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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sachsenhausen_under_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sachsenhausen_under_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sachsenhausen under Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sachsenhausen_under_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Camp layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neutral zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Slave labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prisoner abuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_held_or_executed_at_Sachsenhausen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_held_or_executed_at_Sachsenhausen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prisoners held or executed at Sachsenhausen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_held_or_executed_at_Sachsenhausen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7_/_Soviet_Special_Camp_Nr._1_(1945–1950)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7_/_Soviet_Special_Camp_Nr._1_(1945–1950)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>NKVD special camp Nr. 7 / Soviet Special Camp Nr. 1 (1945–1950)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7_/_Soviet_Special_Camp_Nr._1_(1945–1950)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Camp staff</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Camp_staff-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Camp staff subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Camp_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Commanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Guards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>War crimes trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>East Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-East_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle East Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_German_barracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_German_barracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>East German barracks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_German_barracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sachsenhausen_National_Memorial_Site_("Nationale_Mahn-_u._Gedenkstätte_Sachsenhausen")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sachsenhausen_National_Memorial_Site_("Nationale_Mahn-_u._Gedenkstätte_Sachsenhausen")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site (<i>"Nationale Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sachsenhausen_National_Memorial_Site_("Nationale_Mahn-_u._Gedenkstätte_Sachsenhausen")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Unified Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unified_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unified Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unified_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet-era_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet-era_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Soviet-era crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-era_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Nazi_vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Nazi_vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Neo-Nazi vandalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Nazi_vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_game_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_game_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Video game scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_game_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="معسكر اعتقال زاكسنهاوزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر اعتقال زاكسنهاوزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaksenhauzen_h%C9%99bs_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Zaksenhauzen həbs düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zaksenhauzen həbs düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Захсенхаузен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захсенхаузен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(kamp-kreizenna%C3%B1)" title="Sachsenhausen (kamp-kreizennañ) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sachsenhausen (kamp-kreizennañ)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentraci%C3%B3_de_Sachsenhausen" title="Camp de concentració de Sachsenhausen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp de concentració de Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor_Sachsenhausen" title="Koncentrační tábor Sachsenhausen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koncentrační tábor Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_koncentrationslejr" title="Sachsenhausen koncentrationslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sachsenhausen koncentrationslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Sachsenhausen" title="KZ Sachsenhausen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="KZ Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhauseni_koonduslaager" title="Sachsenhauseni koonduslaager – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sachsenhauseni koonduslaager" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Ζάξενχαουζεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Ζάξενχαουζεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Sachsenhausen" title="Campo de concentración de Sachsenhausen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de concentración de Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentrejo_Sachsenhausen" title="Koncentrejo Sachsenhausen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koncentrejo Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen" title="Sachsenhausen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="اردوگاه کار اجباری زاکسن‌هاوزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه کار اجباری زاکسن‌هاوزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentration_d%27Oranienbourg-Sachsenhausen" title="Camp de concentration d'Oranienbourg-Sachsenhausen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camp de concentration d'Oranienbourg-Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(konsintraasjekamp)" title="Sachsenhausen (konsintraasjekamp) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sachsenhausen (konsintraasjekamp)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Sachsenhausen" title="Campo de concentración de Sachsenhausen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campo de concentración de Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_konsentrasi_Sachsenhausen" title="Kamp konsentrasi Sachsenhausen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp konsentrasi Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_concentramento_di_Sachsenhausen" title="Campo di concentramento di Sachsenhausen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di concentramento di Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" title="זקסנהאוזן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זקסנהאוזן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg" title="Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaksenhauzenes_koncentr%C4%81cijas_nometne" title="Zaksenhauzenes koncentrācijas nometne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zaksenhauzenes koncentrācijas nometne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaksenhauzeno_koncentracijos_stovykla" title="Zaksenhauzeno koncentracijos stovykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zaksenhauzeno koncentracijos stovykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(concentratiekamp)" title="Sachsenhausen (concentratiekamp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sachsenhausen (concentratiekamp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="ザクセンハウゼン強制収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザクセンハウゼン強制収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen" title="Sachsenhausen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen" title="Sachsenhausen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen" title="Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaksenxauzen" title="Zaksenxauzen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zaksenxauzen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(KL)" title="Sachsenhausen (KL) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sachsenhausen (KL)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Sachsenhausen" title="Campo de concentração de Sachsenhausen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo de concentração de Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_concentrare_Sachsenhausen" title="Lagărul de concentrare Sachsenhausen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de concentrare Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C)" title="Заксенхаузен (концентрационный лагерь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заксенхаузен (концентрационный лагерь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_t%C3%A1bor_Sachsenhausen" title="Koncentračný tábor Sachsenhausen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koncentračný tábor Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Логор Захсенхаузен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор Захсенхаузен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausenin_keskitysleiri" title="Sachsenhausenin keskitysleiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sachsenhausenin keskitysleiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(koncentrationsl%C3%A4ger)" title="Sachsenhausen (koncentrationsläger) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sachsenhausen (koncentrationsläger)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_toplama_kamp%C4%B1" title="Sachsenhausen toplama kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sachsenhausen toplama kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Заксенгаузен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заксенгаузен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="زاکسنہاوزن حراستی کیمپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زاکسنہاوزن حراستی کیمپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BA%ADp_trung_Sachsenhausen" title="Trại tập trung Sachsenhausen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trại tập trung Sachsenhausen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" title="萨克森豪森集中营 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&params=52_45_57_N_13_15_51_E_region:DE-BB_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°45′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°15′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.76583°N 13.26417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.76583; 13.26417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sachsenhausen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sachsenhausen (disambiguation)">Sachsenhausen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7" title="NKVD special camp Nr. 7">NKVD special camp Nr. 7</a>, which was administered by the Soviets and began operations in 1945 on the same site.</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&params=52_45_57_N_13_15_51_E_region:DE-BB_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°45′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°15′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.76583°N 13.26417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.76583; 13.26417</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Sachsenhausen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen,_Germany,_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_(cleanup).