CINXE.COM

M | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IE 7]> <html class="ie ie7" lang="en-US"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <html class="ie ie8" lang="en-US"> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE 7) & !(IE 8)]><!--> <html lang="en-US"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title>M | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</title> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/js/html5.js"></script> <![endif]--> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy &raquo; Feed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-quicklatex-format-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/css/quicklatex-format.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer{max-width:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='awsm-ead-public-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/css/embed-public.min.css?ver=2.7.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-lato-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/fonts/font-lato.css?ver=20230328' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen-child/style.css?ver=20241112' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-block-style-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/css/blocks.css?ver=20240708' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyfourteen-ie-css' href='https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/css/ie.css?ver=20140711' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/stop-user-enumeration/frontend/js/frontend.js?ver=1.6.3" id="stop-user-enumeration-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/js/functions.js?ver=20230526" id="twentyfourteen-script-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/js/wp-quicklatex-frontend.js?ver=1.0" id="wp-quicklatex-frontend-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/351" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://iep.utm.edu/m/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://iep.utm.edu/?p=351' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fm%2F" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-32x32.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-16x16.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/manifest.json?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=XBrrnd5baw" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon.ico?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/browserconfig.xml?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css" id="twentyfourteen-header-css"> .site-title, .site-description { clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); /* IE7 */ clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute; } </style> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .headimage { width:34%;  height:auto; } h1{text-align:left} h2{text-align:left} h3{text-align:left} h4{text-align:left} h5{text-align:left} h6{text-align:left} ol{text-align:left} li{text-align:left} /* hyphenation */ p { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif, sans-serif; -moz-hyphens: auto; -ms-hyphens: auto; -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; word-wrap: break-word; } </style> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-8636035-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="page-template-default page page-id-351 wp-embed-responsive group-blog header-image full-width singular"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <div id="site-header"> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home"> <img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/iep-logo-1.png" width="1260" height="123" alt=""> </a> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="header-main"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></h1> <div class="search-toggle"> <a href="#search-container" class="screen-reader-text">Search</a> </div> <nav id="primary-navigation" class="site-navigation primary-navigation" role="navigation"> <button class="menu-toggle">Primary Menu</button> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu-toc-container"><ul id="menu-toc" class="nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-16644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16644"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/a/">A</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16645"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/b/">B</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16646"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/c/">C</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16647"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/d/">D</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16648"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/e/">E</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16649"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/f/">F</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16650"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/g/">G</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16651"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/h/">H</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16652"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/i/">I</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16653"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/j/">J</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16654"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/k/">K</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16655"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/l/">L</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-351 current_page_item menu-item-16656"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m/" aria-current="page">M</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16657"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/n/">N</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16658"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/o/">O</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16659"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/p/">P</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16660"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/q/">Q</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16661"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/r/">R</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16662"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/s/">S</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16663"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/t/">T</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16664"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/u/">U</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16665"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/v/">V</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16666"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/w/">W</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16667"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/x/">X</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16668"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/y/">Y</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16669"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/z/">Z</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="search-container" class="search-box-wrapper hide"> <div class="search-box"> <script> (function() { var cx = '001101905209118093242:rsrjvdp2op4'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.google.com/cse/cse.js?cx=' + cx; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); })(); </script> <gcse:searchbox-only></gcse:searchbox-only> </div> </div> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="main" class="site-main"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-351" class="post-351 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <!-- Custom remove entry header --> <div class="entry-content"> <h1>M</h1> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/machiave/" title="Machiavelli, Niccolò" rel="bookmark">Machiavelli, Niccolò</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mac-over/" title="MacIntyre" rel="bookmark">MacIntyre, Alasdair Chalmers</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/p-macint/" title="MacIntyre: Political Philosophy" rel="bookmark">Political Philosophy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/madhva/" title="Madhva" rel="bookmark">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/madhyamaka-buddhist-philosophy/" title="Madhyamaka Buddhist Philosophy" rel="bookmark">Madhyamaka Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/maimon/" title="Maimon, Solomon" rel="bookmark">Maimon, Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/maimonid/" title="Maimonides" rel="bookmark">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mainteno/" title="Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné" rel="bookmark">Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, Madame de</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/malcolm/" title="Malcolm, Norman" rel="bookmark">Malcolm, Norman</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/malebr-r/" title="Malebranche, Nicolas: Religion" rel="bookmark">Malebranche: Religion</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mandevil/" title="Mandeville, Bernard" rel="bookmark">Mandeville, Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/marcel/" title="Marcel, Gabriel" rel="bookmark">Marcel, Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/marcus-aurelius/" title="Aurelius, Marcus" rel="bookmark">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/" title="Material Composition" rel="bookmark">Material Composition</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/indmat/" title="Lokayata/Carvaka – Indian Materialism" rel="bookmark">Materialism, Indian (Lokāyata/Cārvāka)</a></li> <li>Mathematics <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/abstractionism/" title="Abstractionism" rel="bookmark">Abstractionism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/math-app/" title="Mathematics, The Applicability of" rel="bookmark">Applicability of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/benacerraf-problem-of-mathematical-truth-and-knowledge/" title="The Benacerraf Problem of Mathematical Truth and Knowledge" rel="bookmark">Benacerraf Problem of Mathematical Truth and Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/constructive-mathematics/" title="Constructive Mathematics" rel="bookmark">Constructive</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mathfict/" title="Fictionalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics" rel="bookmark">Fictionalism in</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/math-inc/" title="Inconsistent Mathematics" rel="bookmark">Inconsistent</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/indimath/" title="Indispensability Argument in the Philosophy of Mathematics" rel="bookmark">Indispensability Argument in the Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mathematical-nominalism/" title="Mathematical Nominalism" rel="bookmark">Nominalism in</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mathplat/" title="Platonism, Mathematical" rel="bookmark">Platonism in</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/poi-math/" title="Poincare’s Philosophy of Mathematics" rel="bookmark">Poincaré’s Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m-struct/" title="Structuralism, Mathematical" rel="bookmark">Structuralism in</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/wittmath/" title="Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Later Philosophy of Mathematics" rel="bookmark">Wittgenstein&#8217;s Philosophy of </a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mctaggar/" title="McTaggart, J. M. E." rel="bookmark">McTaggart, J. M. E.</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mead/" title="Mead, George Herbert" rel="bookmark">Mead, George Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/meaning-and-communication/" title="Meaning and Communication" rel="bookmark">Meaning and Communication</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mean-c-s/" title="Meaning and Context-Sensitivity" rel="bookmark">Meaning and Context-Sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/african-meaning-of-life/" title="African Philosophical Perspectives on the Meaning of Life" rel="bookmark">Meaning of Life: An African Philosophical Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/" title="Meaning of LIfe: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives" rel="bookmark">Meaning of Life: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/" title="Meaning of Life, The: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives" rel="bookmark">Meaning of Life: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/medicine/" title="Medicine, Philosophy of" rel="bookmark">Medicine, Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/medieval-theories-of-aesthetics/" title="Medieval Theories of Aesthetics" rel="bookmark">Medieval Theories of Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/freewi-m/" title="Free Will, Medieval Theories of" rel="bookmark">Medieval Theories of Free Will</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/prac-med/" title="Practical Reason, Medieval Theories of" rel="bookmark">Medieval Theories of Practical Reason</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/epis-mem/" title="Memory, Epistemology of" rel="bookmark">Memory, Epistemology of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mencius/" title="Mencius (Mengzi)" rel="bookmark">Mencius (Mengzi)</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mental-c/" title="Causation, Mental" rel="bookmark">Mental Causation</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mental-i/" title="Mental Illness, Philosophy of" rel="bookmark">Mental Illness, Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/merleau/" title="Merleau-Ponty, Maurice" rel="bookmark">Merleau-Ponty, Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/meta-epi/" title="Metaepistemology" rel="bookmark">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/metaethi/" title="Metaethics" rel="bookmark">Metaethics</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/constructivism-in-metaethics/" title="Metaethics, Constructivism in" rel="bookmark">Constructivisim in</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/con-meta/" title="Metaphilosophy" rel="bookmark">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/met-phen/" title="Metaphor