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id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties_and_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties_and_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chemical properties and compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Searches_for_element_61" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Searches_for_element_61"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Searches for element 61 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Searches_for_element_61-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_synthesis_of_promethium_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_synthesis_of_promethium_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Discovery and synthesis of promethium metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_synthesis_of_promethium_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Promethium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9C%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፕሮሜቲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕሮሜቲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमीथियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोमीथियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بروميثيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروميثيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Promețiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometiu" title="Prometiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prometiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A9thium" title="Prométhium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Prométhium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="প্রমিথিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রমিথিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Праметый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праметый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Прамэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прамэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमेथियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोमेथियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometij" title="Prometij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prometij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometiom" title="Prometiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prometiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometi" title="Prometi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prometi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometyo" title="Prometyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Prometyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promeziu" title="Promeziu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Promeziu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethiwm" title="Promethiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Promethiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پروميثيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروميثيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promeetium" title="Promeetium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Promeetium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Προμήθειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προμήθειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prometio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prometio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prometio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پرومتیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرومتیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A9thium" title="Prométhium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prométhium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometi" title="Prometi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Prometi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3im%C3%A9itiam" title="Próiméitiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próiméitiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promai%C3%A7hum" title="Promaiçhum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Promaiçhum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Promecio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પ્રોમેથિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોમેથિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прометиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Прометиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%AC" title="프로메튬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로메튬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պրոմեթիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոմեթիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमीथियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोमीथियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometij" title="Prometij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prometij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Prometio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmPhomethimbi" title="UmPhomethimbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmPhomethimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3met%C3%ADn" title="Prómetín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prómetín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promezio" title="Promezio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Promezio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פרומתיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרומתיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C9%94m%C9%9Bt%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Prɔmɛtɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Prɔmɛtɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೊಮೆಥಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೊಮೆಥಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პრომეთიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრომეთიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethiom" title="Promethiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Promethiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethi" title="Promethi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Promethi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometijs" title="Prometijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prometijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometis" title="Prometis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prometis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promessio" title="Promessio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Promessio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometii" title="Prometii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Prometii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fagycevjinme" title="fagycevjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fagycevjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promesio" title="Promesio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Promesio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A9tium" title="Prométium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prométium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прометиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прометиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രൊമിതിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രൊമിതിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमेथियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोमेथियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بروميثيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروميثيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯊꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯊꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Промети – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Промети" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုမီသီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုမီသီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमेथियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोमेथियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="プロメチウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロメチウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promeetium" title="Promeetium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Promeetium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A8ti" title="Promèti – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Promèti" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ପ୍ରୋମେଥିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋମେଥିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometiy" title="Prometiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prometiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमेथियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="प्रोमेथियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پرومتھیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرومتھیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پروميتيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروميتيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promessi" title="Promessi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Promessi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promet" title="Promet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Promet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A9cio" title="Promécio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Promécio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Promețiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purumityu" title="Purumityu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purumityu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прометиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Прометиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रोमेथियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रोमेथियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A8tiu" title="Promètiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Promètiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometiumi" title="Prometiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prometiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promezziu" title="Promezziu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Promezziu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C3%A9tium" title="Prométium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prométium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometij" title="Prometij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prometij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پرۆمیتیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆمیتیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прометијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прометијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometijum" title="Prometijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prometijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prometium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promityo" title="Promityo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Promityo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புரோமித்தியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரோமித்தியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రొమేథియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రొమేథియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โพรมีเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพรมีเทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Прометий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometyum" title="Prometyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prometyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Прометій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прометій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پرومیتھیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرومیتھیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%88%D9%8A" title="جۈي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۈي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometii" title="Prometii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Prometii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethi" title="Promethi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Promethi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%95" title="鉕 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometyo" title="Prometyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Prometyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Promethium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%95" title="鉕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Promethium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Promethium (disambiguation)">Promethium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 61 (Pm)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Promethium, 61Pm</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Promethium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Promethium.png/220px-Promethium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Promethium.png 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="475" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Promethium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/proʊˈmiːθiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">proh-MEE-thee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">metallic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[145]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Promethium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Pm ↓ <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> ← promethium → <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">61</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f5 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1315 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1042 °C, 1908 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3273 K (3000 °C, 5432 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">α-145Pm: 7.149 g/cm3 α-147Pm: 7.247 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.13 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">289 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 +2<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.13 (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 540 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1050 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2150 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 183 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">199 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Promethium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of promethium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">from decay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">double hexagonal close-packed</a> (dhcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Double hexagonal close packed crystal structure for promethium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div>a = 0.36393 pm c = 1.1739 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.0×10−6/K (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17.9 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">est. 0.75 µΩ⋅m (at <abbr title="room temperature">r.t.