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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Earliest libraries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Earliest_libraries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Earliest libraries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Earliest_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_in_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_in_Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Library in Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_in_Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_in_Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_in_Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Libraries in Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_in_Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_of_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_of_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Library of Alexandria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_of_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_in_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_in_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Libraries in Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_in_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_in_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Libraries in the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early modern libraries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_libraries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern libraries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries_of_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_of_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Libraries of the Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_of_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_history_reports_and_writings_of_the_early_19th_and_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_history_reports_and_writings_of_the_early_19th_and_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Library history reports and writings of the early 19th and 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_history_reports_and_writings_of_the_early_19th_and_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cataloging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cataloging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cataloging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cataloging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_librarianship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_librarianship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wartime librarianship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_librarianship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_History_Database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_History_Database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Library History Database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_History_Database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history of libraries, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a>.</div> <p><b>Library history</b> is a subdiscipline within <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a> focusing on the history of libraries and their role in societies and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some see the field as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Information_history" title="Information history">information history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Library history is an <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> and should not be confused with its object of study (<a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">history of libraries</a>): the discipline is much younger than the libraries it studies. Library history begins in ancient societies through contemporary issues facing libraries today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topics include recording mediums, cataloguing systems, scholars, scribes, library supporters and librarians.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_libraries">Earliest libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earliest libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest records of a library institution as it is presently understood can be dated back to around 5,000 years ago in the Southwest Asian regions of the world. One of the oldest libraries found is that of the ancient library at <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> (circa 2500 BCE) in present-day Syria. In the 1970s, the excavation at Ebla's library unearthed over 20,000 clay tablets written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Al Qarawiyyin Library</b> was founded in 859 by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a> and is the oldest working library in the world. It is in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez, Morocco</a> and is part of the oldest continually operating university in the world, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a>. The library houses approximately 4,000 ancient Islamic manuscripts. These manuscripts include 9th century <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurans</a> and the oldest known accounts of the Islamic prophet Muhammed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_in_Mesopotamia">Library in Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Library in Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr,_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3589" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>Cunieform Tablet, circa 3000 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Assyrian <a href="/wiki/King_Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="King Assurbanipal">King <b>Assurbanipal</b></a> created one of the greatest libraries in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> in the seventh century BCE. The collection consisted of over 30,000 tablets written in a variety of languages. The collection was cataloged both by the shape of the tablet and by the subject of the content. The library had separate rooms for the different topics: government, history, law, astronomy, geography, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tablets also contained myths, hymns, and even jokes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assurbanipal would send scribes to visit every corner of his kingdom to copy the content of other libraries. His library contained many of the most important literary works of the day, including the epic of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assurbanipal's Royal Library also had one of the first library catalogs. Unfortunately, Nineveh was eventually destroyed and the library was lost in a fire. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg/145px-Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg/217px-Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg/290px-Archilochos_fragment_PK7511r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of Ancient Greek papyrus manuscript</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_in_Ancient_Greece">Libraries in Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Libraries in Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek government was the first to sponsor public libraries. By 500 BCE both <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> had begun creating libraries for the public, though as most of the population was illiterate these spaces were serving a small, educated portion of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athens developed a city archive at the <a href="/wiki/Metroon" title="Metroon">Metroon</a> in 405 BCE, where documents were stored in sealed jars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These would have saved the documents, but they would have been difficult to consult regularly. In <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, around the same time, contracts were placed in the temple for safe keeping, and a <a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">book curse</a> was placed for extra protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_of_Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Library of Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library at Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, was renowned in the third century BCE while kings <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus_in_the_Library_of_Alexandria" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus in the Library of Alexandria">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> reigned. The library included a museum, garden, meeting areas and of course reading rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Library, as it is known, was one of many in Alexandria. From its inception around the second century BCE, Alexandria was a well known center for learning. It earned renown as the intellectual capital of the Western world up through the third century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The librarians at Alexandria collected, copied, and organized scrolls from across the known world. According to a primary source, every ship that came to Alexandria was required to hand over their books to be copied, and the copies would be returned to the owner, the library keeping the original.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library of Alexandria was damaged by various disasters over time, including fire, invasion, and earthquake. Scholars believe the collection slowly diminished over time due to theft and efforts to remove it ahead of invading armies. While there are popular stories about how the library was ultimately destroyed, most of these are more myth than fact.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27%2C_2020.jpg/220px-The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27%2C_2020.jpg/330px-The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27%2C_2020.jpg/440px-The_facade_of_Hadrian%27s_Library_on_June_27%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Library" title="Hadrian's Library">Hadrian's Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_in_Rome">Libraries in Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Libraries in Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> were the first to establish public libraries in ancient Rome, including the library of Apollo on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several emperors followed suit over the next four centuries, including <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. Roman aristocrats also had personal libraries, which usually contained works in both Greek and Latin. A valuable example of this has been found at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. Papyrus manuscripts in Herculaneum's <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a> were encased in ash after the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> in 79 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern archaeology is now able to scan these artifacts and discern their contents, including many writings from <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a>. </p><p>The average Roman would not have been familiar with books beyond what they might hear read aloud in the forum. Public figures would pay for particular passages to be read aloud to the public from the steps of a public library.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_in_the_Middle_Ages">Libraries in the Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Libraries in the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chained_library,_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chained_library%2C_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg/220px-Chained_library%2C_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chained_library%2C_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg/330px-Chained_library%2C_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chained_library%2C_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg/440px-Chained_library%2C_Wimborne_Minster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Chained books at Wimborne Minster library</figcaption></figure> <p>In the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, libraries began to become more prevalent, despite a widespread reduction in new writing beyond religious themes. Most libraries were initially connected to monasteries or religious institutions. <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">Scriptoriums</a> copied Christian religious texts to share with other religious centers or to be read aloud to their own parishioners. The Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (r. 786-814) had a large impact on the advancement of written culture in the Medieval Christian world, acquiring as many written works as he could, and employing many scribes to copy and recirculate vernacular versions of religious works.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the text held in small personal libraries was still religious in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_libraries">Early modern libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_of_the_Renaissance">Libraries of the Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Libraries of the Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era the merchant middle class grew, and more people found benefits in education. They relied on libraries as a place to study and gain knowledge. Libraries provided a valuable resource, enriching the culture of those who were educated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universities that had been started in the Middle Ages, founded their own libraries. Books in these libraries could not be borrowed from these libraries and were generally chained to the shelves to prevent theft.