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg/225px-Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg/338px-Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg/450px-Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="1971" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, 19 December 1938.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Commanders">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1936 – 22 April 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Initially German Jews and varied German citizens (divided between racial, political, "career criminal" and "antisocial" inmates), later overwhelmingly (90% by 1944) foreign forced laborers and political prisoners (mostly Polish and Soviet citizens)<sup id="cite_ref-de_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">More than 200,000, including around 20,000 women<sup id="cite_ref-de_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">Tens of thousands, including at least 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war executed in late 1941<sup id="cite_ref-de_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludowe Wojsko Polskie">Polish Army's</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_2nd_Warsaw_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 2nd Warsaw Infantry Division">2nd Infantry Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable inmates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoners_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of prisoners of Sachsenhausen">List of prisoners of Sachsenhausen</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sachsenhausen</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[zaksn̩ˈhaʊzn̩]</a></span>) or <b>Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg</b> was a German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in May later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mainly held political prisoners throughout World War II. Prominent prisoners included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s oldest son, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Dzhugashvili" title="Yakov Dzhugashvili">Yakov Dzhugashvili</a>; assassin <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Grynszpan" title="Herschel Grynszpan">Herschel Grynszpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>, the penultimate prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a>, prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>; the wife and children of the <a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">crown prince of Bavaria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian nationalist">Ukrainian nationalist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>; and several enemy soldiers and political dissidents. </p><p>Sachsenhausen was a labour camp, outfitted with several subcamps, a gas chamber, and a medical experimentation area. Prisoners were treated inhumanely, fed inadequately, and killed openly. After World War II, when Oranienburg was in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Occupation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Occupation Zone">Soviet Occupation Zone</a>, the structure was used by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> as <a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7" title="NKVD special camp Nr. 7">NKVD special camp Nr. 7</a>. Today, Sachsenhausen is open to the public as a memorial. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sachsenhausen_under_Nazi_Germany">Sachsenhausen under Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sachsenhausen under Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004,_KZ_Sachsenhausen,_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0004%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_Erdarbeiten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Forced labor at the clay pit, February 1941<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–39">: 38–39 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The camp was established in 1936. It was located 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Berlin, which gave it a primary position among the German concentration camps: the administrative centre of all concentration camps was located in Oranienburg, and Sachsenhausen became a training centre for <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) officers (who would often be sent to oversee other camps afterwards). Initially, the camp was used to perfect the most efficient and effective execution method for use in the <a href="/wiki/Death_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camp">death camps</a>. Given that, executions obviously took place at Sachsenhausen, especially of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. </p><p>During the earlier stages of the camp's existence, the executions were done by placing the prisoners in a small room, often even with music playing, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Genickschussanlage" title="Genickschussanlage">Genickschussbaracke</a></i> <i>(English: <span lang="en">Shot in the neck barrack</span>)</i> and told they were to have their height and weight measured but were instead <a href="/wiki/Genickschussanlage" title="Genickschussanlage">shot in the back of the neck</a> through a sliding door located behind the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was found to be far too time-consuming, so they then trialled a trench, killing either by shooting or by hanging. While this more easily enabled group executions, it created too much initial panic among the prisoners, making them harder to control. Then small scale trials of what would go on to become the large scale, death camp gas chambers were designed and carried out. These trials showed the authorities that this method facilitated the means to murder the largest number of prisoners without "excessive" initial panic. So by September 1941, when they were conducting the first trials of this method at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, Sachsenhausen had already been the scene of "some gassings in conjunction with the development of <a href="/wiki/Gas_van" title="Gas van">gas vans</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prisoners were also used as a workforce, with a large task force of prisoners from the camp sent to work in the nearby brickworks to meet <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>'s vision of rebuilding Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camp_layout">Camp layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Camp layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg,_Duitsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg%2C_Duitsland.jpg/250px-Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg%2C_Duitsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg%2C_Duitsland.jpg/330px-Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg%2C_Duitsland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg%2C_Duitsland.jpg/500px-Concentratiekamp_Sachsenhausen_Hoofdingang_Oranienburg%2C_Duitsland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg/250px-Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg/330px-Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg/500px-Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp_airphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Sachsenhausen concentration camp, by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, dated 1943. Exact date of photo is unknown.</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Esterwegen_concentration_camp" title="Esterwegen concentration camp">Esterwegen concentration camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_concentration_camp" title="Columbia concentration camp">Columbia concentration camp</a> were closed and those prisoners moved to the <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg_concentration_camp" title="Oranienburg concentration camp">Oranienburg concentration camp</a>. That summer, those prisoners began clearing an 80 hectares (200 acres) of triangular forested area. By 1937, the prisoners had erected prisoners' barracks and SS guards' quarters, and SS officers' families housing. The "protective custody" internment camp was laid out in an <a href="/wiki/Isosceles_triangle" title="Isosceles triangle">isosceles triangle</a> with sides 600 m (2,000 ft) long. Tower A was at its central control point, linked to the SS troop camp outside along the central axis. The entire camp could be viewed by the SS command staff from Tower A. Initially 18 hectares (44 acres) in area, the camp eventually grew to cover 400 hectares (990 acres). Designed by Bernhard Kuiper, Himmler called Sachsenhausen a "completely new concentration camp for the modern age, which can be extended at any time." In practice, however, extending the design proved impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an infirmary inside the southern angle of the perimeter and a camp prison within the eastern angle. There was also a camp kitchen and a camp laundry. The camp's capacity became inadequate and the camp was expanded in 1938 by a new rectangular area (the "small camp") northeast of the entrance gate and the perimeter wall was altered to enclose it. There was an additional area (<i>Sonderlager</i>) outside the main camp perimeter to the north; this consisted of two huts Sonderlager 'A' and 'B' built in 1941 for special prisoners that the regime wished to isolate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutral_zone">Neutral zone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neutral zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachsenhausen36.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sachsenhausen36.JPG/250px-Sachsenhausen36.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sachsenhausen36.JPG/330px-Sachsenhausen36.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sachsenhausen36.JPG/500px-Sachsenhausen36.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>If a prisoner stepped inside or beyond the neutral zone they were immediately executed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The neutral zone was located between the camp wall and the prisoners' camp. Between the zone and the wall was a <a href="/wiki/Trip_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Trip wire">trip wire</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">cheval de frise</a></i></span>, barbed-wire obstacles, an electrified barbed-wire fence, and a sentry path.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25, 58">: 25, 58 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slave_labour">Slave labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slave labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005,_KZ_Sachsenhausen,_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-78612-0005%2C_KZ_Sachsenhausen%2C_Klinkerwerk-H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Brickworks prisoners, 1940<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sachsenhausen was the site of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bernhard" title="Operation Bernhard">Operation Bernhard</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">currency counterfeiting</a> operations ever recorded. The Germans forced inmate artisans to produce forged American and British currency, as part of a plan to undermine the British and American economies, courtesy of <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> (SD) chief <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>. The Germans introduced fake British £5, £10, £20 and £50 notes into circulation in 1943: the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> never found them. Plans had been made to drop British pounds over London by plane.