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-magnet-4">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α form: est. 46 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α form: est. 18 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α form: est. 33 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α form: est. 0.28 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-12-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Coryell" title="Charles D. Coryell">Charles D. Coryell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Marinsky" title="Jacob A. Marinsky">Jacob A. Marinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a> (1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data">Grace Mary Coryell (1945)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium" title="Isotopes of promethium">Isotopes of promethium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_promethium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox promethium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_promethium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox promethium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[4]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">145Pm </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.7 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium-145" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium-145">145Nd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium-141" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium-141">141Pr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">146Pm </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.53 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium-146" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium-146">146Nd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium-146" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium-146">146Sm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">147Pm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.6234 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium-147" title="Samarium-147">147Sm</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Promethium" title="Category:Promethium">Category: Promethium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_promethium" title="Template:Infobox promethium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_promethium" title="Template talk:Infobox promethium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_promethium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox promethium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Promethium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Pm and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 61. All of its <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a>; it is extremely rare, with only about 500–600 grams naturally occurring in the Earth's crust at any given time. Promethium is one of the only two radioactive elements that are both preceded and followed in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> by elements with stable forms, the other being <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>. Chemically, promethium is a <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a>. Promethium shows only one stable <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of +3. In 1902 <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Brauner" title="Bohuslav Brauner">Bohuslav Brauner</a> suggested that there was a then-unknown element with properties intermediate between those of the known elements <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> (60) and <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> (62); this was confirmed in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a>, who, having measured the atomic numbers of all the elements then known, found that the element with atomic number 61 was missing. In 1926, two groups (one Italian and one American) claimed to have isolated a sample of element 61; both "discoveries" were soon proven to be false. In 1938, during a nuclear experiment conducted at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, a few radioactive nuclides were produced that certainly were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced, and the discovery was not much recognized. Promethium was first produced and characterized at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in 1945 by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor. The discoverers proposed the name "prometheum" (the spelling was subsequently changed), derived from <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, the Titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans, to symbolize "both the daring and the possible misuse of mankind's intellect". A sample of the metal was made only in 1963. The two sources of natural promethium are rare <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decays</a> of natural <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>-151 (producing promethium-147) and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (various isotopes). Promethium-145 is the most stable promethium isotope, but the only isotope with practical applications is promethium-147, chemical compounds of which are used in <a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">luminous paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">atomic batteries</a> and thickness-measurement devices. Because natural promethium is exceedingly scarce, it is typically synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 (<a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">thermal neutrons</a> to produce promethium-147 as a <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> A promethium atom has 61 electrons, arranged in the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a> [<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f5 6s2. The seven 4f and 6s electrons are <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence</a> electrons.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton-6">[5]</a> In forming compounds, the atom loses its two outermost electrons and one 4f-electron, which belongs to an open subshell. The element's atomic radius is the second largest among all the lanthanides but is only slightly greater than those of the neighboring elements.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton-6">[5]</a> It is the most notable exception to the general trend of the contraction of lanthanide atoms with the increase of their atomic numbers (<a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>). Many properties of promethium rely on its position among lanthanides and are intermediate between those of neodymium and samarium. For example, the melting point, the first three ionization energies, and the hydration energy are greater than those of neodymium and lower than those of samarium;<a href="#cite_note-Cotton-6">[5]</a> similarly, the estimate for the boiling point, ionic (Pm3+) radius, and standard heat of formation of monatomic gas are greater than those of samarium and less than those of neodymium.