CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html lang="en-US">  <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title>Former Staff | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</title> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php">  <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <script> MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [['$','$'],['\$','\$']], processEscapes: true }, options: { ignoreHtmlClass: 'tex2jax_ignore|editor-rich-text' } }; </script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy » Feed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy » Comments Feed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer{max-width:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='awsm-ead-public-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/css/embed-public.min.css?ver=2.7.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/style.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen-child/style.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-lato-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/fonts/font-lato.css?ver=20230328' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen-child/style.css?ver=20241112' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-block-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/css/blocks.css?ver=20240708' type='text/css' media='all' />  <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/stop-user-enumeration/frontend/js/frontend.js?ver=1.7" id="stop-user-enumeration-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/js/functions.js?ver=20230526" id="twentyfourteen-script-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1128" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://iep.utm.edu/former/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://iep.utm.edu/?p=1128' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fformer%2F" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-32x32.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-16x16.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/manifest.json?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=XBrrnd5baw" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon.ico?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/browserconfig.xml?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css" id="twentyfourteen-header-css"> .site-title, .site-description { clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); /* IE7 */ clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute; } </style> <style id="wp-custom-css"> body { background-color: white !important; background-image: none !important; } .headimage { width:34%; 聽height:auto; } h1{text-align:left} h2{text-align:left} h3{text-align:left} h4{text-align:left} h5{text-align:left} h6{text-align:left} ol{text-align:left} li{text-align:left} /* hyphenation */ p { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif, sans-serif; -moz-hyphens: auto; -ms-hyphens: auto; -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; word-wrap: break-word; } </style> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-8636035-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="page-template-default page page-id-1128 wp-embed-responsive group-blog header-image full-width singular"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <div id="site-header"> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home" style='display:block;'> <img src="/wp-content/media/IEP-logo-remastered.png" alt=""> </a> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="header-main"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></h1> <div class="search-toggle"> <a href="#search-container" class="screen-reader-text">Search</a> </div> <nav id="primary-navigation" class="site-navigation primary-navigation" role="navigation"> <button class="menu-toggle">Primary Menu</button> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu-toc-container"><ul id="menu-toc" class="nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-16644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16644"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/a/">A</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16645"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/b/">B</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16646"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/c/">C</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16647"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/d/">D</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16648"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/e/">E</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16649"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/f/">F</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16650"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/g/">G</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16651"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/h/">H</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16652"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/i/">I</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16653"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/j/">J</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16654"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/k/">K</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16655"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/l/">L</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16656"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