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, these notes are considered very valuable by collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An industrial area, outside the western camp perimeter, contained SS workshops in which prisoners were forced to work; those unable to work had to stand at attention for the duration of the working day. <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a>, the aircraft manufacturer, was a major user of Sachsenhausen labour, using between 6,000 and 8,000 prisoners on their <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">He 177</a> bomber. Although official German reports claimed the prisoners were "working without fault", some of these aircraft crashed unexpectedly around <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> and it is suspected that prisoners had sabotaged them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other firms included <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>. Prisoners also worked in a brick factory.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–43, 85">: 38–43, 85 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoner_abuses">Prisoner abuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prisoner abuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, at least 30,000 inmates died in Sachsenhausen from causes such as exhaustion, disease, malnutrition and pneumonia, as a result of the poor living conditions. Many were executed or died as the result of brutal medical experimentation. </p><p>In 1937, the SS constructed a Cell Block for the punishment, interrogation, and torture of prisoners. Important people confined there included <a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Elser" title="Georg Elser">Georg Elser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–32">: 30–32 </span></sup> </p><p>From 1939 until 1943, over 600 homosexual prisoners were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34, 110">: 34, 110 </span></sup> </p><p>In November 1940, the SS executed 33 Polish prisoners by firing squad. In April 1941, over 550 prisoners were killed under <a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a>. In the autumn of 1941, over 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war were shot.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84, 94–96">: 84, 94–96 </span></sup> </p><p>In May 1942, the first hangings commenced from gallows in the roll-call area. These continued until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–107">: 106–107 </span></sup> </p><p>In May 1942, 71 Dutch resistance fighters and 250 Jewish hostages were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: rp">: rp </span></sup> </p><p>In May 1942, "Station Z" was completed in an industrial yard outside the camp walls. It included prisoner killing rooms, four crematoria, and a gas chamber after 1943. In 1941, an adjacent sand pit was enlarged and made into an "execution trench".<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> </p><p>Camp punishments could be harsh. Some would be required to assume the "Sachsenhausen salute" where a prisoner would squat with his arms outstretched in front. There was a marching strip around the perimeter of the roll call ground, where prisoners had to march over a variety of surfaces, to test military footwear; between 25 and 40 kilometres (16 and 25 mi) were covered each day. Prisoners assigned to the camp prison would be kept in isolation on poor rations and some would be suspended from posts by their wrists tied behind their backs (<a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a>). In cases such as attempted escape, there would be a public hanging in front of the assembled prisoners. Prisoners of war were made to run up to 40 km (25 mi) a day with heavy packs, sometimes after being given performance-boosting drugs like cocaine, to trial military boots in tests commissioned by shoe factories.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Wirth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Wirth (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Wirth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wirth_(Mediziner,_1898)" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Wirth (Mediziner, 1898)">de</a>]</span> did experiments using the lethal <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">sulfur mustard</a> gas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003,_Sachsenhausen,_Konzentrationslager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003%2C_Sachsenhausen%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003%2C_Sachsenhausen%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003%2C_Sachsenhausen%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003%2C_Sachsenhausen%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003%2C_Sachsenhausen%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-35011-0003%2C_Sachsenhausen%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Clothing taken from prisoners</figcaption></figure> <p>There have also been allegations of an experimental drug tested upon unwilling inmates in 1944 designated "<a href="/wiki/D-IX" title="D-IX">D-IX</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Sachsenhausen facility. Designed to increase stamina and endurance, this drug, supposedly consisting of a cocktail of cocaine, methamphetamine (<a href="/wiki/Pervitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervitin">Pervitin</a>), and oxycodone (<a href="/wiki/Eukodal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukodal">Eukodal</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was designed to see use from members of the Wehrmacht, Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe to enhance mission performance where endurance and exhaustion become pertinent issues. While these drugs were used in their individual forms by all branches of the German military, the nature and use there of D-IX specifically (especially experimentation upon Sachsenhausen prisoners) lacks enough substantiation to be considered credible, though experiments by the Nazis upon unwilling prisoners utilizing psychoactive compounds is far from myth, and could hardly be ruled outside the realm of plausibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners_held_or_executed_at_Sachsenhausen">Prisoners held or executed at Sachsenhausen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prisoners held or executed at Sachsenhausen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seven men of the British Army's No. 2 Commando, captured after the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketoon" title="Operation Musketoon">Operation Musketoon</a>, were executed at Sachsenhausen. They were shot on 23 October 1942, five days after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> issued his <a href="/wiki/Commando_Order" title="Commando Order">Commando Order</a> calling for the killing of all captured members of commando units. </p><p>Four SOE agents led by Lt Cdr <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cumberlege" title="Mike Cumberlege">Mike Cumberlege</a> RNR, who took part in the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cumberlege#Operation_Locksmith" title="Mike Cumberlege">Operation Locksmith</a> in Greece intended to blow up the Corinth Canal and were captured in May 1943, were held in Sachsenhausen's Zellenbau isolation cells for more than a year before being executed in February/March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Survivors of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Checkmate (commando raid)">Operation Checkmate</a>, a 1942 commando anti-shipping operation in Norway, including their leader, <a href="/wiki/John_Godwin_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Godwin (Royal Navy officer)">John Godwin</a>, RN, were held at Sachsenhausen until February 1945, when they were executed. Godwin managed to wrestle the pistol of the firing party commander from his belt and shot him dead before being himself shot. </p><p>The Zellenbau of about 80 cells held some of World War II's most persistent Allied escapees as well as German dissidents, Nazi deserters and nationalists from East Europe such as the Ukrainian leader <a href="/wiki/Taras_Bulba-Borovets" title="Taras Bulba-Borovets">Taras Bulba-Borovets</a> whom the Nazis hoped to persuade to change sides and fight the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of its operation, over 100 Dutch resistance fighters were executed at Sachsenhausen. Dutch <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> were also sent to the camp including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (Masonic)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_the_Netherlands" title="Grand Orient of the Netherlands">Grand Orient of the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermannus_van_Tongeren_sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermannus van Tongeren sr. (page does not exist)">Hermannus van Tongeren sr.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannus_van_Tongeren_sr." class="extiw" title="nl:Hermannus van Tongeren sr.">nl</a>]</span>, who died there in March 1941, after being arrested by <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 1944, Himmler ordered the execution of every prisoner. Sick inmates were executed in the industrial yard, including at least 2,000, or transferred to death camps. In February 1945, more than 1,300 prisoners were executed during the evacuation of the <a href="/wiki/Lieberose_forced_labor_camp" title="Lieberose forced labor camp">Lieberose forced labor camp</a>, a subsidiary of Sachsenhausen. With the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in the spring of 1945, Sachsenhausen was prepared for evacuation. On 21 April, the camp's SS staff ordered 33,000 inmates on a <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">forced march</a> northwest. Most of the prisoners were physically exhausted and thousands did not survive this death march; those who collapsed <i>en route</i> were shot by the SS. The march ended near <a href="/wiki/Raben_Steinfeld" title="Raben Steinfeld">Raben Steinfeld</a> in early May, after liberation by the Red Army and US Army. On 22 April 1945, the camp's remaining 3,400 inmates were liberated by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front" title="1st Belorussian Front">1st Belorussian Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_2nd_Warsaw_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 2nd Warsaw Infantry Division">Polish 2nd Infantry Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126–143">: 126–143 </span></sup> </p><p>According to an article published on 13 December 2001 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: "In the early years of the war the SS practiced methods of mass killing there that were later used in the Nazi death camps. Of the roughly 30,000 wartime victims at Sachsenhausen, most were Soviet prisoners of war".