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/> </strong>L’évitement scolaire : un effet « boomerang » de la labélisation en politique de la ville ? Manon Garrouste, Miren Lafourcade. Note IPP n°110. Octobre 2024</p> <h2>Présentation</h2> <p>En France, la politique de la ville cible les quartiers urbains confrontés à de très grandes difficultés sociales et économiques, d’abord qualifiés de « zones urbaines sensibles » puis, depuis 2014, de « quartiers prioritaires ». Ces quartiers bénéficient de subventions publiques visant à réduire la ségrégation urbaine et à améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants (logement, services publics, sécurité) et leurs opportunités socio-économiques (éducation, emploi). De nombreux travaux de recherche ont mis en balance les bénéfices et les effets potentiellement contre-productifs des politiques publiques menées dans ces quartiers. Cette note étudie un revers de la politique de la ville encore peu documenté : la stigmatisation territoriale, qui est analysée ici sous le prisme de l’évitement scolaire des collèges publics situés dans les quartiers périmétrés par la politique.</p> <h2>Résultats clés</h2> <ul> <li>Les collèges publics des quartiers entrés dans le périmètre la politique de la ville ont connu une hausse de l’évitement scolaire par rapport aux collèges des quartiers contrefactuels situés au-dessus du seuil d’éligibilité.</li> <li>À l’entrée en 6e, la proportion d’élèves scolarisés dans ces collèges a ainsi diminué de 3,5 points de pourcentage en moyenne, soit environ 6 élèves en moins relativement aux collèges contrefactuels.</li> <li>Cet évitement scolaire a été immédiat et a persisté jusqu’à cinq ans après la réforme de<br /> la géographie prioritaire.</li> <li>Il a concerné toutes les familles, mais les catégories socio-professionnelles plus modestes<br /> se sont davantage tournées vers les collèges publics et les catégories plus favorisées<br /> davantage vers les collèges privés.</li> <li>Les collèges publics des quartiers sortis de la géographie prioritaire n’ont en revanche connu aucun regain d’attractivité après la réforme, relativement aux quartiers contrefactuels encore inclus dans le périmètre de la politique de la ville.</li> </ul> <p>Cette étude vient poser la question de la pertinence des politiques « zonées », compte tenu de l’effet de renforcement de la ségrégation sociale scolaire mis en lumière ici. Étant donné les conséquences potentiellement négatives de cette ségrégation sur la réussite scolaire des élèves, ces résultats incitent à privilégier un ciblage direct des élèves en difficulté, plutôt que des quartiers et de leurs établissements scolaires.</p> <h4><a href="https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Note_IPP_110-V2-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">> Télécharger la note</a></h4> <p><a href="https://ebaf8297.sibforms.com/serve/MUIEANMTWxFT5R9dRmSk5obTaMa_6bniIF6Q2qSSmBwyJ3KkhBf-5Xt6UXORJrb7nA_6uVStvyOc0EDeJf65O7xV-ss6THKuwVf0AEHgNmQn1gYCqXC4O8DblIlhLV7RfcVoPOJeLTnc5jKl-eDbS55u1-QZZWBLO4ABG83T_-fWi2iSNSd0Mp8WRK-c4ghc8ifQryfez8jd9t7Q?" target="_blank" rel="noopener">> S’abonner pour recevoir les prochaines publications du pôle éducation</a></p> <p><strong>Notabene</strong></p> <p>Il est important de souligner que les autrices évaluent l’effet de la géographie prioritaire (c’est-à-dire l’entrée ou la sortie d’un quartier de la politique de la ville) et non celui de l’éducation prioritaire (c’est-à-dire l’entrée ou la sortie d’un établissement scolaire des Réseaux d’éducation prioritaire ou REP), cette dernière allouant des ressources supplémentaires aux établissements scolaires accueillant les élèves les plus défavorisés, et non aux quartiers englobants.</p> <h2>Partenaire</h2> <p>Cette note s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche financé par l’ANR (ANR-21-CE28-0004 ILSESD) et a bénéficié du soutien de la<a href="https://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/recherche/initiatives-recherche/chaires-de-recherche/politiques-educatives-et-mobilite-sociale/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Chaire Politiques éducatives et mobilité sociale.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/recherche/initiatives-recherche/chaires-de-recherche/politiques-educatives-et-mobilite-sociale/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-16473" src="https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-250x177.png" alt="logo chaire politiques éducatives et mobilité sociale" width="250" height="177" srcset="https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-250x177.png 250w, https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-695x491.png 695w, https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-768x543.png 768w, https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-1536x1086.png 1536w, https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-2048x1448.png 2048w, https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Logo_PEMS_FR-400x283.