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<span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cloning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Frequency bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrowband_AMPS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrowband_AMPS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Narrowband AMPS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrowband_AMPS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_AMPS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_AMPS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Digital AMPS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_AMPS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Successor technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analog_AMPS_being_replaced_by_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_AMPS_being_replaced_by_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Analog AMPS being replaced by digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_AMPS_being_replaced_by_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_deployments_of_AMPS_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_deployments_of_AMPS_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Commercial deployments of AMPS by country</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نظام الهاتف المحمول المتطور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام الهاتف المحمول المتطور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Telef%C3%B3nico_M%C3%B3vil_Avanzado" title="Sistema Telefónico Móvil Avanzado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema Telefónico Móvil Avanzado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87" title="سامانه تلفن همراه پیشرفته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه تلفن همراه پیشرفته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone System" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone System" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone System" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPS" title="AMPS – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="AMPS" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Advanced Mobile Phone System" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E5%BC%8F%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="類比式行動電話系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="類比式行動電話系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379651#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Special:EditPage/Advanced Mobile Phone System">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Advanced+Mobile+Phone+System%22">"Advanced Mobile Phone System"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Advanced+Mobile+Phone+System%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Advanced+Mobile+Phone+System%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Advanced+Mobile+Phone+System%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Advanced+Mobile+Phone+System%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Advanced+Mobile+Phone+System%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DynaTAC8000X.jpg/220px-DynaTAC8000X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="539" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DynaTAC8000X.jpg/330px-DynaTAC8000X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/DynaTAC8000X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAC" title="Motorola DynaTAC">Motorola DynaTAC</a> 8000X <a href="/wiki/TACS" class="mw-redirect" title="TACS">TACS</a> mobile phone</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Advanced Mobile Phone System</b> (<b>AMPS</b>) was an <a href="/wiki/Analog_mobile_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog mobile phone">analog mobile phone</a> system standard originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> and later modified in a cooperative effort between Bell Labs and Motorola. It was officially introduced in the Americas on October 13, 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-Testing_the_First_Cell_Phone_Network_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testing_the_First_Cell_Phone_Network-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrivateLine_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivateLine-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MilestonesPast_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilestonesPast-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was deployed in many other countries too, including Israel in 1986, Australia in 1987, Singapore in 1988, and Pakistan in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Mobile_Telecommunications_Association_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Mobile_Telecommunications_Association-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a> have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in India by October 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Mobile_Telecommunications_Association_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Mobile_Telecommunications_Association-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Israel by January 2010, and Brazil by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History of mobile phones</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6X_1PcR_gs">Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)</a> (YouTube: AT&T Archives) 1978 Bell Labs film explaining the technology behind AMPS.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first cellular network efforts began at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> and with research conducted at <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>. In 1960, <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Mitchell" title="John Francis Mitchell">John F. Mitchell</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile-communication products, and oversaw the development and marketing of the first <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">pager</a> to use transistors. </p><p>Motorola had long produced <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">mobile telephones</a> for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Dr. Martin Cooper</a>, developed portable cellular telephony. Cooper and Mitchell were among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973. The first call on the prototype connected, reportedly, to a wrong number.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to 1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which became the first cellular network standard in the United States. The Bell system deployed ASTM in Chicago, Illinois, first as an equipment test serving approximately 100 units in 1978, and subsequently as a service test planned for 2,000 billed units.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this and other cellular systems. Louis M. Weinberg, a marketing director at AT&T, was named the first president of the AMPS corporation. He served in this position during the startup of the AMPS subsidiary of AT&T. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a>, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the first cellular handset in 1973 and made the first phone call from it. In 1983 Motorola introduced the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAC" title="Motorola DynaTAC">DynaTAC 8000x</a>, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried. He later introduced the so-called <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Bag_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola Bag Phone">Bag Phone</a>. </p><p>In 1992, the first <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, called <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a>, used AMPS. <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Canova" title="Frank J. Canova">Frank Canova</a> led its design at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and it was demonstrated that year at the <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> computer-industry trade-show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">Simon Personal Communicator</a>. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.<sup id="cite_ref-bus_week_2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus_week_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schneidawind_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneidawind-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AMPS is a first-generation <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> technology that uses <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">separate frequencies</a>, or "channels", for each conversation. It therefore required considerable <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar to the older "0G" <a href="/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Improved Mobile Telephone Service">Improved Mobile Telephone Service</a> it replaced, but used considerably more computing power to select frequencies, hand off conversations to <a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">land lines</a>, and handle billing and call setup. </p><p>What really separated AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In AMPS, the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used, without interference, if locations were separated enough. The channels were grouped so a specific set was different of the one used on the cell nearby. This allowed a larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term "cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system.<sup id="cite_ref-bell_young_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell_young-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fluhr_porter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fluhr_porter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today's digital technologies. As an analog standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, and there was no protection from 'eavesdropping' using a <a href="/wiki/Scanner_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanner (radio)">scanner</a> or an older TV set that could tune into channels 70–83.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cloning">Cloning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cloning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg/220px-2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg/330px-2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg/440px-2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> of Motorola in 2007, reenacting the first private handheld mobile-phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s, an epidemic of "cloning" cost the cellular carriers millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An eavesdropper with specialized equipment could intercept a handset's <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Serial Number">ESN</a> (Electronic Serial Number) and MDN or CTN (Mobile Directory Number or Cellular Telephone Number). The Electronic Serial Number, a 12-digit number sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, uniquely identified that phone on the network. The system then allowed or disallowed calls and/or features based on its customer file. A person intercepting an ESN/MDN pair could clone the combination onto a different phone and use it in other areas for making calls without paying. </p><p>Cellular <a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a> became possible with off-the-shelf technology in the 1990s. Would-be cloners required three key items : </p> <ol><li>A radio receiver, such as the Icom PCR-1000, that could tune into the Reverse Channel (the frequency on which AMPS phones transmit data to the tower)</li> <li>A PC with a sound card and a software program called Banpaia</li> <li>A phone that could easily be used for cloning, such as the Oki 900</li></ol> <p>The radio, when tuned to the proper frequency, would receive the signal transmitted by the cell phone to be cloned, containing the phone's ESN/MDN pair. This signal would feed into the sound-card audio-input of the PC, and Banpaia would decode the ESN/MDN pair from this signal and display it on the screen. The hacker could then copy that data into the Oki 900 phone and reboot it, after which the phone network could not distinguish the Oki from the original phone whose signal had been received. This gave the cloner, through the Oki phone, the ability to use the mobile-phone service of the legitimate subscriber whose phone was cloned – just as if that phone had been physically stolen, except that the subscriber retained his or her phone, unaware that the phone had been cloned—at least until that subscriber received his or her next bill. </p><p>The problem became so large that some carriers required the use of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a> before making calls. Eventually, the cellular companies initiated a system called RF Fingerprinting, whereby it could determine subtle differences in the signal of one phone from another and shut down some cloned phones. Some legitimate customers had problems with this though if they made certain changes to their own phone, such as replacing the battery and/or antenna. </p><p>The Oki 900 could listen in to AMPS phone-calls right out-of-the-box with no hardware modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AMPS was originally standardized by <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) as EIA/TIA/IS-3. EIA/TIA/IS-3 was superseded by EIA/TIA-553 and TIA interim standard with digital technologies, the cost of wireless service is so low that the problem of cloning has virtually disappeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_bands">Frequency bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frequency bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Cellular</a> band. For each market area, the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) allowed two licensees (networks) known as "A" and "B" carriers. Each carrier within a market used a specified "block" of frequencies consisting of 21 control channels and 395 voice channels. Originally, the B (wireline) side license was usually owned by the local phone company, and the A (non-wireline) license was given to wireless telephone providers. </p><p>At the inception of cellular in 1983, the FCC had granted each carrier within a market 333 channel pairs (666 channels total). By the late 1980s, the cellular industry's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary to add channels for additional capacity. In 1989, the FCC granted carriers an expansion from the previous 666 channels to the final 832 (416 pairs per carrier). The additional frequencies were from the band held in reserve for future (inevitable) expansion. These frequencies were immediately adjacent to the existing cellular band. These bands had previously been allocated to UHF TV channels 70–83. </p><p>Each duplex channel was composed of 2 <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>. 