and Phenomenology" rel="bookmark">Metaphor and Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/metaphysics-of-nothing/" title="The Metaphysics of Nothing" rel="bookmark">Metaphysics of Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/met-scie/" title="Metaphysics of Science" rel="bookmark">Metaphysics of Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/meyerson/" title="Meyerson, Emile" rel="bookmark">Meyerson, Emile</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/middlekn/" title="Middle Knowledge" rel="bookmark">Middle Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/midplato/" title="Platonism, Middle" rel="bookmark">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/milljs/" title="Mill, John Stuart" rel="bookmark">Mill, John Stuart</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mill-eth/" title="Mill, John Stuart: Ethics" rel="bookmark">Ethics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Mind <ul> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/animal-mind/" title="Minds, Animal" rel="bookmark">Animal Minds</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/donald-davidson-anomalous-monism/" title="Davidson: Anomalous Monism" rel="bookmark">Anomalous Monism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/artificial-intelligence/" title="Artificial Intelligence" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/associationism-in-philosophy-of-mind/" title="Associationism in the Philosophy of Mind" rel="bookmark">Associationism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/behaviorism/" title="Behaviorism" rel="bookmark">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mind-and-the-causal-exclusion-problem/" title="Mind and the Causal Exclusion Problem" rel="bookmark">Causal Exclusion Problem</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/connectionism-cognition/" title="Connectionism" rel="bookmark">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/dualism-and-mind/" title="Dualism and Mind" rel="bookmark">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/functism/" title="Functionalism" rel="bookmark">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/identity/" title="Identity Theory" rel="bookmark">Identity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/kantmind/" title="Kant: Philosophy of Mind" rel="bookmark">Kant&#8217;s Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/lot-hypo/" title="Language of Thought Hypothesis" rel="bookmark">Language of Thought Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/theomind/" title="Theory of Mind" rel="bookmark">Mind, Theory of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mult-rea/" title="Multiple Realizability, Mind and" rel="bookmark">Multiple Realizability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/minucius/" title="Minucius Felix" rel="bookmark">Minucius Felix</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/miracles/" title="Miracles" rel="bookmark">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mitchell/" title="Mitchell, William" rel="bookmark">Mitchell, William</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mod-illu/" title="Modal Illusions" rel="bookmark">Modal Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/modal-lo/" title="Modal Logic: Contemporary View" rel="bookmark">Modal Logic: A Contemporary View</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/rudolf-carnap-modal-logic/" title="Carnap: Modal Logic" rel="bookmark">Modal Logic, Carnap&#8217;s</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mod-meta/" title="Modal Metaphysics" rel="bookmark">Modal Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/ep-moda/" title="Epistemic Modality" rel="bookmark">Modality, Epistemic</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/logcon-m/" title="Logical Consequence, Model-Theoretic Conceptions" rel="bookmark">Model-Theoretic Conceptions of Logical Consequence</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/models/" title="Models" rel="bookmark">Models</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/modern-chinese-philosophy/" title="Chinese Philosophy, Modern" rel="bookmark">Modern Chinese Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/modern-morality-ancient-ethics/" title="Modern Morality and Ancient Ethics" rel="bookmark">Modern Morality and Ancient Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/middlekn/" title="Middle Knowledge" rel="bookmark">Molina, Luis (see Middle Knowledge)</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/middlekn/" title="Middle Knowledge" rel="bookmark">Molinism (see Middle Knowledge)</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/molyneux/" title="Molyneux’s Question" rel="bookmark">Molyneux&#8217;s Question</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/montaigne/" title="Montaigne, Michel de" rel="bookmark">Montaigne, Michel de</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moore/" title="Moore, George Edward" rel="bookmark">Moore, George Edward</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moral-ch/" title="Moral Character" rel="bookmark">Moral Character</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/constructivism-in-metaethics/" title="Metaethics, Constructivism in" rel="bookmark">Moral Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moraldev/" title="Moral Development" rel="bookmark">Moral Development</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moral-egalitarianism/" title="Moral Egalitarianism" rel="bookmark">Moral Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mor-epis/" title="Moral Epistemology" rel="bookmark">Moral Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moralluc/" title="Moral Luck" rel="bookmark">Moral Luck</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/morlpat/" title="Moral Particularism" rel="bookmark">Moral Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moral-perception/" title="Moral Perception" rel="bookmark">Moral Perception</a></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m-p-puni/" title="Moral Permissibility of Punishment" rel="bookmark">Moral Permissibility of Punishment, The</a></span></li> <li><a href="" title="" rel="bookmark">Moral Philosophy (see Ethics)</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moralrea/" title="Moral Realism" rel="bookmark">Moral Realism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/" title="Moral Relativism" rel="bookmark">Moral Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/collective-moral-responsibility/" title="Moral Responsibility, Collective" rel="bookmark">Moral Responsibility, Collective</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/epistemic-conditions-of-moral-responsibility/" title="Epistemic Conditions of Moral Responsibility" rel="bookmark">Moral Responsibility, Epistemic Conditions of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/m-cog-sc/" title="Morality and Cognitive Science" rel="bookmark">Morality and Cognitive Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/zongsan/" title="Mou Zongsan" rel="bookmark">Mou, Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mozi/" title="Mozi (Mo-tzu)" rel="bookmark">Mozi (Mo-tzu)</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/multicul/" title="Multiculturalism" rel="bookmark">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/mult-rea/" title="Multiple Realizability, Mind and" rel="bookmark">Multiple Realizability, Mind and</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/music-sj/" title="Music and Social Justice" rel="bookmark">Music and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/aesthetics-of-popular-music/" title="Aesthetics of Popular Music, The" rel="bookmark">Music, Aesthetics of Popular</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/music-an/" title="Philosophy of Music: Analytic Perspectives" rel="bookmark">Music, Analytic Perspectives in the Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/musonius/" title="Musonius Rufus" rel="bookmark">Musonius Rufus</a></li> </ul> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-## --> </div><!