<sup id="cite_ref-horrors_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horrors-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG/250px-Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG/330px-Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG/500px-Sachsenhausen_security_perimeter_fence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Recreation of the security perimeter at Sachsenhausen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg/220px-Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg/330px-Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg/440px-Entrance_of_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3266" /></a><figcaption>Sachsenhausen gate with the message "Arbeit macht frei"/ "Work makes you free"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7_/_Soviet_Special_Camp_Nr._1_(1945–1950)"><span id="NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7_.2F_Soviet_Special_Camp_Nr._1_.281945.E2.80.931950.29"></span>NKVD special camp Nr. 7 / Soviet Special Camp Nr. 1 (1945–1950)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: NKVD special camp Nr. 7 / Soviet Special Camp Nr. 1 (1945–1950)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the last of the liberated concentration camp prisoners had left the site in the summer of 1945, the camp was used as a <a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camps_in_Germany_1945%E2%80%931950" title="NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–1950">special camp</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet military administration</a> from August 1945 until 1950. Nazi functionaries were held in the camp, as were political prisoners and inmates sentenced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Military_Tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Military Tribunal (page does not exist)">Soviet Military Tribunals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sbg_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bio_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning, 150 prisoners from <a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camp_Nr._7" title="NKVD special camp Nr. 7">NKVD special camp Nr. 7</a> Weesow near <a href="/wiki/Werneuchen" title="Werneuchen">Werneuchen</a> arrived in Sachsenhausen. Apart from the crematorium and the extermination facility, almost all buildings from the former concentration camp were used again (especially the wooden barracks, the camp prison and the utility buildings). Towards the end of 1945, the camp was again fully occupied (12,000 people). In the following year, up to 16,000 people were imprisoned in the camp at times. About 2,000 female prisoners lived in a separate area of the camp. </p><p>By 1948, Sachsenhausen, now renamed "Special Camp No. 1", was the largest of three special camps in the Soviet Occupation Zone. The 60,000 people interned over five years included 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were Nazi functionaries, anti-Communists and Russians, including Nazi collaborators. By the time the camp was closed in the spring of 1950, at least 12,000 had died of malnutrition and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-sbg_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 1950, a few months after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>, the last Soviet camps were dissolved. About 8,000 prisoners were released from Special Camp No. 1, and a smaller group was transported to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> transferred 5,500 prisoners to the GDR authorities. Among them were 1,119 women and about 30 children born in the camp (so-called "Landeskinder") were transferred to the GDR women's prison at <a href="/wiki/Hoheneck_women%27s_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheneck women's prison">Hoheneck/Stollberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The injustice of the continued use of the National Socialist concentration camps by the Soviet occupying power and the renewed agonising deaths of thousands of people associated with it were concealed or played down by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> regime. During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldheim_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldheim trials (page does not exist)">Waldheim trials</a>, some survivors of the Soviet camp in Sachsenhausen were sentenced to imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Bautzen_II" title="Bautzen II">Bautzen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Waldheim_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldheim prison">Waldheim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camp_staff">Camp staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Camp staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanders">Commanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lippert" title="Michael Lippert">Michael Lippert</a>, July 1936 – October 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a>, October 1936 – July 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Helwig" title="Hans Helwig">Hans Helwig</a>, July 1937 – January 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Baranowski" title="Hermann Baranowski">Hermann Baranowski</a>, February 1938 – September 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eisfeld" title="Walter Eisfeld">Walter Eisfeld</a>, 1939–1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Loritz" title="Hans Loritz">Hans Loritz</a>, 1940–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauer" title="Albert Sauer">Albert Sauer</a>, 1942–1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Kaindl" title="Anton Kaindl">Anton Kaindl</a>, 1943–1945</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guards">Guards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Guards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many women were among the inmates of Sachsenhausen and its subcamps. According to SS files, more than 2,000 women lived in Sachsenhausen, guarded by female SS staff (<i><a href="/wiki/Aufseherin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aufseherin">Aufseherin</a></i>). Camp records show that there was one male SS soldier for every ten inmates and for every ten male SS there was a woman SS. Several subcamps for women were established in Berlin, including in <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a>. </p><p>Sachsenhausen <a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">female guards</a> included <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Koch" title="Ilse Koch">Ilse Koch</a>, and later Hilde Schlusser. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Klein_(camp_warden)" title="Anna Klein (camp warden)">Anna Klein</a> is also known to have worked at the camp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes_trials">War crimes trials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War crimes trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fourteen of the concentration camp's officials, including former commandant <a href="/wiki/Anton_Kaindl" title="Anton Kaindl">Anton Kaindl</a> and the camp doctor <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Baumk%C3%B6tter" title="Heinz Baumkötter">Heinz Baumkötter</a>, as well as two <a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapos</a>, were brought to trial on 23 October 1947 before a Soviet Military Tribunal in Berlin. On 1 November 1947, all sixteen of them were found guilty. Fourteen defendants were given life sentences with hard labor, including Kaindl and Baumkötter, and two others were sentenced to fifteen years in prison with hard labor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They served their time under harsh conditions in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> labor camps. Six of them, including Kaindl, died in custody within a few months. In 1956, those who were still alive were released and sent back to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch sought the extradition from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Z%C3%A1potock%C3%BD" title="Antonín Zápotocký">Antonín Zápotocký</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> who became President of Czechoslovakia, for his alleged role in the murder of Dutch prisoners during his time as a <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)"><i>kapo</i></a> at the camp. </p><p>In the GDR, various subsequent trials took place against members of the SS guards of Sachsenhausen concentration camp, such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Puhr" title="Roland Puhr">Roland Puhr</a> and Arnold Zöllner. Puhr was executed in 1964, while Zöllner was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Rostock District Court in 1966. </p><p>In the Federal Republic of Germany, there were also various follow-up trials against guards members, such as the Sachsenhausen trials in Cologne in the 1960s. In 1960, a trial against SS-Hauptscharführer and Blockführer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bugdalle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Bugdalle (page does not exist)">Richard Bugdalle</a> for the murder of concentration camp inmates took place before the Munich II Regional Court. In March 2009 Josias Kumpf, 83 was deported from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> back to Austria after having been found to have been a SS Guard at KZ Sachsenhausen and <a href="/wiki/Trawniki" title="Trawniki">Trawniki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2022, a trial began in Germany against a SS guard at KZ Sachsenhausen of SS-Rottenführer <a href="/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Josef Schütz">Josef Schütz</a> age 101.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, Schütz would be convicted and sentenced to five years in prison, becoming the oldest surviving Nazi fugitive to be convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2023, charges were brought against a former SS guard who served in Sachsenhausen Guard Battalion, Gregor Formanek.<sup id="cite_ref-formanek_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formanek-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-formanektrial_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formanektrial-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indictmentandappeal_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indictmentandappeal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the possibility that Formanek may also be the potentially last former Sachenshausen Nazi officer to stand trial, it was acknowledged that his ability to stand trial was unlikely, due to limited capacity for understanding and will.<sup id="cite_ref-formanek_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formanek-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-formanektrial_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formanektrial-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024, a German court ruled that Formanek was unfit to stand trial, though an appeal is likely.