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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membrane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membrane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Membrane </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membrane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 White </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yolk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yolk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Yolk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yolk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Abnormalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culinary properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culinary_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culinary properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culinary_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Types of dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cooking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavor_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavor_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Flavor variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavor_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nutrition and health effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition_and_health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutrition and health effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cholesterol_and_fat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholesterol_and_fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cholesterol and fat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholesterol_and_fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_2_diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_2_diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Type 2 diabetes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_2_diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Cardiovascular health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Food allergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Farming </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Farming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Farming subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grading_by_quality_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_by_quality_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Grading by quality and size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading_by_quality_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_of_eggshell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_of_eggshell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Color of eggshell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_of_eggshell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_conditions_of_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_conditions_of_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Living conditions of birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_conditions_of_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_male_chicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_male_chicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Killing of male chicks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_male_chicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eggs as food</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" > 97 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eier_(voedsel)" title="Eier (voedsel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eier (voedsel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%81%E1%88%8B%E1%88%8D_(%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5)" title="እንቁላል (ምግብ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እንቁላል (ምግብ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_(%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="بيض (طعام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيض (طعام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܒܝܥܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܥܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCevu_(alimentu)" title="Güevu (alimentu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Güevu (alimentu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryguasu_rupi%27a" title="Ryguasu rupi'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ryguasu rupi'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumurta" title="Yumurta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yumurta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="یومورتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یومورتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C9%9Bfan" title="Syɛfan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Syɛfan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF)" title="ডিম (খাদ্য) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিম (খাদ্য)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nn%CC%84g_(chia%CC%8Dh-mi%CC%8Dh)" title="Nn̄g (chia̍h-mi̍h) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nn̄g (chia̍h-mi̍h)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D2%A1%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%A1)" title="Йомортҡа (ризыҡ) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йомортҡа (ризыҡ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Яйка (харчовы прадукт) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яйка (харчовы прадукт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugok_bilang_kakanon" title="Sugok bilang kakanon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sugok bilang kakanon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Яйце (храна) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яйце (храна)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_(kegin)" title="Vi (kegin) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vi (kegin)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_(aliment)" title="Ou (aliment) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ou (aliment)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7)" title="Çăмарта (апат-çимĕç) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăмарта (апат-çимĕç)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejce_(potravina)" title="Vejce (potravina) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vejce (potravina)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy_(bwyd)" title="Wy (bwyd) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wy (bwyd)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oi" title="Oi – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Oi" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_(Lebensmittel)" title="Ei (Lebensmittel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ei (Lebensmittel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna_(toiduaine)" title="Muna (toiduaine) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muna (toiduaine)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B3%CF%8C_(%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF)" title="Αβγό (τρόφιμο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβγό (τρόφιμο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huevo_(alimento)" title="Huevo (alimento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huevo (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo_(man%C4%9Da%C4%B5o)" title="Ovo (manĝaĵo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ovo (manĝaĵo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrautza_(elikagaia)" title="Arrautza (elikagaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrautza (elikagaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="تخم‌مرغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخم‌مرغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92uf_(aliment)" title="Œuf (aliment) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œuf (aliment)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooh_(bee)" title="Ooh (bee) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ooh (bee)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo_(alimento)" title="Ovo (alimento) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ovo (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3n" title="Lón – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lón" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9A%A9%EB%9E%80" title="식용란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식용란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B8%D6%82_(%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84)" title="Ձու (սննդամթերք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձու (սննդամթերք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="अण्डा (खाद्य) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अण्डा (खाद्य)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaje_(hrana)" title="Jaje (hrana) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jaje (hrana)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo_(nutrivo)" title="Ovo (nutrivo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ovo (nutrivo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_sebagai_makanan" title="Telur sebagai makanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telur sebagai makanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo_(alimento)" title="Ovo (alimento) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ovo (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaqanda" title="Amaqanda – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amaqanda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(matv%C3%A6li)" title="Egg (matvæli) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Egg (matvæli)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uovo_(alimento)" title="Uovo (alimento) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uovo (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F)" title="ביצה (מזון) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביצה (מזון)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endhog_minangka_panganan" title="Endhog minangka panganan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Endhog minangka panganan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="კვერცხი (საკვები პროდუქტი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვერცხი (საკვები პროდუქტი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%97%D9%84_(%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A0%D9%86)" title="ٹھوٗل (کھؠن) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹھوٗل (کھؠن)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igi" title="Igi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diz%C3%A9_(aliman)" title="Dizé (aliman) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dizé (aliman)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%88)" title="Мыны (качкыш) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мыны (качкыш)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_(p%C4%81rtika)" title="Ola (pārtika) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ola (pārtika)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiau%C5%A1iniai_(maistas)" title="Kiaušiniai (maistas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kiaušiniai (maistas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_(aete)" title="Ei (aete) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ei (aete)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4i%C4%8D%C4%8Dy" title="Jäiččy – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jäiččy" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeuv" title="Oeuv – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oeuv" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toj%C3%A1s_(gasztron%C3%B3mia_%C3%A9s_kult%C3%BAra)" title="Tojás (gasztronómia és kultúra) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tojás (gasztronómia és kultúra)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="अंडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंडी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარქვალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარქვალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مرغانه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرغانه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur_(makanan)" title="Telur (makanan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telur (makanan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ung" title="Lâung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lâung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB_(%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Ал (ярхцамбяль) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ал (ярхцамбяль)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_(voeding)" title="Ei (voeding) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ei (voeding)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="फुल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E5%8D%B5" title="食用卵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食用卵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(mat)" title="Egg (mat) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egg (mat)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2u_(cosina)" title="Uòu (cosina) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uòu (cosina)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਆਂਡੇ ਭੋਜਨ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਂਡੇ ਭੋਜਨ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%AB%DB%90_%D9%87%DA%AB%DB%8D" title="چرګې هګۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چرګې هګۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajko_(kulinaria)" title="Jajko (kulinaria) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jajko (kulinaria)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo_(alimento)" title="Ovo (alimento) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ovo (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Яйцо (пищевой продукт) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яйцо (пищевой продукт)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ti%27kuk" title="ti'kuk – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ti'kuk" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vez%C3%ABt_si_ushqim" title="Vezët si ushqim – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vezët si