革命 (阿富汗)">沙爾革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中越战争">中越战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中越边境冲突">中越边境冲突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新宝石运动">新宝石运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="1979年赫拉特起义">1979年赫拉特起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="七日抵達萊茵河演習">七日抵達萊茵河演習</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭(页面不存在)">反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="薩爾瓦多內戰">薩爾瓦多內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%98%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏阿战争">阿富汗战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B61980%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" title="联合抵制1980年夏季奥运会">联合抵制1980年夏季奥运会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="秘鲁内部冲突">秘鲁内部冲突</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二次厄立特里亚内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eritrean Civil Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次厄立特里亚内战(页面不存在)">第二次厄立特里亚内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Eritrean Civil Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eritrean Civil Wars</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1980年土耳其政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1980 Turkish coup d&#39;état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1980年土耳其政变(页面不存在)">1980年土耳其政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1980 Turkish coup d&#39;état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1980 Turkish coup d'état</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="两伊战争">两伊战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="乌干达丛林战争">乌干达丛林战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(1981%E5%B9%B4)" title="锡德拉湾事件 (1981年)">锡德拉湾事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9-81%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%A0" title="西方-81演习">西方-81演习</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡萨芒斯冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Casamance conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%90%A8%E8%8A%92%E6%96%AF%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡萨芒斯冲突(页面不存在)">卡萨芒斯冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Casamance conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Casamance conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="福克兰战争">福克兰战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第五次中东战争">第五次中东战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E2%80%93%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争(页面不存在)">1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" class="extiw" title="en:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%A0%B8%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%AF%E6%8A%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1983年苏联核警报误报事件">1983年苏联核警报误报事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E9%81%94" title="美國入侵格林納達">美國入侵格林納達</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B0%E5%85%89%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="仰光爆炸事件">仰光爆炸事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E5%B9%B4%E5%84%AA%E7%A7%80%E5%B0%84%E6%89%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="1983年優秀射手演習">1983年優秀射手演習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="星球大战计划">星球大战计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B61984%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" title="联合抵制1984年夏季奥运会">联合抵制1984年夏季奥运会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%8A%9D%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E9%81%95%E5%8F%8D%E7%A6%81%E9%81%8B%E4%BB%A4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="東芝機械違反禁運令事件">东芝事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1986年黑海事件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1986 Black Sea incident"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1986年黑海事件(页面不存在)">1986年黑海事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" class="extiw" title="en:1986 Black Sea incident"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1986 Black Sea incident</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南也门内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Yemen Civil War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南也门内战(页面不存在)">南也门内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:South Yemen Civil War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Yemen Civil War</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E7%94%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="豐田戰爭">豐田戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%81%B5%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="圣灵抵抗军叛乱">圣灵抵抗军叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4%E4%BB%A4" title="臺灣省戒嚴令">臺灣戒嚴令解除</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E8%8B%8F%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%9E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1988年美苏海军黑海相撞事件">1988年黑海撞船事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="布干维尔内战">布干维尔内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA655%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="伊朗航空655號班機空難">伊朗航空655號班機空難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="8888民主運動">8888民主運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%B7%A5%E8%81%AF" title="團結工聯">团结工会</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏联对1980–1981年波兰内部危机的应对" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%AF%B91980%E2%80%931981%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%94%E5%AF%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联对1980–1981年波兰内部危机的应对(页面不存在)">苏联对团结工会的应对</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" title="康特拉">康特拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中美洲危機">中美洲危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA007%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="大韓航空007號班機空難">大韓航空007號班機空難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD_(1986%E5%B9%B4)" title="人民力量革命 (1986年)">人民力量革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA-%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争">纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%86%85%E6%88%98_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗内战 (1989–1992)">阿富汗内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="1988年波蘭罷工">1988年波蘭罷工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四天安门事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4_(%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94)" title="新思维 (苏联)">新思维</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1987年苏联经济改革">经济改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="開放政策">開放政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">东欧剧变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="波羅的海之路">波羅的海之路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99%E5%80%92%E5%A1%8C" title="柏林墙倒塌">柏林墙倒塌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" title="德國國內邊界開放">德國國內邊界開放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E7%B5%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天鵝絨革命">天鵝絨革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1989年羅馬尼亞革命">1989年羅馬尼亞革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="东德转型与和平革命">东德转型与和平革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC" title="美国入侵巴拿马">美国入侵巴拿马</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1990年蒙古革命">1990年蒙古革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="海湾战争">海湾战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="也門統一">也門統一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿爾巴尼亞共產主義政權的垮台">阿爾巴尼亞共產主義政權的垮台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%A7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="南斯拉夫解體">南斯拉夫解體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E7%B5%A8%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="天鵝絨分離">天鵝絨分離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件">八一九事件</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冷冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frozen conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="冷冲突(页面不存在)">冷冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Frozen conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frozen conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布哈茲–喬治亞冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E2%80%93%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布哈茲–喬治亞冲突(页面不存在)">阿布哈茲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="臺灣問題">臺灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="朝鲜半岛南北分治">朝鲜半岛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波多黎各政治現狀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political status of Puerto Rico"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波多黎各政治現狀(页面不存在)">波多黎各</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="en:Political status of Puerto Rico"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political status of Puerto Rico</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科索沃政治現狀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political status of Kosovo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科索沃政治現狀(页面不存在)">科索沃</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" class="extiw" title="en:Political status of Kosovo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political status of Kosovo</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E2%80%94%E5%A5%A7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="喬治亞—奧塞提亞衝突">南奥塞梯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="德涅斯特河沿岸战争">德涅斯特河沿岸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中印边界问题">中印边界</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北婆羅洲衝突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="North Borneo dispute"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%B2%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北婆羅洲衝突(页面不存在)">北婆羅洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" class="extiw" title="en:North Borneo dispute"><span lang="en" dir="auto">North Borneo dispute</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">情報組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="中央情报局">中央情报局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="联邦调查局">联邦调查局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家安全局">美国国家安全局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="秘密情報局">秘密情報局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%83" title="克格勃">克格勃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF" title="史塔西">史塔西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7" title="摩薩德">摩薩德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8D%E9%97%B4%E8%B0%8D%E5%B1%80" title="对外情报和反间谍局">對外安全總局</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">技術競賽</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%A4%87%E7%AB%9E%E8%B5%9B" title="军备竞赛">军备竞赛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%BB%8D%E5%82%99%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="核軍備競賽">核軍備競賽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="太空競賽">太空競賽</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">外交政策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%B2%81%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="杜鲁门主义">杜鲁门主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%B4%E5%A0%B5" title="围堵">围堵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E8%B1%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="艾森豪威尔主义">艾森豪威尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E9%AA%A8%E7%89%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="多米諾骨牌理論">多米諾骨牌理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_(%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C)" title="三个世界 (毛泽东)">三個世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="哈尔斯坦主义">哈尔斯坦主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="甘迺迪主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kennedy Doctrine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="甘迺迪主義(页面不存在)">甘迺迪主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" class="extiw" title="en:Kennedy Doctrine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kennedy Doctrine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%92%8C%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF" title="三和路线">三和路线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="东方政策">东方政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%94%E9%A1%B9%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="和平共处五项原则">和平共处五项原则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E6%A3%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4)" title="詹森主義 (外交)">詹森主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="勃列日涅夫主义">勃列日涅夫主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="尼克森主義">尼克松主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="乌布利希主义">乌布利希主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="卡特主義">卡特主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="里根主义">里根主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E5%9B%9E" title="推回">推回</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">意識形態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反共主義">反共主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="麦卡锡主义">麦卡锡主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="凯恩斯主义经济学">凯恩斯主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="新古典經濟學派">第一代新古典主义经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="芝加哥經濟學派">芝加哥經濟學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="雷根經濟學">里根经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E9%9D%A2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="供給面學派">供應面經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="撒切尔主义">撒切尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教民主主義">基督教民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新保守主義">新保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新自由主義">新自由主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托洛茨基主义">托洛茨基主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="左翼共产主义">左翼共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="毛泽东思想">毛泽东思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="胡志明思想">胡志明思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="赫魯曉夫主義">赫魯曉夫主