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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Petrochemical</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="পেট্রোরাসায়নিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেট্রোরাসায়নিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producte_petroqu%C3%ADmic" title="Producte petroquímic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Producte petroquímic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokemikalier" title="Petrokemikalier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Petrokemikalier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Πετροχημικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πετροχημικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producto_petroqu%C3%ADmico" title="Producto petroquímico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Producto petroquímico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokemia%C4%B5o" title="Petrokemiaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petrokemiaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktu_petrokimiko" title="Produktu petrokimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Produktu petrokimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فراورده‌های پتروشیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراورده‌های پتروشیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peitriceimice%C3%A1n" title="Peitriceimiceán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peitriceimiceán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%9C%A0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88" title="석유화학제품 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석유화학제품" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="शैल-रसायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैल-रसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokimia" title="Petrokimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Petrokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="पेट्रोकेमिकल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेट्रोकेमिकल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokimia" title="Petrokimia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Petrokimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokjemiske_produkter" title="Petrokjemiske produkter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Petrokjemiske produkter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪੈਟ੍ਰੋਕੈਮੀਕਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਟ੍ਰੋਕੈਮੀਕਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Дистилляты нефти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дистилляты нефти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Petrochemical" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohemijski_proizvodi" title="Petrohemijski proizvodi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Petrohemijski proizvodi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9trokimia" title="Pétrokimia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pétrokimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokemikaali" title="Petrokemikaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Petrokemikaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பாறைவேதிப்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாறைவேதிப்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrokimyasal" title="Petrokimyasal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Petrokimyasal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Перегонка нафти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перегонка нафти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="پیٹروکیمیکل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹروکیمیکل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="石化產品 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石化產品" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81" title="石油化工产品 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石油化工产品" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1364904#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical product derived from petroleum</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TASNEE_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TASNEE_001.jpg/330px-TASNEE_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TASNEE_001.jpg/500px-TASNEE_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TASNEE_001.jpg/960px-TASNEE_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Petrochemical plant in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Petrochemicals</b> (sometimes abbreviated as <b>petchems</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are the <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">chemical products</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> by refining. Some <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> made from petroleum are also obtained from other <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, or renewable sources such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">palm fruit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>. </p><p>The two most common petrochemical classes are <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">olefins</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatics</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a> <a href="/wiki/Isomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomers">isomers</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Oil refineries</a> produce olefins and aromatics by <a href="/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking" title="Fluid catalytic cracking">fluid catalytic cracking</a> of petroleum fractions. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">Chemical plants</a> produce olefins by <a href="/wiki/Steam_cracking" title="Steam cracking">steam cracking</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas liquids">natural gas liquids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>. Aromatics are produced by <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">catalytic reforming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">naphtha</a>. Olefins and aromatics are the building-blocks for a wide range of materials such as <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>. Olefins are the basis for <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">oligomers</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gels">gels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global ethylene production was 190 million tonnes and propylene was 120 million tonnes in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aromatics production is approximately 70 million tonnes. The largest <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemical industries">petrochemical industries</a> are located in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>; however, major growth in new production capacity is in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. There is substantial inter-regional petrochemical trade. </p><p>Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups depending on their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">Olefins</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">propene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butene" title="Butene">butenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,3-Butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Butadiene">butadiene</a>. Ethylene