ushqim" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2vu_(alimintazzioni)" title="Uòvu (alimintazzioni) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uòvu (alimintazzioni)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)" title="Egg (food) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egg (food)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajce_ako_potravina" title="Vajce ako potravina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vajce ako potravina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukun" title="Ukun – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ukun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86)" title="ھێلکە (خواردن) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێلکە (خواردن)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Јаје (храна) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаје (храна)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaje_(hrana)" title="Jaje (hrana) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jaje (hrana)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Eggs as food</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fried_Egg_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fried_Egg_2.jpg/220px-Fried_Egg_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fried_Egg_2.jpg/330px-Fried_Egg_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fried_Egg_2.jpg/440px-Fried_Egg_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2261" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Egg" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Egg">Cookbook: Egg</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poultry_eggs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poultry eggs">Media: Eggs as food</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chicken egg" redirects here. For the causality dilemma, see <a href="/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">Chicken or the egg</a>. For the definition of the egg in biology, see <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Egg</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Egg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Egg (disambiguation)">Egg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about eggs as food for people. For eggs as food hunted by animals, see <a href="/wiki/Egg_predation" title="Egg predation">Egg predation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggs,_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eggs%2C_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg/300px-Eggs%2C_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eggs%2C_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg/450px-Eggs%2C_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eggs%2C_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg/600px-Eggs%2C_parmesan_and_carrots_with_cream.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Fried eggs and carrots with Parmesan and cream</figcaption></figure> Humans and their hominid relatives have consumed eggs for millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The most widely consumed eggs are those of <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>. People in Southeast Asia began harvesting chicken eggs for food by 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Eggs of other <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostriches" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostriches">ostriches</a>, are eaten regularly but much less commonly than those of chickens. People may also eat the eggs of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. Fish eggs consumed as food are known as <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>. Hens and other egg-laying creatures are raised throughout the world, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> banned <a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">battery husbandry</a> of chickens. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian depictions of offerings at the <a href="/wiki/TT69" title="TT69">tomb of Menna</a>, including a basket of eggs</figcaption></figure> Bird eggs have been valuable foodstuffs since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, in both hunting societies and more recent cultures where birds were domesticated. The chicken was most likely domesticated for its eggs (from jungle fowl native to tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>) before 7500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chickens</a> were brought to Sumer and Egypt by 1500 BCE, and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> around 800 BCE, where the <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a> had been the primary source of eggs.<a href="#cite_note-McGeep70-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes, Egypt</a>, the tomb of Haremhab, dating to approximately 1420 BCE, shows a depiction of a man carrying bowls of <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_egg" title="Ostrich egg">ostrich eggs</a> and other large eggs, presumably those of the <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelican</a>, as offerings.<a href="#cite_note-Brothwell-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, eggs were preserved using a number of methods and meals often started with an egg course.<a href="#cite_note-Brothwell-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> crushed the shells in their plates to prevent evil spirits from hiding there.<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-6">[6]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, eggs were forbidden during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> because of their richness,<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-6">[6]</a> although the motivation for forgoing eggs during Lent was not entirely religious. An annual pause in egg consumption allowed farmers to rest their flocks, and also to limit their hens' consumption of feed during a time of year when food stocks were usually scarce. Eggs scrambled with acidic fruit juices were popular in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the seventeenth century; this may have been the origin of <a href="/wiki/Lemon_curd" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon curd">lemon curd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGee087-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square,_or_the_Registan,_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square%2C_or_the_Registan%2C_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png/220px-Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square%2C_or_the_Registan%2C_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square%2C_or_the_Registan%2C_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png/330px-Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square%2C_or_the_Registan%2C_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square%2C_or_the_Registan%2C_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png/440px-Scenes_at_the_Samarkand_Square%2C_or_the_Registan%2C_and_Its_Market_Types._Egg_Vendors_WDL10882.png 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Egg vendors in Samarkand, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870</figcaption></figure> The dried egg industry developed in the nineteenth century, before the rise of the frozen egg industry.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman221-8">[8]</a> In 1878, a company in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> started to transform egg yolk and egg white into a light-brown, meal-like substance by using a drying process.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman221-8">[8]</a> The production of <a href="/wiki/Powdered_eggs" title="Powdered eggs">dried eggs</a> significantly expanded during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, for use by the United States Armed Forces and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman221-8">[8]</a> In 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">egg carton</a> was invented by Joseph Coyle in <a href="/wiki/Smithers,_British_Columbia" title="Smithers, British Columbia">Smithers, British Columbia</a>, to solve a dispute about broken eggs between a farmer in <a href="/wiki/Bulkley_Valley" title="Bulkley Valley">Bulkley Valley</a> and the owner of the Aldermere Hotel. Early egg cartons were made of paper.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene</a> egg cartons became popular in the latter half of the twentieth century as they were perceived to offer better protection especially against heat and breakage, however, by the twenty-first century environmental considerations have led to the return of more <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> paper cartons (often made of recycled material) that once again became more widely used. Whereas the wild Asian fowl from which domesticated chickens are descended typically lay about a dozen eggs each year during the breeding season, several millennia of selective breeding have produced domesticated hens capable of laying more than three hundred eggs each annually, and to lay eggs year round. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vogeleier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vogeleier.jpg/220px-Vogeleier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vogeleier.jpg/330px-Vogeleier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vogeleier.jpg/440px-Vogeleier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Quail eggs (upper left), chicken egg (lower left), and <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> egg (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg/220px-Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg/330px-Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg/440px-Eggs_in_basket_2020_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>Collected chicken eggs and quail eggs in a wicker basket</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Bird</a> eggs are a common <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and one of the most versatile <a href="/wiki/Ingredients" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingredients">ingredients</a> used in cooking. They are important in many branches of the modern <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larousse-6">[6]</a> The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a>. Smaller eggs, such as <a href="/wiki/Quail_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Quail egg">quail eggs</a>, are used occasionally as a gourmet ingredient in Western countries. Eggs are a common everyday food in many parts of Asia, such as China and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, with Asian production providing 59 percent of the world total in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The largest bird eggs, from <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>, tend to be used only as special luxury food. <a href="/wiki/Gull_egg" title="Gull egg">Gull eggs</a> are considered a delicacy in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roux8-11">[11]</a> as well as in some Scandinavian countries, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. In some African countries, <a href="/wiki/Guineafowl" title="Guineafowl">guineafowl</a> eggs often are seen in marketplaces, especially in the spring of each year.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman001-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">Pheasant</a> eggs and <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> eggs are edible, but less widely available;<a href="#cite_note-Roux8-11">[11]</a> sometimes they are obtainable from farmers, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poulterer" class="extiw" title="wikt:poulterer">poulterers</a>, or luxury grocery stores. In many countries, wild bird eggs are protected by laws which prohibit the collecting or selling of them, or permit collection only during specific periods of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Roux8-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Hen_Eggs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>World production of hen eggs</figcaption></figure> In 2017, world production of chicken eggs was 80.1 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>. The largest producers were China with 31.3 million of this total, the United States with 6.3 million, India at 4.8 million, Mexico at 2.8 million, Japan at 2.6 million, and Brazil and Russia with 2.5 million each.<a href="#cite_note-faostat-13">[13]</a> The largest egg factory in British Columbia, for example, ships 12 million eggs per week.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> For the month of January 2019, the United States produced 9.41 billion eggs, with 8.2 billion for table consumption and 1.2 billion for raising chicks.<a href="#cite_note-carey-15">[15]</a> Americans are projected to each consume 279 eggs in 2019, the highest since 1973, but less than the 405 eggs eaten per person in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-carey-15">[15]</a> During production, eggs can be <a href="/wiki/Candling" title="Candling">candled</a> to check their quality.<a href="#cite_note-ui-16">[16]</a> The size of an egg's air cell is determined, and if fertilization took place three to six days or earlier prior to the candling, blood vessels can typically be seen as evidence that the egg contains an embryo.<a href="#cite_note-ui-16">[16]</a> Contrary to <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">common misconception</a>, this is not conclusive evidence of fertilization, as blood vessels can just denote an ordinary rupture on the egg yolk surface while the egg was forming.