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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="폴란드의 교육문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드의 교육문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="განათლება პოლონეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განათლება პოლონეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukacja_w_Polsce" title="Edukacja w Polsce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about education in modern Poland. For other periods in Polish history, see <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Education in Poland (disambiguation)">Education in Poland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Education in Poland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#cbd7ff;"><b>Primary</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg/250px-Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg/375px-Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg/500px-Elementary_school_no_206_in_Warsaw_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Szkoła podstawowa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#cbd7ff;"><b>Secondary</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG/250px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG/375px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG/500px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_w_Bia%C5%82ymstoku.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Liceum Ogólnokształcące</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#cbd7ff;"><b>Tertiary</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum,_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski,_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/250px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/375px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/500px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="3413" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Novum" title="Collegium Novum">Collegium Novum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Education in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></b> is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a>; every child must receive education from when they are 6 years old until they are 18 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also mandatory for 6-year-old children to receive one year of <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">przedszkole</i>, literally <i>pre-school</i>) education, before starting <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">szkoła podstawowa</i>) at 6 years old. Primary school lasts eight years (grades 1–8), and students must take a final exam at the end of the eighth grade. After graduating from primary school, people typically go on to attend <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">szkoła średnia</i>), which lasts 4 or 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also choose to educate themselves towards a specific profession or <a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">trade</a>, and receive work experience and qualifications through <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeships" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprenticeships">apprenticeships</a>. After graduating from secondary school and passing the final exam, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a></i>, one can pursue a <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> at a university, college, etc. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_National_Education" title="Commission of National Education">Commission of National Education</a> established by King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> in <a href="/wiki/1773" title="1773">1773</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was the first ministry of education in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Meer2002-223_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meer2002-223-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ND_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the traditions continue. The international <a href="/wiki/PISA_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="PISA 2012">PISA 2012</a> praised the progresses made by Polish education in mathematics, science and literacy; the number of top-performers having increased since 2003 while the number of low-performers decreased again.<sup id="cite_ref-PISA2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PISA2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated Polish education as fifth best in Europe and tenth best in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several alternatives for the upper secondary education later on, the most common being the four (three until 2017) years of a <i><a href="/wiki/Liceum_og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Liceum ogólnokształcące">liceum</a></i> or five (four until 2017) years in a <i><a href="/wiki/Technikum_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Technikum (Poland)">technikum</a></i>. Both end with a maturity exam (<a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a>, similar to French <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a>), and may be followed by several forms of upper education, leading to Bachelor: <i><a href="/wiki/Licencjat" class="mw-redirect" title="Licencjat">licencjat</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">inżynier</a></i> (the Polish <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> first cycle qualification), Master: <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_(degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister (degree)">magister</a></i> (the Polish <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> second cycle qualification) and eventually PhD: <i>doktor</i> (the Polish <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> third cycle qualification). The system of education in Poland allows for 22 years of continuous, uninterrupted schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-BARIE_archive_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BARIE_archive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compulsory_education">Compulsory education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Compulsory education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_school">Primary school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children typically start attending primary school (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">szkoła podstawowa</i></span>, also known colloquially as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">podstawówka</i></span>) at the age of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary school typically takes eight years to complete (grades 1–8). Prior to 2017, primary school only took six years to complete (grades 1–6), after which students would attend the also mandatory <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gimnazjum</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>), which lasted 3 years. However, this changed when the 2016 "Law on School Education" act was introduced by then-Minister of Education, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Zalewska" title="Anna