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As more of the population became literate, new ideas like Humanism and Natural Law spawned an increase personal libraries, although they remained small. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in 1456 opened the door to the modern era for libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Library_history_reports_and_writings_of_the_early_19th_and_20th_century">Library history reports and writings of the early 19th and 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Library history reports and writings of the early 19th and 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 19th and 20th century, representative titles were created reporting library history in the United States and the United Kingdom. American titles include <i>Public Libraries in the United States of America, Their History, Condition, and Management</i> (1876),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Memorial History of Boston</i> (1881) by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Winsor" title="Justin Winsor">Justin Winsor</a>, <i>Public Libraries in America</i> (1894) by William I. Fletcher, and <i>History of the New York Public Library</i> (1923) by Henry M. Lydenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British titles include <i>Old English Libraries</i> (1911) by Earnest A. Savage and T<i>he Chained Library: A Survey of Four Centuries in the Evolution of the English Library</i> by Burnett Hillman Streeter.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning of the 20th century, library historians began applying scientific research methodologies to examine the library as a social agency. Two works that demonstrate this argument are <i>Geschichte der Bibliotheken</i> (1925) by Alfred Hessel and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Library_Quarterly" title="The Library Quarterly">Library Quarterly</a></i> article from 1931, “The Sociological Beginnings of the Library Movement in America” by Arnold Borden.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the establishment of library schools, master's theses and doctoral dissertations represented the shift in serious research regarding libraries and library history. Two published doctoral dissertations that mark this trend are <i>Foundations of the Public Library: The Origins of the American Public Library Movement in New England, 1629 – 1855</i> (1940) by Jesse Shera and <i>Arsenals of a Democratic Culture: A Social History of the American Public Library Movement in New England and the Middle Atlantic States From 1850 to 1900</i> (1947).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional models of library historical analysis include <i>The New York Public Library: A History of Its Founding and Early Years</i> by Phyllis Dain, a work that exemplified institutional history and <i>The Power and the Dignity: Librarianship and Katharine L. Sharp</i> by Laurel Grotzinger, a biographical study.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward A. Goedeken, writes a biennial review of publications on the history of libraries, librarianship, and information surveys that is published in the journal, <i>Information & Culture</i> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cataloging">Cataloging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cataloging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest methods of cataloging involved storing tablets separately based on their content. The subject matter was identified by small descriptions or color coding. Common practice was to have different rooms or chambers for the various subject types. Moving to the Renaissance period, cataloging took on a whole new level. Materials were still stored by content, but now titles were being listed and organized alphabetically. Catalogs were kept in ledger form listing all the materials in the collection, new additions added at the margins, until a librarian would redraft the catalog. Maintaining and revising the catalog became crucially important as collections grew. It was during the Renaissance period that one would find the first catalogs that referenced other collections to make finding materials easier. As printing grew, so did the need for accurate catalogs of material available. Additionally catalogs needed to be descriptive enough to help librarians in the locating and storing of books. As collections grew, so naturally did catalogs. Materials continued to be separated by subject and would then be further divided by more specific heading, still listed and stored within these sub headings alphabetically.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catalogs were not standardized until the late 19th century and even in the 1800s some libraries had no actual record of their holdings or relied on a brief author list. Much “finding” done in libraries at the time relied on the memory of the librarian.day was a printed book. Printed book catalogs had the same advantages as books themselves: They could be produced in multiple copies and were highly portable. A library could give a copy of its catalog to another library, thus making it possible for users to discover, at a distance, that a library had the item sought. The disadvantages of the printed book catalog, however, became more serious as library collections grew and the rate of growth increased. A library catalog needed near-constant updating. Yet the time required to produce a printed book catalog (in an era in which printing required that each page be typeset) meant that the catalog could be seriously out of date as it came off the press. Updating such a catalog meant reprinting it in its entirely, or staving off an expensive new edition by producing supplementary volumes of newly acquired works, which then made searching quite tedious. In the mid-1800s the library card catalog was already winning hearts and minds. Although neither the book catalog nor the card catalog meets all needs as efficiently as one would desire, the card catalog had already proven itself as an up-to-date instrument for library users and librarians alike.Cards were lauded by Melvil Dewey (1851–1931) in his introduction to early editions of his Decimal Classification, although his classification and “relativ index” in no way required the use of a card system. However, the “Co-Operation Committee” of the newly formed American Library Association (ALA) announced its decision on the standardization of the catalog card in 1877; not coincidentally, Dewey’s library service company, The Library Bureau, founded in 1876, was poised to provide the cards to libraries at a cost lower than custom-produced card stock.The typewriter brought greater uniformity to the card catalog than even the neatest “library hand” could, and undoubtedly increased the amount of information that one could squeeze into the approximate three-by-five surface. When the Library of Congress (LC) developed printed card sets using the ALA standard size and offered them for sale starting