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Depending on local regulations, eggs may be washed before being placed in <a href="/wiki/Egg_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg box">egg boxes</a>, although washing may shorten their length of freshness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_characteristics">Anatomy and characteristics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">Egg (biology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg/220px-Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg/330px-Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg/440px-Chicken_Egg_without_Eggshell_5859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A raw chicken egg within its membrane, with the shell removed by soaking in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg/220px-Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg/330px-Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg/440px-Anatomy_of_an_egg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a chicken egg: <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">Eggshell</a></li><li>Outer membrane</li><li>Inner membrane</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">Chalaza</a></li><li>Exterior <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a></li><li>Middle <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vitelline_membrane" title="Vitelline membrane">Vitelline membrane</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_of_Pander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleus of Pander (page does not exist)">Nucleus of Pander</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal disc">Germinal disc</a> (nucleus)</li><li>Yellow <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a></li><li>White <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a></li><li>Internal <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">Chalaza</a></li><li>Air cell</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cuticula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuticula">Cuticula</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> Bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective <a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">eggshell</a>, albumen (<a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">egg white</a>), and vitellus (<a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">egg yolk</a>), contained within various <a href="/wiki/Eggshell_membrane" title="Eggshell membrane">thin membranes</a>. The egg yolk is suspended in the egg white by one or two spiral bands of tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">chalazae</a> (from the Greek word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:χάλαζα">χάλαζα</a>, meaning 'hailstone' or 'hard lump'). The shape of a chicken egg resembles a <a href="/wiki/Prolate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolate spheroid">prolate spheroid</a> with one end larger than the other and has cylindrical symmetry along the long axis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_cell">Air cell</h3></div> The larger end of the egg contains an air cell that forms when the contents of the egg cool down and contract after it is laid. Chicken eggs are graded according to the size of this air cell, measured during <a href="/wiki/Candling" title="Candling">candling</a>. A very fresh egg has a small air cell and receives a grade of AA. As the size of the air cell increases and the quality of the egg decreases, the grade moves from AA to A to B. This provides a way of testing the age of an egg: as the air cell increases in size due to air being drawn through pores in the shell as water is lost, the egg becomes less dense and the larger end of the egg will rise to increasingly shallower depths when the egg is placed in a bowl of water. A very old egg will float in the water and should not be eaten,<a href="#cite_note-McGee-18">[18]</a> especially if a foul odor can be detected if the egg is cracked open.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">Eggshell</a></div> Eggshell color is caused by <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> deposition during egg formation in the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> and may vary according to <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breed</a>, from the more common white or brown to pink or speckled blue-green. The brown pigment is <a href="/wiki/Protoporphyrin_IX" title="Protoporphyrin IX">protoporphyrin IX</a>, a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>, and the blue pigment is <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a>, a product of the breakdown of heme.<a href="#cite_note-Sachar-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Generally, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">chicken breeds</a> with white ear lobes lay white eggs, whereas chickens with red ear lobes lay brown eggs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Although there is no significant link between shell color and nutritional value, often there is a cultural preference for one color over another (see <a href="#Color_of_eggshell">§ Color of eggshell</a> below). As candling is less effective with brown eggs, they have a significantly higher incidence of blood spots.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membrane">Membrane</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eggshell_membrane" title="Eggshell membrane">Eggshell membrane</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Eggshell_membrane" title="Eggshell membrane">eggshell membrane</a> is a clear film lining the eggshell, visible when one peels a boiled egg. Primarily, it is composed of fibrous <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_I_collagen" title="Type I collagen">type I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> These membranes may be used commercially as a dietary supplement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White">White</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">Egg white</a></div> "White" is the common name for the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. Colorless and transparent initially, upon cooking it turns white and opaque. In chickens, it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> during the passage of the egg.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It forms around both <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation#Fertilisation_in_animals" title="Fertilisation">fertilized</a> and unfertilized yolks. The primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition during the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. Egg white consists primarily of approximately 90 percent water into which is dissolved 10 percent <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucoprotein" title="Mucoprotein">mucoproteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a>). Unlike the yolk, which is high in <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> (fats), egg white contains almost no fat and the <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> content is less than one percent. Egg white has many uses in food and many other applications, including the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">those for influenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yolk">Yolk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">Egg yolk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg/220px-An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg/330px-An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg/440px-An_egg_with_two_yols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A single egg with two yolks</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">yolk</a> in a newly laid egg is round and firm. As the yolk ages, it absorbs water from the albumen, which increases its size and causes it to stretch and weaken the <a href="/wiki/Vitelline_membrane" title="Vitelline membrane">vitelline membrane</a> (the clear casing enclosing the yolk). The resulting effect is a flattened and enlarged yolk shape. Yolk color is dependent on the diet of the hen. If the diet contains yellow or orange plant <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophylls</a>, then they are deposited in the yolk, coloring it. <a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a> is the most abundant pigment in egg yolk.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A diet without such colorful foods may result in an almost colorless yolk. Yolk color is, for example, enhanced if the diet includes foods such as yellow <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">marigold</a> petals.<a href="#cite_note-usda-eggs-28">[28]</a> In the US, the use of artificial color additives is forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-usda-eggs-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abnormalities">Abnormalities</h3></div> Abnormalities that have been found in eggs purchased for human consumption include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yolk#Double-yolk_eggs" title="Yolk">Double-yolk eggs</a>, when an egg contains two or more yolks, occurs when ovulation occurs too rapidly, or when one yolk becomes joined with another yolk.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk#Yolkless_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">Yolkless eggs</a>, which contain whites but no yolk, usually occurs during a pullet's first effort, produced before her laying mechanism is fully ready.<a href="#cite_note-Dwarf_Eggs_and_the_Timing_of_Ovulation_in_the_Domestic_Fowl-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Double-shelled eggs, where an egg may have two or more outer shells, is caused by a counter-peristalsis contraction and occurs when a second oocyte is released by the ovary before the first egg has completely traveled through the oviduct and been laid.<a href="#cite_note-The_Case_of_the_Double-Shelled_Egg-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Shell-less or thin-shelled eggs may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Egg_drop_syndrome" title="Egg drop syndrome">egg drop syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_properties">Culinary properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_dishes">Types of dishes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_egg_dishes" title="List of egg dishes">List of egg dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fried_Egg_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fried_Egg_2.jpg/220px-Fried_Egg_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fried_Egg_2.jpg/330px-Fried_Egg_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fried_Egg_2.jpg/440px-Fried_Egg_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>A fried chicken egg, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sunny_side_up" class="extiw" title="wikt:sunny side up">sunny side up</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%BChrei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/R%C3%BChrei.jpg/220px-R%C3%BChrei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/R%C3%BChrei.jpg/330px-R%C3%BChrei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/R%C3%BChrei.jpg/440px-R%C3%BChrei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scrambled_eggs" title="Scrambled eggs">Scrambled eggs</a> served with ham and toast</figcaption></figure> Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of dishes, both sweet and savory, including many <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baked goods</a>. Some of the most common preparation methods include <a href="/wiki/Scrambled_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrambled egg">scrambled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fried_egg" title="Fried egg">fried</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poached_egg" title="Poached egg">poached</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiled_egg" title="Boiled egg">hard-boiled</a>, soft-boiled, <a href="/wiki/Omelettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Omelettes">omelettes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">pickled</a>. They also may be eaten raw, although this is not recommended for people who may be especially susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">salmonellosis</a>, such as the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women. In addition, the protein in raw eggs is only 51 percent <a href="/wiki/Bioavailable" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioavailable">bioavailable</a>, whereas that of a cooked egg is nearer 91 percent bioavailable, meaning the protein of cooked eggs is nearly twice as absorbable as the protein from raw eggs.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As a cooking ingredient, egg yolks are an important <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifier</a> in the kitchen, and are also used as a thickener, as in <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custards</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a> (egg white) contains protein, but little or no <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, and may be used in cooking separately from the yolk. The proteins in egg white allow it to form foams and aerated dishes. Egg whites may be aerated or whipped to a light, fluffy consistency, and often are used in desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mousse" title="Mousse">mousse</a>. Ground eggshells sometimes are used as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> to deliver <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Every part of an egg is edible, although the eggshell is generally discarded. Some recipes call for immature or unlaid eggs, which are harvested after the hen is slaughtered or cooked, while still inside the chicken.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking">Cooking</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg/220px-Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg/330px-Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg/440px-Potato_galettes_with_quail_eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Soft-boiled <a href="/wiki/Quail_eggs" title="Quail eggs">quail eggs</a> with potato <a href="/wiki/Galette" title="Galette">galettes</a>. The yolk of the eggs have not yet fully solidified.</figcaption></figure> Eggs contain multiple proteins that gel at different temperatures within the yolk and the white, and the temperature determines the gelling time. Egg yolk becomes a <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>, or solidifies, between 61 and 70 °C (142 and 158 °F). Egg white gels at different temperatures: 60 to 73 °C (140 to 163 °F). The white contains exterior albumen which sets at the highest temperature. In practice, in many cooking processes the white gels first because it is exposed to higher temperatures for longer.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Salmonella is killed instantly at 71 °C (160 °F), but also is killed from 54.5 °C (130.1 °F), if held at that temperature for sufficiently long time periods. To avoid the issue of salmonella, <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_eggs" title="Pasteurized eggs">eggs may be pasteurized</a> in-shell at 57 °C (135 °F) for an hour and 15 minutes. Although the white then is slightly milkier, the eggs may be used in normal ways. Whipping for meringue takes significantly longer, but the final volume is virtually the same.