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton-6">[5]</a> Promethium has a <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">double hexagonal close packed</a> (dhcp) structure and a hardness of 63 kg/mm2.<a href="#cite_note-str-8">[7]</a> This low-temperature alpha form converts into a beta, <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) phase upon heating to 890 °C.<a href="#cite_note-CRCrare-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties_and_compounds">Chemical properties and compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties and compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Promethium-147_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Promethium-147_solution.jpg/150px-Promethium-147_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Promethium-147_solution.jpg/225px-Promethium-147_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Promethium-147_solution.jpg/300px-Promethium-147_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>Solution containing Pm3+ ions</figcaption></figure> Promethium belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Cerium_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium group">cerium group</a> of lanthanides and is chemically very similar to the neighboring elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966120-10">[9]</a> Because of its instability, chemical studies of promethium are incomplete. Even though a few compounds have been synthesized, they are not fully studied; in general, they tend to be pink or red in color.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011429-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-brit-12">[11]</a> In May 2024, a promethium coordination complex with neutral PyDGA ligands was characterized in aqueous solution.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Treatment of acidic solutions containing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Pm3+ ions with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> results in a gelatinous light-brown sediment of hydroxide, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Pm(OH)3, which is insoluble in water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966121-14">[13]</a> When dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, a water-soluble yellow salt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PmCl3, is produced;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966121-14">[13]</a> similarly, when dissolved in nitric acid, a nitrate results, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Pm(NO3)3. The latter is also well-soluble; when dried, it forms pink crystals, similar to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nd(NO3)3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966121-14">[13]</a> The electron configuration for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Pm3+ is [Xe] 4f4, and the color of the ion is pink. The ground state term symbol is 5I4.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The sulfate is slightly soluble, like the other cerium group sulfates. Cell parameters have been calculated for its octahydrate; they lead to conclusion that the density of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Pm2(SO4)3·8H2O is 2.86 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966122-16">[15]</a> The oxalate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Pm2(C2O4)3·10H2O, has the lowest solubility of all lanthanide oxalates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966123-17">[16]</a> Unlike the nitrate, the <a href="/wiki/Promethium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium oxide">oxide</a> is similar to the corresponding samarium salt and not the neodymium salt. As-synthesized, e.g. by heating the oxalate, it is a white or lavender-colored powder with disordered structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966121-14">[13]</a> This powder crystallizes in a cubic lattice upon heating to 600 °C. Further annealing at 800 °C and then at 1750 °C irreversibly transforms it to <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> phases, respectively, and the last two phases can be interconverted by adjusting the annealing time and temperature.<a href="#cite_note-PmO-18">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formula </th> <th>symmetry </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> </th> <th>No </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <th>a (pm) </th> <th>b (pm) </th> <th>c (pm) </th> <th>Z </th> <th>density, g/cm3 </th></tr> <tr> <td>α-Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">dhcp</a><a href="#cite_note-str-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRCrare-9">[8]</a> </td> <td>P63/mmc </td> <td>194 </td> <td>hP4 </td> <td>365 </td> <td>365 </td> <td>1165 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>7.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>β-Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">bcc</a><a href="#cite_note-CRCrare-9">[8]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td>410 </td> <td>410 </td> <td>410 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pm2O3 </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-PmO-18">[17]</a> </td> <td>Ia3 </td> <td>206 </td> <td>cI80 </td> <td>1099 </td> <td>1099 </td> <td>1099 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>6.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pm2O3 </td> <td>monoclinic<a href="#cite_note-PmO-18">[17]</a> </td> <td>C2/m </td> <td>12 </td> <td>mS30 </td> <td>1422 </td> <td>365 </td> <td>891 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pm2O3 </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-PmO-18">[17]</a> </td> <td>P3m1 </td> <td>164 </td> <td>hP5 </td> <td>380.2 </td> <td>380.2 </td> <td>595.4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.53 </td></tr></tbody></table> Promethium forms only one stable oxidation state, +3, in the form of ions; this is in line with other lanthanides. Promethium can also form the +2 oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Thermodynamic properties of Pm2+ suggests that the dihalides are stable, similar to NdCl2 and SmCl2.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Promethium halides<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Formula </th> <th>color </th> <th>coordination number </th> <th>symmetry </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> </th> <th>No </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a> (°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td>PmF3 </td> <td>Purple-pink </td> <td>11 </td> <td>hexagonal </td> <td>P3c1 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>hP24 </td> <td>1338 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PmCl3 </td> <td>Lavender </td> <td>9 </td> <td>hexagonal </td> <td>P63/mc </td> <td>176 </td> <td>hP8 </td> <td>655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PmBr3 </td> <td>Red </td> <td>8 </td> <td>orthorhombic </td> <td>Cmcm </td> <td>63 </td> <td>oS16 </td> <td>624 </td></tr> <tr> <td>α-PmI3 </td> <td>Red </td> <td>8 </td> <td>orthorhombic </td> <td>Cmcm </td> <td>63 </td> <td>oS16 </td> <td>α→β </td></tr> <tr> <td>β-PmI3 </td> <td>Red </td> <td>6 </td> <td>rhombohedral </td> <td>R3 </td> <td>148 </td> <td>hR24 </td> <td>695 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium" title="Isotopes of promethium">Isotopes of promethium</a></div> Promethium is the only <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> and one of only two elements among the first 82 with no stable or long-lived (<a href="/wiki/Primordial_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial isotope">primordial</a>) isotopes. This is a result of a <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium#Stability_of_technetium_isotopes" title="Isotopes of technetium">rarely occurring effect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> and stabilities of neighbor element isotopes; it is also the least stable element of the first 84.