in 1902, the use of the card catalog in US libraries was solidified.After Dewey, the person who had the greatest effect on library technology was Henriette Avram (1919–2006), creator of the Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC) format. This was not only an innovation in terms of library technology, it was generally innovative in terms of the computing capability of the time. In the mid-1960s, when MARC was under development, computer capabilities for handling textual data were very crude. For example, look at a magazine mailing label. You will see uppercase characters only, limited field sizes, and often a lack of punctuation beyond perhaps a hash mark for apartment numbers. This is what all data looked like in 1965. However, libraries needed to represent actual document titles, author names, and languages other than English. This meant that the library data record needed to have variable length fields, full punctuation, and diacritical marks. Avram delivered a standard that was definitely ahead of its time. Although the primary focus of the standard was to automate the printing of cards for LC’s card service, Avram worked with staff at LC and other libraries involved in the project to leverage the MARC record for other uses, such as the local printing of “new books” lists.Dewey did not anticipate the availability of the LC printed card service when he proposed the standardization of the library catalog card, yet it was precisely that standardization that made it possible for libraries across America to add LC printed cards to their catalogs. Likewise, Avram did not anticipate the creation of the computerized online catalog during her early work on the MARC format, but it was the existence of years of library cataloging in a machine-readable form that made the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_librarianship">Wartime librarianship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wartime librarianship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In World War II, American librarians and archivists played a major role in collecting published information about Nazi Germany, and also rescuing stolen books and documents the Nazis stole from target countries and from Jews. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a>, the Librarian of Congress, announced that fellow librarians "must become active and not passive agents of the democratic process."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) took the lead in recruiting and organizing secret expeditions to Europe, often acquiring rare materials from bookshops just before the Gestapo arrived. Massive amounts of books, magazines and documents were collected—too much to transport—so the new technique of micro photography was developed successfully. </p><p>After the D-Day landings in 1944, librarians became part of information search teams under Army command, searching especially for current intelligence, as well as patents and technical manuals. Back in Washington, analysts mined the information for projects such as targeting key industrial centers, railroads and chokepoints, and identifying concentration camps and prisoner of war facilities. </p><p>When Berlin fell, there was a rush to obtain documentation of top-secret German military research. Furthermore the teams rescued over two million books stolen from libraries, and 160,000 Jewish books stolen by the Nazis. According to Ernest Hilbert, librarian historian <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Peiss" title="Kathy Peiss">Kathy Peiss</a> shows how the librarians delivered intelligence about enemy technology, propaganda, and infrastructure. They also advanced librarianship, introducing an air of mass foreign acquisitions, widespread film usage, and new techniques for rapidly extracting vital information instead of merely storing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Library_History_Database">Library History Database</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Library History Database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024 the <a href="/wiki/Library_History_Round_Table" title="Library History Round Table">Library History Round Table</a> published the online "Bibliography of Library History" database which contains over 7,000 entries for books, articles, and theses in library history and related fields published 1990 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libraries_%26_the_Cultural_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries & the Cultural Record">Libraries & the Cultural Record</a>; exploring the history of collections of recorded knowledge</i> (L & C R); until 2006: <i>Libraries & Culture</i>; until 1988: <i>The Journal of Library History</i>; until 1974: <i>Journal of Library History, Philosophy, and Comparative Librarianship</i>; until 1973: <i>The Journal of Library History</i></li> <li><i>Library & Information History</i> (until 2008: <i>Library History</i>; until 1967: Library Association. Library History Group. Newsletter)</li> <li><i>Library History Review</i></li> <li><i>Library History Round Table Newsletter</i> (L H R T Newsletter), until 1992: <i>L H R T Newsletter</i>; until 198?: <i>L H R T</i>; until 1979: A L H R T Newsletter</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoculturejournal.org">Information and Culture; a journal of history</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psupress.org/Journals/jnls_LCHS.html"><i>Libraries: Culture, History, and Society</i></a>, peer-reviewed journal of the <a href="/wiki/Library_History_Round_Table" title="Library History Round Table">Library History Round Table</a> of the American Library Association<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Phyllis Dain Library History Award<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Donald G. Davis Article Award<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Atkins_Gleason_Book_Award" title="Eliza Atkins Gleason Book Award">Eliza Atkins Gleason Book Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Winsor_Prize_(library)" title="Justin Winsor Prize (library)">Justin Winsor Prize (library)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_library_advocacy" title="History of public library advocacy">History of public library advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_history" title="Information history">Information history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librarians_in_popular_culture" title="Librarians in popular culture">Librarians in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_%26_the_Cultural_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries & the Cultural Record">Libraries & the Cultural Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_History_Round_Table" title="Library History Round Table">Library History Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Library historian">Library historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">List of librarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" title="List of libraries">List of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology of the Internet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan, Anne L. & Herubel, Jean-Pierre V. M. (2011). Subject and histography Characteristics of Library History: Disciplinary considerations and scholarship. <i>Journal of Scholarly Publishing</i>, 42(4), 503-522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, A. (2006). Information history. <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Information_Science_and_Technology" title="Annual Review of Information Science and Technology">Annual Review of Information Science and Technology</a></i>, 40 , 441-473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The Library an illustrated history</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildenbrand, Suzanne, red. (1996). <i>Reclaiming the American library past: Writing the women in</i> Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasbanes2009" class="citation book cs1">Basbanes, Stuart A.P. Murray ; introduction by Donald G. Davis Jr. ; foreword by Nicholas A. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The library : an illustrated history</i></a></span>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse Pub.">Skyhorse Pub.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602397064" title="Special:BookSources/9781602397064"><bdi>9781602397064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library+%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781602397064&rft.aulast=Basbanes&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.P.+Murray+%3B+introduction+by+Donald+G.+Davis+Jr.+%3B+foreword+by+Nicholas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/inside-al-qarawiyyin-the-oldest-library-in-the-world-2016-6">"The oldest library in the world just opened to the public — here's a look inside"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+oldest+library+in+the+world+just+opened+to+the+public+%E2%80%94+here%27s+a+look+inside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Finside-al-qarawiyyin-the-oldest-library-in-the-world-2016-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, Martyn. (2011). Books: a living history. Los Angeles, CA. Getty Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-083-4">978-1-60606-083-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackman2003" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Clifford R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60573215"><i>The worlds of medieval Europe</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530195-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530195-1"><bdi>0-19-530195-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60573215">60573215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+worlds+of+medieval+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60573215&rft.isbn=0-19-530195-1&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Clifford+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F60573215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/The-Middle-Ages-and-the-Renaissance">"Library - the Middle Ages and the Renaissance | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+-+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Flibrary%2FThe-Middle-Ages-and-the-Renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112145568"><i>The Oxford illustrated history of the book</i></a>. James Raven (First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870298-6"><bdi>978-0-19-870298-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112145568">1112145568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+illustrated+history+of+the+book&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112145568&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870298-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1112145568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miksa, Francis. “The Making of the 1876 Special Report on Public Libraries.” <i>Journal of Library History, Philosophy, and Comparative Librarianship</i> 8, no. 1 (1973): 30–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Library_History_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummersWiegand2015" class="citation book cs1">Summers, F. Williams; Wiegand, Wayne A. (2015). "Historiography of Library History". In Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis Jr., Donald G. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Library History</i> (ebook). Routledge. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135787509" title="Special:BookSources/9781135787509"><bdi>9781135787509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historiography+of+Library+History&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+History&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781135787509&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=F.+Williams&rft.au=Wiegand%2C+Wayne+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goedeken, Edward A. 2019. “The Literature of American Library History, 2016–2017.” <i>Information & Culture</i> 54 (3): 342–80. All biennial reviews are listed in "Further reading" on this page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Stuart. (2009). <i>The Library: an Illustrated History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>: New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2016/01/04/cataloging-evolves/">"The Evolving Catalog"</a>. 4 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolving+Catalog&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2F2016%2F01%2F04%2Fcataloging-evolves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/n80015459/archibald-macleish-1892-1982-2/">"Archibald MacLeish (1892-1982)" (Library of Congress)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Peiss" title="Kathy Peiss">Kathy Peiss</a> <i>Information hunters : when librarians, soldiers, and spies banded together in World War II Europe</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hilbert, "Librarians at war" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/information-hunters-review-librarians-at-war-11582303187"><i>Wall Street Journal</i> Feb. 21, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openpublishing.psu.edu/blh/">Bibliography of Library History</a> American Library Association, Library History Round Table, April 24, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.org/Journals/jnls_LCHS.html">"Libraries: Culture, History, and Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libraries%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psupress.org%2FJournals%2Fjnls_LCHS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lhrt/awards/phyllis-dain-library-history-dissertation-award">Phyllis Dain Library History Award</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lhrt/awards/davis-article-award">Donald G. Davis Article Award</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lhrt/awards/gleason-book-award">Eliza Atkins Gleason Book Award</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bertram, C. (2024). "Preserving the history of the American Library Association." <i>IFLA Journal.