<sup id="cite_ref-indictmentandappeal_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indictmentandappeal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the German case against Formanek, it has also been acknowledged that Formanek had previously served 10 years of a 25 year prison sentence in a Soviet prison after being captured by <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> forces in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-indictmentandappeal_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indictmentandappeal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg/220px-Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg/330px-Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg/440px-Dutch_plaque_in_Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>Plaque to honour <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> fighters executed at Sachsenhausen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Germany">East Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_German_barracks">East German barracks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East German barracks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Soviets vacated the site, it was used for some years by East Germany's "<a href="/wiki/Kasernierte_Volkspolizei" title="Kasernierte Volkspolizei">Kasernierte Volkspolizei</a>", notionally a police division and in reality a precursor of the country's own <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a>, which was formally established in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sachsenhausen_National_Memorial_Site_("Nationale_Mahn-_u._Gedenkstätte_Sachsenhausen")"><span id="Sachsenhausen_National_Memorial_Site_.28.22Nationale_Mahn-_u._Gedenkst.C3.A4tte_Sachsenhausen.22.29"></span>Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site (<i>"Nationale Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site ("Nationale Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, planning began for the adaptation of the concentration camp site as a national memorial. This was inaugurated four years later on 23 April 1961 by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>, First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party</a> (SED).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first director of the renamed "Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site" (<i>"Nationale Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"</i>) was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Mahler" title="Christian Mahler">Christian Mahler</a>, at one time a <a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">senior police officer</a>, who back in the Nazi period had been an inmate at Sachsenhausen between 1938 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plans involved the removal of most of the original buildings and the construction of an obelisk, statue and meeting area, reflecting the outlook of the government of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> of that time. </p><p>Other than the memorial sites in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, the Sachsenhausen memorial, where the official celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR) were held, was located in the former concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was controlled by the Ministry of Culture, and as the National Memorial Sites Buchenwald and Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen served as place of identification and legitimisation of the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of East Germany emphasised the suffering of political prisoners over that of the other groups detained at Sachsenhausen. The memorial obelisk contains eighteen red triangles, the symbol the Nazis gave to political prisoners, usually communists. There is a plaque in Sachsenhausen built in memory of the Death March. This plaque has a picture of malnourished male prisoners marching, all of whom are wearing the red triangle of a political prisoner. </p><p>Based on reporting in the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a>, historian Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf shows how the Sachsenhausen National Memorial Site was politically instrumentalised in the GDR, especially during the celebrations for the liberation of the concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unified_Germany">Unified Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unified Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum">Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, the former camp was entrusted to a foundation that opened a museum on the site. So since 1993, the "Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_Memorial_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum (page does not exist)">Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum</a>) has been responsible for exhibitions and research on the camp's history on the grounds of the former Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp. The educational work of the institution focuses on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg_concentration_camp" title="Oranienburg concentration camp">Oranienburg concentration camp</a>, various aspects of the history of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, the Soviet special camp and the history of the memorial itself. </p><p>The museum features artwork created by inmates and a 30-centimetre (12 in) high pile of gold teeth (extracted by the Nazis from the prisoners), scale models of the camp, pictures, documents and other artifacts illustrating life in the camp. The administrative buildings from which the entire German concentration camp network was run have been preserved and can also be seen. </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the site of the Sachsenhausen camp, at 22, Strasse der Nationen in Oranienburg, is open to the public as a museum and a memorial. Several buildings and structures survive or have been reconstructed, including guard towers, the camp entrance, crematory ovens and the camp barracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavations">Excavations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the fall of communist East Germany, it was possible to conduct excavations in the former camps. At Sachsenhausen, the bodies of 12,500 victims were found; most were children, adolescents and elderly people.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet-era_crimes"><span class="anchor" id="Soviet-era_crimes"></span>Soviet-era crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Soviet-era crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the discovery in 1990 of <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> period, a separate museum was opened documenting the camp's Soviet-era history.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1945 and 1950, 12,000 people died of hunger and disease in the so-called <i>Speziallager</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Nazi_vandalism">Neo-Nazi vandalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neo-Nazi vandalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg/220px-Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg/330px-Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg/440px-Damage_done_to_Sachsenhausen_Concentration_Camp_in_an_arson_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Arson damage caused to this barrack building has been covered by glass panels to protect it, whilst still showing the damage to those visiting the camp.</figcaption></figure> <p>The compound has been vandalized by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazis</a> several times. In September 1992, barracks 38 and 39 of the Jewish Museum were severely damaged in an <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> attack. The perpetrators were arrested, and the barracks were reconstructed by 1997. However, it is important to note that the decision was taken that no buildings built during the Nazi regime will be rebuilt on the site. The destroyed section of the huts are now a Jewish museum with the surviving section left as it was immediately after the fire with the paint still blistered from the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_game_scandal">Video game scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Video game scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sites within Sachsenhausen and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> which had been approved for inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> game <a href="/wiki/Ingress_(video_game)" title="Ingress (video game)">Ingress</a> were removed in July 2015; Gabriele Hammerman, director of the memorial site at Dachau, told the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse-Agentur">Deutsche Presse-Agentur</a> that Google's actions were a humiliation for victims and relatives of the Nazi camps, and Niantic Labs' founder John Hanke stated that "we apologize that this has happened."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="List of Nazi concentration camps">List of Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_concentration_camp_committees" title="International concentration camp committees">International concentration camp committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Gajowniczek" title="Franciszek Gajowniczek">Franciszek Gajowniczek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-de-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/history/1936-1945-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp/">https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/history/1936-1945-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/german-forces-surrender-to-the-allies">"German Surrender – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=German+Surrender+%E2%80%93+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Flearn%2Ftimeline-of-events%2F1942-1945%2Fgerman-forces-surrender-to-the-allies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/history/1936-1945-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp/">"1936–1945 Sachsenhausen concentration camp | Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen"</a>. <i>www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de&rft.atitle=1936%E2%80%931945+Sachsenhausen+concentration+camp+%7C+Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+und+Museum+Sachsenhausen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sachsenhausen-sbg.de%2Fen%2Fhistory%2F1936-1945-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorschLey2011" class="citation book cs1">Morsch, Gunter; Ley, Astrid, eds. (2011). <i>Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp: 1936–1945 Events and Developments</i>. Berlin: Metropol Verlag. pp. 7, <span class="nowrap">18–</span>23, <span class="nowrap">56–</span>57, <span class="nowrap">186–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3938690994" title="Special:BookSources/978-3938690994"><bdi>978-3938690994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sachsenhausen+Concentration+Camp%3A+1936%E2%80%931945+Events+and+Developments&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E23%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Metropol+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3938690994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Robin. <i>The Extraordinary Life of Mike Cumberlege SOE</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781557327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781557327"><bdi>978-1781557327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extraordinary+Life+of+Mike+Cumberlege+SOE&rft.isbn=978-1781557327&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deathcamps.org/gas_chambers/gas_chambers_sachsenhausen.html">"The gas Chamber at Sachsenhausen"</a>. <i>deathcamps.