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[4]</a> The primary decay products are <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> isotopes (promethium-146 decays to both, the lighter isotopes generally to neodymium via <a href="/wiki/Positron_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron decay">positron decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>, and the heavier isotopes to samarium via beta decay). Promethium <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> may decay to other promethium isotopes and one isotope (145Pm) has a very rare alpha decay mode to stable <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>-141.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[4]</a> The most stable isotope of the element is promethium-145, which has a specific activity of 139 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Ci</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a> (5.1 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">TBq</a>/g) and a half-life of 17.7 years via <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRCel-22">[21]</a> Because it has 84 neutrons (two more than 82, which is a <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic number</a> which corresponds to a stable neutron configuration), it may emit an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> (which has 2 neutrons) to form praseodymium-141 with 82 neutrons. Thus it is the only promethium isotope with an experimentally observed <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966114-23">[22]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Partial_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial half-life">partial half-life</a> for alpha decay is about 6.3×109 years, and the relative probability for a 145Pm nucleus to decay in this way is 2.8×10−7 %. Several other promethium isotopes such as 144Pm, 146Pm, and 147Pm also have a positive energy release for alpha decay; their alpha decays are predicted to occur but have not been observed. In total, 41 isotopes of promethium are known, ranging from 126Pm to 166Pm.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ln922-24">[23]</a> The element also has 18 nuclear isomers, with <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass numbers</a> of 133 to 142, 144, 148, 149, 152, and 154 (some mass numbers have more than one isomer). The most stable of them is promethium-148m, with a half-life of 43.1 days; this is longer than the half-lives of the ground states of all promethium isotopes, except for promethium-143 to 147. In fact, promethium-148m has a longer half-life than its ground state, promethium-148.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG/220px-Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG/330px-Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG/440px-Pitchblende_schlema-alberoda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">Uraninite</a>, a uranium ore and the host for most of Earth's promethium </figcaption></figure> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> reported that he had found weak beta activity in pure neodymium, which was attributed to a half-life over 1012 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966117-25">[24]</a> Almost 20 years later, it was claimed that the element occurs in natural neodymium in equilibrium in quantities below 10−20 grams of promethium per one gram of neodymium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966117-25">[24]</a> However, these observations were disproved by newer investigations, because for all seven naturally occurring neodymium isotopes, any single beta decays (which can produce promethium isotopes) are forbidden by energy conservation.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In particular, careful measurements of atomic masses show that the mass difference between 150Nd and 150Pm is negative (−87 keV), which absolutely prevents the single beta decay of 150Nd to 150Pm.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Olavi_Er%C3%A4mets%C3%A4" title="Olavi Erämetsä">Olavi Erämetsä</a> separated out traces of 147Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, resulting in an upper limit of 10−21 for the abundance of promethium in nature; this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission of uranium, or by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" title="Cosmic ray spallation">cosmic ray spallation</a> of 146Nd.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Both isotopes of natural europium have larger <a href="/wiki/Mass_excess" title="Mass excess">mass excesses</a> than sums of those of their potential alpha daughters plus that of an alpha particle; therefore, they (stable in practice) may alpha decay to promethium.<a href="#cite_note-Mammamia-29">[28]</a> Research at <a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso</a> showed that europium-151 decays to promethium-147 with the half-life of 5×1018 years.<a href="#cite_note-Mammamia-29">[28]</a> It has been shown that europium is "responsible" for about 12 grams of promethium in the Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-Mammamia-29">[28]</a> Alpha decays for europium-153 have not been found yet, and its theoretically calculated half-life is so high (due to low energy of decay) that this process will probably not be observed in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-bellidecay-30">[29]</a> Promethium can also be formed in nature as a product of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966117-25">[24]</a> Only trace amounts can be found in naturally occurring ores: a sample of <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> has been found to contain promethium at a concentration of four parts per quintillion (4×10−18) by mass.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Uranium is thus "responsible" for 560 g of promethium in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mammamia-29">[28]</a> Promethium has also been identified in the spectrum of the star <a href="/wiki/HR_465" class="mw-redirect" title="HR 465">HR 465</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a>; it also has been found in HD 101065 (<a href="/wiki/Przybylski%27s_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Przybylski's star">Przybylski's star</a>) and HD 965.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Because of the short half-life of promethium isotopes, they should be formed near the surface of those stars.<a href="#cite_note-CRCel-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Searches_for_element_61">Searches for element 61</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Searches for element 61">edit</a>]</div> In 1902, Czech chemist <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Brauner" title="Bohuslav Brauner">Bohuslav Brauner</a> found out that the differences in properties between neodymium and samarium were the largest between any two consecutive lanthanides in the sequence then known; as a conclusion, he suggested there was an element with intermediate properties between them.