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352241246445">https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352241246445</a></li> <li>Black, A. (2024). "Memory and amnesia in the archival practices of national library and information associations." <i>IFLA Journal</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352241236733">https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352241236733</a></li> <li>Buchanan, Anne L., and Jean-Pierre V.M. Hérubel. 2011. “Subject and Historiographic Characteristics of Library History.” <i>Journal of Scholarly Publishing</i> 42 (4): 514–33.</li> <li>Campbell, James W.P. <i>The Library: A World History</i>. (University Of Chicago Press, 2013).</li> <li>Cortada, James W. "Revisiting "Shaping Information History as an Intellectual Discipline"." <i>Information & Culture: A Journal of History</i> 54, no. 1 (2019): 95-101.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. "Being Part of the Conversation: The Most Cited Articles in Library History and Library & Information History, 1967–2015," <i>Library & Information History</i> 33, no. 1 (2017): 3–18.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2019. “The Literature of American Library History, 2016–2017.” <i>Information & Culture</i> 54 (3): 342–80.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2018. “The Literature of American Library History, 2014-2015.” <i>Information & Culture</i> 53 (1): 85–120.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2016. “The Literature of American Library History, 2012-2013.” <i>Information & Culture</i> 51 (2): 268–98.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2013. “The Literature of American Library History, 2010-2011.” <i>Information & Culture</i> 48 (4): 506–36.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2011. “The Literature of American Library History, 2008-2009.” <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i> 46 (4): 412–41.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2009. “The Literature of American Library History, 2006-2007.” <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i> 44 (4): 434–70.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2008. “The Literature of American Library History, 2003-2005.” <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i> 43 (4): 440–80</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2004. “The Literature of American Library History, 2001-2002.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 39 (2): 175–211.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2002. “The Literature of American Library History, 1999-2000.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 37 (2): 138–74.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 2000. “The Literature of American Library History, 1997-1998.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 35 (2): 311–53.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 1998. “The Literature of American Library History, 1995-1996.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 33 (4): 407–45.</li> <li>Goedeken, Edward A. 1996. “The Literature of American Library History, 1993-1994.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 31: 603–44.</li> <li>Hildenbrand, Suzanne. <i>Reclaiming the American library past: Writing the women in</i> (Ablex, 1996).</li> <li>Hoare, Peter, Elizabeth Leedham-Greene, Teresa Webber, Giles Mandelbrote, K A Manley,and Alistair Black, eds. 2006. <i>The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.</i> 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Krummel, D.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/4041">Fiat lux, fiat latebra: a celebration of historical library functions.</a> Graduate School of Library and Information Science. University of Illinois.Occasional Paper 209.August, 1999.</li> <li>Krummel, D.W. 2000. “Historical Bibliography and Library History.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 35 (1): 155.</li> <li>McMullen, Haynes, Betty Milum, Joe W. Kraus, and Donald C. Dickinson. “The State of the Art of Writing Library History [with Comments].” <i>The Journal of Library History.</i> 13, no. 4 (1978): 432–50.</li> <li>Mehra, Bharat, et al. <i>Encyclopedia of library and information sciences</i> (2009).</li> <li>Murray, Stuart A.P. <i>The library: An illustrated history</i> (Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2013).</li> <li>Pawley, Christine. "History in the library and information science curriculum: Outline of a debate." <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 40.3 (2005): 223-238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/188803/summary">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Peiss" title="Kathy Peiss">Peiss, Kathy</a> <i>Information hunters : when librarians, soldiers, and spies banded together in World War II Europe</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020).</li> <li>Tucker, John Mark. 2000. “Clio’s Workshop: Resources for Historical Studies in American Librarianship.” <i>Libraries & Culture</i> 35 (1): 192.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wellisch" title="Hans Wellisch">Wellisch, Hans H</a>. “Ebla: The World's Oldest Library.” <i>The Journal of Library History</i>, vol. 16, no. 3, 1981, pp. 488–500.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiegand,_Wayne_A." class="mw-redirect" title="Wiegand, Wayne A.">Wiegand, Wayne A.</a>, & Davis, Donald G., eds. <i>Encyclopedia of library history</i>. (Garland, 1994).</li> <li>Wiegand, Wayne A. "American library history literature, 1947-1997: theoretical perspectives?." <i>Libraries & Culture</i> (2000): 4-34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25548795">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lhrt/">Library History Roundtable (LHRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Library_and_Information_Professionals" title="Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals">Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals</a> (CILIP) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929163356/http://www.cilip.org.uk/get-involved/special-interest-groups/history/Pages/default.aspx">Library and Information History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations</a> (IFLA) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifla.org/en/library-history">Library History Special Interest Group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template talk:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libraries_and_library_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Library_nav" title="Template:Library nav">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries" title="Category:Libraries">Category:Libraries</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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