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> If a boiled egg is overcooked, a greenish ring sometimes appears around the egg yolk due to changes to the <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> compounds in the egg.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It also may occur with an abundance of iron in the cooking water.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Overcooking harms the quality of the protein.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Chilling an overcooked egg for a few minutes in cold water until it is completely cooled may prevent the greenish ring from forming on the surface of the yolk.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Peeling a cooked egg is easiest when the egg was put into boiling water as opposed to slowly heating the egg from a start in cold water.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavor_variations">Flavor variations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG/220px-HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG/330px-HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG/440px-HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_Des_Voeux_Road_West_Tea_Eggs_Snack_Shop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A batch of <a href="/wiki/Tea_egg" title="Tea egg">tea eggs</a> with shell intact soaking in a brew of spices and tea</figcaption></figure> Although the age of the egg and the conditions of its storage have a greater influence, the bird's diet affects the flavor of the egg.<a href="#cite_note-McGee087-7">[7]</a> For example, when a brown-egg chicken breed eats <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> (canola) or soy meals, its intestinal microbes metabolize them into fishy-smelling <a href="/wiki/Triethylamine" title="Triethylamine">triethylamine</a>, which ends up in the egg.<a href="#cite_note-McGee087-7">[7]</a> The unpredictable diet of free-range hens will produce likewise, unpredictable egg flavors.<a href="#cite_note-McGee087-7">[7]</a> Duck eggs tend to have a flavor distinct from, but still resembling, chicken eggs. Eggs may be soaked in mixtures to absorb flavor. <a href="/wiki/Tea_egg" title="Tea egg">Tea eggs</a>, a common snack sold from street-side carts in China, are steeped in a brew from a mixture of various spices, soy sauce, and black tea leaves to give flavor. Hard boiled eggs are cracked slightly before being simmered in the marinade for more flavor, also giving them their marble pattern.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> Careful storage of edible eggs is extremely important, as an improperly handled egg may contain elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that may cause severe <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a>. In the US, eggs are washed. This cleans the shell, but erodes its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuticle" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuticle">cuticle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anatomy-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-45">[45]</a> The USDA thus recommends refrigerating eggs to prevent the growth of Salmonella.<a href="#cite_note-usda-eggs-28">[28]</a> Refrigeration also preserves the taste and texture.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In Europe, eggs are not usually washed, and the shells are dirtier, however the cuticle is undamaged, and they do not require refrigeration.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In the UK in particular, hens are immunized against salmonella and generally, their eggs are safe for 21 days.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salty_egg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Salty_egg.JPG/220px-Salty_egg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Salty_egg.JPG/330px-Salty_egg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Salty_egg.JPG/440px-Salty_egg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Salted duck egg</figcaption></figure> The simplest method to preserve an egg is to treat it with <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>. Salt draws water out of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">molds</a>, which prevents their growth.<a href="#cite_note-McGee116-47">[47]</a> The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Salted_duck_egg" title="Salted duck egg">salted duck egg</a> is made by immersing duck eggs in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, or coating them individually with a paste of salt and <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. The eggs stop absorbing salt after approximately a month, having reached <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic equilibrium">osmotic equilibrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGee116-47">[47]</a> Their yolks take on an orange-red color and solidify, but the white remains somewhat liquid. These often are boiled before consumption and are served with rice <a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">congee</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickled_egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pickled_egg.jpg/220px-Pickled_egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pickled_egg.jpg/330px-Pickled_egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pickled_egg.jpg/440px-Pickled_egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Pickled egg, colored with beetroot juice</figcaption></figure> Another method is to make <a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">pickled eggs</a>, by boiling them first and immersing them in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, salt, and spices, such as <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>. Frequently, <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a> juice is added to impart a red color to the eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman479-48">[48]</a> If the eggs are immersed in it for a few hours, the distinct red, white, and yellow colors may be seen when the eggs are sliced.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman479-48">[48]</a> If marinated for several days or more, the red color will reach the yolk.<a href="#cite_note-Stadelman479-48">[48]</a> If the eggs are marinated in the mixture for several weeks or more, the vinegar will dissolve much of the shell's <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and penetrate the egg, making it <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidic</a> enough to inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds.<a href="#cite_note-McGee116-47">[47]</a> Pickled eggs made this way generally keep for a year or more without refrigeration.<a href="#cite_note-McGee116-47">[47]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Century_egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Century_egg.jpg/220px-Century_egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Century_egg.jpg/330px-Century_egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Century_egg.jpg/440px-Century_egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Century_egg" title="Century egg">Century egg</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Century_egg" title="Century egg">century egg</a> or hundred-year-old egg is preserved by coating an egg in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a>, salt, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> straw for several weeks to several months, depending on the method of processing. After the process is completed, the yolk becomes a dark green, cream-like substance with a strong odor of sulfur and ammonia, while the white becomes a dark brown, transparent jelly with a comparatively mild, distinct flavor. The transforming agent in a century egg is its <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> material, which gradually raises the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the egg from approximately 9 to 12 or more.<a href="#cite_note-McGee117-49">[49]</a> This chemical process breaks down some of the complex, flavorless proteins and fats of the yolk into simpler, flavorful ones, which in some way may be thought of as an "inorganic" version of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_health_effects">Nutrition and health effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Chicken egg whole, hard-boiled</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">647 kJ (155 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.12 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">10.6 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">12.6 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.153 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.604 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.686 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.075 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.904 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.392 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.292 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.668 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.513 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.767 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.755 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.298 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.700 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.264 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.644 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.423 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.501 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.936 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 149 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.066 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">38%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.064 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 1.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.121 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 44 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">46%</div> 1.11 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">53%</div> 294 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 87 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 1.03 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 50 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 1.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 172 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 126 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 126 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 1.0 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">75 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">373 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;">For edible portion only. Refuse: 12% (shell). An egg just large enough to be classified as "large" in the U.S. yields 50 grams of egg without shell. This size egg is classified as "medium" in Europe and "standard" in New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173424/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-50">[50]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-51">[51]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_Home_and_Garden_no_264-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA_Food_Choline_Chart-53">[53]</a> Due to their protein content, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> formerly categorized eggs as Meat within the <a href="/wiki/Food_Guide_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Guide Pyramid">Food Guide Pyramid</a> (now <a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a>).<a href="#cite_note-USDA_Home_and_Garden_no_264-52">[52]</a> A 50-gram (1.8 oz) <a href="/wiki/Chicken_egg_sizes" title="Chicken egg sizes">medium/large</a> chicken egg provides approximately 70 kilocalories (290 kJ) of food energy and 6 grams of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USDAboiledeggs-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDAeggs-55">[55]</a> Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV), including (per 100g) <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> (19% DV), <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> (42% DV), <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a> (28% DV), <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> (46% DV), <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a> (60% DV), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (25% DV), <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (11% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> (15% DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality of eggs. For instance, chicken eggs that are especially high in <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">omega-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> are produced by feeding hens a diet containing <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a> fats from sources such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chia_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chia seeds">chia seeds</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Flaxseeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseeds">flaxseeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastured_poultry" title="Pastured poultry">Pasture-raised free-range hens</a>, which forage for their own food, also produce eggs that are relatively enriched in omega-3 fatty acids when compared to those of cage-raised chickens.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A 2010 USDA study determined there were no significant differences of <a href="/wiki/Macronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrients">macronutrients</a> in various chicken eggs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Cooked eggs are easier to digest than raw eggs,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> as well as having a lower risk of <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">salmonellosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cspinet-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholesterol_and_fat">Cholesterol and fat</h3></div> More than half the calories found in eggs come from the fat in the yolk; 50 grams of chicken egg (the contents of an egg just large enough to be classified as "large" in the US, but "medium" in Europe) contains approximately five grams of fat. <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic acids</a>) makes up 27 percent of the fat in an egg.