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px" /></a></p> <h2>Méthode et données</h2> <p>L’étude prend appui sur une réforme de la géographie prioritaire intervenue en 2014, dite réforme Lamy du nom du ministre délégué à Ville de l’époque, qui a redessiné la carte des quartiers ciblés à l’aide d’un carroyage très fin du territoire et d’un seuil d’éligibilité fondé sur le revenu fiscal médian des résidents de chaque carreau. Sans que la carte scolaire ait été modifiée par la réforme, certains collèges sont ainsi « entrés » dans le périmètre de la politique, et d’autres en sont « sortis ». La comparaison des collèges des quartiers situés juste au-dessus et au-dessous du seuil d’éligibilité, avant et après la réforme, permet d’évaluer l’impact causal moyen de la labélisation du quartier en politique de la ville sur l’évitement scolaire.</p> <p>Pour évaluer l’effet de la politique de la ville sur le choix du collège et la réussite scolaire des élèves des quartiers prioritaires, les autrices se sont appuyées sur le Système d’information géographique de la politique de la ville, au sein duquel peuvent être positionnés les établissements scolaires.<br /> Les données du service statistique du ministère de l’Éducation nationale (Direction de l’évaluation, de la prospective et de la performance) permettent d’identifier le collège d’inscription de chaque élève, qu’il soit public ou privé, et son collège de secteur 2.</p> <p>Les autrices utilisent une méthode d’estimation en « double différence », qui permet de comparer la propension des parents à scolariser leur enfant dans un collège de secteur entré dans le périmètre de la politique de la ville en 2014 (ou dans un autre collège public ou privé avoisinant), relativement aux familles dont le collège de secteur est localisé dans un quartier situé juste au-dessus du seuil de pauvreté, ce groupe de contrôle étant utilisé comme « contrefactuel » de l’évolution de la situation qui aurait été observée en l’absence de labélisation « prioritaire ».</p> <h2>Étude de référence</h2> <p>Garrouste, Manon et Miren Lafourcade (2023). « Place-Based Policies : Opportunity for Deprived Schools or Zone-and-Shame Effect ? ». <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tqLLxfQvcHfJeH0sI3WhjM1V91Drjbwy/view" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CEPR Discussion Paper 17750</a></p> </div> </article> </div> <nav id="left-col" class="left-col"> <h3 class="secondary-nav"><a href="https://www.ipp.eu/publications/">Publications</a></h3> <ul id="secondary-nav" class="secondary-nav"><li id="menu-item-5493" class="active"><a href="/publications/notes-ipp/" class="active">Notes IPP</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-5495"><a href="/publications/retour-dexperience/">Retour d’expérience</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11688" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11688"><a href="/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-5494"><a href="/publications/rapports-ipp-fr/">Rapports IPP</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5492" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-5492"><a href="/publications/guides-methodologiques-ipp/">Guides méthodologiques</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5491" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-5491"><a href="/publications/articles-universitaires/">Articles universitaires</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5753" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-5753"><a href="/publications/memoires-stage-m2/">Mémoires (stage, M2)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6208" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-6208"><a href="/publications/ouvrages/">Ouvrages</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pub-category menu-item-17154"><a href="/publications/dataviz/">DataViz</a></li> </ul></nav> </div> <div class="inner"> <footer id="main-footer" class="main-footer clearfix"> <div class="main-footer-logos"><img src="https://www.ipp.eu/wp-content/themes/ipp/assets/img/ipp_website_logo.png" alt="ipp.eu" width="52"></div> <div class="main-footer-contact" role="contentinfo"> <p class="adr"> <strong>Bureau :</strong> <span class="street-address">48 boulevard Jourdan</span> <span class="postal-code">75014</span> <span class="locality">Paris</span> <span class="country-name">France</span> </p> <p class="screen"> <a href="https://www.ipp.eu/contact/">Contact</a>  |  <a href="https://www.ipp.eu/plan-du-site/">Plan du site</a>  |  <a href="https://extranet.ipp.eu">Extranet</a> </p> </div> <div class="main-footer-infos" role="contentinfo"> <p>Copyright © IPP 2011-2025</p> <p class="screen"> <a href="https://www.ipp.eu/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales</a>  |  <a href="https://www.ipp.eu/credits/">Crédits</a>  |  <a href="#ippconsent">Gestion des cookies</a> </p> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script> jQuery(function($){ }); 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