<a href="#cite_note-61a-33">[32]</a> This prediction was supported in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> who, having discovered that <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> was an experimentally measurable property of elements, found that a few atomic numbers had no known corresponding elements: the gaps were 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, and 87.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> With the knowledge of a gap in the periodic table several groups started to search for the predicted element among other rare earths in the natural environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966108-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-37">[36]</a> The first claim of a discovery was published by Luigi Rolla and Lorenzo Fernandes of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy. After separating a mixture of a few rare earth elements nitrate concentrate from the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> mineral <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> by fractionated crystallization, they yielded a solution containing mostly samarium. This solution gave x-ray spectra attributed to samarium and element 61. In honor of their city, they named element 61 "florentium". The results were published in 1926, but the scientists claimed that the experiments were done in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Also in 1926, a group of scientists from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>, Smith Hopkins and Len Yntema published the discovery of element 61. They named it "illinium", after the university.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Both of these reported discoveries were shown to be erroneous because the spectrum line that "corresponded" to element 61 was identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a>; the lines thought to belong to element 61 turned out to belong to a few impurities (barium, chromium, and platinum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966108-35">[34]</a> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mattauch" title="Josef Mattauch">Josef Mattauch</a> finally formulated the <a href="/wiki/Mattauch_isobar_rule" title="Mattauch isobar rule">isobar rule</a>. One of the indirect consequences of this rule was that element 61 was unable to form stable isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966108-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-rare-earth-handbook-47">[46]</a> From 1938, a nuclear experiment was conducted by H. B. Law et al. at the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>. Nuclides were produced in 1941 which were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, and the name "cyclonium" was proposed, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced and the discovery was not largely recognized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_synthesis_of_promethium_metal">Discovery and synthesis of promethium metal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discovery and synthesis of promethium metal">edit</a>]</div> Promethium was first produced and characterized at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (Clinton Laboratories at that time) in 1945 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Marinsky" title="Jacob A. Marinsky">Jacob A. Marinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Coryell" title="Charles D. Coryell">Charles D. Coryell</a> by separation and analysis of the fission products of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> fuel irradiated in the <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">graphite reactor</a>; however, being too busy with military-related research during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, they did not announce their discovery until 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Marinsky-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The original proposed name was "clintonium", after the laboratory where the work was conducted; however, the name "prometheum" was suggested by Grace Mary Coryell, the wife of one of the discoverers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> It is derived from <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, the Titan in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> and symbolizes "both the daring and the possible misuse of the mankind intellect".<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The spelling was then changed to "promethium", as this was in accordance with most other metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_A_Marinsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacob A. Marinsky"><img alt="Jacob A. Marinsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacob_A_Marinsky.jpg/158px-Jacob_A_Marinsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Jacob_A_Marinsky.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Marinsky" title="Jacob A. Marinsky">Jacob A. Marinsky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Larry_E_Glendenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin"><img alt="Lawrence E. Glendenin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Larry_E_Glendenin.jpg/137px-Larry_E_Glendenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Larry_E_Glendenin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_D._Coryell_M.I.T._May_1947.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles D. Coryell"><img alt="Charles D. Coryell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_D._Coryell_M.I.T._May_1947.png/180px-Charles_D._Coryell_M.I.T._May_1947.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Charles_D._Coryell_M.I.T._May_1947.png 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="225" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Coryell" title="Charles D. Coryell">Charles D. Coryell</a></div> </li> </ul> In 1963, promethium(III) fluoride was used to make promethium metal. Provisionally purified from impurities of samarium, neodymium, and americium, it was put into a <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> crucible which was located in another tantalum crucible; the outer crucible contained lithium metal (10 times excess compared to promethium).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011429-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966123-17">[16]</a> After creating a vacuum, the chemicals were mixed to produce promethium metal: <dl><dd>PmF3 + 3 Li → Pm + 3 LiF</dd></dl> The promethium sample produced was used to measure a few of the metal's properties, such as its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966123-17">[16]</a> In 1963, ion-exchange methods were used at ORNL to prepare about ten grams of promethium from nuclear reactor fuel processing wastes.<a href="#cite_note-CRCel-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Promethium can be either recovered from the byproducts of uranium fission or produced by bombarding 146Nd with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, turning it into 147Nd, which decays into <a href="/wiki/Promethium-147" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium-147">147Pm</a> through beta decay with a half-life of 11 days.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> The production methods for different isotopes vary, and only those for promethium-147 are given because it is the only isotope with industrial applications. Promethium-147 is produced in large quantities (compared to other isotopes) by bombarding uranium-235 with thermal neutrons. The output is relatively high, at 2.6% of the total product.