-- #content --> </div><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- #main-content --> <div id="secondary"> <h2 class="site-description">An encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.</h2> <nav role="navigation" class="navigation site-navigation secondary-navigation"> <div class="menu-pages-container"><ul id="menu-pages" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-16670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16670"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/home/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/eds/">Editors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16674"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/submit/100-most-desired-articles/">Desired Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16677"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/submit/">Submissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16676"><a href="https://iep.utm.edu/volunteer/">Volunteer</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div id="primary-sidebar" class="primary-sidebar widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"><h1 class="widget-title">Stay Connected</h1> <div class="textwidget"><p> &nbsp&nbsp<a href="https://www.facebook.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Facebook.png"></a> &nbsp&nbsp<a href="https://twitter.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/X-1.png"></a> &nbsp&nbsp<a href="https://iep.utm.edu/feed/"><img src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Feed.png"></a> </p></div> </aside><aside id="categories-2" class="widget widget_categories"><h1 class="widget-title">Browse by Topic</h1><form action="https://iep.utm.edu" method="get"><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat">Browse by Topic</label><select name='cat' id='cat' class='postform'> <option value='-1'>Select Category</option> <option class="level-0" value="45">History of Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="49">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="50">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="51">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="53">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ancient Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="99">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;History Misc.</option> <option class="level-1" value="60">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;History of Analytic</option> <option class="level-1" value="64">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Medieval Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="102">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophers</option> <option class="level-1" value="48">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Renaissance Philosophy</option> <option class="level-0" value="46">Metaphysics &amp; Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="57">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="65">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Metaphysics</option> <option class="level-1" value="66">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mind &amp; Cognitive Science</option> <option class="level-1" value="67">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophy of Language</option> <option class="level-1" value="70">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophy of Religion</option> <option class="level-1" value="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uncategorized</option> <option class="level-0" value="47">Philosophical Traditions</option> <option class="level-1" value="52">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="55">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="56">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Continental Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="59">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Feminist Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="61">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indian Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="62">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Islamic Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="100">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tradition Misc.</option> <option class="level-0" value="74">Science, Logic, &amp; Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="63">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Logic</option> <option class="level-1" value="69">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophy of Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="71">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophy of Science</option> <option class="level-0" value="41">Value Theory</option> <option class="level-1" value="98">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aesthetics</option> <option class="level-1" value="54">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bioethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="58">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="68">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophy of Law</option> <option class="level-1" value="72">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Political Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="101">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Value Misc.</option> </select> </form><script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "cat" ); function onCatChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value > 0 ) { dropdown.parentNode.submit(); } } dropdown.onchange = onCatChange; })(); </script> </aside> </div><!-- #primary-sidebar --> </div><!-- #secondary --> </div><!-- #main --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/?p=601">© Copyright <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> and its Authors </a> | ISSN 2161-0002 </div><!-- .site-info Custom (replaced powered by) --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <!-- TPC! Memory Usage (http://webjawns.com) Memory Usage: 14600208 Memory Peak Usage: 14631704 WP Memory Limit: 256M PHP Memory Limit: 128M Checkpoints: 9 --> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/pdfobject.min.js?ver=2.7.4" id="awsm-ead-pdf-object-js"></script> <script id="awsm-ead-public-js-extra"> var eadPublic = []; </script> <script src="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/embed-public.min.js?ver=2.7.4" id="awsm-ead-public-js"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10