m/">M</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16657"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/n/">N</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16658"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/o/">O</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16659"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/p/">P</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16660"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/q/">Q</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16661"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/r/">R</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16662"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/s/">S</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16663"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/t/">T</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16664"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/u/">U</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16665"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/v/">V</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16666"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/w/">W</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16667"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/x/">X</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16668"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/y/">Y</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16669"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/z/">Z</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="search-container" class="search-box-wrapper hide"> <div class="search-box"> <script> (function() { var cx = '001101905209118093242:rsrjvdp2op4'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.google.com/cse/cse.js?cx=' + cx; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); })(); </script> <gcse:searchbox-only></gcse:searchbox-only> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main" class="site-main"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-1128" class="post-1128 page type-page status-publish hentry">  <div class="entry-content"> <h1>Former Staff</h1> <p>Thank you to:</p> <h3>Subject Area Editors</h3> <ul> <li>Joseph Agassi (Philosophy of Science)</li> <li>James R. Beebe (Epistemology)</li> <li>David Boersema (American Philosophy)</li> <li>Curtis Bowman (19th Century Philosophy)</li> <li>Douglas Burnham (19th Century European)</li> <li>Jonathan Chimakonam(African)</li> <li>Jon Cogburn (Philosophy of Mind)</li> <li>Roy Cook (Mathematics)</li> <li>Joel Dittmer (Value Theory)</li> <li>James Dunson (19th Century German)</li> <li>Shawn Floyd (Medieval Philosophy)</li> <li>Valentin Goranko (Logic)</li> <li>John-Stewart Gordon (Ethics and Bioethics)</li> <li>Peter Gratton (Indigenous World Philosophy)</li> <li>Jeff Hergen (Medieval Philosophy)</li> <li>Colin Heydt (18th and 19th Century British)</li> <li>Alexandra King (Aesthetics)</li> <li>Kevin Klement (Logic)</li> <li>Scott Koterbay (Aesthetics)</li> <li>Shay Logan (Mathematics)</li> <li>Matt McCormick (18th Century Philosophy)</li> <li>John Min (Value Theory)</li> <li>Edward Moore (Helenistic Philosophy)</li> <li>Sean Morris (History of Analytic Philosophy)</li> <li>Melissa Mosko (Feminism)</li> <li>Thomas Nemeth (Russian Philosophy)</li> <li>Michael O’Donovan-Anderson (Ancient Philosophy)</li> <li>Tim O’Keefe (Ancient Philosophy)</li> <li>Ted Poston, (Epistemology)</li> <li>Aaron Preston (History of Analytic Philosophy)</li> <li>Jack Reynolds (Continental)</li> <li>Jeff Richey (Chinese)</li> <li>Steven Schneider (Aesthetics)</li> <li>Justin Skirry (17th Century European)</li> <li>Aaron Smuts (Aesthetics)</li> <li>Eric Sotnak (Philosophy of Religion)</li> <li>Diana Steigerwald (Islamic Philosophy)</li> <li>William Sweet (Social Philosophy)</li> <li>Kevin Timpe (Philosophy of Religion)</li> <li>Jason Waller (17th Century European Philosophy)</li> <li>David Whitford (Renaissance Philosophy)</li> </ul> <h3>Other Editors</h3> <ul> <li>Andr茅 Bazzoni (Recruiting Editor)</li> <li>Ed Grippe (Production)</li> <li>Tyler Loveless (Technical Advisor)</li> <li>Jason Waller (Recruiting Editor)</li> </ul> <h3>Volunteers</h3> <p>Keith Adams, Christopher Alldredge, Nathan Allen, Ahmed Arafa, Michelle Ardila, Adam Atkinson, Douglas Baskett, Chris Baynes, Elisa Bezencon, Patrick Bishop, Nick Blas, Conor Bowman, Artem Bourov, Heidi Bowles, Franciszek Bryk, David Burnett, Ayla Bunyak, Steve Campbell, Marie Coffey, Dominic Connaway, Alan Cook, Stefano Corsi, Adam Croom, Cheri Cross, Jason Cruze, Cindy Dall, Corey Dickinson, Justine Dowden, Jessica Dully, Will Durham, Catherine Elian, Marcel Ettesvold, Matt Evpak, Arianna Falbo, Josh Finnell, Jeffrey Fisher, Natasa Gassia, Alex Geiger, Bernie Goldsmith, Dominic Goymour, Shelley Hale, Scott Hargarten, Sam Hawkins, Bridget Haylock, Daniel Hedstrom, Adam Hill, Emily Hodges, Yonina Hoffman, Tim Houk, Heather Hoyt, Christine Jakobson, Hannah Jones, William S. Jones, Adebanjo-Paul Joseph, Joseph Kassman-Tod, Varak Ketsemanian, Steven Kimbler, Nathan Kraatz, Andrew Kruck, Robert Kublawi, Emil Kusan, John Landry, Katherine Laparan, Manuel Lechthaler,聽 Norm Lee, Sarah Lee, Gennifer Lehmer, Regina Liszanckie, Felix Luttge, Doug Manion, Luke Manning, Stephanie May, Jake Melichar, Roy Mill, John Miller, Moti Mizrahi, Anita Murray, Michael Murray, Blaine Nelson, Daniel Palaara, Joan Pan, Saja Parvizian, Mohan Pillai, Brad Post, David Prince, Ben Przybocki, Tanya Quin, Jaouad Radouani, Sonali Raj, Alex Riedel, Ariel Ricker, Mark Rittenmeyer, Joseph Roberts, Kevin Ryan, Nick Sabin, Dave Schwan, Stephen Seaward, Hongyuan Shi, Nick Sinetos, Casey Smith, Lauren Smith, Jennifer Snelling, Akilesh Sridharan, Rachel Stenner, Hannah Storey, Fiona Tan, Kaiyi Tan, Maria Tartaglia, Preston Tillotson, Christopher Torgalson, Dzmitry Tsapkou, Adam Waldbrook, Molly Watson, Samuel Webb, Neil Wellard, Karen Wess, Abby Wernicki, Ryan Wesley, Nicholas Wethington, Molly Wilder, Richard Willis, Jason Wu, Ben Yagi, Adam Young.