Zalewska">Anna Zalewska</a>. <i>Gimnazjum</i> was abolished, and replaced with 8 years of primary school (as opposed to the previous 6 years of primary school + 3 years of <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gimnazjum</i></span> system). The changes began taking effect on 1 September 2017. </p><p>The first three years of primary school are "integrated", with one teacher handling all or most of the subjects alone, while the following five years are taught by subject-specific teachers. During the first three years, children typically only study a handful of subjects: Polish, math, a foreign language (usually English), physical education (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">wychowanie fizyczne</i></span>, often abbreviated as <i>WF</i>), and optional Religion (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">religia</i></span>) classes. This may, however, vary in different schools. In the next five years, students also learn some additional subjects, such as Biology, Physics, Geography, History, Art, Technique, Chemistry, Music, education for safety (<i>edukacja dla bezpieczeństwa)</i> and a second foreign language (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> being the most popular). At the end of primary school, pupils take a mandatory national competence exam (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">egzamin ósmoklasisty</i></span>, literally <i>an eighth grader's exam</i>). The test itself is mandatory, however, it does not have a minimal required passing result, meaning it is impossible to fail it. After taking the exam and graduating primary school, the student usually goes on to attend secondary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junior_high_school">Junior high school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Junior high school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2019, the junior high school (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gimnazjum</i></span>) covered lower secondary education and ended general basic education and lasted three years. The subjects taught were: Polish language, history, civic education, two foreign languages, mathematics, physics and astronomy, chemistry, biology, geography, fine arts/music, technology, information technology, physical education and religion or ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the curriculum, pupils were evaluated based on their cinuing results and on an examination in humanities, science and foreign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following 2016 reform by <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">PiS</a> ruling party changes to Polish education system were gradually introduced. Starting with the school year of 2017/18, middle schools were scheduled to be disbanded, primary schools to be extended to eight years and upper secondary schools to be given one year more, as it was before 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-pl_edu_leading_Tel2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pl_edu_leading_Tel2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions were either set to close or to be changed into primary schools or high schools by 1 September 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upper_secondary_education">Upper secondary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upper secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">Upper secondary</a> education begins at the end of full-time compulsory education, preparing students for entry directly into the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">labour-market</a></span> and/or tertiary (i.e. higher) education. Upper secondary education takes many forms. </p><p>General education can be pursued in general secondary schools (liceum): after four years, students can pass the "Matura", which grants access to higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocational and technical education is mainly provided by technical schools (<i>technikum</i>) and/or basic vocational schools (<i>zasadnicza szkoła zawodowa</i>). Technical schools last five years and lead to the Matura. Their primary goal is to teach occupations and trades, the most popular being: accountant, mechanic, electronics specialist, and salesperson.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic vocational schools provide a vocational education lasting three years and grant a certificate of competence in various fields, the most popular being: shop-assistant, cook, gardener, automobile mechanic, hairdresser and baker.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graduates from basic vocational schools can pass the Matura after an extra-curriculum of two years in a general secondary school, or, since 2004, of three years in a technical school.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profiled general secondary schools (<i>liceum profilowane</i>) provide a vocational education in four years, but only in fields described by the Polish Classification of Activities (PKD).<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, mentally and/or physically handicapped students can join special schools (<i>szkoła specjalna</i>) which prepare them for the Matura in three years.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tertiary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Poland" title="Higher education in Poland">Higher education in Poland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg/250px-Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg/375px-Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg/500px-Legitymacja_-_wz%C3%B3r_nr_17_TP-PR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_student_ID" title="Polish student ID">Polish student ID</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Poland follows the Bologna scheme and most of its tertiary level programmes are made of two cycles: a three-year bachelor's degree followed by a two-year master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some master's degrees are however granted after a unique long-cycle programme, lasting between four and six years (Ex: five years for pharmacy, six year for medicine).<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctoral programmes are achieved in about three years. The diploma of primary school teachers requires three years of study within a teacher training college.