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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hybrid+library%22">"Hybrid library"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hybrid+library%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hybrid+library%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hybrid+library%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hybrid+library%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hybrid+library%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hybrid library</b> is a term used by <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarians</a> to describe libraries containing a mix of traditional print <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> resources and the growing number of electronic resources.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hybrid libraries are mixes of traditional print material such as books and magazines, as well as electronic based material such as <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">downloadable</a> <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">electronic journals</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>, etc. Hybrid libraries are the new norm in most public and <a href="/wiki/Academic_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic libraries">academic libraries</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It seems that the term "hybrid library" was first coined in 1998 by Chris Rusbridge in an article for <i><a href="/wiki/D-Lib_Magazine" title="D-Lib Magazine">D-Lib Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hybrid libraries evolved in the 1990s when electronic resources became more easily available for libraries to acquire for public use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Initially these electronic resources were typically access to material distributed on media such as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> or searches of specialised <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> helped push libraries towards acquiring digital resources by providing a centralized technology resource for participating libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, with the widespread availability of digital content, it includes <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> resources and documents which are online, such as <a href="/wiki/Eprint" title="Eprint">eprints</a>. </p><p>The libraries own and subscribe to different resources in different formats. Some of the common formats are <a href="/wiki/Ejournal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejournal">ejournals</a>, serials, print monographs, <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>. The main components of digital library framework are user interfaces, repository, handle system, and search system.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The handle system and search system are the major components that should be designed with interoperability features to search across different repositories owned by different vendors. The user interface should be designed in a generic way that it helps library patrons develop a common knowledge to do advanced searches across all repositories. </p><p>Hybrid libraries are the new norm for many <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivists</a> as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">Digitization</a> has changed the way archivists have gone about preserving historical items. Archivists are now using digital technology to preserve items that were once only preserved by things like <a href="/wiki/Microfiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfiche">microfiche</a>. Archivists now use things like <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a> which make it possible for researchers to see historical items online.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of the hybrid library has put a new emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> issues for many libraries. The complicated and changing copyright laws in both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> have made it a challenge for many libraries to make sure their patrons are using the digital items lawfully.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hybrid libraries need staff that are trained in helping patrons navigate the vast amount of information available in the digital age. Librarians working in hybrid libraries have training in electronic media as well as the traditional print forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_in_hybrid_library">Issues in hybrid library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Issues in hybrid library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the issues facing the hybrid libraries are the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">collection development</a>, ownership of electronic resources and preservation of digital media. </p><p>Any advancement in information technology will be useful only when you know how to use it. The term <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> is used to describe the gap between those with information technology knowledge and those who do not.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection_development">Collection development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collection development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a> is another challenge facing the hybrid libraries. The process of collection management in a hybrid library is similar to that of a traditional library. Hybrid libraries follow the same policies and procedures followed in traditional library collection development.<sup id="cite_ref-chowdhury_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chowdhury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership_of_electronic_resources">Ownership of electronic resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ownership of electronic resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ownership of electronic resources is another issue facing the hybrid libraries. Ownership of electronic materials is virtual and not physical. There are no clear policies about the ownership of electronic materials once the subscription is cancelled or expired. Libraries have to pay attention to the legal contracts from the database vendors. If the libraries plan on archiving the electronic resources, then there are legal issues related to it. The most prominent legal issues are intellectual property and authenticity of digital information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_of_digital_media">Preservation of digital media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preservation of digital media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With any new advanced technology related to digital information storage, the main question to be answered is its durability. Digital storage media like disc or tapes deteriorate over time. The main question related to digital preservation is what and how much should be preserved. To make the preservation of digital media cost effective, standardization of different media format is required. Following are the three possible approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-chowdhury_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chowdhury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_preservation,_emulation,_and_migration"><span id="Technology_preservation.2C_emulation.2C_and_migration"></span>Technology preservation, emulation, and migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technology preservation, emulation, and migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In technology preservation, both hardware and software related to digital information are preserved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This may not be cost effective because changes to hardware and different versions of software need to be either maintained or constantly upgraded. </p><p>In emulation, some emulator software programs will mimic the hardware and software of the original data and display in the original format.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In migration, digital information is converted to a standard media with standard format.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Oppenheim, C., & Smithson, D. (1999). "What is the hybrid library?" <i>Journal of information science</i>, 25(2), 97-112.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_library&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdolphus2016" class="citation web cs1">Adolphus, M (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/librarians/management/viewpoints/hybrid.htm?part=1">"The hybrid librarian"</a>. <i>emeraldgrouppublishing.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emeraldgrouppublishing.com&rft.atitle=The+hybrid+librarian&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Adolphus&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldgrouppublishing.com%2Flibrarians%2Fmanagement%2Fviewpoints%2Fhybrid.htm%3Fpart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+library" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, L. (April 7–10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alair.ala.org/bitstream/handle/11213/17058/allen_hybridlibrarians21stcenturylibrary.pdf">"Hybrid librarians in the 21st Century library: A collaborative service-staffing model. ACRL Twelfth National Conference, Minneapolis. Minnesota"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACRL Twelfth National Conference</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACRL+Twelfth+National+Conference&rft.atitle=Hybrid+librarians+in+the+21st+Century+library%3A+A+collaborative+service-staffing+model.+ACRL+Twelfth+National+Conference%2C+Minneapolis.+Minnesota.&rft.date=2005-04-07%2F2005-04-10&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falair.ala.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11213%2F17058%2Fallen_hybridlibrarians21stcenturylibrary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Rusbridge: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/rusbridge/07rusbridge.html">"Toward the Hybrid Library"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/D-Lib_Magazine" title="D-Lib Magazine">D-Lib Magazine</a></i>, July–August 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malinconico, S. Michael: "<a href="/wiki/Digital_Preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Preservation">Digital Preservation</a> Technologies and Hybrid Libraries," <i><a href="/wiki/Information_Services_and_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Services and Use">Information Services and Use</a></i>, 159(74): 173, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arms, W. Y., Blanchi, C., & Overly, E. A.: "An Architecture for Information in Digital Libraries". <i>D-Lib Magazine</i>, February 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malinconico, S. Michael: "Digital Preservation Technologies and Hybrid Libraries," <i>Information Services and Use</i>, 159(74): 162, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim2000" class="citation journal cs1">Oppenheim, Charles (2000). "Copyright Issues in Digitisation and the Hybrid Library". <i>Information Services and Use</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FISU-2000-20404">10.3233/ISU-2000-20404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-5265">0167-5265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Services+and+Use&rft.atitle=Copyright+Issues+in+Digitisation+and+the+Hybrid+Library&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=204&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FISU-2000-20404&rft.issn=0167-5265&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoemprayong2006" class="citation journal cs1">Choemprayong, Songphan (December 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/028715179">"Closing Digital Divides: The United States' Policies"</a>. <i>Libri</i>. <b>56</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FLIBR.2006.201">10.1515/LIBR.2006.201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17784485">17784485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libri&rft.atitle=Closing+Digital+Divides%3A+The+United+States%27+Policies&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FLIBR.2006.201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17784485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Choemprayong&rft.aufirst=Songphan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Fdownloads%2F028715179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chowdhury-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chowdhury_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chowdhury_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chowdhury, G. & Chowdhury, S.: <i>Introduction to Digital Libraries</i>. London: Facet Publication, 2003. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template talk:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libraries_and_library_science919" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Library_nav" title="Template:Library nav">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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