</p> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div id="secondary"> <h2 class="site-description">An encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.</h2> <nav role="navigation" class="navigation site-navigation secondary-navigation"> <div class="menu-pages-container"><ul id="menu-pages" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-16670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16670"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/home/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16677"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/submit/">Submissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-40301" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-40301"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/editor-list/">Editors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16676"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/volunteer/">Volunteer</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div id="primary-sidebar" class="primary-sidebar widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"><h1 class="widget-title">Stay Connected</h1> <div class="textwidget"><p> &nbsp&nbsp<a href="https://www.facebook.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Facebook.png"></a> &nbsp&nbsp<a href="https://x.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/X-1.png"></a> &nbsp&nbsp<a href="https://iep.utm.edu/feed/"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Feed.png"></a> </p></div> </aside><aside id="categories-2" class="widget widget_categories"><h1 class="widget-title">Browse by Topic</h1><form action="https://iep.utm.edu" method="get"><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat">Browse by Topic</label><select name='cat' id='cat' class='postform'> <option value='-1'>Select Category</option> <option class="level-0" value="45">History of Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="49">   17th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="50">   18th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="51">   19th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="53">   Ancient Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="99">   History Misc.</option> <option class="level-1" value="60">   History of Analytic</option> <option class="level-1" value="64">   Medieval Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="102">   Philosophers</option> <option class="level-1" value="48">   Renaissance Philosophy</option> <option class="level-0" value="46">Metaphysics & Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="57">   Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="65">   Metaphysics</option> <option class="level-1" value="66">   Mind & Cognitive Science</option> <option class="level-1" value="67">   Philosophy of Language</option> <option class="level-1" value="70">   Philosophy of Religion</option> <option class="level-1" value="1">   Uncategorized</option> <option class="level-0" value="47">Philosophical Traditions</option> <option class="level-1" value="52">   American Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="55">   Chinese Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="56">   Continental Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="59">   Feminist Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="61">   Indian Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="62">   Islamic Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="100">   Tradition Misc.</option> <option class="level-0" value="74">Science, Logic, & Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="63">   Logic</option> <option class="level-1" value="69">   Philosophy of Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="71">   Philosophy of Science</option> <option class="level-0" value="41">Value Theory</option> <option class="level-1" value="98">   Aesthetics</option> <option class="level-1" value="54">   Bioethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="58">   Ethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="68">   Philosophy of Law</option> <option class="level-1" value="72">   Political Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="101">   Value Misc.</option> </select> </form><script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "cat" ); function onCatChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value > 0 ) { dropdown.parentNode.submit(); } } dropdown.onchange = onCatChange; })(); </script> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/?p=601">漏 Copyright <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> and its Authors </a> | ISSN 2161-0002 </div> </footer> </div>  <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/pdfobject.min.js?ver=2.7.6" id="awsm-ead-pdf-object-js"></script> <script id="awsm-ead-public-js-extra"> var eadPublic = []; </script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/embed-public.min.js?ver=2.7.6" id="awsm-ead-public-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML" id="mathjax-js"></script> </body> </html>