<sup id="cite_ref-IBE_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocational education is handled by post-secondary school (<i>szkoła policealna</i>) with programmes lasting two and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grading_system_at_university_level">Grading system at university level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grading system at university level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>University-level education uses a numeric system of grades from two to five, with most grades including 0.5 point increments: 2.0 is the failing grade, 3.0 is the lowest passing grade, followed by 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5, with 5.0 being the highest grade. There is no grade 2.5. A 5.5 or 6.0 is sometimes given as an "exceeds expectations" grade, but this differs among various universities and may be equivalent to 5.0 for some purposes. Similarly "3-" is occasionally (but very rarely) given as a "barely passing" grade, but for all official purposes it is equivalent to 3.0. </p><p>The grading is done every semester (twice a year), not just once in a school year. Depending on the subject, the final grade may be based on the result of a single exam, or on the student's performance during the whole semester. In the latter case, a point system is generally used rather than the 2–5 scale. The points accumulated during the semester are added and converted to a final grade according to some scale. </p><p>As a failing grade means merely having to repeat the failed subject, and can usually be corrected on a retake exam (and in some cases also on a special "committee exam"), it is used much more liberally, and it is quite common for a significant number of students to fail a class on the first attempt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_languages">Foreign languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students in Polish schools typically learn one or two foreign languages. In 2005/06, the fractions of students studying foreign languages in Polish schools included: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> – 67.9%, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 33.3%, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> – 13.3%, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> – 10.2%, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> – 6.1%, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> – 4.3%, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> – 0.6%. </p><p>In 2005/06, there were 49,200 students in schools for national minorities, most of them in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> language schools.<sup id="cite_ref-minority_schools_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minority_schools-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the education reform introduced by Polish education minister <a href="/wiki/Katarzyna_Hall" title="Katarzyna Hall">Katarzyna Hall</a>, students of Polish lower secondary schools had to learn two different foreign languages. The first foreign language (usually English) was taught three times a week. The second foreign language was taught twice a week. The reform introduced two different levels of the exam – a higher level (if a student learnt the same language in primary school) and a standard level (if a student learnt the first language in lower secondary school). The results of lower secondary school language examinations contributed to the criteria of applying to enter upper secondary level school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century, and Poland soon became one of the most educated countries in Europe. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> dating back to 1110 shows that in the early 12th-century Polish intellectuals had access to European literature. The <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, founded in 1364 by King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III</a> in Kraków, is one of Europe's oldest universities. In 1773 King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_National_Education" title="Commission of National Education">Commission of National Education</a> (<i>Komisja Edukacji Narodowej</i>), the world's first state ministry of education. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_(F._Smuglevi%C4%8D,_1785-86).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%28F._Smuglevi%C4%8D%2C_1785-86%29.jpg/170px-Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%28F._Smuglevi%C4%8D%2C_1785-86%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%28F._Smuglevi%C4%8D%2C_1785-86%29.jpg/255px-Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%28F._Smuglevi%C4%8D%2C_1785-86%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%28F._Smuglevi%C4%8D%2C_1785-86%29.jpg/340px-Ihnaci_Jakub_Masalski._%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%28F._Smuglevi%C4%8D%2C_1785-86%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Bishop of Vilnius, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Massalski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignacy Massalski">Ignacy Massalski</a>, was the first Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_National_Education" title="Commission of National Education">Commission of National Education</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first university in Poland, Kraków's Jagiellonian University, was established in 1364 by Casimir III the Great in Kraków. It is the oldest university in Poland. It is the second oldest university in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Prague_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague University">Prague University</a>) and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest universities in the world</a>. Casimir III realized that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could codify the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were finally rewarded when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Pope Urban V</a> granted him permission to open the University of Kraków. </p><p>In the 16th century, 90% of all parishes in <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> had schools where grammar and Latin were taught at the basic level, while secondary education was available in cities and larger towns. At the Jagiellonian University, 65% of students came from urban backgrounds, 25% from the nobility and 10% from peasant families.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of compulsory education was put forward by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski" title="Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski">Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski</a> in 1555. After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a>, compulsory education was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> authorities in Polish provinces which belonged to Prussia (1825), and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> authorities in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> (1873). In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> compulsory education did not exist. As a result, in 1921, after Poland regained independence, one-third of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> was illiterate. Illiteracy was very high in the east, but almost non-existent in western provinces. Compulsory education in Poland was introduced by a decree in February 1919. This covered all children aged 7 to 14. At the beginning, however, the newly created Polish state faced several problems of implementation – a lack of qualified teachers, buildings and funds. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, compulsory education remained as one of the priorities of the state. By 1978, only 1.2 percent of the Polish population was illiterate. In Poland, compulsory education ends at the age of 18. It usually starts when children are 6 years old and ends after 12 years of learning (usually in a high school). Contemporary Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (<i>obowiązek szkolny</i>) and compulsory education (<i>obowiązek nauki</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_of_1999">Reforms of 1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reforms of 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major reform of the education system took place in 1999, changing the overall organisational structure from 8 (primary school) + 4 (high school/liceum) years of education to 6 (primary) + 3 (junior high school, <i>gimnazjum</i>) + 3 (senior high school, <i>liceum</i>) years.<sup id="cite_ref-BARIE_archive_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BARIE_archive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reform increased time spent on core subjects and delayed vocational study (lyceum) by one year. Poland's <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> educational rankings for reading and science shifted from being below average to being in the top 10, and to the top 15 for mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-pl_edu_leading_Tel2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pl_edu_leading_Tel2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_of_2017">Reforms of 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reforms of 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">PiS</a> government of Poland introduced a major <a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_Polish_education_system_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 Polish education system reform (page does not exist)">2017 Polish education system reform</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_systemu_o%C5%9Bwiaty_z_2017_roku" class="extiw" title="pl:Reforma systemu oświaty z 2017 roku">pl</a>]</span>, for successive implementation over the three school years starting with 2017/2018. The reform reverts the overall organisational structure from 6 (primary) + 3 (junior high school) + 3/4 (high school) years of education to 8 (primary school) + 4/5 (high school) years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to history teacher Anna Dzierzgowska, the reform inherits the Polish-centred and <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentric</a> focuses of the previous history syllabus, removes the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> from the syllabus, and focuses on political and military leaders and the nobility, neglecting the historical role of lower social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dzierzgowska_history_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzierzgowska_history-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> was removed from teaching about the nineteenth century, during which it is called <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and only appears later in association with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>. Dzierzgowska argues that the notion of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> historically dates only back to the nineteenth century, but is used much too frequently in the new curriculum, giving pupils insufficient geographical context.<sup id="cite_ref-Dzierzgowska_history_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzierzgowska_history-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, in response to the suicide of a girl after she was sexually molested in school, the Polish Minister of Education, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Giertych" title="Roman Giertych">Roman Giertych</a>, launched a "zero tolerance" school reform.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this plan, teachers would have the legal status of <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a>, making <a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">violent crimes</a> against them punishable by higher penalties. <a href="/wiki/Head_teacher" title="Head teacher">Head teachers</a> will be, in theory, able to send aggressive pupils to perform <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a> and these students' parents may also be fined. Teachers who fail to report violent acts in school could face a <a href="/wiki/Prison_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison sentence">prison sentence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warsaw_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warsaw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the People's Republic of Poland">Education in the People's Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics#Poland" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">Homeschooling international status and statistics#Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_education_liceum" title="General education liceum">General education liceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education#Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Grading in education">Grading in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Poland" title="List of schools in Poland">List of schools in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland" title="List of universities in Poland">List of universities in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Open access in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_student_ID" title="Polish student ID">Polish student ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technikum_(Polish_education)" title="Technikum (Polish education)">Technikum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology" title="Timeline of Polish science and technology">Timeline of Polish science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground education in Poland during World War II">Underground education in Poland during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=101807">"Postępowanie egzekucyjne w zakresie obowiązku szkolnego- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post%C4%99powanie+egzekucyjne+w+zakresie+obowi%C4%85zku+szkolnego-+Biuletyn+Informacji+Publicznej+Miasta+Krakowa+-+BIP+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bip.krakow.pl%2F%3Fdok_id%3D101807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/secondary-and-post-secondary-non-tertiary-education-37_pl">"Szkolnictwo średnie i policealne (ISCED 3 i 4) | Eurydice"</a>. 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Szkolnictwo+%C5%9Brednie+i+policealne+%28ISCED+3+i+4%29+%7C+Eurydice&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feacea.ec.europa.eu%2Fnational-policies%2Feurydice%2Fcontent%2Fsecondary-and-post-secondary-non-tertiary-education-37_pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meer2002-223-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meer2002-223_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_IJ._van_der_Meer2002" class="citation book cs1">Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-98Z_F7SWroC&pg=PA233"><i>Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System?</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0933-2"><bdi>978-90-420-0933-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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UNESCO-IBE. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Poland.