and propylene are important sources of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemicals">industrial chemicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a>. Butadiene is used in making <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatics">Aromatics</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylenes</a>, as a whole referred to as <a href="/wiki/BTX_(chemistry)" title="BTX (chemistry)">BTX</a> and primarily obtained from petroleum refineries by extraction from the reformate produced in <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">catalytic reformers</a> using <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">naphtha</a> obtained from petroleum refineries. Alternatively, BTX can be produced by aromatization of alkanes. Benzene is a raw material for <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a> and synthetic detergents, and benzene and toluene for <a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">isocyanates</a> <a href="/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate" title="Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate">MDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluene_diisocyanate" title="Toluene diisocyanate">TDI</a> used in making <a href="/wiki/Polyurethanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyurethanes">polyurethanes</a>. Manufacturers use <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylenes</a> to produce plastics and synthetic fibers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">Synthesis gas</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> used to produce <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> and other chemicals. <a href="/wiki/Steam_cracking" title="Steam cracking">Steam crackers</a> are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a> plants used to produce <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia</a> production. Ammonia is used to make the <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and methanol is used as a solvent and <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> intermediate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butanes</a> obtained primarily from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing plants</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>.</li></ul> <p>In 2007, the amounts of ethylene and propylene produced in steam crackers were about 115 M<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a> (megatonnes) and 70 Mt, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The output ethylene capacity of large steam crackers ranged up to as much as 1.0 – 1.5 Mt per year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The adjacent diagram schematically depicts the major hydrocarbon sources and processes used in producing petrochemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMAP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMAP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochem_Feedstocks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Petrochem_Feedstocks.png" decoding="async" width="429" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Petrochemical feedstock sources</figcaption></figure> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">commodity chemicals</a>, petrochemicals are made on a very large scale. Petrochemical manufacturing units differ from commodity chemical plants in that they often produce a number of related products. Compare this with <a href="/wiki/Specialty_chemical_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty chemical industry">specialty chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fine_chemical" title="Fine chemical">fine chemical</a> manufacture where products are made in discrete batch processes. </p><p>Petrochemicals are predominantly made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in <a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> Industrial Cities in Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in the US, in <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast of England">Northeast of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> in the Netherlands, in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_Refinery" title="Jamnagar Refinery">Jamnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahej" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahej">Dahej</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and in Singapore. Not all of the petrochemical or commodity chemical materials produced by the chemical industry are made in one single location but groups of related materials are often made in adjacent manufacturing plants to induce industrial symbiosis as well as material and utility efficiency and other <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>. This is known in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> terminology as integrated manufacturing. Specialty and fine chemical companies are sometimes found in similar manufacturing locations as petrochemicals but, in most cases, they do not need the same level of large-scale infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, storage, ports, and power, etc.) and therefore can be found in multi-sector business parks. </p><p>The large-scale petrochemical manufacturing locations have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large-scale infrastructures such as power stations, storage tanks, port facilities, road and rail terminals. In the United Kingdom, for example, there are four main locations for such manufacturing: near the River Mersey in North West England, on the Humber on the East coast of Yorkshire, in Grangemouth near the Firth of Forth in Scotland, and in Teesside as part of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_of_England_Process_Industry_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster">Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster</a> (NEPIC). To demonstrate the clustering and integration, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the NEPIC industry cluster companies in Teesside. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrochemical&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1835, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a>, a French chemist left <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a> in the sun and found white solid at the bottom of the flask which was <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>. In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Simon" title="Eduard Simon">Eduard Simon</a> discovered polystyrene by accident by distilling <a href="/wiki/Storax_balsam" title="Storax balsam">storax</a>. In 1856, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">William Henry Perkin</a> discovered the first synthetic dye, <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">Mauveine</a>. In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reinitzer" title="Friedrich Reinitzer">Friedrich Reinitzer</a>, an Austrian plant scientist observed <a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_benzoate" title="Cholesteryl benzoate">cholesteryl benzoate</a> had two different melting points. In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Hendrik Baekeland</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">bakelite</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a> built in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> first petrochemical plant in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuels</a> were invented using <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer-Tropsch process</a>. In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bock" title="Walter Bock">Walter Bock</a> invented synthetic rubber <a href="/wiki/Buna-S" class="mw-redirect" title="Buna-S">Buna-S</a> which is made up of <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,3-Butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Butadiene">butadiene</a> and used to make car tires. In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%B6hm" title="Otto Röhm">Otto Röhm</a> polymerized the first acrylic glass <a href="/wiki/Methyl_methacrylate" title="Methyl methacrylate">methyl methacrylate</a>. In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Perrin" title="Michael Perrin">Michael Perrin</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>. In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Hume Carothers</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bayer" title="Otto Bayer">Otto Bayer</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Plunkett" title="Roy J. Plunkett">Roy Plunkett</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>. In 1946, he invented <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate</a> (PET) bottles are made from <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-Xylene" title="P-Xylene">paraxylene</a>. In 1949, Fritz Stastny turned <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> into foam. After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> was discovered in the early 1950s. In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olefins">Olefins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrochemical&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Olefins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a partial list of major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochem1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Petrochem1.png/480px-Petrochem1.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Petrochem1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Chemicals produced from ethylene</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> – the simplest olefin; used as a chemical feedstock and ripening stimulant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerized</a> ethylene; <a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">LDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">HDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">LLDPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> – via ethylene <a href="/wiki/Hydration_reaction" title="Hydration reaction">hydration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> adding <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>) of ethylene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> – via ethylene <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a> – via ethylene oxide hydration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_(coolant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifreeze (coolant)">engine coolant</a> – ethylene glycol, water and inhibitor mixture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a> – any of several polymers with ester linkages in the main chain</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycol_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol ether">glycol ethers</a> – via glycol condescension</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow_range_ethoxylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow range ethoxylate">ethoxylates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_acetate" title="Vinyl acetate">vinyl acetate</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-dichloroethane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a> – also called perchloroethylene; used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreaser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a> – monomer for <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) – a type of plastic used for piping, tubing, other things</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochem3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Petrochem3.png/440px-Petrochem3.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Petrochem3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Chemicals produced from propylene</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a> – used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">isopropyl alcohol</a> – 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a> – useful as a monomer in forming <a href="/wiki/Orlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlon">Orlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerized</a> propylene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylene_oxide" title="Propylene oxide">propylene oxide</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>polyether polyol – used in the production of polyurethanes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> – used in engine coolant <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aircraft deicer fluid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycol_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol ether">glycol ethers</a> – from the condensation of glycols</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_acid" title="Acrylic acid">acrylic acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic polymer">acrylic polymers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_chloride" title="Allyl chloride">allyl chloride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epichlorohydrin" title="Epichlorohydrin">epichlorohydrin</a> – chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">epoxy resins</a> – a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butene" title="Butene">butene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isomers_of_butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomers of butylene">isomers of butylene</a> – useful as monomers or co-monomers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isobutylene" title="Isobutylene">isobutylene</a> – feed for making <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">methyl <i>tert</i>-butyl ether</a> (MTBE) or monomer for copolymerization with a low percentage of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">butyl rubber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-butadiene">1,3-butadiene</a> (or buta-1,3-diene) – a <a href="/wiki/Diene" title="Diene">diene</a> often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene" title="Polybutadiene">polybutadiene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Styrene-butadiene rubber">styrene-butadiene rubber</a>, or a plastic such as <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene">acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene</a> (ABS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubbers</a> – synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-<a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isobutylene" title="Isobutylene">isobutylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroprene" title="Chloroprene">chloroprene</a>; elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>higher olefins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">polyolefins</a> – such poly-alpha-olefins, which are used as lubricants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-olefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-olefin">alpha-olefins</a> – used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors. For example, a small amount of <a href="/wiki/1-hexene" class="mw-redirect" title="1-hexene">1-hexene</a> can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene.</li> <li>other higher olefins</li> <li>detergent alcohols</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aromatics">Aromatics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrochemical&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aromatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BTX_(chemistry)" title="BTX (chemistry)">BTX (chemistry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochem2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Petrochem2.png/580px-Petrochem2.png" decoding="async" width="580" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Petrochem2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Chemicals produced from benzene</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> – the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzene" title="Ethylbenzene">ethylbenzene</a> – made from benzene and ethylene <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a> – made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrenes</a> – polymers with styrene as a monomer</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumene" title="Cumene">cumene</a> – isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the <a href="/wiki/Cumene_process" title="Cumene process">cumene process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> – hydroxybenzene; often made by the cumene process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> – dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> – a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">epoxy resins</a> – a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> – a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> (carbonyl dichloride)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a> – liquids used for dissolving materials; examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane" title="Cyclohexane">cyclohexane</a> – a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">adipic acid</a> – a 6-carbon di<a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a>, which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a di<a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylons</a> – types of <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamides</a>, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing <a href="/wiki/Dicarboxylic_acid" title="Dicarboxylic acid">dicarboxylic acid</a> or derivatives with diamines</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprolactam" title="Caprolactam">caprolactam</a> – a 6-carbon cyclic <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylons</a> – types of <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamides</a>, some are from polymerizing caprolactam</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a> – can be made by single nitration of benzene <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> – aminobenzene <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate" title="Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate">methylene diphenyl diisocyanate</a> (MDI) – used as a co-monomer with <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diols</a> or polyols to form <a href="/wiki/Polyurethanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyurethanes">polyurethanes</a> or with di- or poly<a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Polyurea" title="Polyurea">polyureas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylbenzene" title="Alkylbenzene">alkylbenzene</a> – a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon, which can be used as a precursor for a <a href="/wiki/Sulfonate" title="Sulfonate">sulfonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> (detergent) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a> – often include <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> types such as alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobenzene" title="Chlorobenzene">chlorobenzene</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochem4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Petrochem4.png/350px-Petrochem4.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Petrochem4.png 1.5x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="103" /></a><figcaption>Chemicals produced from toluene</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> – methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene_diisocyanate" title="Toluene diisocyanate">toluene diisocyanate</a> (TDI) – used as co-monomers with polyether polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or poly<a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Polyurea" title="Polyurea">polyureas</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">benzoic acid</a> – carboxybenzene <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprolactam" title="Caprolactam">caprolactam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochem5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Petrochem5.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Chemicals produced from xylenes</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">mixed xylenes</a> – any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-Xylene" title="O-Xylene"><i>ortho</i>-xylene</a> – both <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">methyl groups</a> can be oxidized to form (<i>ortho-</i>)phthalic acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phthalic_anhydride" title="Phthalic anhydride">phthalic anhydride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Xylene" title="P-Xylene"><i>para</i>-xylene</a> – both methyl groups can be oxidized to form terephthalic acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_terephthalate" title="Dimethyl terephthalate">dimethyl terephthalate</a> – can be copolymerized to form certain polyesters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a> – although there can be many types, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> is made from petrochemical products and is very widely used in petrol stations</li></ul></li> <li>purified <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic acid</a> – often copolymerized to form <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Xylene" title="M-Xylene"><i>meta</i>-xylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isophthalic_acid" title="Isophthalic acid">isophthalic acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyd resins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide-imide" title="Polyamide-imide">polyamide resins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester_resin" title="Polyester resin">unsaturated