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966115-56">[55]</a> Another way to produce promethium-147 is via neodymium-147, which decays to promethium-147 with a short half-life. Neodymium-147 can be obtained either by bombarding enriched neodymium-146 with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">thermal neutrons</a><a href="#cite_note-Russia-57">[56]</a> or by bombarding a <a href="/wiki/Uranium_carbide" title="Uranium carbide">uranium carbide</a> target with energetic protons in a particle accelerator.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Another method is to bombard uranium-238 with <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">fast neutrons</a> to cause <a href="/wiki/Fast_fission" title="Fast fission">fast fission</a>, which, among multiple reaction products, creates promethium-147.<a href="#cite_note-De2001-59">[58]</a> As early as the 1960s, Oak Ridge National Laboratory could produce 650 grams of promethium per year<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966116-60">[59]</a> and was the world's only large-volume synthesis facility.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Gram-scale production of promethium has been discontinued in the U.S. in the early 1980s, but will possibly be resumed after 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">High Flux Isotope Reactor</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2010, Russia was the only country producing promethium-147 on a relatively large scale.<a href="#cite_note-Russia-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pm,61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Pm%2C61.jpg/200px-Pm%2C61.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Pm%2C61.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_chloride" title="Promethium(III) chloride">Promethium(III) chloride</a> being used as a light source for signals in a heat button</figcaption></figure> Only promethium-147 has uses outside laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> It is obtained as the oxide or chloride,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966118-62">[61]</a> in milligram quantities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> This isotope has a relatively long half-life, does not emit <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a>, and its radiation has a relatively small penetration depth in matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966118-62">[61]</a> Some signal lights use a <a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">luminous paint</a> containing a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> that absorbs the beta radiation emitted by promethium-147 and emits light.<a href="#cite_note-CRCel-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> This isotope does not cause aging of the phosphor, as alpha emitters do,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966118-62">[61]</a> and therefore the light emission is stable for a few years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966118-62">[61]</a> Originally, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>-226 was used for the purpose, but it was later replaced by promethium-147 and <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (hydrogen-3).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Promethium may be favored over tritium for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear safety">nuclear safety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeter1993-64">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">atomic batteries</a>, the beta particles emitted by promethium-147 are converted into electric current by sandwiching a small promethium source between two semiconductor plates. These batteries have a useful lifetime of about five years.<a href="#cite_note-brit-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRCel-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011428-48">[47]</a> The first promethium-based battery was assembled in 1964 and generated "a few milliwatts of power from a volume of about 2 cubic inches, including shielding".<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Promethium is also used to measure the thickness of materials by measuring the amount of radiation from a promethium source that passes through the sample.<a href="#cite_note-CRCel-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011429-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> It has possible future uses in portable X-ray sources, and as auxiliary heat or power sources for space probes and satellites<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka2002-67">[66]</a> (although the alpha emitter <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a> has become standard for most space-exploration-related uses).<a href="#cite_note-Radioisotope2009-68">[67]</a> Promethium-147 is also used, albeit in very small quantities (less than 330nCi), in some <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) glow switches in the PLC 22W/28W 15mm CFL range.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> The element has no biological role. Promethium-147 can emit gamma rays, which are dangerous for all lifeforms, during its <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons1964-70">[69]</a> Interactions with tiny quantities of promethium-147 are not hazardous if certain precautions are observed.<a href="#cite_note-Army1987-71">[70]</a> In general, gloves, footwear covers, safety glasses, and an outer layer of easily removed protective clothing should be used.<a href="#cite_note-Pmlist-72">[71]</a> It is not known what human organs are affected by interaction with promethium; a possible candidate is the <a href="/wiki/Bone_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone tissue">bone tissues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pmlist-72">[71]</a> Sealed promethium-147 is not dangerous. However, if the packaging is damaged, then promethium becomes dangerous to the environment and humans. If <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> is found, the contaminated area should be washed with water and soap, but, even though promethium mainly affects the skin, the skin should not be abraded. If a promethium leak is found, the area should be identified as hazardous and evacuated, and emergency services must be contacted. No dangers from promethium aside from the radioactivity are known.<a href="#cite_note-Pmlist-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The thermal expansion of Pm is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are αa = 11.1×10−6/K, αc = 15.0×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 12.4×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCverna,_Fran2002" class="citation book cs1">Cverna, Fran (2002). 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Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review. 36 (1). 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml">the original</a> on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2006-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory+Review&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Promethium&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2Finfo%2Fornlreview%2Fv36_1_03%2Farticle_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ornl.gov/sites/default/files/ORNL%20Review%20v36n1%202003.pdf#page=5">"Discovery of Promethium"</a> (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review. 36 (1): 3. 2003. 