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deathcamps.org&rft.atitle=The+gas+Chamber+at+Sachsenhausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeathcamps.org%2Fgas_chambers%2Fgas_chambers_sachsenhausen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiven2002" class="citation book cs1">Niven, Bill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TeeAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Facing the Nazi Past</i></a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134575510" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134575510"><bdi>978-1134575510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Nazi+Past&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1134575510&rft.aulast=Niven&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTeeAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2016). <i>KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408707746" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408707746"><bdi>978-1408707746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KL%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1408707746&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeborBoyes2000" class="citation book cs1">Lebor, Adam; Boyes, Roger (2000). <i>Surviving Hitler</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Hitler&rft.pages=230&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lebor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Boyes%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-shropshire-14588998">"Fake British money made by Nazis sold at Ludlow auction"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fake+British+money+made+by+Nazis+sold+at+Ludlow+auction&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-shropshire-14588998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/1584-III-ps.asp">"Use of Prisoners in the aircraft industry (translated)"</a>. <i>Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV</i>. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 1996–2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression+Volume+IV&rft.atitle=Use+of+Prisoners+in+the+aircraft+industry+%28translated%29&rft.date=1996%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2F1584-III-ps.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Ball. Naming the victims of Nazi medicine, NEJM Volume 389, No. 10085, pp. 2182–2183, 3 June 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2931492-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31492-7</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Klee: the person lexicon to the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945 S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Schmalz: Weapon research in Nazi Germany. The cooperation of the Kaiser Wilhelm companies, military and industry. Göttingen 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3892448809" title="Special:BookSources/3892448809">3892448809</a>. Available online: Weapon research</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasagar2002" class="citation news cs1">Vasagar, Jeevan (19 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/19/research.germany">"Nazis tested cocaine on camp inmates"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nazis+tested+cocaine+on+camp+inmates&rft.date=2002-11-19&rft.aulast=Vasagar&rft.aufirst=Jeevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F19%2Fresearch.germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/D-IX" title="D-IX">D-IX</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight2018" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Robin (2018). <i>The Extraordinary Life of Mike Cumberlege SOE</i>. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781557327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781557327"><bdi>978-1781557327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extraordinary+Life+of+Mike+Cumberlege+SOE&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1781557327&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Bulba-Borovets, 'Armiia bez derzhavy (Memoriial)' (<i>tr. Army Without a State: a Memoir</i>) (Winnipeg, 1981) (Poklyk sumlinnia, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5869000231" title="Special:BookSources/978-5869000231">978-5869000231</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Robert (2011). <i>The Red Triangle – A History of Anti-Masonry</i>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853183327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853183327"><bdi>978-0853183327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Triangle+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+Anti-Masonry&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0853183327&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horrors-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horrors_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At his war crimes trial in 1947 the last camp commandant, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Kaindl" title="Anton Kaindl">Anton Kaindl</a>, acknowledged 42,000 deaths during his time in charge 1942–45. The exact figure will never be known as all camp records were destroyed before Soviet forces liberated Sachsenhausen in April 1945. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122160723/http://www.idoc-human-renewal.org/gelbe/readingroom/horrors.html">"Title unknown"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idoc-human-renewal.org/gelbe/readingroom/horrors.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idoc-human-renewal.org%2Fgelbe%2Freadingroom%2Fhorrors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J (2006). <i>The Third Reich in Power</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">255–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141009766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141009766"><bdi>978-0141009766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0141009766&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbg-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbg_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbg_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110419/http://www.stiftung-bg.de/gums/en/geschichte/speziallager/spezial01.htm">"The Soviet special camp No. 7 / No. 1 1945–1950"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiftung-bg.de/gums/en/geschichte/speziallager/spezial01.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+special+camp+No.+7+%2F+No.+1+1945%E2%80%931950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stiftung-bg.de%2Fgums%2Fen%2Fgeschichte%2Fspeziallager%2Fspezial01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bio-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bio_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernd-Rainer_Barth" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd-Rainer_Barth" title="Bernd-Rainer Barth">Bernd-Rainer Barth</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2194">"Mahler, Christian … [1905–1966] … Direktor der Nationalen Mahn – u. Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen"</a>. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahler%2C+Christian+%E2%80%A6+%5B1905%E2%80%931966%5D+%E2%80%A6+Direktor+der+Nationalen+Mahn+%E2%80%93+u.+Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Sachsenhausen&rft.pub=Bundesstiftung+zur+Aufarbeitung+der+SED-Diktatur%3A+Biographische+Datenbanken&rft.au=Bernd-Rainer+Barth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fwer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%252363%253B-1424.html%3FID%3D2194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler2001" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CEFDA163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63">"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Death+Camp+Tells+Story+of+Nazi+and+Soviet+Horrors&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A0CEFDA163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Latotzky (Hrsg.): <i>Kindheit hinter Stacheldraht, Mütter mit Kindern in sowjetischen Speziallagern.</i> Forum Verlag Leipzig, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931801268" title="Special:BookSources/3931801268">3931801268</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sachsenhausen-trial-october-1947">"Nazi War Crimes Trials: Sachsenhausen Trial"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Nazi+War+Crimes+Trials%3A+Sachsenhausen+Trial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsachsenhausen-trial-october-1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=38&t=10452">"KL Sachsenhausen guards – Axis History Forum"</a>. <i>forum.axishistory.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forum.axishistory.com&rft.atitle=KL+Sachsenhausen+guards+%E2%80%93+Axis+History+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.axishistory.com%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D38%26t%3D10452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7953776.stm">"US deports SS 'murder pits guard'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 19 March 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+deports+SS+%27murder+pits+guard%27&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7953776.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/2087710/prosecutors-seeking-five-years-jail-for-101-year-old-nazi-guard.html">Prosecutors-seeking-five-years-jail-for-101-year-old-nazi-guard The Yeshiva World 18 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyde2022" class="citation news cs1">Hyde, Bob (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/world/101-year-old-ss-guard-sentenced-for-war-crimes-in-german-court-ElkPgb0RkuZafngwsDRvj">"101-year-old SS guard sentenced for war crimes in German court"</a>. The Jewish Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628193700/https://www.thejc.com/news/world/101-year-old-ss-guard-sentenced-for-war-crimes-in-german-court-ElkPgb0RkuZafngwsDRvj">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=101-year-old+SS+guard+sentenced+for+war+crimes+in+German+court&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F101-year-old-ss-guard-sentenced-for-war-crimes-in-german-court-ElkPgb0RkuZafngwsDRvj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formanek-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formanek_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formanek_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/The-last-member-of-the-Sachsenhausen-SS-has-been-tracked-down.-He-is-99-years-old-and-accused-of-3-murders./">"The last member of the Sachsenhausen SS has been traced: he is 99 years old and accused of 3.300 murders"</a>. Nova News. 26 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+last+member+of+the+Sachsenhausen+SS+has+been+traced%3A+he+is+99+years+old+and+accused+of+3.300+murders&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenzianova.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2FThe-last-member-of-the-Sachsenhausen-SS-has-been-tracked-down.-He-is-99-years-old-and-accused-of-3-murders.%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formanektrial-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formanektrial_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formanektrial_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJedikovska" class="citation news cs1">Jedikovska, Georgina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ananova.news/nazi-camp-guard-aged-99-charged-with-being-accessory-to-murder-of-more-than-3300-holocaust-victims/">"Nazi Camp Guard Aged 99 Charged With Being Accessory To Murder Of More Than 3,300 Holocaust Victims"</a>. 