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E6%89%98%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="铁托主义">铁托主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="霍查主义">霍查主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="卡斯特罗主义">卡斯特罗主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="格瓦拉主義">格瓦拉主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古拉什共产主义">古拉什共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="胡萨克主义">胡萨克主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E6%B4%BE" title="纳萨尔派">纳萨尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="欧洲共产主义">欧洲共产主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不結盟主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="极端民族主义">极端民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="白人民族主義">白人民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="沙文主义">沙文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="族群民族主义">族裔民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%84%AA%E8%B6%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="白人優越主義">白人優越主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="錫安主義">錫安主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">种族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新納粹主義">新納粹主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">泛伊斯蘭主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰社会主义">伊斯兰社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="解放神學">解放神學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="新左翼">新左翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="主体思想">主体思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="不自由的民主">不自由的民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="指导式民主">指导式民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="三民主義">三民主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="第三世界主義">第三世界主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="東南亞條約組織">東南亞條約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="中部公約組織">中部公約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚国家联盟">东南亚国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="南亚区域合作联盟">南亚区域合作联盟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狩猎俱乐部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Safari Club"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E7%8C%8E%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="狩猎俱乐部(页面不存在)">狩猎俱乐部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Club" class="extiw" title="en:Safari Club"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Safari Club</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">宣傳</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="積極策略" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Active measures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="積極策略(页面不存在)">積極策略</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_measures" class="extiw" title="en:Active measures"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Active measures</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%A5" title="消息报">消息报</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%8A%A5" title="真理报">真理报</a>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美利坚报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amerika (magazine)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E6%8A%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美利坚报(页面不存在)">美利坚报</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="en:Amerika (magazine)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amerika (magazine)</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄罗斯生活报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian Life"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8A%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="俄罗斯生活报(页面不存在)">俄罗斯生活报</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Life" class="extiw" title="en:Russian Life"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian Life</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由十字军" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crusade for Freedom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自由十字军(页面不存在)">自由十字军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" class="extiw" title="en:Crusade for Freedom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crusade for Freedom</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="自由欧洲电台/自由电台">自由歐洲電台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="自由亚洲电台">自由亚洲电台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E6%81%90%E6%85%8C" title="红色恐慌">红色恐慌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="塔斯社">俄通社-塔斯社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="美国之音">美国之音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="俄罗斯卫星通讯社">莫斯科广播电台</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="白令海峡">白令海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%A1%94%E9%82%A3%E6%91%A9%E7%81%A3%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0#仙人掌幕" title="關塔那摩灣海軍基地">仙人掌幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="朝鮮半島南北關係">朝韩关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E6%97%A5%E4%B9%8B%E9%90%98" title="末日之鐘">末日之鐘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%81%94%E7%BC%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="福達缺口">福達缺口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="桑地諾民族解放陣線">桑地諾民族解放陣線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中东战争">中东战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="邊緣政策">邊緣政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E2%80%94%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="俄羅斯—北約關係">北約與俄羅斯的關係</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian espionage in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%88%87%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%96%BC%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%96%93%E8%AB%9C%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史(页面不存在)">蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Russian espionage in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian espionage in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E2%80%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="蘇聯—美國關係">美蘇關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%98%87%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美蘇首腦會議列表">美蘇首腦會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">1917年俄国革命</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐2l27l Cached time: 20241124085621 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.356 seconds Real time usage: 3.719 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 29429/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1549551/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 34341/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 30/100 Expensive parser function count: 100/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 726714/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.681/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7542443/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 260 ms 13.8% 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