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IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 11 (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ITED...11....2F">1964ITED...11....2F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FT-ED.1964.15271">10.1109/T-ED.1964.15271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Electron+Devices&rft.atitle=Construction+of+a+promethium-147+atomic+battery&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FT-ED.1964.15271&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964ITED...11....2F&rft.aulast=Flicker&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Loferski%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Elleman%2C+T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesHaygood2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, James William; Haygood, John R. 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Retrieved January 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terrorist+Effect+%E2%80%93+Weapons+of+Mass+Disruption%3A+The+Danger+of+Nuclear+Terrorism&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4620-3932-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft.au=Haygood%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwE0W6LsxygC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka2002-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka2002_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStwertka,_Albert2002" class="citation book cs1">Stwertka, Albert (2002). A guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515026-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515026-1&rft.au=Stwertka%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radioisotope2009-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Radioisotope2009_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadioisotope_Power_Systems_Committee,_National_Research_Council_U.S.2009" class="citation book cs1">Radioisotope Power Systems Committee, National Research Council U.S. (2009). Radioisotope power systems: an imperative for maintaining U.S. leadership in space exploration. National Academies Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-13857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-13857-4"><bdi>978-0-309-13857-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radioisotope+power+systems%3A+an+imperative+for+maintaining+U.S.+leadership+in+space+exploration&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-309-13857-4&rft.au=Radioisotope+Power+Systems+Committee%2C+National+Research+Council+U.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.msdsdigital.com/system/files/PHILIPS-CFL-15MM.pdf">https://www.msdsdigital.com/system/files/PHILIPS-CFL-15MM.pdf</a> MSDS for the Philips CFL lamps containing Pm-147. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons1964-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Simmons1964_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_Howard1964" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, Howard (1964). "Reed Business Information". New Scientist. 22 (389): 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Reed+Business+Information&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=389&rft.pages=292&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army1987-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Army1987_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfoXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5">Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual: installation, operation, and checkout procedures for Joint-Services Interior Intrusion Detection System (J-SIIDS)</a>. Headquarters, Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. 1991. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operator%2C+organizational%2C+direct+support%2C+and+general+support+maintenance+manual%3A+installation%2C+operation%2C+and+checkout+procedures+for+Joint-Services+Interior+Intrusion+Detection+System+%28J-SIIDS%29.&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Headquarters%2C+Departments+of+the+Army%2C+Navy%2C+and+Air+Force&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfoXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pmlist-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pmlist_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pmlist_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pmlist_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_HuntAssociates_Lt." class="citation web cs1">Stuart Hunt & Associates Lt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915131347/https://www.stuarthunt.com/uploads/downloads/RMSDS%20Documents/Promethium-147-Sealed.pdf">"Radioactive Material Safety Data Sheet"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuarthunt.com/uploads/downloads/RMSDS%20Documents/Promethium-147-Sealed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2012-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radioactive+Material+Safety+Data+Sheet&rft.au=Stuart+Hunt&rft.au=Associates+Lt.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuarthunt.com%2Fuploads%2Fdownloads%2FRMSDS%2520Documents%2FPromethium-147-Sealed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA428">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 428–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pages=428-430&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EfYXzwPo3UC%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavrukhinaPozdnyakov1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1966). Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция (Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium) (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Analytical+Chemistry+of+Technetium%2C+Promethium%2C+Astatine%2C+and+Francium%29&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lavrukhina&rft.aufirst=Avgusta+Konstantinovna&rft.au=Pozdnyakov%2C+Aleksandr+Aleksandrovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromethium" class="Z3988"></li> <li>2013, E.R. Scerri,A tale of seven elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195391312" title="Special:BookSources/9780195391312">9780195391312</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Promethium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_bromide" title="Promethium(III) bromide">PmBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_iodide" title="Promethium(III) iodide">PmI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium_iodate" title="Promethium iodate">Pm(IO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxide" title="Promethium(III) oxide">Pm2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promethium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promethium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Pm2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium_monosulfide" title="Promethium monosulfide">PmS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_hydroxide" title="Promethium(III) hydroxide">Pm(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_nitrate" title="Promethium(III) nitrate">Pm(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxalate" title="Promethium(III) oxalate">Pm2(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_phosphate" title="Promethium(III) phosphate">PmPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_sulfide" title="Promethium(III) sulfide">Pm2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethocene" title="Promethocene">Pm(C5H5)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium_nitride" title="Promethium nitride">PmN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1809#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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