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nazi+Camp+Guard+Aged+99+Charged+With+Being+Accessory+To+Murder+Of+More+Than+3%2C300+Holocaust+Victims&rft.aulast=Jedikovska&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fananova.news%2Fnazi-camp-guard-aged-99-charged-with-being-accessory-to-murder-of-more-than-3300-holocaust-victims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indictmentandappeal-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indictmentandappeal_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indictmentandappeal_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indictmentandappeal_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-court-rules-99-year-old-former-concentration-camp-guard-unfit-to-stand-trial/">"German court rules ex-concentration camp guard, 99, unfit to stand trial"</a>. Times. 30 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=German+court+rules+ex-concentration+camp+guard%2C+99%2C+unfit+to+stand+trial&rft.date=2024-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fgerman-court-rules-99-year-old-former-concentration-camp-guard-unfit-to-stand-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köpp, Ulrike (1996). <i>Die Einweihung der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen im April 1961. „Das Hochlassen der Tauben ist zu streichen.“ – Die Vorbereitung von oben.</i> In: Morsch, Günther (ed.), Von der Erinnerung zum Monument. Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen. Metropol Verlag: Berlin. pp. 289–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillack-Graf2012" class="citation book cs1">Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012). <i>Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen</i>. Frankfurt am Main. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631636787" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631636787"><bdi>978-3631636787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungspolitik+der+DDR.+Dargestellt+an+der+Berichterstattung+der+Tageszeitung+%E2%80%9ENeues+Deutschland%E2%80%9C+%C3%BCber+die+Nationalen+Mahn-+und+Gedenkst%C3%A4tten+Buchenwald%2C+Ravensbr%C3%BCck+und+Sachsenhausen&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3631636787&rft.aulast=Tillack-Graf&rft.aufirst=Anne-Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gesetzblatt der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik vom 4. September 1961</i>, Teil II, Nr. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillack-Graf2012" class="citation book cs1">Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012). <i>Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen</i>. Frankfurt am Main. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3, <span class="nowrap">88–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631636787" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631636787"><bdi>978-3631636787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungspolitik+der+DDR.+Dargestellt+an+der+Berichterstattung+der+Tageszeitung+%E2%80%9ENeues+Deutschland%E2%80%9C+%C3%BCber+die+Nationalen+Mahn-+und+Gedenkst%C3%A4tten+Buchenwald%2C+Ravensbr%C3%BCck+und+Sachsenhausen&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3631636787&rft.aulast=Tillack-Graf&rft.aufirst=Anne-Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinzer1992" class="citation news cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (24 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6D61131F937A1575AC0A964958260&sec=&spon=&scp=13&sq=Sachsenhausen&st=cse">"Germans Find Mass Graves at an Ex-Soviet Camp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Germans+Find+Mass+Graves+at+an+Ex-Soviet+Camp&rft.date=1992-09-24&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0CE6D61131F937A1575AC0A964958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26scp%3D13%26sq%3DSachsenhausen%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/1945-soviet-special-camp-sachsenhausen/">"1945: Soviet Special Camp Sachsenhausen. Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen"</a>. <i>www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de&rft.atitle=1945%3A+Soviet+Special+Camp+Sachsenhausen.+Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+und+Museum+Sachsenhausen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sachsenhausen-sbg.de%2Fen%2F1945-soviet-special-camp-sachsenhausen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/geschichte/1945-1950-sowjetisches-speziallager/"><i>1945–1950 Sowjetisches Speziallager</i></a> ()</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMangasarian1993" class="citation news cs1">Mangasarian, Leon (29 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200345/http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/camps/ftp.py?camps%2F%2Fsachsenhausen%2Fpress%2Fupi.082993">"Swastikas desecrate Sachsenhausen concentration camp memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/camps/ftp.py?camps//sachsenhausen/press/upi.082993">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swastikas+desecrate+Sachsenhausen+concentration+camp+memorial&rft.date=1993-08-29&rft.aulast=Mangasarian&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fftp.cgi%2Fcamps%2Fftp.py%3Fcamps%2F%2Fsachsenhausen%2Fpress%2Fupi.082993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/googles-niantic-labs-sorry-over-death-camps-smartphone-game-n385741">"Google Subsidiary Sorry For Including Death Camps in Phone Game"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Google+Subsidiary+Sorry+For+Including+Death+Camps+in+Phone+Game&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgoogles-niantic-labs-sorry-over-death-camps-smartphone-game-n385741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Köpp, Ulrike (1996). <i>Die Einweihung der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen im April 1961. „Das Hochlassen der Tauben ist zu streichen.“ – Die Vorbereitung von oben.</i> In: Morsch, Günther (ed.), Von der Erinnerung zum Monument. Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen. Metropol Verlag: Berlin. pp. 289–314.</li> <li>Alexander Latotzky (Hrsg.): <i>Kindheit hinter Stacheldraht, Mütter mit Kindern in sowjetischen Speziallagern.</i> Forum Verlag Leipzig, Leipzig 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931801268" title="Special:BookSources/3931801268">3931801268</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPingel1990" class="citation book cs1">Pingel, Falk, ed. (1990). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust</i></a>. Vol. 4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1321–</span>1322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1321-%3C%2Fspan%3E1322&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span> Photo</li> <li>Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012): <i>Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.</i> Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631636787" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631636787">978-3631636787</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de/gums/en/">"General information on the Sachsenhausen concentration camp"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+information+on+the+Sachsenhausen+concentration+camp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de%2Fgums%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> web site of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309042133/http://www.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de/gums/en/besucherservice/service01.htm">"Brandenburg Memorial Foundation: Memorial and Museum Sachsenhausen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de/gums/en/besucherservice/service01.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brandenburg+Memorial+Foundation%3A+Memorial+and+Museum+Sachsenhausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de%2Fgums%2Fen%2Fbesucherservice%2Fservice01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFootLangley1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M. R. D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Langley" title="James Langley">Langley, J. M.</a> (1979). <i>MI9 – Escape and Evasion 1939–1945</i>. Book Club Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316288408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316288408"><bdi>978-0316288408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MI9+%E2%80%93+Escape+and+Evasion+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0316288408&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rft.au=Langley%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grams, Grant W.: "The Story of Josef Lainck: From German Emigrant to Alien Convict and Deported Criminal to Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Inmate", in Ibrahim Sirkeci (ed.), <i>Border Crossing</i>, 2020.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2046-4436">2046-4436</a> See - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bordercrossing.uk/bc/article/view/1129">https://bordercrossing.uk/bc/article/view/1129</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinn1988" class="citation book cs1">Finn, Gerhard (1988). <i>Sachsenhausen 1936–1950 : Geschichte eines Lagers</i>. Bad Münstereifel: Westkreuz-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3922131601" title="Special:BookSources/978-3922131601"><bdi>978-3922131601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sachsenhausen+1936%E2%80%931950+%3A+Geschichte+eines+Lagers&rft.place=Bad+M%C3%BCnstereifel&rft.pub=Westkreuz-Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3922131601&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASachsenhausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Andrea Riedle: <i>Die Angehörigen des Kommandanturstabs im KZ Sachsenhausen. Sozialstruktur, Dienstwege und biografische Studien</i>, Metropol Verlag, Berlin, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3863310073" title="Special:BookSources/978-3863310073">978-3863310073</a></li> <li>Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf: <i>Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.</i> Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631636787" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631636787">978-3631636787</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oranienburg#Q154498" class="extiw" title="voy:Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><i>KL – a History of Nazi Concentration Camps</i> by Nikolaus Wachsmann, Little Brown, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408707746" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408707746">978-1408707746</a></li> <li>Claudio Cassetti, Iacopo Buonaguidi, Francesco Bertolucci, <i>Gli italiani a Sachsenhausen. La deportazione nel lager della capitale del Terzo Reich</i>. Rimini, Panozzo Editore, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8874724406" title="Special:BookSources/978-8874724406">978-8874724406</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-ricerca-avanzata/-/opac-adv/isbd/UBO4616316?isbn=9788874724406">SBN IT\ICCU\UBO\4616316</a></li> <li><i>The Extraordinary Life of Mike Cumberlege SOE</i> by Robin Knight, FonthillMedia, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781557327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781557327">978-1781557327</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sachsenhausen concentration camp"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-sachsenhausen-oranienburg-concentration-camp">History of the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg camp</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a> part of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/copyright">American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/ForgottenCamps/Camps/MainCampsEng.html">Sachsenhausen among the Nazi camps (Germany), with list of its subcamps</a> on a site hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/">JewishGen, Inc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720011243/http://www.stiftung-bg.de/gums/en/index.htm">Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/history/1945-1950-soviet-special-camp/">Soviet Special Camp</a> official Website of Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.cjh.org//repositories/5/resources/13879">Guide to the Concentration Camps Collection</a> at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York. Contains lists of prisoners and correspondence from Sachsenhausen.