<a href="#cite_note-eggwhole-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">egg white</a> consists primarily of water (88 percent) and protein (11 percent), with no cholesterol and 0.2 percent fat.<a href="#cite_note-eggwhite-63">[63]</a> There is debate over whether egg yolk presents a health risk. Some research suggests dietary <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> increases the ratio of total to <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL cholesterol</a> and, therefore, adversely affects the body's cholesterol profile;<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> whereas other studies show that moderate consumption of eggs, up to one a day, does not appear to increase <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> risk in healthy individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Hu-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">Harold McGee</a> argues that the cholesterol in the egg yolk is not what causes a problem, because fat (particularly saturated fat) is much more likely to raise cholesterol levels than the consumption of cholesterol.<a href="#cite_note-McGee-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_2_diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</h3></div> Studies have shown conflicting results about a possible connection between egg consumption and <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>. A meta-analysis from 2013 found that eating four eggs per week was associated with a 29 percent increase in the relative risk of developing diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-66">[66]</a> Another meta-analysis from 2013 also supported the idea that egg consumption may lead to an increased incidence of type two diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Shin2013-67">[67]</a> A 2016 meta-analysis suggested that association of egg consumption with increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes may be restricted to cohort studies from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A 2020 meta-analysis found that there was no overall association between moderate egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and that the risk found in US studies was not found in European or Asian studies.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3></div> A 2015 meta-analysis found an association between higher egg consumption (five a week) with increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> compared to no egg consumption.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Another meta-analysis found that egg consumption may increase <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> risk.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A 2019 meta-analysis found an association between high egg consumption and risk of upper aero-digestive tract cancers in hospital-based case-control studies.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A 2021 review did not find a significant association between egg consumption and breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_review" title="Umbrella review">umbrella review</a> found that egg consumption significantly increases the risk of ovarian cancer.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_health">Cardiovascular health</h3></div> One systematic review and meta-analysis of egg consumption found that higher consumption of eggs (more than 1 egg/day) was associated with a significant reduction in risk of coronary artery disease.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Another systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary cholesterol and egg consumption found that egg consumption was associated with an increased all-cause mortality and CVD mortality.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These contrary results may be due to somewhat different methods of study selection and the use primarily of <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">confounding</a> factors are not controlled.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials found that consumption of eggs increases total cholesterol (TC), <a href="/wiki/LDL-C" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL-C">LDL-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/HDL-C" class="mw-redirect" title="HDL-C">HDL-C</a> compared to no egg-consumption but not to low-egg control diets.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 2020, two meta-analyses found that moderate egg consumption (up to one egg a day) is not associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A 2020 umbrella review concluded that increased egg consumption is not associated with cardiovascular disease risk in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Another umbrella review found no association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disorders.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A 2013 meta-analysis found no association between egg consumption and heart disease or stroke.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis found no association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease mortality, but did find egg consumption of more than once daily increased cardiovascular disease risk 1.69-fold in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared to type 2 diabetics who ate less than one egg per week.<a href="#cite_note-Shin2013-67">[67]</a> Another 2013 meta-analysis found that eating four eggs per week increased the risk of cardiovascular disease by six percent.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-66">[66]</a> Eggs are one of the largest sources of <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>) in the human diet.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A study published in the scientific journal, <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, showed that dietary phosphatidylcholine is digested by bacteria in the gut and eventually converted into the compound <a href="/wiki/Trimethylamine_N-oxide" title="Trimethylamine N-oxide">TMAO</a>, a compound linked with increased heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Another study found that type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease also increase TMAO levels and that evidence for a link between TMAO and cardiovascular diseases may be due to <a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">confounding</a> or reverse causality.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> Egg consumption does not increase <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> risk.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A 2016 meta-analysis found that consumption of up to one egg a day may contribute to a decreased risk of total <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Two recent meta-analyses found no association between egg intake and risk of stroke.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A 2019 meta-analysis revealed that egg consumption has no significant effect on serum biomarkers of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A 2021 review of clinical trials found that egg consumption has beneficial effects on macular pigment optical density and serum lutein.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination">Contamination</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg/220px-EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg/330px-EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg/440px-EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Egg cleaning on a farm in Norway</figcaption></figure> A health issue associated with eggs is contamination by <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic">pathogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enteritidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonella enteritidis">Salmonella enteritidis</a>. Contamination of eggs with other members of the genus Salmonella while exiting a female bird via the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> may occur, so care must be taken to prevent the egg shell from becoming contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Fecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal">fecal</a> matter. In commercial practice in the US, eggs are quickly washed with a sanitizing solution within minutes of being laid. The risk of infection from raw or undercooked eggs is dependent in part upon the sanitary conditions under which the hens are kept. Health experts advise people to refrigerate washed eggs, use them within two weeks, cook them thoroughly, and never consume raw eggs.<a href="#cite_note-cspinet-61">[61]</a> As with <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, containers and surfaces that have been used to process raw eggs should not come in contact with ready-to-eat food. A study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2002 (Risk Analysis April 2002 22(2):203-18) suggests the problem is not so prevalent in the U.S. as once thought. It showed that of the 69 billion eggs produced annually, only 2.3 million are contaminated with Salmonella—equivalent to just one in every 30,000 eggs—thus showing Salmonella infection is quite rarely induced by eggs. This has not been the case in other countries, however, where Salmonella enteritidis and <a href="/wiki/Salmonella_typhimurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonella typhimurium">Salmonella typhimurium</a> infections due to egg consumption are major concerns.<a href="#cite_note-ccni-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-phis-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-lost-98">[98]</a> Egg shells act as <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">hermetic seals</a> that guard against bacteria entering, but this seal can be broken through improper handling or if laid by unhealthy chickens. Most forms of contamination enter through such weaknesses in the shell. In the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Egg_Industry_Council" title="British Egg Industry Council">British Egg Industry Council</a> awards the lions stamp to eggs that, among other things, come from hens that have been vaccinated against <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2017, authorities blocked millions of eggs from sale in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany because of contamination with the insecticide <a href="/wiki/2017_Fipronil_egg_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Fipronil egg scandal">fipronil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_allergy">Food allergy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Egg allergy</a></div> One of the most common <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a> in infants is eggs.<a href="#cite_note-food_allergy-103">[103]</a> Infants usually have the opportunity to grow out of this allergy during childhood, if exposure is minimized.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergic reactions</a> against egg white are more common than reactions against egg yolks.<a href="#cite_note-isbn3-540-20768-6-105">[105]</a> In addition to true allergic reactions, some people experience a <a href="/wiki/Food_intolerance" title="Food intolerance">food intolerance</a> to egg whites.<a href="#cite_note-isbn3-540-20768-6-105">[105]</a> Food labeling practices in most developed countries now include eggs, egg products, and the processing of foods on equipment that also process foods containing eggs in a special allergen alert section of the ingredients on the labels.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farming">Farming</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GroceryStoreEggs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GroceryStoreEggs.JPG/220px-GroceryStoreEggs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GroceryStoreEggs.JPG/330px-GroceryStoreEggs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GroceryStoreEggs.JPG/440px-GroceryStoreEggs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Eggs for sale at a grocery store</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg/220px-6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg/330px-6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg/440px-6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>White and brown eggs in an egg crate</figcaption></figure> Most commercially farmed chicken eggs intended for human consumption are unfertilized, since the laying hens are kept without <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">roosters</a>. Fertile eggs may be eaten, with little nutritional difference when compared to the unfertilized. Fertile eggs will not contain a developed <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, as refrigeration temperatures inhibit cellular growth for an extended period of time. Sometimes an embryo is allowed to develop, but eaten before hatching as with <a href="/wiki/Balut_(egg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balut (egg)">balut</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grading_by_quality_and_size">Grading by quality and size</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_grading" title="Food grading">Food grading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_egg_sizes" title="Chicken egg sizes">Chicken egg sizes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egg_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Egg_scale.jpg/220px-Egg_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Egg_scale.jpg/330px-Egg_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Egg_scale.jpg/440px-Egg_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>A scale for grading eggs</figcaption></figure> The U.S. Department of Agriculture grades eggs by the interior quality of the egg (see <a href="/wiki/Haugh_unit" title="Haugh unit">Haugh unit</a>) and the appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight (size). <ul><li>U.S. Grade AA <ul><li>Eggs have whites that are thick and firm; have yolks that are high, round, and practically free from defects; and have clean, unbroken shells.