polyesters</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_petrochemicals">List of petrochemicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrochemical&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of petrochemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:678pt;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Petrochemicals </th> <th>Fibers </th> <th>Petroleum </th> <th>Chemicals </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Basic Feedstock</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">Butadiene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/P-Xylene" title="P-Xylene"><i>p</i>-Xylene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">Propylene</a> <p><b>Intermediates</b><br /><a href="/wiki/2-Ethylhexanol" title="2-Ethylhexanol">2-Ethylhexanol</a> (2-EH)<br /><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> (AN)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> (dioctyl phthalate)<br />n-<a href="/wiki/Butene" title="Butene">Butene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane" title="Cyclohexane">Cyclohexane</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_terephthalate" title="Dimethyl terephthalate">Dimethyl terephthalate</a> (DMT)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dodecylbenzene" title="Dodecylbenzene">Dodecylbenzene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">Ethanolamine</a><br />Ethoxylate<br /><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-Dichloroethane</a> (ethylene dichloride or EDC)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a> (EG)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a> (EO)<br />Formaldehyde Moulding Compound (FMC)<br />n-<a href="/wiki/Hexene" title="Hexene">Hexene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Linear_alkyl_benzene" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear alkyl benzene">Linear alkyl benzene</a> (LAB)<br /><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">Methyl tert-butyl ether</a> (MTBE) <br /><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Propylene_oxide" title="Propylene oxide">Propylene oxide</a><br />Purified <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic acid</a> (PTA)<br /><a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">Styrene</a> <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> (SM)<br />Thermosetting Resin (Urea/Melamine)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_acetate_monomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl acetate monomer">Vinyl acetate monomer</a> (VAM)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride_monomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl chloride monomer">Vinyl chloride monomer</a> (VCM) </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic fiber</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS)<br />Acrylonitrile styrene (AS)<br /><a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene" title="Polybutadiene">Polybutadiene</a> (PBR)<br /><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC)<br /><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> (PE) <br /><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate</a> (PET)<br /><a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">Polyol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a> (PP)<br /><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene</a> (PS)<br /><a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">Styrene</a> <a href="/wiki/1,3-Butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Butadiene">butadiene</a> (SBR)<br />Acrylic-formaldehude (AF) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">Lubricants</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oil_additive" title="Oil additive">Additives</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">Catalysts</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/ISO_8217" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8217">Marine fuel oil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refining">Petroleum refining</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">sealants</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemicals</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> chemicals<br /><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a> control chemicals<br /><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a> raw materials<br /><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronic</a> chemicals and materials<br /><a href="/wiki/Flavouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavouring">Flavourings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additives</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drugs">Pharmaceutical drugs</a><br />Specialty and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">industrial chemicals</a><br />Specialty and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">industrial gases</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> supplies<br /><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">bottles</a>, and containers<br /><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a> additives<br />Specialty and <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> chemicals<br /><a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">Surfactants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">cleaning agents</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrochemical&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> – Naturally occurring combustible liquid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a> – Products ultimately derived from crude oil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrodollar">Petrodollar</a> – Financial asset backed by a country's revenues from petroleum exports<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">Petrostate</a> – Countries that primarily produce oil or natural gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_in_petrochemical_industries" title="Instrumentation in petrochemical industries">Instrumentation in petrochemical industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> – International petroleum organization<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Petrochemical_Industry_Conference" title="Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference">Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference</a> – international conference in the petrochemical industry<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span> (APIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_of_England_Process_Industry_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster">Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster</a> – Economic cluster<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span> (NEPIC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrochemical&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiesche, Liz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekingalpha.com/news/3604684-royal-dutch-shell-may-take-50-stake-in-9b-indian-petchem-project-reuters">"Royal Dutch Shell may take 50% stake in $9B Indian petchem project"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> via <i><a href="/wiki/Seeking_Alpha" title="Seeking Alpha">Seeking Alpha</a></i>, August 12, 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatch_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatch_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSami_Matar_and_Lewis_F._Hatch2001" class="citation book cs1">Sami Matar and Lewis F. Hatch (2001). <i>Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes</i>. Gulf Professional Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88415-315-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88415-315-0"><bdi>0-88415-315-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Petrochemical+Processes&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88415-315-0&rft.au=Sami+Matar+and+Lewis+F.