416 of these were in the 824–849 MHz range for transmissions from mobile stations to the base stations, paired with 416 frequencies in the 869–894 MHz range for transmissions from base stations to the mobile stations. Each cell site used a different subset of these channels than its neighbors to avoid interference. This significantly reduced the number of channels available at each site in real-world systems. Each AMPS channel had a one way bandwidth of 30 kHz, for a total of 60 kHz for each duplex channel. </p><p>Laws were passed in the US which prohibited the FCC <a href="/wiki/Type_acceptance" class="mw-redirect" title="Type acceptance">type acceptance</a> and sale of any receiver which could tune the frequency ranges occupied by analog AMPS cellular services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (August 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> Though the service is no longer offered, these laws remain in force (although they may no longer be enforced).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrowband_AMPS">Narrowband AMPS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Narrowband AMPS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, Motorola proposed an AMPS enhancement known as narrowband AMPS (NAMPS or N-AMPS).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_AMPS">Digital AMPS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Digital AMPS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">Digital AMPS</a></div> <p>Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to <a href="/wiki/D-AMPS" class="mw-redirect" title="D-AMPS">D-AMPS</a>, often referred to as <b>TDMA</b> (though <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> is a generic term that applies to many 2G cellular systems). D-AMPS, commercially deployed since 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> standard used mainly by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Cellular" title="U.S. Cellular">U.S. Cellular</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Wireless" title="Rogers Wireless">Rogers Wireless</a> in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Telcel" title="Telcel">Telcel</a> in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia Mobile">Telecom Italia Mobile</a> (TIM) in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/VimpelCom" class="mw-redirect" title="VimpelCom">VimpelCom</a> in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Movilnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Movilnet">Movilnet</a> in Venezuela, and <a href="/wiki/Cellcom_(Israel)" title="Cellcom (Israel)">Cellcom</a> in Israel. In most areas, D-AMPS is no longer offered and has been replaced by more advanced digital wireless networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor_technologies">Successor technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Successor technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AMPS and D-AMPS have now been phased out in favor of either <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> or <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>, which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia Messaging System">Multimedia Messaging System</a> (MMS), and wireless Internet access. There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS, D-AMPS and GSM all in one phone (using the <a href="/wiki/GAIT_(wireless)" title="GAIT (wireless)">GAIT</a> standard). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analog_AMPS_being_replaced_by_digital">Analog AMPS being replaced by digital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analog AMPS being replaced by digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the FCC decided to no longer require A and B carriers to support AMPS service as of February 18, 2008. All AMPS carriers have converted to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM. Digital technologies such as GSM and CDMA2000 support multiple voice calls on the same channel and offer enhanced features such as two-way text messaging and data services. </p><p>Unlike in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC) and <a href="/wiki/Industry_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry Canada">Industry Canada</a> have not set any requirement for maintaining AMPS service in Canada. <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Wireless" title="Rogers Wireless">Rogers Wireless</a> has dismantled their AMPS (along with <a href="/wiki/IS-136" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-136">IS-136</a>) network; the networks were shut down May 31, 2007. <a href="/wiki/Bell_Mobility" title="Bell Mobility">Bell Mobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus Mobility</a>, who operated AMPS networks in Canada, announced that they would observe the same timetable as outlined by the FCC in the United States, and as a result would not begin to dismantle their AMPS networks until after February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-sptnews_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/OnStar" title="OnStar">OnStar</a> relied heavily on North American AMPS service for its subscribers because, when the system was developed, AMPS offered the most comprehensive wireless coverage in the US. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/ADT_Security_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="ADT Security Services">ADT</a> asked the FCC to extend the AMPS deadline due to many of their alarm systems still using analog technology to communicate with the control centers.<sup id="cite_ref-ITWorld_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITWorld-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellular companies who own an A or B license (such as Verizon and Alltel) were required to provide analog service until February 18, 2008. After that point, however, most cellular companies were eager to shut down AMPS and use the remaining channels for digital services. <a href="/wiki/OnStar" title="OnStar">OnStar</a> transitioned to digital service with the help of data transport technology developed by Airbiquity, but warned customers who could not be upgraded to digital service that their service would permanently expire on January 1, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-OnStar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnStar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_deployments_of_AMPS_by_country">Commercial deployments of AMPS by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commercial deployments of AMPS by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Main Cellular Operator </th> <th>Launch date </th> <th>End of service </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>2008 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon Wireless</a>—Formerly operated an AMPS network. On February 18, 2008, Verizon discontinued all AMPS service. Initially migrated to <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>, but now operates on <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Cellular" title="U.S. Cellular">U.S. Cellular</a>—Formerly operated an AMPS & D-AMPS network. On February 