</li> <li>Grade AA and Grade A eggs are best for frying and poaching, where appearance is important.</li></ul></li> <li>U.S. Grade A <ul><li>Eggs have characteristics of Grade AA eggs except the whites are "reasonably" firm.</li> <li>This is the quality most often sold in stores.</li></ul></li> <li>U.S. Grade B <ul><li>Eggs have whites that may be thinner and yolks that may be wider and flatter than eggs of higher grades. The shells must be unbroken, but may show slight stains.</li> <li>This quality is seldom found in retail stores because usually they are used to make liquid, frozen, and dried egg products, as well as other egg-containing products.</li></ul></li></ul> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, eggs are graded by the hen raising method, <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">battery caged</a>, etc. Chicken eggs <a href="/wiki/Chicken_egg_sizes" title="Chicken egg sizes">are graded by size</a> for the purpose of sales. Some maxi eggs may have double-yolks and some farms separate out double-yolk eggs for special sale.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - closed (1/2)"><img alt="Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - closed (1/2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg/120px-Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg/180px-Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg/240px-Egg_and_maxi_egg_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2316" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - closed (1/2)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - opened (2/2)"><img alt="Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - opened (2/2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg/120px-Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg/180px-Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg/240px-Egg_and_maxi_egg_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - opened (2/2)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double-yolk egg - opened"><img alt="Double-yolk egg - opened" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg/120px-Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg/180px-Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg/240px-Egg_with_two_yellows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Double-yolk egg - opened</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_of_eggshell">Color of eggshell</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egg_colours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Egg_colours.jpg/220px-Egg_colours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Egg_colours.jpg/330px-Egg_colours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Egg_colours.jpg/440px-Egg_colours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>White, speckled (red), and brown chicken eggs</figcaption></figure> Although eggshell color is a largely cosmetic issue, with no effect on egg quality or taste, it is a major issue in production due to regional and national preferences for specific colors, and the results of such preferences on demand. For example, in most regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, chicken eggs generally are white. However, brown eggs are more common in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, where a television jingle for years proclaimed "brown eggs are local eggs, and local eggs are fresh!".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Local chicken breeds, including the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Red" title="Rhode Island Red">Rhode Island Red</a>, lay brown eggs. Brown eggs are preferred in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, white chicken eggs are generally regarded as industrial, and brown or reddish ones are preferred. Small farms and <a href="/wiki/Smallholdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholdings">smallholdings</a>, particularly in economically advanced nations, may sell eggs of widely varying colors and sizes, with combinations of white, brown, speckled (red), green, and blue (as laid by certain breeds, including araucanas,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> heritage skyline, and cream leg bar) eggs in the same box or carton, while the supermarkets at the same time sell mostly eggs from the larger producers, of the color preferred in that nation or region. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7oeufs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/7oeufs.JPG/170px-7oeufs.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/7oeufs.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Very dark brown eggs of <a href="/wiki/Marans" title="Marans">Marans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> breed of <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a></figcaption></figure> These cultural trends have been observed for many years. The New York Times reported during the Second World War that housewives in Boston preferred brown eggs and those in New York preferred white eggs.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In February 1976, the <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> magazine, in discussing issues of chicken egg color, stated "Housewives are particularly fussy about the colour of their eggs, preferring even to pay more for brown eggs although white eggs are just as good".<a href="#cite_note-newscientist-112">[112]</a> As a result of these trends, brown eggs are usually more expensive to purchase in regions where white eggs are considered "normal", due to lower production.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In France and the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to buy white eggs, with most supermarkets supplying only the more popular brown eggs. By direct contrast, in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> it is very hard to source brown eggs, as demand is almost entirely for white ones, with the country's largest supplier describing white eggs as "table eggs" and packaging brown eggs for export.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Research conducted by a French institute in the 1970s demonstrated blue chicken eggs from the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Araucana" title="Araucana">araucana</a> fowl may be stronger and more resilient to breakage.<a href="#cite_note-newscientist-112">[112]</a> Research at <a href="/wiki/Nihon_University" title="Nihon University">Nihon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1990 revealed a number of different issues were important to Japanese housewives when deciding which eggs to buy and that color was a distinct factor, with most Japanese housewives preferring the white color.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Egg producers carefully consider cultural issues, as well as commercial ones, when selecting the breed or breeds of chickens used for production, as egg color varies between breeds.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Among producers and breeders, brown eggs often are referred to as "tinted", while the speckled eggs preferred by some consumers often are referred to as being "red" in color.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_conditions_of_birds">Living conditions of birds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_hens_-Bastos,_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil-31March2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg/170px-Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg/255px-Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Battery_hens_-Bastos%2C_Sao_Paulo%2C_Brazil-31March2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Laying hens in battery cages</figcaption></figure> Commercial <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">factory farming</a> operations often involve raising the hens in small, crowded cages, preventing the chickens from engaging in natural behaviors, such as wing-flapping, dust-bathing, scratching, pecking, perching, and nest-building. Such restrictions may lead to pacing and <a href="/wiki/Escape_response" title="Escape response">escape behavior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Many hens confined to battery cages, and some raised in cage-free conditions, are <a href="/wiki/Debeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Debeaking">debeaked</a> to prevent them from harming each other and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. According to critics of the practice, this can cause hens severe pain to the point where some may refuse to eat and starve to death. Some hens may be <a href="/wiki/Forced_molting" title="Forced molting">forced to molt</a> to increase egg quality and production level after the <a href="/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Molting can be induced by extended food withdrawal, water withdrawal, or controlled lighting programs. Laying hens often are euthanized when reaching 100 to 130 weeks of age, when their egg productivity starts to decline.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Due to modern <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, laying hen <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> differ from meat production strains. As male birds of the laying strain do not lay eggs and are not suitable for meat production, they generally are killed soon after they hatch.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-range_eggs" title="Free-range eggs">Free-range eggs</a> are considered by some advocates to be an acceptable substitute to factory-farmed eggs. <a href="/wiki/Free-range" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-range">Free-range</a> laying hens are given outdoor access instead of being contained in crowded cages. Questions regarding the living conditions of free-range hens have been raised in the United States of America, as there is no legal definition or regulations for eggs labeled as free-range in that country.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the United States, increased public concern for <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> has pushed various egg producers to promote eggs under a variety of standards. The most widespread standard in use is determined by <a href="/wiki/United_Egg_Producers" title="United Egg Producers">United Egg Producers</a> through their voluntary program of certification.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The United Egg Producers program includes guidelines regarding housing, food, water, air, living space, beak trimming, molting, handling, and transportation, however, opponents such as <a href="/wiki/The_Humane_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Humane Society">The Humane Society</a> have alleged UEP certification is misleading and allows a significant amount of unchecked animal cruelty.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Other standards include "Cage Free", "Natural", "Certified Humane", and "<a href="/wiki/Certified_Organic" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Organic">Certified Organic</a>". Of these standards, "Certified Humane", which carries requirements for stocking density and cage-free keeping and so on, and "Certified Organic", which requires hens to have outdoor access and to be fed only organic vegetarian feed and so on, are the most stringent.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Effective 1 January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> banned conventional battery cages for egg-laying hens, as outlined in EU Directive 1999/74/EC.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The EU permits the use of "enriched" <a href="/wiki/Furnished_cages" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnished cages">furnished cages</a> that must meet certain space and amenity requirements. Egg producers in many member states have objected to the new quality standards while in some countries, even furnished cages and family cages are subject to be banned as well. The production standard of the eggs is visible on a mandatory <a href="/wiki/Egg_marking" title="Egg marking">egg marking</a> categorization where the EU egg code begins with 3 for caged chicken to 1 for free-range eggs and 0 for organic egg production. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_male_chicks">Killing of male chicks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></div> In all methods of egg production, unwanted male chicks are killed at birth during the process of securing a further generation of egg-laying hens.<a href="#cite_note-egg-128">[128]</a> As of June 2023, this practice has been banned in Germany, France, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Some egg producers have adopted <a href="/wiki/In-ovo_sexing" title="In-ovo sexing">in-ovo sexing</a>, which first became available in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> As of September 2023, five companies have commercially available in-ovo sexing technology, which is used for 15 percent of the European layer population.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Easter egg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg/220px-Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg/330px-Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg/440px-Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Hanácké kraslice, Easter eggs from the <a href="/wiki/Han%C3%A1" title="Haná">Haná</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> A popular <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> tradition in some parts of the world is a decoration of hard-boiled eggs (usually by dyeing, but often by spray-painting). A similar tradition of <a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">egg painting</a> exists in areas of the world influenced by the culture of <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persia</a>. Before the spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> in the Persian New Year tradition (called <a href="/wiki/Norouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Norouz">Norouz</a>), each family member decorates a hard-boiled egg and they set them together in a bowl.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, eggs are referred to as an example of the kind of gift a child might request from their father, and which would not be denied.