+Hatch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2001" class="citation journal cs1">Staff (March 2001). "Petrochemical Processes 2001". <i>Hydrocarbon Processing</i>: <span class="nowrap">71–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-0284">0887-0284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrocarbon+Processing&rft.atitle=Petrochemical+Processes+2001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=2001-03&rft.issn=0887-0284&rft.au=Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1067372/global-ethylene-production-capacity/#:~:text=The%20production%20capacity%20of%20ubiquitous,to%20283%20million%20metric%20tons.">"Ethylene production capacity globally 2024"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethylene+production+capacity+globally+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1067372%2Fglobal-ethylene-production-capacity%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520production%2520capacity%2520of%2520ubiquitous%2Cto%2520283%2520million%2520metric%2520tons.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassan_E._AlfadalaG.V._Rex_ReklaitisMahmoud_M._El-Halwagi2009" class="citation book cs1">Hassan E. Alfadala; G.V. Rex Reklaitis; Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, eds. (2009). <i>Proceedings of the 1st Annual Gas Processing Symposium, Volume 1: January, 2009 – Qatar</i> (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. pp. <span class="nowrap">402–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53292-3"><bdi>978-0-444-53292-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1st+Annual+Gas+Processing+Symposium%2C+Volume+1%3A+January%2C+2009+%E2%80%93+Qatar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53292-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technip.com/pdf/brochures/Ethylene.pdf">Steam Cracking: Ethylene Production</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (PDF page 3 of 12 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMAP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMAP_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsp2.org/news/Butadiene%20Supply%20AMAP%20Update.pdf">SBS Polymer Supply Outlook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Favennec2001" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Pierre Favennec, ed. (2001). <i>Petroleum Refining: Refinery Operation and Management</i>. Editions Technip. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7108-0801-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7108-0801-3"><bdi>2-7108-0801-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Refining%3A+Refinery+Operation+and+Management&rft.pub=Editions+Technip&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-7108-0801-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alec Ross, '<a href="/wiki/The_Industries_of_the_Future" title="The Industries of the Future">The Industries of the Future</a>, Simon&Schuster, 2016, pp. 7-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petrochemistry.eu/about-petrochemistry/timeline/">"Timeline – Petrochemicals Europe"</a>. <i>www.petrochemistry.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.petrochemistry.eu&rft.atitle=Timeline+%E2%80%93+Petrochemicals+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.petrochemistry.eu%2Fabout-petrochemistry%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanWangKumarYan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Y. -F.; Wang, J. -H.; Kumar, D.; Yan, Z.; Goodman, D. W. (2005-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021951705001405">"A kinetic study of vinyl acetate synthesis over Pd-based catalysts: kinetics of vinyl acetate synthesis over Pd–Au/SiO2 and Pd/SiO2 catalysts"</a>. <i>Journal of Catalysis</i>. <b>232</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">467–</span>475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2005.04.001">10.1016/j.jcat.2005.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9517">0021-9517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Catalysis&rft.atitle=A+kinetic+study+of+vinyl+acetate+synthesis+over+Pd-based+catalysts%3A+kinetics+of+vinyl+acetate+synthesis+over+Pd%E2%80%93Au%2FSiO2+and+Pd%2FSiO2+catalysts&rft.volume=232&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=2005-06-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2005.04.001&rft.issn=0021-9517&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Y.+-F.&rft.au=Wang%2C+J.+-H.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+D.&rft.au=Yan%2C+Z.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+D.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0021951705001405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeLeeLeeMin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Eo Jin; Lee, Jong Won; Lee, Joongwon; Min, Hyung-Ki; Yi, Jongheop; Song, In Kyu; Kim, Do Heui (2018-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566736718301353">"Ag-(Mo-W)/ZrO2 catalysts for the production of propylene oxide: Effect of pH in the preparation of ZrO2 support"</a>. <i>Catalysis Communications</i>. <b>111</b>: <span class="nowrap">80–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catcom.2018.04.005">10.1016/j.catcom.2018.04.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1566-7367">1566-7367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:103189174">103189174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalysis+Communications&rft.atitle=Ag-%28Mo-W%29%2FZrO2+catalysts+for+the+production+of+propylene+oxide%3A+Effect+of+pH+in+the+preparation+of+ZrO2+support&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A103189174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1566-7367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catcom.2018.04.005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Eo+Jin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jong+Won&rft.au=Lee%2C+Joongwon&rft.au=Min%2C+Hyung-Ki&rft.au=Yi%2C+Jongheop&rft.au=Song%2C+In+Kyu&rft.au=Kim%2C+Do+Heui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1566736718301353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrochemical" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFForstnerGalFeherBerkes1994"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=HU209546B">HU patent 209546B</a>, Forstner, Janos; Gal, Lajos & Feher, Pal et al., "Anti-freeze solution for internal combustion engines", published 1994-07-28</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=209546B&rft.cc=HU&rft.title=Anti-freeze+solution+for+internal+combustion+engines&rft.inventor=Forstner&rft.appldate=1990-11-12&rft.pubdate=1994-07-28"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum 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