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nauczycielka nie ma złudzeń. 'Od mamuta do Bieruta'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [What do children learn from history? This teacher has no illusions. "From the mammoth to <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a>"] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155707/http://weekend.gazeta.pl/weekend/1,152121,22305352,czego-dzieci-naucza-sie-na-historii-nauczycielka-nie-ma-zludzen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Czego+dzieci+naucz%C4%85+si%C4%99+na+historii%3F+Nauczycielka+nie+ma+z%C5%82udze%C5%84.+%27Od+mamuta+do+Bieruta%27&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft.aulast=Gostkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Dzierzgowska%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekend.gazeta.pl%2Fweekend%2F1%2C152121%2C22305352%2Cczego-dzieci-naucza-sie-na-historii-nauczycielka-nie-ma-zludzen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Easton, A. (2006, November 3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6113660.stm">Polish drug use and suicide sparks school plan.</a> <i>BBC News Online</i>, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warsaw-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warsaw_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/13372">The shadow in our schools</a> (2006, December 20). <i>Warsaw Voice</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Poland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyfun.pl">Study in Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611091417/http://poland.pl/directory/index,Education,cid,858.htm">Education in Poland on Poland.pl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513152346/http://www.buwiwm.edu.pl/rec/recogn.htm">Recognition of Foreign Diplomas in Poland</a> Source: Ordinance of the Minister of National Education on the Rules and Procedure. <span class="nowrap">Retrieved December 2, 2012.</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216094532/http://www.men.gov.pl/menis_en/news/news.php">Ministry of Education (Poland)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroeducation.net/prof/polaco.htm">Structure of education in Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129045308/http://www.cie.men.gov.pl/index.php/sio-wykaz-szkol-i-placowek/27-wykaz-wg-typow.html">Official register of educational institutions by type (Wykaz szkół i placówek oświatowych według typów).</a> Centrum Informatyczne Edukacji, 03.01.2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toposvita.com/">Features of education in Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poland_topics" title="Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poland_topics" title="Template talk:Poland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_history" title="Timeline of Polish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Prehistory and protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of Poland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_early_modern_period_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="History of Poland in the early modern period (1569–1795)">Early Modern <span style="font-size:85%;">(1569–1795)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Partitions, duchies and kingdoms <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–1918)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Interwar years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Communist Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Poland since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Poland" title="Demographic history of Poland">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Poland">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Poland" title="List of islands of Poland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Poland" title="List of lakes of Poland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Poland" title="List of mountains in Poland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Poland" title="National Parks of Poland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_A_and_B" title="Poland A and B">Poland A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Poland" title="Regions of Poland">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland" title="List of rivers of Poland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Poland" title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Poland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Poland" title="Police of Poland">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Service_(Poland)" title="Prison Service (Poland)">Prison Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Polish_politicians" title="Lists of Polish politicians">Politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="List of prime ministers of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Poland" title="Political prisoners in Poland">Political prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Poland" title="Agriculture in Poland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Poland" title="Exclusive economic zone of Poland">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Poland" title="List of exports of Poland">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Merchant_Navy" title="Polish Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Poland" title="List of mines in Poland">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Poland_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Poland by GDP">Regional GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Poland" title="Unemployment in Poland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Upper Silesian Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Poland" title="Venture capital in Poland">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Złoty <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Poland" title="Category:Society of Poland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers_in_Poland" title="Lawyers in Poland">Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_beliefs" title="Polish folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Poland" title="Mass media in Poland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_names" title="Polish names">Polish names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Poland" title="Name days in Poland">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Poland" title="Public holidays in Poland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_traditions" title="Category:Polish traditions">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Poland" title="Video games in Poland">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Poland" title="Refugees in Poland">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost" title="Poland Is Not Yet Lost">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_flags" title="List of Polish flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Poland" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Poland">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Poland" title="Outline of Poland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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