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In Northern Europe and North America, Easter eggs may be hidden by adults for children to find in an <a href="/wiki/Egg_hunt" title="Egg hunt">Easter egg hunt</a>. They may be <a href="/wiki/Egg_rolling" title="Egg rolling">rolled</a> in some traditions.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In Eastern and Central Europe, and parts of England, easter eggs may be <a href="/wiki/Egg_tapping" title="Egg tapping">tapped against each other</a> to see whose egg breaks first.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Since the sixteenth century, the tradition of a <a href="/wiki/Dancing_egg" title="Dancing egg">dancing egg</a> is held during the feast of <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> in Barcelona and other <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> cities. It consists of a hollow eggshell, positioned over the water jet from a fountain, which causes the eggshell to revolve without falling.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fraud">Fraud</h2></div> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, egg <a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">food fraud</a> in the form of fake chicken eggs made from resin, starch and pigments, for both domestic consumption and exports are a growing concern.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_egg_dishes" title="List of egg dishes">List of egg dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Fish eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolkless_egg" title="Yolkless egg">Yolkless egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_and_eggs" title="Ham and eggs">Ham and eggs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Kenneth F. Kiple, A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization (2007), p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetersLebrasseurIrving-PeasePaxinos2022" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Joris; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; et al. (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9214543">"The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (24): e2121978119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11921978P">2022PNAS..11921978P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2121978119">10.1073/pnas.2121978119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9214543">9214543</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35666876">35666876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+biocultural+origins+and+dispersal+of+domestic+chickens&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=e2121978119&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9214543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35666876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2121978119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11921978P&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft.au=Lebrasseur%2C+Oph%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Irving-Pease%2C+Evan+K.&rft.au=Paxinos%2C+Ptolemaios+Dimitrios&rft.au=Best%2C+Julia&rft.au=Smallman%2C+Riley&rft.au=Callou%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Gardeisen%2C+Armelle&rft.au=Trixl%2C+Simon&rft.au=Frantz%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9214543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wattagnet.com/Outlook_for_egg_production.html">Outlook for egg production</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315145439/http://www.wattagnet.com/Outlook_for_egg_production.html">Archived</a> 15 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> WATT Ag Net – Watt Publishing Co </li> <li id="cite_note-McGeep70-4"><a href="#cite_ref-McGeep70_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). McGee on Food and Cooking. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83149-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83149-6"><bdi>978-0-340-83149-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGee+on+Food+and+Cooking&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-340-83149-6&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brothwell-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brothwell_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brothwell_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrothwellPatricia_Brothwell1997" class="citation book cs1">Brothwell, Don R.; Patricia Brothwell (1997). Food in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diet of Early Peoples. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5740-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-5740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Antiquity%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Diet+of+Early+Peoples&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5740-9&rft.aulast=Brothwell&rft.aufirst=Don+R.&rft.au=Patricia+Brothwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larousse-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larousse_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larousse_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larousse_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagne2001" class="citation book cs1">Montagne, Prosper (2001). <a href="/wiki/Larousse_Gastronomique" title="Larousse Gastronomique">Larousse Gastronomique</a>. Clarkson Potter. pp. 447–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60971-2"><bdi>978-0-609-60971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+Gastronomique&rft.pages=447-448&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-609-60971-2&rft.aulast=Montagne&rft.aufirst=Prosper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGee087-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGee087_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee087_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee087_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee087_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">McGee, Harold</a> (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Scribner. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking%3A+The+Science+and+Lore+of+the+Kitchen&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stadelman221-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stadelman221_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadelman221_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadelman221_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadelman1995" class="citation book cs1">Stadelman, William (1995). 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Hiway16 Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcnorth.ca/magazine/pages/Jim/egg/egg1.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Coyle+Egg-Safety+Carton&rft.date=2005-04-21&rft.aulast=Easterday&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcnorth.ca%2Fmagazine%2Fpages%2FJim%2Fegg%2Fegg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810232554/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/3446/global-poultry-trends-2014-rapid-growth-in-asias-egg-output/">"Global Poultry Trends 2014: Rapid Growth in Asia's Egg Output"</a>. 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Wiley. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-76913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-76913-2"><bdi>978-0-471-76913-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eggs&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-76913-2&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Martin+Brigdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stadelman001-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Stadelman001_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadelman1995" class="citation book cs1">Stadelman, William (1995). Egg Science and Technology. 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Retrieved 6 June 2012. <q>Eggs are candled to determine the condition of the air cell, yolk, and white. Candling detects bloody whites, blood spots, or meat spots, and enables observation of germ development. Candling is done in a darkened room with the egg held before a light. The light penetrates the egg and makes it possible to observe the inside of the egg. Incubated eggs are candled to determine whether they are fertile and, if fertile, to check the growth and development of the embryo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Candling+eggs&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Extension&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbanext.illinois.edu%2Feggs%2Fres26-candling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolke2002" class="citation news cs1">Wolke, Robert L (16 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2002/04/17/egged-on/9b6a738c-42f2-4e9b-9ab1-029687406320/">"Egged On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Letters in Applied Microbiology. 44 (6): 595–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-765X.2007.02131.x">10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02131.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17576219">17576219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19995946">19995946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Letters+in+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Public+health+investigations+of+Salmonella+Enteritidis+in+catering+raw+shell+eggs%2C+2002%E2%80%932004&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=595-601&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19995946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17576219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1472-765X.2007.02131.x&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=C.L&rft.au=Surman-Lee%2C+S&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+M&rft.au=Bolton%2C+FJ&rft.au=Elson%2C+R&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+RT&rft.au=Nichols%2C+GN&rft.au=Sagoo%2C+SK&rft.au=Threlfall%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1472-765X.2007.02131.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lost-98"><a href="#cite_ref-lost_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensSaultFirestoneLightfoot2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens, N.; Sault, C; Firestone, SM; et al. (2007). "Large outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 135 infections associated with the consumption of products containing raw egg in Tasmania". Communicable Diseases Intelligence. 31 (1): 118–24. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17503652">17503652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communicable+Diseases+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Large+outbreaks+of+Salmonella+Typhimurium+phage+type+135+infections+associated+with+the+consumption+of+products+containing+raw+egg+in+Tasmania&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-24&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17503652&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Sault%2C+C&rft.au=Firestone%2C+SM&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+D&rft.au=Bell%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egginfo.co.uk/page/ukeggs">Knowledge Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125826/http://www.egginfo.co.uk/page/ukeggs">Archived</a> 6 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, British Egg Information Service. Retrieved 26 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203140150/http://www.lioneggs.co.uk/files/lioneggs.co.uk/pdfs/LionCodeSummary.pdf">Lion Code of Practice</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farminguk.com/news/Irish-salmonella-outbreak-traced-to-rare-strain_17812.html">Farming UK news article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310062846/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Irish-salmonella-outbreak-traced-to-rare-strain_17812.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-102"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Boffey2017" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Boffey (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/03/eggs-removed-from-european-shelves-over-toxicity-fears-fipronil">"Millions of eggs removed from European shelves over toxicity fears"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807205801/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/03/eggs-removed-from-european-shelves-over-toxicity-fears-fipronil">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Millions+of+eggs+removed+from+European+shelves+over+toxicity+fears&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.au=Daniel+Boffey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Faug%2F03%2Feggs-removed-from-european-shelves-over-toxicity-fears-fipronil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-food_allergy-103"><a href="#cite_ref-food_allergy_103-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/resources/allergy/eggallergy.pdf">Egg Allergy Brochure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125112704/http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/resources/allergy/eggallergy.pdf">Archived</a> 25 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, distributed by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prince_Alfred_Hospital" title="Royal Prince Alfred Hospital">Royal Prince Alfred Hospital</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=523">"Egg Allergy Facts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112200539/http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=523">Archived</a> 12 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn3-540-20768-6-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn3-540-20768-6_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn3-540-20768-6_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaldo_Cantani2008" class="citation book cs1">Arnaldo Cantani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalspowd00pech_440">Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Immunology</a>. Berlin: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalspowd00pech_440/page/n728">710</a>–713. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-20768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-20768-9"><bdi>978-3-540-20768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pediatric+Allergy%2C+Asthma+and+Immunology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=710-713&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-20768-9&rft.au=Arnaldo+Cantani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalspowd00pech_440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/food-allergen-labelling-technical-guidance.pdf">"Food allergen labelling and information requirements under the EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation No. 1169/2011: Technical Guidance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062644/https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/food-allergen-labelling-technical-guidance.pdf">Archived</a> 7 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (April 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110330102743/http://www.poultryhub.org/egg-industry/requirements-for-the-egg-industry-in-the-2001-welfare-code/">"Requirements for the Egg Industry in the 2001 Welfare Code"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poultryhub.org/egg-industry/requirements-for-the-egg-industry-in-the-2001-welfare-code/#Free_range_systems_.28non_cage_systems.29">the original</a> on 30 March 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Requirements+for+the+Egg+Industry+in+the+2001+Welfare+Code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultryhub.org%2Fegg-industry%2Frequirements-for-the-egg-industry-in-the-2001-welfare-code%2F%23Free_range_systems_.28non_cage_systems.29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerwin2014" class="citation news cs1">Merwin, Hugh (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grubstreet.com/2014/11/sauders-double-yolkers-eggs.html">"Noticed November 25, 2014 10:00 a.m. You Can Now Buy Double-Yolk Eggs by the Dozen"</a>. Grub Street. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204190816/http://www.grubstreet.com/2014/11/sauders-double-yolkers-eggs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grub+Street&rft.atitle=Noticed+November+25%2C+2014+10%3A00+a.m.+You+Can+Now+Buy+Double-Yolk+Eggs+by+the+Dozen&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Merwin&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grubstreet.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fsauders-double-yolkers-eggs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard2022" class="citation web cs1">Willard, L. F. (1 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newengland.com/food/brown-eggs-vs-white-eggs/">"Are Brown Eggs the Only Local Eggs?"</a>. New England. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England&rft.atitle=Are+Brown+Eggs+the+Only+Local+Eggs%3F&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=L.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewengland.com%2Ffood%2Fbrown-eggs-vs-white-eggs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Blue eggs, sometimes thought a joke, are a reality, as reported here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103173514/http://www.costacalidachronicle.com/articles/food-and-drink/blue-hen-eggs.html">[1]</a>, for example. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> See New York Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/21/98584419.pdf">historical archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035025/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/21/98584419.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for details – link opens on correct page. </li> <li id="cite_note-newscientist-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhC9t3Q3YMcC&q=housewife+prefers+brown+egg&pg=PA449">"A Blue Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Vol. 69, no. 989. 26 February 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030009/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhC9t3Q3YMcC&q=housewife+prefers+brown+egg&pg=PA449">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=A+Blue+Story&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=989&rft.date=1976-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhC9t3Q3YMcC%26q%3Dhousewife%2Bprefers%2Bbrown%2Begg%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Evidence cited here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105203443/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16609821.html">[2]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> El-banna company website, product information, available here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.elbannapoultry.com/products.htm">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617074420/http://www.elbannapoultry.com/products.htm">Archived</a> 17 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Results of the study are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1993/JP/JP93003.xml;JP9301809">published here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060849/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1993%2FJP%2FJP93003.xml%3BJP9301809">Archived</a> 11 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Virtually any on-line chicken supply company will state the egg color of each breed supplied. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewebs.com/happy_hens/meetourlayinghens.htm">This</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071253/http://www.freewebs.com/happy_hens/meetourlayinghens.htm">Archived</a> 28 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is one example. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themaransclub.co.uk/eggs-and-egg-colour-chart/4541995077">"Eggs and Egg Colour Chart"</a>. The Marans Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029183726/http://www.themaransclub.co.uk/eggs-and-egg-colour-chart/4541995077">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Marans+Club&rft.atitle=Eggs+and+Egg+Colour+Chart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themaransclub.co.uk%2Feggs-and-egg-colour-chart%2F4541995077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501091340/http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/research/welfare/scientists_and_experts_on_battery_cages.html">"Scientists and Experts on Battery Cages and Laying Hen Welfare"</a>. Hsus.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/research/welfare/scientists_and_experts_on_battery_cages.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2008. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 313–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21408-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21408-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swindled%3A+The+Dark+History+of+Food+Fraud%2C+from+Poisoned+Candy+to+Counterfeit+Coffee&rft.pages=313-314&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21408-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Bee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DymzdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael T. (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsEwCwAAQBAJ">Food Law in the United States</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11760-0"><bdi>978-1-107-11760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Law+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11760-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsEwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggs+as+food" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Egg at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Egg">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Egg" class="extiw" title="c:Egg">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egg" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Egg">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eggs" class="extiw" title="q:Eggs">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egg" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Egg">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egg" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Egg">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egg" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Egg">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617163340/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fs-eggs6.html">Fact Sheet on FDA's Proposed Regulation: Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs During Production</a> (archived 17 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/eggs/default.htm">Egg Information</a> U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8154">Egg Basics for the Consumer: Packaging, Storage, and Nutritional Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200738/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8154">Archived</a> 25 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2007) University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eggs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eggs" title="Template:Eggs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eggs" title="Template talk:Eggs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eggs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eggs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eggs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Eggs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_egg_topics" title="List of egg topics">List of egg topics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg#Fish_and_amphibian_eggs" title="Egg">Fish and amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotreme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egg_fossil" title="Egg fossil">Fossil record</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_egg_fossil" title="Cephalopod egg fossil">Cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_egg_fossil" title="Fish egg fossil">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_egg_fossil" title="Reptile egg fossil">Reptile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_egg" title="Dinosaur egg">dinosaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_paleopathology" title="Egg paleopathology">Pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">Egg cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogamy" title="Oogamy">Oogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootheca" title="Ootheca">Ootheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">Oviduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviparity" title="Oviparity">Oviparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">Ovoviviparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tooth" title="Egg tooth">Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_egg" title="Trophic egg">Trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">Yolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eggshell_membrane" title="Eggshell membrane">membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">Chalaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">As food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_egg_dishes" title="List of egg dishes">List of egg dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balut_(food)" title="Balut (food)">Balut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_Benedict" title="Eggs Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_egg" title="Boiled egg">Boiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_egg" title="Century egg">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddled_egg" title="Coddled egg">Coddled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custard_desserts" title="List of custard desserts">Custard desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fried_egg" title="Deep fried egg">Deep fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviled_egg" title="Deviled egg">Deviled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_egg" title="Fried egg">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_egg" title="Iron egg">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">Meringue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">Omelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen_tamago" title="Onsen tamago">Onsen tamago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poached_egg" title="Poached egg">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Powdered egg">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiche" title="Quiche">Quiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_salad" title="Egg salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_duck_egg" title="Salted duck egg">Salted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_egg" title="Scotch egg">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambled_eggs" title="Scrambled eggs">Scrambled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirred_eggs" title="Shirred eggs">Shirred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_egg" title="Smoked egg">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9" title="Soufflé">Soufflé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_egg" title="Tea egg">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eggs_in_culture" title="Category:Eggs in culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_balancing" title="Egg balancing">Balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Easter egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg-and-spoon_race" title="Egg-and-spoon race">Egg-and-spoon race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_drop_competition" title="Egg drop competition">Egg drop competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egging" title="Egging">Egging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg" title="Fabergé egg">Fabergé egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-range egg">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HowToBasic" title="HowToBasic">HowToBasic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty" title="Humpty Dumpty">Humpty Dumpty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_hunt" title="Egg hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Oology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomancy" title="Oomancy">Oomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_egg_production" title="Organic egg production">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egg_organizations" title="Category:Egg organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegreville_egg" title="Vegreville egg">Vegreville egg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_rolling" title="Egg rolling">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tapping" title="Egg tapping">Tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tossing" title="Egg tossing">Tossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Eggs" title="Category:Eggs">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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