10, 2009, U.S. Cellular discontinued all AMPS & D-AMPS service. Initially migrated to CDMA2000, but now operates on LTE and 5G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alltel" title="Alltel">Alltel</a>—In 2005 disclosed that only 15% of their total customer base are still using the existing analog network. The company has posted a three-phase turn down schedule,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was completed in September 2008. With the acquisition of Western Wireless, Alltel now took the claim of the "largest network in America." The claim was true, oddly enough because of wide analog coverage in rural areas. All Alltel AMPS and D-AMPS service was discontinued in September 2008</li> <li>Coastel Offshore Cellular—Operated an AMPS network in the Gulf of Mexico that stretched from south of Corpus Christi, TX to south of Gulf Shores, AL. In 2006 Coastel was the only carrier in the US whose entire customer base was still 100% analog based. In 2007 Coastel was merged with Petrocom and SOLA Communications to form <a href="/wiki/Broadpoint" title="Broadpoint">Broadpoint</a> Inc. and the network was converted to <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a> – In areas where AT&T Mobility previously had D-AMPS operating on <a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">1900 MHz frequencies</a>, no analog AMPS network existed, and the D-AMPS network on the 1900 MHz frequency was shut down on July 15, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service on the remaining 850 MHz AMPS markets was discontinued along with 850 MHz D-AMPS service on February 18, 2008, except in areas where service was provided by <a href="/wiki/Dobson_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobson Communications">Dobson Communications</a>. The Dobson AMPS and TDMA networks were shut down on March 1, 2008.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Mobility" title="Bell Mobility">Bell Mobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus Mobility</a> operated AMPS networks in Canada, though they have since been overlaid with digital services. Both Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility had announced that they would observe the same shutdown guidelines as in the United States, and decommissioned their AMPS networks in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-sptnews_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Wireless" title="Rogers Wireless">Rogers Wireless</a>—operated an AMPS network in Canada, though it has since been overlaid with digital services. Rogers discontinued its AMPS network on May 31, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_AMPS_Shut_Down_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers_AMPS_Shut_Down-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskTel" title="SaskTel">SaskTel</a> – operated an AMPS network in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada. It was the third-largest AMPS network, by subscribers, in the world at the time of its turndown.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially shutdown site by site starting at 00:00 on January 2, 2010, after twenty-one years of service. <a href="/wiki/SaskTel" title="SaskTel">SaskTel</a> continues to run UMTS networks.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1984<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>2000 <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> (formerly Telecom Australia) – operated an AMPS network in Australia from February 1987 until the end of 2000. As part of the introduction of mobile phone competition in Australia, the Australian government mandated GSM as the new standard for mobile networks, and required that Telstra close the AMPS network by 2000. However, GSM base stations could only serve a limited area. While this was OK for Europe, it meant that GSM could not cover large, sparsely populated rural areas of Australia cost effectively. Telstra deployed a CDMA network, which did not suffer this limitation, and while the AMPS network was closed down at the end of 1999 in the major cities, the closure deadline was extended until the end of 2000 in rural areas to ease the transition to CDMA. The CDMA network has since been replaced by an 850 MHz UMTS network, <a href="/wiki/Next_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Next G">Next G</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Pelephone" title="Pelephone">Pelephone</a> – began offering nationwide AMPS service in Israel in 1986. In the mid-1990s it converted to CDMA (IS-95 and later EV-DO) and in the mid-2000s converted to UMTS. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1991-1992 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a> (previously known as Telecommunications Equipment) – operated an AMPS network, marketed as a Cellular Mobile Radio System (CMRS), in Singapore from 1988 until 1994. In 1989, Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system in the world to have full mobile phone coverage inside underground stations and tunnels using AMPS technology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singtel decommissioned its AMPS network in 1994 after <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> was implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>2007 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telecom New Zealand (now <a href="/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Spark New Zealand</a>) – operated an AMPS/TDMA network in New Zealand from 1987 until 2007 throughout the whole country and the network was renowned for its superb coverage, In 2000 Telecom announced that they would discontinue the AMPS network within 5 years (2005) to give customers an opportunity to transition to the CDMA2000 and later 1XRTT technologies that replaced it. They later extended that deadline until 6 pm March 31, 2007. At approximately 7:15 on March 31, 2007, the AMPS/TDMA network ceased to function. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paktel" title="Paktel">Paktel</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Paktel" title="Paktel">Paktel</a> was granted an AMPS licence in early 1990 to operate a cellular telephone network throughout Pakistan. It was the first company granted a free license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan. It carried out AMPS services until 2004, after which it switched to GSM. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>Mobikom </td> <td>Jan 1994 </td> <td> </td> <td>Named Mobifon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzdunrobita" title="Uzdunrobita">Uzdunrobita</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History of mobile phones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Testing_the_First_Cell_Phone_Network-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Testing_the_First_Cell_Phone_Network_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+NewsAsia&rft.atitle=How+mobile+services+in+Singapore+have+evolved&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.au=Janice+Lim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fhow-mobile-services-in%2F1917188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Mobile+Phone+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2006/08/31/tdma-switch-off-delayed/">"TDMA switch-off delayed"</a>. <i>TeleGeography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TeleGeography&rft.atitle=TDMA+switch-off+delayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commsupdate.