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cincinnatijudaicafund.com/index.php/Detail/collections/85">Catalog of Pins and Medals Commemorating the Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poniatowa_concentration_camp" title="Poniatowa concentration camp">Poniatowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" title="Template:Visitor attractions in Berlin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" title="Template talk:Visitor attractions in Berlin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor attractions in Berlin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Visitor attractions in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitte" title="Mitte">Mitte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz" title="Alexanderplatz">Alexanderplatz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Clock_(Alexanderplatz)" title="World Clock (Alexanderplatz)">Weltzeituhr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Berliner_Mauer" title="Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer">Berlin Wall Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Cathedral" title="Berlin Cathedral">Berliner Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Palace" title="Berlin Palace">Berlin Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Forum" title="Humboldt Forum">Humboldt Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bode_Museum" title="Bode Museum">Bode Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" title="Checkpoint Charlie Museum">museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_Museum" title="DDR Museum">DDR Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernsehturm_Berlin" title="Fernsehturm Berlin">Fernsehturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe" title="Friedrichstraße">Friedrichstraße</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4nenpalast" title="Tränenpalast">Tränenpalast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmenmarkt" title="Gendarmenmarkt">Gendarmenmarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackescher_Markt" title="Hackescher Markt">Hackescher Markt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hackesche_H%C3%B6fe" title="Hackesche Höfe">Hackesche Höfe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Adlon" title="Hotel Adlon">Hotel Adlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronprinzenpalais" title="Kronprinzenpalais">Kronprinzenpalais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturforum" title="Kulturforum">Kulturforum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustgarten" title="Lustgarten">Lustgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe" title="Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Freedom_and_Unity" title="Monument to Freedom and Unity">Monument to Freedom and Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Island" title="Museum Island">Museum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunbrunnen_(Berlin)" title="Neptunbrunnen (Berlin)">Neptunbrunnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Berlin)" title="New Synagogue (Berlin)">Neue Synagoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaiviertel" title="Nikolaiviertel">Nikolaiviertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranienburger_Stra%C3%9Fe" title="Oranienburger Straße">Oranienburger Straße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariser_Platz" title="Pariser Platz">Pariser Platz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Museum of Islamic Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin" title="Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin">Vorderasiatisches Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platz_der_Republik_(Berlin)" title="Platz der Republik (Berlin)">Platz der Republik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Center">Sony Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotes_Rathaus" title="Rotes Rathaus">Rotes Rathaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Hedwig%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Hedwig's Cathedral">St. Hedwig's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Staatsoper Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unter_den_Linden" title="Unter den Linden">Unter den Linden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandenburg Gate"><img alt="Brandenburg Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg/250px-Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg/330px-Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg/500px-Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Berlin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Museum" title="Allied Museum">Allied Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarium Berlin">Aquarium Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Palace,_Germany" title="Bellevue Palace, Germany">Bellevue Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidialamt" title="Bundespräsidialamt">Bundespräsidialamt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoological Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Botanical_Garden_and_Botanical_Museum" title="Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum">Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa-Center" title="Europa-Center">Europa-Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum_Berlin" title="Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin">Gas Lantern Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Hauptbahnhof" title="Berlin Hauptbahnhof">Hauptbahnhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Kulturen_der_Welt" title="Haus der Kulturen der Welt">Haus der Kulturen der Welt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin" title="Jewish Museum Berlin">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Memorial_Church" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church">Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufhaus_des_Westens" title="Kaufhaus des Westens">Kaufhaus des Westens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm" title="Kurfürstendamm">Kurfürstendamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Europ%C3%A4ischer_Kulturen" title="Museum Europäischer Kulturen">Museum Europäischer Kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Berlin" title="Natural History Museum, Berlin">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)" title="Olympiastadion (Berlin)">Olympiastadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_National_Monument_for_the_Liberation_Wars" title="Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars">Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Charlottenburg" title="Schloss Charlottenburg">Schloss Charlottenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Tiergarten)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten)">Soviet War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau_Citadel" title="Spandau Citadel">Spandau Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauentzienstra%C3%9Fe" title="Tauentzienstraße">Tauentzienstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Tempelhof Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(park)" title="Tiergarten (park)">Tiergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Victory_Column" title="Berlin Victory Column">Victory Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoriapark" title="Viktoriapark">Viktoriapark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Wannsee" title="Großer Wannsee">Wannsee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Berlin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen_Memorial" title="Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial">Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Side_Gallery" title="East Side Gallery">East Side Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Russian Museum">German-Russian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Marx-Allee" title="Karl-Marx-Allee">Karl-Marx-Allee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick_Palace" title="Köpenick Palace">Köpenick Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uber_Arena" title="Uber Arena">Uber Arena</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molecule_Man_(sculpture)" title="Molecule Man (sculpture)">Molecule Man</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCggelberge" title="Müggelberge">Müggelberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberbaum_Bridge" title="Oberbaum Bridge">Oberbaum Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stasi Museum">Stasi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Berlin" title="Tierpark Berlin">Tierpark Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treptower_Park" title="Treptower Park">Treptower Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Treptower_Park)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)">Soviet War Memorial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin/Brandenburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region">Metropolitan region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottenhof_Palace" title="Charlottenhof Palace">Charlottenhof Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Palace_(Potsdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace (Potsdam)">New Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangery_Palace" title="Orangery Palace">Orangery Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Potsdam)" title="Roman Baths (Potsdam)">Potsdam Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanssouci" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Berlin" title="Culture in Berlin">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sights_in_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sights in Berlin">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Spree River">Spree River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Berlin" title="Transport in Berlin">Transport in Berlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn" title="Berlin S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1348" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1348" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4226047-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97029142">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49287916">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sachsenhausen (koncentrační tábor)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20030402003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX457577">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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