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F08%2F31%2Ftdma-switch-off-delayed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Mobile+Phone+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enterpriseitnews.com.my/down-memory-lane-malaysias-telco-past/">"Down Memory Lane: Malaysia's Telco Past"</a>. <i>Enterprise IT News</i>. May 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enterprise+IT+News&rft.atitle=Down+Memory+Lane%3A+Malaysia%27s+Telco+Past&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enterpriseitnews.com.my%2Fdown-memory-lane-malaysias-telco-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Mobile+Phone+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLP" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">LLP, Profit Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profit.kz/articles/162/Mobilnaya-svyaz-v-Kazahstane/">"Мобильная связь в Казахстане"</a>. <i>Profit.kz — ИТ в Казахстане</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profit.kz+%E2%80%94+%D0%98%D0%A2+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aulast=LLP&rft.aufirst=Profit+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofit.kz%2Farticles%2F162%2FMobilnaya-svyaz-v-Kazahstane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Mobile+Phone+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/report/05001110/05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf">"Cellular companies of Uzbekistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. January 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellular+companies+of+Uzbekistan&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetro.go.jp%2Fext_images%2Fjfile%2Freport%2F05001110%2F05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Mobile+Phone+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616083306/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/oral_history/pdfs/Engel366.pdf">Interview of Joel Engel</a></li></ul> <div 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network</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">List of mobile phone generations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio telephones</a> (1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Mobile Telephone Service">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Improved Mobile Telephone Service">IMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLT_(mobile_network)" title="OLT (mobile network)">OLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Telephone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Telephone System">AMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotel" title="Autotel">Autotel (PALM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiopuhelin" title="Autoradiopuhelin">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Netz" title="B-Netz">B-Netz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_radiotelephone_network_(Czechoslovakia)" title="AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia)">AMR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AMPS - N-AMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_System" title="Total Access Communication System">TACS - ETACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Netz" title="C-Netz">C-450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicap" title="Hicap">Hicap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobitex" title="Mobitex">Mobitex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataTAC" title="DataTAC">DataTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT1" title="CT1">CT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTMI" title="RTMI">RTMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">CSD - HSCSD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project_2" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project 2">3GPP2</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne (IS-95)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data" title="Cellular digital packet data">CDPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEN" title="IDEN">iDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular" title="Personal Digital Cellular">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">PHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT2" title="CT2">CT2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G#Evolution" title="2G">2G transitional<br />(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X_Advanced" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X Advanced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="WiDEN">WiDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> (2001)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0</a> (TIA/IS-856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G#Evolution" title="3G">3G transitional<br />(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access">HSDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Uplink Packet Access">HSUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CDMA2000 <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">1xEV-DO Revision A</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision B</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing#FLASH-OFDM" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Flash-OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">iBurst (IEEE 802.20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiperMAN" title="HiperMAN">HiperMAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> (2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> (2013)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a> (4.5G/4.9G)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">IEEE family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16m</a>) <ul><li>WiMax 2.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> (2018)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> (2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</a> (5.5G)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NR-IIoT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NR-IIoT (page does not exist)">NR-IIoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowband_IoT" title="Narrowband IoT">NB-IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECT-5G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECT-5G (page does not exist)">DECT-5G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">SSMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequency bands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA_frequency_bands" title="CDMA frequency bands">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Mobile_Networks" title="Next Generation Mobile Networks">NGMN Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">VoLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_over_LTE" title="Video over LTE">ViLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">VoNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_over_NR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video over NR (page does not exist)">ViNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">Wi-Fi Calling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmocom" title="Osmocom">Osmocom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>22 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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